330:
557:
592:
the induction of circulating antibodies. Subsequently, depending on the immune status of the pigs, the acute infection may be continued with a persistent stage with viral replication localized in lymphoid organs, including tonsils, spleen and lymph nodes. At the final stage of infection, PRRSV replication gradually declines until the virus becomes eliminated in the host. However, the virus may persist in pigs for a longer period of time. The mechanism of persistence may be based on the high mutation rate of the PRRSV RNA genome allowing an escape from the host immune surveillance.
454:
53:
403:
718:), is available for prevention and control of PRRS since 1994. It was obtained by continuous passages in MARC-145 cells. To date, a number of commercial PRRS vaccines have been successfully employed in the global market. The great genetic diversity of PRRSV and the absence of clear immunological parameters correlating with the protection are substantial barriers to new PRRS vaccine development.
619:
systemic clinical signs (a long-lasting high fever of over +41 °C, depression, anorexia, discoloration of the skin and the ears), conjunctivitis. Neurological signs could be seen in some cases. The common lesions at necropsy may include inflammation of lungs and lymph nodes, fibrinous pleuropneumonia and pericarditis, peritonitis.
600:, PRRSV can cross the placental barrier and infect fetuses. Depending on the viral strain and immune status of the host, PRRSV may cause both subclinical and severe reproductive and/or respiratory disease. PRRSV can suppress the host immune defense system, which allows the establishment of secondary infections.
469:
whose genomes diverge by approximately 40%, thus creating a veil of mystery about the origin of this virus. It was suggested that the emergence of these distant types of PRRSV was a result of two independent evolutionary events. To accommodate the clear divergence of the Type 1 and Type 2 PRRSV, they
883:
ICTV 7th Report van
Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San
618:
The designation of the term "high pathogenicity" tends to be relative. In general, the highly pathogenic PRRS shows higher reproductive failure rate in pregnant sows, high morbidity and high mortality in pigs of all ages. Infected pigs display a range of respiratory (dyspnea, sneezing, coughing) and
591:
PRRSV infection starts with an acute infection during which tonsils and lungs serve as preferential sites of infection leading to respiratory problems in young pigs. The first stage of infection results in a cell-free viremia starting from 6–12 h post infection and lasting for several weeks despite
480:
In Europe, a geographical demarcation exists between areas of low (Western and
Central Europe) and high (Eastern Europe) PRRSV1 diversity. Current genetic classification based on the size of open reading frame (ORF) 7 revealed the existence of three different subtypes within PRRSV1 strains: subtype
444:
An assembled PRRSV virion appears as a spherical particle with a mean diameter of 56 nm. The particles display a very smooth outline of the lipid bilayer of the envelope with few protruding features represented by the two major envelope protein complexes: M-GP5 and GP2-GP3-GP4. These complexes
283:
Several important factors allowed PRRSV to expand further. The transformation of the pig industry worldwide in the 20th century plays a key role. The emergence of high-density confinement management practices and adoption of artificial insemination facilitated wide expansion and diversification of
261:
PRRS earlier known as "mystery swine disease" and "blue ear disease" during 1987–1988 in the United States and Canada caused first undiagnosed outbreaks, characterized by reproductive losses combined with respiratory signs. In 1990-1991, a similar disease was reported in several
European countries
2272:
Kuhn, Jens H.; Lauck, Michael; Bailey, Adam L.; Shchetinin, Alexey M.; Vishnevskaya, Tatyana V.; Bào, Yīmíng; Ng, Terry Fei Fan; LeBreton, Matthew; Schneider, Bradley S.; Gillis, Amethyst; Tamoufe, Ubald; Diffo, Joseph Le Doux; Takuo, Jean Michel; Kondov, Nikola O.; Coffey, Lark L. (2016).
465:. Prototype sequences for each PRRSV type have been defined. For the European PRRSV, this is the Lelystad virus (LV), while for the North American PRRSV, this is the VR-2332. The European and North American PRRSV strains cause similar clinical symptoms, but represent two distinct viral
492:
It was shown that pigs could be infected with PRRS virus by several routes of exposure: intranasal, intramuscular, peroral, intrauterine, and vaginal. Pigs are most susceptible to infection via intramuscular inoculation (10 tissue culture infectious dose with a 50% endpoint
603:
The clinical outcome of a PRRSV infection can be aggravated by co-infections with other pathogens. It is characterized by problems with growth performance and clinical signs such as fever, cough, anorexia and dyspnea. Along with PRRSV, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2),
3463:"Comparison of Molecular and Biological Characteristics of a Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Vaccine (Ingelvac PRRS MLV), the Parent Strain of the Vaccine (ATCC VR2332), ATCC VR2385, and Two Recent Field Isolates of PRRSV"
614:
are the most frequently detected pathogens in porcine respiratory disease complex affected pigs. PRRSV infection may also decrease the efficacy of vaccines used in pigs. Due to these problems, PRRS is considered worldwide as a serious threat for the pig industry.
316:
are regularly reported in different
European countries: Belarus, Belgium, Hungary, Austria and others. Immunization programs of swine herds worldwide with attenuated vaccines made of both PRRSV genotypes provided initially optimistic results in the 1990s.
280:. Phylogeographic analysis of PRRSV epidemiology suggested that the virus diversified into unique subpopulations in Russia and Belarus, approximately 110–140 years ago. However, still there is an uncertainty as to how, when and where the PRRSV emerged.
1866:"Assessment of the efficacy of commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines based on measurement of serologic response, frequency of gamma-IFN-producing cells and virological parameters of protection upon challenge"
320:
At present PRRS, is one of the most significant infectious disease affecting the swine industry. It was also named as "pig AIDS" for emerging through accidental transspecies transmission and significant economic losses in worldwide pig production.
996:
Shimizu, Mitsugu; Yamada, Shunji; Murakami, Yosuke; Morozumi, Tetsuo; Kobayashi, Hideki; Mitani, Kenji; Ito, Nobuyosi; Kubo, Masanori; Kimura, Kumiko; Kobayashi, Masaru; Yamamoto, Koushi; Miura, Yasuo; Yamamoto, Teruji; Watanabe, Kazuo (1994).
272:
A better picture of PRRSV's genetic diversity suggested that the virus was present in the field before the "original" outbreaks. The lack of recorded data concerning the prevalence prior to the epidemic was due to unawareness of PRRS.
595:
After an extensive viremia, the virus reaches macrophages in different internal organs (e.g. lymphoid tissues and maternal endometrium) resulting in disorders, such as reproductive failure in sows. At a late stage of
3081:
Guo, Baoqing; Lager, Kelly M.; Henningson, Jamie N.; Miller, Laura C.; Schlink, Sarah N.; Kappes, Matthew A.; Kehrli, Marcus E.; Brockmeier, Susan L.; Nicholson, Tracy L.; Yang, Han-Chun; Faaberg, Kay S. (2013).
870:
ICTV 8th Report
Fauquet, C., Mayo, M.A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U. and Ball, L.A., Eds. (2005). Virus taxonomy: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press.
481:
1, with
Lelystad virus as prototype, is present in Europe and Russia, subtype 2 in Russia and Lithuania and subtype 3 in Belarus. Besides known subtypes, a recent study showed non-subtypeable PRRSV1 isolates.
1046:
Chueh, L. L.; Lee, K. H.; Wang, F. I.; Pang, V. F.; Weng, C. N. (1998), "Sequence
Analysis of the Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Taiwan MD-001 Strain",
262:
such as
Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain. The emergence of PRRS in Japan, Taiwan and mainland China was reported in 1987, 1991 and 1996, respectively.
707:
is currently the only widely available way of PRRS control in swine herds worldwide. For specific immunization of animals against PRRS, several types of vaccines and live virus inoculation are used.
1696:
Bálint, Ádám; Balka, Gyula; Horváth, Péter; Kecskeméti, Sándor; Dán, Ádám; Farsang, Attila; Szeredi, Levente; Bányai, Krisztián; Bartha, Dániel; Olasz, Ferenc; Belák, Sándor; Zádori, Zoltán (2015).
957:
Plana, Joan; Vayreda, Montserrat; Vilarrasa, Jaume; Bastons, Merce; Rosell, Rosa; Martinez, M.; San
Gabriel, Alberto; Pujols, Joan; Badiola, Jose Luis; Ramos, Jose A.; Domingo, Mariano (1992).
1497:
Stankevicius, Arunas; Buitkuviene, Jurate; Sutkiene, Virginija; Spancerniene, Ugne; Pampariene, Ina; Pautienius, Arnoldas; Oberauskas, Vaidas; Zilinskas, Henrikas; Zymantiene, Judita (2015).
4057:
441:
and PRRSV, in particular, are nsp9 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) and nucleocapsid (N) protein. Similarity analysis demonstrates the presence of hyper-variable regions in nsp2 and GP4.
4052:
1639:"Different clinical, virological, serological and tissue tropism outcomes of two new and one old Belgian type 1 subtype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) isolates"
1279:
Shi, Mang; Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; Hon, Chung-Chau; Hui, Raymond Kin-Hei; Faaberg, Kay S.; Wennblom, Trevor; Murtaugh, Michael P.; Stadejek, Tomasz; Leung, Frederick Chi-Ching (2010).
308:
characterized by an elevated abortion rate as well as mortality in growing pigs and sows. This happened in 1996, 2000 and 2007 in the US and in 2006 in China. Highly pathogenic and
576:
Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (macrophages in lungs, lymph nodes, spleen, placenta and other organs, and dendritic cells) are the primary targets for viral replication
2880:"Vaccine efficacy and immune response to swine influenza virus challenge in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at the time of SIV vaccination"
734:
462:
4266:
1152:
Guo, BQ; Chen, ZS; Liu, WX; Cui, YZ (1996). "Isolation and identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus from aborted fetuses suspected of PRRS".
2219:"Definition of subtypes in the European genotype of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: nucleocapsid characteristics and geographical distribution in Europe"
269:, the disease is now present throughout the world, especially in countries with major pig production. Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland are PRRS free.
3361:
4062:
3334:
Batista, L; Pijoan, C; Torremorell, M (2002). "Experimental injection of gilts with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) during acclimatization".
489:
The pattern of PRRSV transmission is mainly via contact and airborne. PRRSV transmission is highly dependent on the route of exposure, virus isolate and the virus dose.
473:
The genetic variation among the viruses isolated from different places increases the difficulty of developing vaccines against it. Similarly, maintaining diagnostic
2956:
Neumann, Eric J.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Johnson, Colin D.; Mabry, John W.; Bush, Eric J.; Seitzinger, Ann H.; Green, Alice L.; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J. (2005-08-01).
655:
assays offered as-good or better sensitivity than nested PCR, fast turnaround time in the lab, and lower rates of cross-contamination via closed-tube amplification.
4275:
959:"Porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (mystery swine disease). Isolation in Spain of the causative agent and experimental reproduction of the disease"
3695:
4204:
1173:"Risk Assessment of the Introduction of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Boar Semen into Switzerland as an Example of a PRRSV-Free Country"
4288:
636:
was used to confirm PRRSV in serum or tissue samples. This process involves growing the virus in-vitro on cell lines over a period of 3–14 days or longer. If
1698:"Full-length genome sequence analysis of a Hungarian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated from a pig with severe respiratory disease"
4095:
1864:
Zuckermann, Federico A.; Garcia, Esther
Alvarez; Luque, Ivan Diaz; Christopher-Hennings, Jane; Doster, Alan; Brito, Monica; Osorio, Fernando (2007-07-20).
4082:
2332:"Phylogeny-based evolutionary, demographical, and geographical dissection of North American type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses"
3461:
Opriessnig, T.; Halbur, P. G.; Yoon, K.-J.; Pogranichniy, R. M.; Harmon, K. M.; Evans, R.; Key, K. F.; Pallares, F. J.; Thomas, P.; Meng, X. J. (2002).
3005:"Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nsp4 Cleaves VISA to Impair Antiviral Responses Mediated by RIG-I-like Receptors"
2432:"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of exceptional diversity in eastern Europe support the definition of new genetic subtypes"
521:) of infectious PRRSV. Virus is quickly inactivated by heating, drying or by pH extremes. Experiments showed that aerosolized PRRSV was least stable (T
3763:
573:
are the only known natural hosts of PRRSV. Typical clinical symptoms of PRRS include respiratory disease in piglets and reproductive failure in sows.
4069:
3993:
329:
2878:
Kitikoon, Pravina; Vincent, Amy L.; Jones, Katherine R.; Nilubol, Dachrit; Yu, Shan; Janke, Bruce H.; Thacker, Brad J.; Thacker, Eileen L. (2009).
2217:
Stadejek, Tomasz; Oleksiewicz, Martin B.; Scherbakov, Alexei V.; Timina, Anna M.; Krabbe, Jonas S.; Chabros, Katarzyna; Potapchuk, Denis (2008).
1637:
Frydas, Ilias S; Trus, Ivan; Kvisgaard, Lise K; Bonckaert, Caroline; Reddy, Vishwanatha RAP; Li, Yewei; Larsen, Lars E; Nauwynck, Hans J (2015).
3661:
3735:
3084:"Experimental infection of United States swine with a Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus"
4187:
3377:"Serum inoculation as a possibility for elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) from a farrow-to-finish pig farm"
1994:
1066:
376:
277:
2562:"Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in aerosols"
4171:
556:
266:
1580:"Pathogenesis and antigenic characterization of a new East European subtype 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate"
580:. Replication cycle begins with the interaction between the GP5-M complex of PRRSV and the cellular receptors heparan sulfate and CD169 (
4014:
3953:
3833:
1499:"Detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Lithuanian wild boar populations"
1319:
4166:
4090:
3840:
632:
Laboratory-based diagnostic tests have evolved significantly since initial discovery of the PRRS virus in the late 1980s. Initially
3292:
Corzo, Cesar A.; Mondaca, Enrique; Wayne, Spencer; Torremorell, Montserrat; Dee, Scott; Davies, Peter; Morrison, Robert B. (2010).
2919:"Negative impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the efficacy of classical swine fever vaccine"
3706:
1095:
Deng, Ming-Chung; Chang, Chia-Yi; Huang, Tien-Shine; Tsai, Hsiang-Jung; Chang, Chieh; Wang, Fun-In; Huang, Yu-Liang (2015-08-06).
4074:
4039:
3878:
2614:"Review on the transmission porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination"
2560:
Hermann, Joseph; Hoff, Steve; Muñoz-Zanzi, Claudia; Yoon, Kyoung-Jin; Roof, Michael; Burkhardt, Anna; Zimmerman, Jeffrey (2007).
2059:"Review on the transmission porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination"
3911:
3883:
2113:
Lunney, Joan K.; Fang, Ying; Ladinig, Andrea; Chen, Nanhua; Li, Yanhua; Rowland, Bob; Renukaradhya, Gourapura J. (2016-02-15).
1751:
Sinn, Leonie J; Klingler, Eva; Lamp, Benjamin; Brunthaler, Rene; Weissenböck, Herbert; Rümenapf, Till; Ladinig, Andrea (2016).
2523:"Probability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infection as a function of exposure route and dose"
4316:
3845:
2958:"Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States"
1815:
Nauwynck, H. J.; Van Gorp, H.; Vanhee, M.; Karniychuk, U.; Geldhof, M.; Cao, A.; Verbeeck, M.; Van Breedam, W. (2012-01-09).
368:
1578:
Karniychuk, Uladzimir U; Geldhof, Marc; Vanhee, Merijn; Van Doorsselaere, Jan; Saveleva, Tamara A; Nauwynck, Hans J (2010).
3198:"Up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors by HP-PRRSV infection in microglia: Implications for HP-PRRSV neuropathogenesis"
52:
3793:
3756:
2481:"Median infectious dose (ID50) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate MN-184 via aerosol exposure"
1817:"Micro-Dissecting the Pathogenesis and Immune Response of PRRSV Infection Paves the Way for More Efficient PRRSV Vaccines"
3424:"Comparison of time to PRRSv-stability and production losses between two exposure programs to control PRRSv in sow herds"
3868:
544:) for Type 1 PRRSV could range from approximately 2 to 5 in naïve pigs. Compared to Type 1 PRRSV isolates, Type 2 PRRSV
423:
4003:
4141:
4131:
3808:
2676:"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: An update on an emerging and re-emerging viral disease of swine"
1097:"Molecular epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses isolated from 1991 to 2013 in Taiwan"
641:
415:
2723:
Costers, Sarah; Vanhee, Merijn; Van Breedam, Wander; Van Doorsselaere, Jan; Geldhof, Marc; Nauwynck, Hans J. (2010).
3621:"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccines: Current Status and Strategies to a Universal Vaccine"
2917:
Suradhat, S.; Kesdangsakonwut, S.; Sada, W.; Buranapraditkun, S.; Wongsawang, S.; Thanawongnuwech, R. (2006-03-24).
4199:
4047:
4026:
3948:
3828:
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3798:
739:
584:). Upon binding and internalization, GP2-GP3-GP4 interacts with CD163 mediating the disassembly and release of the
4293:
2115:"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System"
3998:
3973:
3818:
2957:
537:
474:
4331:
4020:
3916:
3749:
1753:"Emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 strain in Lower Austria"
835:
430:
3523:"Immunological solutions for treatment and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)"
3003:
Huang, Chen; Du, Yinping; Yu, Zhibin; Zhang, Qiong; Liu, Yihao; Tang, Jun; Shi, Jishu; Feng, Wen-hai (2016).
2330:
Shi M, Lam TT, Hon CC, Murtaugh MP, Davies PR, Hui RK, Li J, Wong LT, Yip CW, Jiang JW, Leung FC (Sep 2010).
1367:"A Bayesian Phylogeographical Analysis of Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)"
4326:
3823:
2379:
Paploski IA, Corzo C, Rovira A, Murtaugh MP, Sanhueza JM, Vilalta C, Schroeder DC, VanderWaal K (Nov 2019).
1409:
Murtaugh, Michael P.; Stadejek, Tomasz; Abrahante, Juan E.; Lam, Tommy T.Y.; Leung, Frederick C.-C. (2010).
3562:"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety aspects"
1053:, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 440, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 795–799,
372:
4321:
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364:
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721:
Pigs resistant to PRRS have been engineered using gene editing technologies by the biotechnology company
4151:
4111:
3988:
3700:
3355:
999:"Isolation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus from Heko-Heko Disease of Pigs"
769:
606:
2479:
Cutler, Timothy D.; Wang, Chong; Hoff, Steven J.; Kittawornrat, Apisit; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J. (2011).
998:
4126:
4121:
3931:
3016:
2381:"Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus"
1171:
Nathues, C.; Zimmerli, U.; Hauser, R.; Nathues, H.; grosse Beilage, E.; Schüpbach-Regula, G. (2014).
715:
433:
encoded by ORFs 2-7. They consist of envelope proteins (GP2a, E, GP3, GP4, GP5, ORF5a and M) and the
47:
3730:
1365:
Nguyen, V. G.; Kim, H. K.; Moon, H. J.; Park, S. J.; Chung, H. C.; Choi, M. K.; Park, B. K. (2014).
253:
disease causes reproductive failure in breeding stock and respiratory tract illness in young pigs.
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2724:
2522:
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1410:
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1134:
939:
396:
184:
958:
4280:
1558:
Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinary, Dallas.
1556:
Murtaugh, M (2009). "Update on PRRSV immunology and viral genetics: from hopeless to hopeful".
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3936:
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2705:
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2196:
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1990:
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978:
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or other confirmation method prior to reporting the sample as positive for presence of PRRSV.
637:
530:
289:
1455:
Stadejek, Tomasz; Stankevicius, Arunas; Murtaugh, Michael P.; Oleksiewicz, Martin B. (2013).
885:
872:
651:
was used to the detect the virus as it showed improved sensitivity over non-nested PCR. Now,
445:
interact with the well-characterized receptors CD169 (sialoadhesin) and CD163, respectively.
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2178:
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2080:
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2029:
2019:
2012:"PRRSV structure, replication and recombination: Origin of phenotype and genotype diversity"
1955:
1916:
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652:
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313:
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PRRSV is highly dynamic in nature. Increasing genetic diversity allows emergence of severe
4192:
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744:
149:
113:
2130:
1366:
1172:
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3020:
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3596:
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3478:
3245:"Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Boar Semen by PCR"
3173:
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2011:
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1614:
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1533:
1498:
1251:
3495:
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3244:
1944:"Regulation of cell signaling and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus"
663:
A variety of management strategies have been proposed to control and eliminate PRRSV:
4310:
2218:
1833:
1816:
1737:
1697:
1411:"The ever-expanding diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus"
1138:
974:
633:
359:
347:
137:
89:
3439:
3260:
3196:
Chen, Xin-xin; Quan, Rong; Guo, Xue-kun; Gao, Li; Shi, Jishu; Feng, Wen-hai (2014).
2521:
Hermann, J.R.; Muñoz-Zanzi, C.A.; Roof, M.B.; Burkhart, K.; Zimmerman, J.J. (2005).
2258:
943:
461:
PRRSV is subdivided in two major types, the European (also known as Type 1) and the
3309:
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1920:
1426:
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581:
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101:
3538:
3197:
2934:
2725:"GP4-specific neutralizing antibodies might be a driving force in PRRSV evolution"
1959:
1058:
3213:
3083:
2895:
2780:
2538:
2496:
1881:
1472:
1320:"Divergence Time of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Subtypes"
399:(ORFs 1a-1b-2a-2b-3-4-5-5a-6-7) and a 3′ UTR followed by a polyadenylation tail.
292:
for PRRSV and could be considered as an additional source of viral infections in
4260:
3921:
3780:
3294:"Control and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus"
3099:
2024:
688:
McRebel (Management Changes to Reduce Exposure to Bacteria to Eliminate Losses),
353:
125:
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901:
17:
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1769:
1713:
1655:
1515:
1113:
1096:
648:
611:
3587:
3486:
3400:
3221:
3164:
3141:"Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Asia"
3107:
3038:
2981:
2846:
2789:
2639:
2587:
2578:
2561:
2457:
2430:
Stadejek, T.; Oleksiewicz, M. B.; Potapchuk, D.; Podgórska, K. (2006-07-01).
2397:
2298:
2242:
2138:
1842:
1778:
1721:
1664:
1605:
1524:
1343:
1242:
1122:
1024:
927:
3140:
1335:
722:
597:
466:
388:
309:
305:
285:
276:
A hypothesis has been proposed that PRRSV derived of closely related murine
250:
77:
3646:
3605:
3546:
3504:
3447:
3408:
3317:
3229:
3182:
3156:
3125:
3056:
2989:
2942:
2903:
2864:
2807:
2748:
2709:
2657:
2595:
2546:
2504:
2465:
2416:
2365:
2316:
2250:
2200:
2146:
2094:
2043:
1967:
1928:
1889:
1850:
1796:
1729:
1682:
1623:
1596:
1542:
1480:
1434:
1390:
1351:
1304:
1260:
1234:
1196:
1130:
477:
detection assays is difficult due to the high mutation rate of this virus.
3278:
2448:
2431:
1076:
1032:
982:
935:
640:
is observed during culture, the culture is confirmed as the PRRS virus by
4245:
3855:
3731:
PADRAP Production Animal Disease Risk Assessment Program PRRS Risk Survey
3578:
3392:
3347:
2762:
Lauring, Adam S.; Andino, Raul (2010-07-22). Manchester, Marianne (ed.).
2347:
749:
525:= 3.6 min) at 41.0 °C and 73.0% relative humidity and most stable (T
419:
31:
2838:
1219:"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Origin Hypothesis"
1015:
3893:
3637:
3620:
1382:
1188:
3422:
Linhares, D.C.L.; Cano, J.P.; Torremorell, M.; Morrison, R.B. (2014).
3029:
569:
508:
501:
494:
411:
4222:
2275:"Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae"
1905:"Taming PRRSV: Revisiting the control strategies and vaccine design"
437:(N) protein. The most conserved proteins within the whole family of
3696:
OIE Q&A about the Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
2674:
Lunney, Joan K.; Benfield, David A.; Rowland, Raymond R.R. (2010).
1982:
3741:
555:
64:
517:
Temperature was found to have a great effect on the half-life (T
4226:
3745:
3662:"Scientists genetically engineer pigs immune to costly disease"
1457:"Molecular evolution of PRRSV in Europe: Current state of play"
685:
mass vaccination with unidirectional pig flow and herd closure,
564:
392:
293:
1281:"Molecular epidemiology of PRRSV: A phylogenetic perspective"
387:
PRRSV is a small, single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped
391:. The 15 kb genome consists of one linear, single stranded
395:
molecule consisting of a 5′ untranslated region (UTR), ten
284:
PRRSV. There is abundant evidence that PRRSV is present in
2823:"The role of mutational robustness in RNA virus evolution"
886:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
873:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%208th%20Report.pdf
4058:
National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention
2821:
Lauring, Adam S.; Frydman, Judith; Andino, Raul (2013).
4053:
National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
3692:, The complete guide to PRRS understanding and control.
333:
A phylogenetic tree of viruses belonging to the family
3689:
2962:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
4267:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1
3243:
Christopher-Hennings, Jane; et al. (July 1995).
2764:"Quasispecies Theory and the Behavior of RNA Viruses"
1903:
Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje; Suradhat, Sanipa (2010).
798:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1
735:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2
410:
Two large ORFs (1a and 1b) comprise 75% of the viral
194:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1
233:), is a virus that causes a disease of pigs, called
4237:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
4235:
4180:
4104:
4038:
3892:
3854:
3779:
226:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
204:
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus
199:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
4063:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
3375:Štukelj, Marina; Plut, Jan; Toplak, Ivan (2015).
4084:Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture
840:create 10 species (1 unassigned, 9 in the genus
834:Brinton, M. A.; et al. (10 November 2015).
209:Swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus
902:"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome"
4215: * only in special administrative regions
4205:China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
3360:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
906:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
851:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
777:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
3757:
3521:Murtaugh, Michael P.; Genzow, Marika (2011).
235:porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
8:
676:total and partial depopulation/repopulation,
414:. They are translated and processed into 14
4096:National Healthcare Security Administration
3701:New York Times article on the 2007 epidemic
377:lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV)
4223:
3764:
3750:
3742:
822:0 M96262.2 PRRSV-1 rename and move species
548:are considered to be of higher virulence.
36:
3726:PRRS Research Award for PRRS Eradication
3636:
3595:
3577:
3494:
3268:
3172:
3115:
3046:
3028:
2854:
2797:
2779:
2699:
2647:
2629:
2577:
2447:
2406:
2396:
2355:
2306:
2190:
2084:
2074:
2033:
2023:
1832:
1786:
1768:
1672:
1654:
1613:
1595:
1532:
1514:
1250:
1112:
1014:
917:
500:)), followed by the intranasal route (10
4070:National Medical Products Administration
3707:"Europe's piglets die in mystery plague"
452:
401:
328:
2612:Pileri, Emanuela; Mateu, Enric (2016).
2057:Pileri, E; Mateu, E (28 October 2016).
761:
3516:
3514:
3353:
3336:Journal of Swine Health and Production
3329:
3327:
3076:
3074:
2669:
2667:
2607:
2605:
2516:
2514:
2212:
2210:
529:= 192.7 min) at 5.0 °C and 17.1%
470:were split into two separate viruses.
429:A PRRSV particle is composed of eight
2160:
2158:
2156:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1492:
1490:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1003:Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
659:Management strategies to control PRRS
463:North American (also known as type 2)
369:simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)
278:lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus
30:For the Marvel Comics Superhero, see
7:
2131:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111025
2010:Kappes, MA; Faaberg, KS (May 2015).
895:
893:
716:Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.
249:豬藍耳病). This economically important,
3738:, from the Pig Progress Health Tool
3625:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
2119:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1821:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1371:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1177:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
3479:10.1128/jvi.76.23.11837-11844.2002
1154:Chin. J. Anim. Poult. Infect. Dis.
25:
4167:Violence against doctors in China
4091:General Administration of Customs
3560:Charerntantanakul, Wasin (2012).
2167:"The structural biology of PRRSV"
1987:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology
3249:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1942:Zhou, Ao; Zhang, Shujun (2012).
1834:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01292.x
345:PRRSV is a member of the family
51:
3660:Devlin, Hannah (20 June 2018).
3440:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.05.010
3261:10.1128/JCM.33.7.1730-1734.1995
1981:Balasuriya and Snijder (2008).
1324:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1050:Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses
357:. Other members of the family
4076:Hong Kong Department of Health
3428:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
3310:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.016
2741:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.026
2692:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.10.009
2183:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.029
1921:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.003
1427:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.015
1318:Forsberg, Roald (2005-11-01).
1297:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.014
1217:Plagemann, Peter G.W. (2003).
1:
3539:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.013
2935:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.010
1960:10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.004
1503:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
1059:10.1007/978-1-4615-5331-1_103
694:regional elimination program.
4188:China–Cornell–Oxford Project
3869:Traditional Chinese medicine
3709:. New Scientist. May 4, 1991
3214:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.031
3145:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2896:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.003
2781:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001005
2539:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.06.012
2497:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.003
1882:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.02.009
1473:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.029
1223:Emerging Infectious Diseases
975:10.1016/0378-1135(92)90048-X
457:A phylogenetic tree of PRRSV
424:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
365:equine arteritis virus (EAV)
288:. Wild animals may act as a
4172:Water supply and sanitation
3100:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.013
2827:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2436:Journal of General Virology
2025:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.012
670:isowean (isolated weaning),
642:direct fluorescent antibody
373:wobbly possum disease virus
4348:
4200:China Family Panel Studies
4048:National Health Commission
3619:Hu, J.; Zhang, C. (2014).
3381:Acta Veterinaria Hungarica
2974:10.2460/javma.2005.227.385
1989:. Caister Academic Press.
919:10.1177/104063879300500435
740:Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
682:herd closure and rollover,
29:
4213:
3819:Patriotic Health Campaign
3566:World Journal of Virology
2631:10.1186/s13567-016-0391-4
2385:Frontiers in Microbiology
2291:10.1007/s00705-015-2672-z
2235:10.1007/s00705-008-0146-2
2076:10.1186/s13567-016-0391-4
1770:10.1186/s40813-016-0044-z
1757:Porcine Health Management
1714:10.1007/s00705-014-2265-2
1656:10.1186/s13567-015-0166-3
1516:10.1186/s13028-016-0232-5
1114:10.1007/s00705-015-2554-4
844:) and rename one species"
691:semen quality monitoring,
538:basic reproduction number
431:viral structural proteins
406:PRRSV genome organization
190:
183:
46:
39:
3999:Swine influenza outbreak
3799:Healthcare system reform
2398:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02486
507:) and peroral route (10
3879:Pharmaceutical industry
3824:China Welfare Institute
3202:Veterinary Microbiology
2884:Veterinary Microbiology
2527:Veterinary Microbiology
2485:Veterinary Microbiology
2165:Dokland, Terje (2010).
1870:Veterinary Microbiology
1584:BMC Veterinary Research
1461:Veterinary Microbiology
963:Veterinary Microbiology
699:Immunization of animals
416:non-structural proteins
3994:Disease-related deaths
3954:lead poisoning scandal
3912:Cardiovascular disease
3350:(inactive 2024-08-28).
3157:10.3201/eid1709.110411
3139:An, Tong-Qing (2011).
2579:10.1051/vetres:2006044
1597:10.1186/1746-6148-6-30
1235:10.3201/eid0908.030232
820:Betaarterivirus suid 1
561:
458:
407:
337:
220:Betaarterivirus suid 1
176:Betaarterivirus suid 1
41:Betaarterivirus suid 1
4317:Animal viral diseases
3922:Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
3846:Organ transplantation
2449:10.1099/vir.0.81782-0
1336:10.1093/molbev/msi208
900:Goyal, S. M. (1993).
714:, Ingelvac PRRS MLV (
667:gilt acclimatization,
607:Pasteurella multocida
559:
456:
405:
332:
3794:Disease surveillance
3579:10.5501/wjv.v1.i1.23
3393:10.1556/004.2015.037
2348:10.1128/JVI.02551-09
2279:Archives of Virology
2223:Archives of Virology
1702:Archives of Virology
1101:Archives of Virology
628:Laboratory diagnosis
383:Structure and genome
243:blue-ear pig disease
48:Virus classification
3473:(23): 11837–11844.
3467:Journal of Virology
3021:2016NatSR...628497H
2839:10.1038/nrmicro3003
2618:Veterinary Research
2566:Veterinary Research
2336:Journal of Virology
2063:Veterinary Research
2018:. 479–480: 475–86.
1948:Cellular Signalling
1643:Veterinary Research
1016:10.1292/jvms.56.389
673:herd stabilization,
647:In the late 1990s,
449:Genetic variability
397:open reading frames
4142:Population history
4132:Illegal drug trade
3829:Hospitals in China
3809:Health informatics
3638:10.1111/tbed.12016
3348:10.54846/jshap/335
3009:Scientific Reports
1383:10.1111/tbed.12058
1189:10.1111/tbed.12059
562:
459:
408:
338:
4304:
4303:
4229:Taxon identifiers
4220:
4219:
4015:COVID-19 pandemic
3949:Iodine deficiency
3864:Medicine in China
3533:(46): 8192–8204.
3030:10.1038/srep28497
2929:(14): 2634–2642.
2342:(17): 8700–8711.
1996:978-1-904455-22-6
1330:(11): 2131–2134.
1107:(11): 2709–2718.
1068:978-1-4613-7432-9
811:Variarterivirinae
710:The first PRRSV2
679:test and removal,
638:cytopathic effect
565:Domesticated pigs
531:relative humidity
312:"atypical" PRRSV
300:Current situation
290:natural reservoir
265:According to the
241:), also known as
216:
215:
16:(Redirected from
4339:
4297:
4296:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4224:
3979:Pneumonic plague
3917:Chronic diseases
3907:Blue-ear disease
3766:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3736:PRRS information
3717:
3715:
3714:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3581:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3434:(1–2): 111–119.
3419:
3413:
3412:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3351:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3304:(1–2): 185–192.
3289:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3255:(7): 1730–1734.
3240:
3234:
3233:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3151:(9): 1782–1784.
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3032:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2890:(3–4): 235–244.
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2783:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2735:(1–2): 104–113.
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2633:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2491:(3–4): 229–237.
2476:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2442:(7): 1835–1841.
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2229:(8): 1479–1488.
2214:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1915:(1–2): 133–140.
1900:
1894:
1893:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1772:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1658:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1599:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1518:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1116:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1018:
993:
987:
986:
969:(1–4): 203–211.
954:
948:
947:
921:
897:
888:
881:
875:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
848:
831:
825:
824:
785:
783:
774:
766:
653:quantitative PCR
56:
55:
37:
27:Species of virus
21:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4332:Animal vaccines
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4193:The China Study
4176:
4100:
4034:
4027:Omicron variant
3902:Avian influenza
3888:
3850:
3841:Medical schools
3814:Barefoot doctor
3775:
3773:Health in China
3770:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3352:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2774:(7): e1001005.
2761:
2760:
2756:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1983:"Arteriviruses"
1980:
1979:
1975:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1044:
1040:
995:
994:
990:
956:
955:
951:
899:
898:
891:
884:Diego.1162 pp.
882:
878:
869:
865:
855:
853:
846:
836:"In the family
833:
832:
828:
817:Eurpobartevirus
814:Betaarterivirus
781:
779:
772:
770:"2017.012-015S"
768:
767:
763:
758:
731:
701:
661:
630:
625:
560:A pig with PRRS
554:
543:
528:
524:
520:
512:
505:
498:
487:
451:
418:including four
385:
343:
327:
302:
259:
179:
163:Eurpobartevirus
151:Betaarterivirus
115:Pisoniviricetes
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Eurpobartevirus
15:
12:
11:
5:
4345:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4327:Swine diseases
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4257:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:Plasma Economy
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:Classification
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Women's health
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Animal viruses
3718:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3684:External links
3682:
3679:
3678:
3652:
3631:(2): 109–120.
3611:
3552:
3510:
3453:
3414:
3387:(3): 389–399.
3367:
3342:(4): 147–150.
3323:
3298:Virus Research
3284:
3235:
3208:(1–2): 48–57.
3188:
3131:
3094:(2): 372–384.
3070:
2995:
2968:(3): 385–392.
2948:
2909:
2870:
2833:(5): 327–336.
2813:
2768:PLOS Pathogens
2754:
2729:Virus Research
2715:
2680:Virus Research
2663:
2601:
2552:
2510:
2471:
2422:
2371:
2322:
2285:(3): 755–768.
2264:
2206:
2177:(1–2): 86–97.
2171:Virus Research
2152:
2125:(1): 129–154.
2100:
2049:
2002:
1995:
1973:
1954:(5): 973–980.
1934:
1909:Virus Research
1895:
1876:(1–3): 69–85.
1856:
1802:
1743:
1708:(2): 417–422.
1688:
1629:
1563:
1548:
1486:
1467:(1–2): 21–28.
1440:
1421:(1–2): 18–30.
1415:Virus Research
1396:
1377:(6): 537–545.
1357:
1310:
1285:Virus Research
1266:
1229:(8): 903–908.
1202:
1183:(6): 546–554.
1163:
1156:(in Chinese).
1144:
1087:
1067:
1038:
1009:(2): 389–391.
988:
949:
912:(4): 656–664.
889:
876:
863:
826:
805:Arnidovirineae
760:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
747:
745:Animal viruses
742:
737:
730:
727:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
660:
657:
629:
626:
624:
621:
553:
550:
541:
526:
522:
518:
510:
503:
496:
486:
483:
450:
447:
384:
381:
342:
341:Classification
339:
326:
323:
301:
298:
258:
255:
247:zhū láněr bìng
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
188:
187:
181:
180:
173:
171:
167:
166:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4344:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Arteriviridae
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Vegetarianism
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:Delta variant
4019:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4004:SARS pandemic
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Mental health
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3884:Biotechnology
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:(1–2): 7–16.
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:(1–2): 7–17.
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1160:(2): 117–124.
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
894:
890:
887:
880:
877:
874:
867:
864:
852:
845:
843:
839:
838:Arteriviridae
830:
827:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:Arteriviridae
806:
803:
799:
796:
793:
792:Arteriviridae
790:
778:
771:
765:
762:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
698:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
664:
658:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:viral culture
627:
622:
620:
616:
613:
609:
608:
601:
599:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:
566:
558:
551:
549:
547:
539:
534:
532:
515:
513:
506:
499:
490:
484:
482:
478:
476:
471:
468:
464:
455:
448:
446:
442:
440:
439:Arteriviridae
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
360:Arteriviridae
356:
355:
350:
349:
348:Arteriviridae
340:
336:
335:Arteriviridae
331:
324:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
294:domestic pigs
291:
287:
281:
279:
274:
270:
268:
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
245:(in Chinese,
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
221:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
139:Arteriviridae
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:Orthornavirae
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
4236:
4190:
4152:Prostitution
4112:Demographics
4083:
4075:
3989:Tuberculosis
3906:
3711:. Retrieved
3690:www.prrs.com
3669:. Retrieved
3666:The Guardian
3665:
3655:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3572:(1): 23–30.
3569:
3565:
3555:
3530:
3526:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3356:cite journal
3339:
3335:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3091:
3087:
3015:(1): 28497.
3012:
3008:
2998:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2686:(1–2): 1–6.
2683:
2679:
2621:
2617:
2572:(1): 81–93.
2569:
2565:
2555:
2530:
2526:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2391:(10): 2486.
2388:
2384:
2374:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2282:
2278:
2267:
2226:
2222:
2174:
2170:
2122:
2118:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2015:
2005:
1986:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1824:
1820:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1587:
1583:
1557:
1551:
1506:
1502:
1464:
1460:
1418:
1414:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1226:
1222:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1080:, retrieved
1049:
1041:
1006:
1002:
991:
966:
962:
952:
909:
905:
879:
866:
856:23 September
854:. Retrieved
850:
841:
837:
829:
819:
816:
813:
810:
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795:Porartevirus
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791:
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782:23 September
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776:
764:
720:
712:live vaccine
709:
705:immunization
702:
662:
646:
631:
617:
610:and porcine
605:
602:
594:
590:
586:nucleocapsid
582:sialoadhesin
577:
575:
568:
563:
552:Pathogenesis
535:
516:
491:
488:
485:Transmission
479:
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460:
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438:
435:nucleocapsid
428:
409:
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271:
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61:(unranked):
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4261:Wikispecies
4127:Food safety
4122:Environment
4117:Dust storms
3932:Hepatitis B
3671:11 December
842:Arterivirus
802:Nidovirales
800:0 M96262.2
789:Nidovirales
612:mycoplasmas
354:Nidovirales
223:, commonly
127:Nidovirales
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4010:SARS-CoV-2
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3781:Healthcare
3713:2007-06-28
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1560:: 459–462.
1082:2022-11-20
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567:and other
286:wild boars
158:Subgenus:
4137:Pollution
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3165:1080-6040
3108:0042-6822
3039:2045-2322
2982:0003-1488
2847:1740-1526
2790:1553-7374
2640:1297-9716
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1344:1537-1719
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1123:0304-8608
1025:0916-7250
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598:gestation
467:genotypes
420:proteases
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363:include:
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170:Species:
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4281:11460570
4252:Q1760147
4246:Wikidata
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3894:Diseases
3874:Pharmacy
3856:Medicine
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3230:24581811
3183:21888830
3126:23079105
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2865:23524517
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2749:20837070
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2259:31075692
2251:18592131
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2147:26646630
2095:27793195
2044:25759097
2016:Virology
1968:22274732
1929:20851723
1890:17376612
1851:22225918
1797:28405454
1730:25361819
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314:isolates
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185:Synonyms
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4105:Related
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3279:7665637
3174:3322091
3117:7111980
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3017:Bibcode
2923:Vaccine
2856:3981611
2799:2908548
2701:7172856
2649:5086057
2408:6839445
2357:2919017
2308:5573231
2192:7114433
2086:5086057
2035:7111637
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1077:9782360
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