288:
419:, which was against one of the white defendants, as the jury failed to convict. Judge Wood's opinion, however, in overruling the demurrer, was notable for the latitude it gave to future federal prosecutors to draw indictments of private violations of fundamental rights under the Enforcement Acts. Bradley, later, backed away from application of the 14th Amendment to protecting natural rights of individuals. If
267:
in the United States. It was related to an extended period of campaign violence before the fall gubernatorial election, as white
Democrats in the state used racial terrorism to suppress black Republican voting. White Klan members attacked a Republican rally of 2,000 black citizens in the courthouse
405:
The matter was considered especially pressing as some
Southern states had been readmitted to the Union. But despite passage of the Enforcement Acts in May 1870 to end Klan violence, Democratic politicians and their supporters in those states continued with violent suppression of the black
339:
Federal troops in the area did not intervene that day. Black voters stayed away from the polls on election day in fear of more violence, contributing to
Democratic electoral success for the governorship. In the 1868 presidential election, Greene County had voted for Republican
329:, shot in his hotel in Eutaw, the county seat, by members of a 30-member, masked and costumed lynching party who rode into town on horseback. No one was prosecuted for either death, and state attempts to end violence in Greene County stopped after Boyd's murder.
287:
318:, Gilford Coleman, a black Republican leader, had been lynched, fatally shot and his body mutilated, after being taken from his own house. His was the first of two political assassinations of black men in the county in the summer and fall.
366:
Election day was calm in Eutaw. Black voters, intimidated and fearful, stayed home or voted
Democratic. While state officials took no action (besides arresting some of the black victims of the riot), the U.S. Commissioner in
752:
336:, attracting 2,000 blacks. The rally was attacked by Klansmen (supporting Democrats), who first verbally harassed the attendees and then started shooting; they left two to four blacks dead and 54 people injured.
363:. His testimony resulted in a complaint charging fourteen whites with violating the First Amendment, and white Democrats with violating the Constitutional rights of Brown and six others by the Eutaw attack.
2145:
2047:
415:, a former Confederate and slaveholder who became one of the Klan's most outspoken enemies, directed prosecution of the case. In the end, federal prosecutors failed to gain a conviction in
745:
390:, was applicable to these events. Bradley responded in January 1871, indicating he understood the real question: whether the rioters had violated the victims' constitutionally protected
2180:
2175:
406:(Republican) vote, resulting in significant Republican losses in the U.S. Congress. These events strengthened Bradley in his resolve to defeat violent white Southerners by legal means.
141:
423:
had been decided in favor of the government, it has been argued, the case could have set an important precedent for the protection of
African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment.
768:
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indicted twenty of the rioters on
December 24, 1870, while Woods was awaiting a response to a letter he sent to U.S. Supreme Court Justice
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protected individuals against the state, but in Eutaw, private individuals, not the state, had violated citizens' rights.
1617:
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Jury
Discrimination: The Supreme Court, Public Opinion, and a Grassroots Fight for Racial Equality in Mississippi
1313:
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After the riot, local man Samuel B. Brown, likely a low-ranking
Republican politician, appeared before U.S.
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279:, as similar intimidation was conducted against blacks in other heavily majority Republican counties.
1941:
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As in other states of the former
Confederacy, Alabama citizens had been terrorized frequently by the
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199:
1936:
1828:
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2006:
1977:
1923:
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Black
Republicans feared for their safety, staying away from the polls or voting Democratic. The
264:
225:
183:
152:
28:
1025:
692:
1983:
1876:
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Earlier in the year, on the night of March 31, 1870, James Martin, a black Republican from
1803:
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878:
821:
610:
A Missed Opportunity:' United States v. Hall' and the Battle over the Fourteenth Amendment
412:
210:
344:
by a margin of 2,000 votes; in the 1870 gubernatorial election, voters carried Democrat
1541:
1504:
1455:
1394:
986:
765:
685:
621:
Hennessey, Melinda M. (1980). "Political Terrorism in the Black Belt: The Eutaw Riot".
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38:
119:
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299:
177:
103:
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2011:
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790:
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2068:
519:
1485:
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1004:
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511:
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1099:
1070:
1042:
967:
1963:
1684:
1252:
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White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery
1839:
1521:
286:
616:(MA, history thesis). Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University.
1123:
761:
375:, and $ 4000 bonds to ensure the defendants appeared in court.
77:
734:
123:
637:
Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography
496:"The Boyd Incident: Black Belt Violence During Reconstruction"
332:
On October 25, a Republican political rally was held at the
2048:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
2146:
Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era
325:
was killed, as was white Republican County Solicitor
2040:
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1962:
1922:
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45:
34:
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386:, inquiring whether federal law, particularly the
268:square, killing as many as four and wounding 54.
2181:History of the Republican Party (United States)
2176:History of the Democratic Party (United States)
658:The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction
746:
135:
16:KKK Attack on Black Civilians and Republicans
8:
1932:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
919:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
255:was an episode of white racial violence in
1680:
1193:
963:
786:
753:
739:
731:
142:
128:
120:
18:
2156:White American riots in the United States
2053:Mass racial violence in the United States
1464:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1021:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
232:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2166:Electoral violence in the United States
1746:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
436:
2018:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1859:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
1662:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1630:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1170:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
940:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
480:
478:
476:
1373:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
1175:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
549:Hennessey; summarized in Lincove 270.
494:Rogers, William Warren (2013-01-02).
470:Hennessey; summarized in Lincove 270.
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
310:, four blacks and one white had been
7:
1781:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
1724:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
2141:Riots and civil disorder in Alabama
1751:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
1290:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
769:in the history of the United States
1267:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
1084:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
1061:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
857:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
655:Richter, William L. (2009-07-24).
263:, on October 25, 1870, during the
14:
2116:1870 murders in the United States
935:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
2028:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
2023:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
908:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
691:. U of Massachusetts P. p.
1848:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
1409:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
976:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
839:New York City Food Riot of 1917
2161:Massacres in the United States
2126:Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama
1011:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
903:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
834:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
410:United States Attorney General
1:
1618:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
1607:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1079:1877 St. Louis general strike
1016:Springfield race riot of 1908
799:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
710:Waldrep, Christopher (2011).
2136:History of racism in Alabama
1427:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
1333:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
945:1912 Lawrence textile strike
292:Old Greene County Courthouse
173:New Orleans massacre of 1866
913:Philadelphia general strike
304:1870 gubernatorial election
277:1870 gubernatorial election
2197:
1729:San Francisco riot of 1877
1657:Meridian race riot of 1871
1368:1891 New Orleans lynchings
1285:1906 Atlanta race massacre
1114:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
634:Lincove, David A. (2000).
392:right to freedom of speech
334:county courthouse in Eutaw
206:Meridian race riot of 1871
49:October 25, 1870
2111:1870 in American politics
1212:Election Massacre of 1874
862:Reading Railroad Massacre
804:1913 Paterson silk strike
683:Shapiro, Herbert (1988).
348:by a margin of 43 votes.
162:
26:
1889:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
1823:Honolulu Courthouse riot
1762:Preparedness Day Bombing
1494:Memphis massacre of 1866
1439:McIntosh County Seat War
1132:Cincinnati riots of 1884
1089:St. Louis bullfight riot
1635:West Virginia coal wars
1578:Slocum Massacre of 1910
1356:Battle of Liberty Place
1242:Hartford coal mine riot
1032:East St. Louis massacre
868:Scranton general strike
607:Clauson, Loryn (2015).
388:Enforcement Act of 1870
283:Background and violence
221:Battle of Liberty Place
2131:Greene County, Alabama
1798:Colorado Coalfield War
1624:Tucker County Seat War
1560:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
1511:Battle of Depot Street
874:1877 Shamokin uprising
295:
2082:32.84028°N 87.88778°W
1972:Rock Springs massacre
1907:Hells Canyon Massacre
1734:Mussel Slough Tragedy
1718:Anti-Chinese violence
1554:San Elizario Salt War
1475:Phoenix election riot
1433:Brooks–McFarland feud
1143:May Day riots of 1894
512:10.1353/cwh.1975.0009
417:United States v. Hall
302:in the run-up to the
290:
259:, the county seat of
168:Memphis riots of 1866
1942:Seattle riot of 1886
1589:Houston riot of 1917
1445:Green Corn Rebellion
1378:Robert Charles riots
1314:French–Eversole feud
400:Fifteenth Amendments
64:Black civilians and
2151:October 1870 events
2087:32.84028; -87.88778
2078: /
1937:Tacoma riot of 1885
1792:Colorado Labor Wars
1693:Pleasant Valley War
1612:Lincoln County feud
1566:Reese–Townsend feud
358:Circuit Court Judge
2007:Fence Cutting Wars
1978:Johnson County War
1913:Sheepshooters' War
1883:Lincoln County War
1853:Deep Creek murders
1786:Colorado Range War
1756:Wheatland hop riot
1699:Bisbee Deportation
1572:Brownsville affair
1536:Sutton–Taylor feud
1362:Thibodaux massacre
1350:Coushatta massacre
1338:Opelousas massacre
1261:Barber–Mizell feud
1148:Akron riot of 1900
993:Illinois coal wars
716:. U of Georgia P.
380:federal grand jury
296:
265:Reconstruction Era
226:Vicksburg massacre
190:Barber–Mizell feud
184:Opelousas massacre
154:Reconstruction era
114:Voter intimidation
29:Reconstruction Era
2171:Murder in Alabama
2121:Massacres in 1870
2061:
2060:
2036:
2035:
1984:Spring Creek raid
1877:Colfax County War
1740:Castaic Range War
1670:
1669:
1530:Early–Hasley feud
1236:Brooks–Baxter War
1183:
1182:
1164:Bay View massacre
1056:1894 Detroit riot
1051:1891 Detroit riot
953:
952:
897:Lattimer massacre
885:Morewood massacre
500:Civil War History
384:Joseph P. Bradley
346:Robert B. Lindsay
314:in July 1870. In
294:in Eutaw, Alabama
248:
247:
216:Brooks–Baxter War
151:Conflicts of the
118:
117:
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2041:Related articles
1953:Everett massacre
1947:Bellingham riots
1681:
1652:Greene–Jones War
1583:Boyce–Sneed feud
1548:Mason County War
1469:Hamburg massacre
1308:Rowan County War
1194:
1108:Camp Dump strike
999:Battle of Virden
981:Haymarket affair
964:
891:Homestead strike
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273:Democratic Party
237:Hamburg massacre
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1403:Kirk–Holden war
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576:Waldrep 140–41.
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567:Waldrep 138–40.
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558:Waldrep 137–38.
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413:Amos T. Akerman
373:arrest warrants
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352:Legal aftermath
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211:Colfax massacre
200:Kirk–Holden war
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623:Alabama Review
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506:(4): 309–329.
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327:Alexander Boyd
323:Union, Alabama
308:Calhoun County
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257:Eutaw, Alabama
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39:Eutaw, Alabama
36:
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2019:
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2013:
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2001:Railroad Wars
1999:
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1137:Reservoir war
1135:
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723:9780820341941
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702:9780870235788
698:
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670:
668:9780810863361
664:
661:. Scarecrow.
660:
659:
653:
649:
647:9780313291999
643:
640:. Greenwood.
639:
638:
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364:
362:
361:William Woods
359:
351:
349:
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343:
337:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:Greene County
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
289:
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278:
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269:
266:
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261:Greene County
258:
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63:
59:
48:
44:
40:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2063:
1885:(1878; 1881)
1499:Pulaski riot
1205:
849:Pennsylvania
828:Orange Riots
766:civil unrest
712:
686:
672:. Retrieved
657:
636:
626:
622:
609:
601:Bibliography
594:Clauson iii.
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
503:
499:
489:
484:Waldrep 137.
466:
457:
420:
416:
408:
404:
377:
365:
355:
338:
331:
320:
300:Ku Klux Klan
297:
270:
252:
250:
178:Pulaski riot
104:Ku Klux Klan
100:Perpetrators
2085: /
2014:(1870–1920)
2003:(1864–1912)
1980:(1889–1893)
1915:(1895–1906)
1879:(1873–1888)
1831:(1893–1894)
1800:(1913–1914)
1794:(1903–1904)
1742:(1890–1916)
1695:(1882–1892)
1637:(1912–1921)
1626:(1888–1893)
1614:(1878–1890)
1585:(1911–1912)
1568:(1898–1907)
1562:(1888–1889)
1556:(1877–1878)
1550:(1875–1876)
1538:(1868–1876)
1532:(1865–1869)
1507:(1891–1892)
1441:(1907–1909)
1435:(1896–1902)
1429:(1893–1894)
1384:Grabow riot
1316:(1887–1894)
1310:(1884–1887)
1219:(1892–1893)
1217:Mitcham War
1028:(1916–1921)
995:(1898–1900)
830:(1870–1871)
540:Waldrep 143
452:Shapiro 12.
228:(1874–1875)
73:Attack type
66:Republicans
2100:Categories
2073:87°53′16″W
2070:32°50′25″N
2012:Sheep wars
1924:Washington
1869:New Mexico
1829:Black Week
1710:California
791:New Jersey
674:6 December
461:Richter l.
427:References
421:US v. Hall
396:Fourteenth
253:Eutaw riot
53:1870-10-25
22:Eutaw riot
1486:Tennessee
1325:Louisiana
1005:Pana riot
782:Northeast
773:1865–1918
528:144484750
520:1533-6271
369:Demopolis
195:Lowry War
1773:Colorado
1419:Oklahoma
1300:Kentucky
1228:Arkansas
1100:Nebraska
1071:Missouri
1043:Michigan
968:Illinois
814:New York
629:: 35–48.
275:won the
35:Location
27:Part of
1964:Wyoming
1685:Arizona
1277:Georgia
1253:Florida
1198:Alabama
959:Midwest
371:issued
312:lynched
92:Injured
51: (
1994:Others
1986:(1909)
1974:(1885)
1955:(1916)
1949:(1907)
1909:(1887)
1899:Oregon
1855:(1896)
1825:(1874)
1815:Hawaii
1806:(1914)
1788:(1900)
1764:(1916)
1758:(1913)
1736:(1880)
1701:(1917)
1645:Others
1620:(1888)
1574:(1906)
1544:(1875)
1513:(1897)
1501:(1868)
1477:(1898)
1471:(1876)
1447:(1917)
1405:(1870)
1386:(1912)
1380:(1900)
1364:(1887)
1358:(1874)
1352:(1874)
1346:(1873)
1340:(1868)
1263:(1870)
1244:(1914)
1238:(1874)
1208:(1870)
1166:(1886)
1157:Others
1139:(1887)
1110:(1882)
1091:(1904)
1034:(1917)
1007:(1899)
1001:(1898)
989:(1894)
983:(1886)
928:Others
915:(1910)
899:(1897)
893:(1892)
887:(1891)
881:(1886)
870:(1877)
864:(1877)
824:(1870)
720:
699:
665:
644:
526:
518:
394:. The
202:(1870)
186:(1868)
180:(1868)
111:Motive
84:Deaths
61:Target
41:, U.S.
1840:Idaho
1522:Texas
1189:South
762:Riots
614:(PDF)
524:S2CID
432:Notes
306:: in
1676:West
1124:Ohio
764:and
718:ISBN
697:ISBN
676:2016
663:ISBN
642:ISBN
516:ISSN
398:and
251:The
78:Riot
46:Date
508:doi
87:2-4
2102::
695:.
693:12
627:33
625:.
522:.
514:.
504:21
502:.
498:.
475:^
439:^
378:A
95:54
775:)
771:(
754:e
747:t
740:v
726:.
705:.
678:.
650:.
530:.
510::
143:e
136:t
129:v
55:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
