37:
312:
infect other trees. If a tree has cankered branches, the infected branches need to be cut off close to the trunk without damaging the trunk. Cutting the branches flush to the trunk gets rid of the infected branches and also reduces the risk of infection since the tree can heal from this wound more easily. To ensure that the disease is eliminated and not going to spread elsewhere the removed branches and trees should be burned.
195:
294:
overwinter as perithecia or as mycelia in the host. Due to the slow development of the disease, these fruiting bodies are not produced until 5β8 years after initial infection. Once they are produced they can be visible with very close observation in the center of the canker, which can give it a speckled, gritty appearance.
293:
that are dispersed by the wind to be used as secondary inoculum to infect other maple trees in the area. Upon dispersal, they potentially land on a susceptible host which induces the spore to germinate and produce mycelia. At the end of the season, the fungus produces perithecia. Then, the fungus can
261:
around it. It is then capable of surrounding over half the trunk with a typical diameter of 0.3β2.5 m (1 ft 0 in β 8 ft 2 in). Although the canker can become quite large, it normally does not kill the tree but does increase the risk of the trunk failing and being blown
320:
Maple trees with
Eutypella canker have a reduction in quality due to the deformity of the trunk. Therefore, if used for lumber products the cankered area will be wasted wood. This disease can then cause reduced economical value of lumber in areas of high infection. Also, aesthetics of the tree is
311:
The best way to lower infection is to control the probability of infection in the trees. Trees that are infected need to be cut down and removed optimally on a dry day, as do seedlings and saplings that are also found to be infected. This is done to eliminate the source of the inoculum that can
302:
The main factors that contribute to the release of the ascospores are moisture and temperature. For the most part, as long as temperatures are above freezing spores can be released, but they are most likely to be released at moderate temperatures of 4β36 Β°C (39β97 Β°F). In the case of
281:. When conditions are favorable (moderate temperature and high humidity), the perithecium will produce sexual spores called ascospores which are dispersed primarily by the wind. If they land on the susceptible host they may enter through a wound and establish themselves in the
321:
diminished due to the symptoms of the pathogen. Although it can decrease the quality of the tree, the incidence is usually quite low. Infection rates are typically 2%β10% in a particular stand, but it has been recorded to infect over 20%.
303:
moisture, humidity alone is not enough to make the perithecia release the spores, as the perithecia themselves need to be wet. The temperate climates of North
America and Europe are most conducive for Eutypella canker development.
253:
Symptoms are similar to all species of maple and include a canker forming most commonly 2β12 feet (0.61β3.66 m) from the ground. The formation of the canker begins with a small pronounced
640:
859:
885:
941:
833:
491:
535:
257:
of the bark and requires several years to expand. The canker enlarges as the tree ages by increasing its width and forming ringed
946:
405:
262:
over by the wind. As for visible signs of the fungus, if the bark is peeled back at the center of the canker, a mat of white
738:
890:
670:
601:
36:
289:
during the growing season. During the summer months, the fungus is also able to produce asexual spores called
951:
458:
347:
182:
canker is to remove trees that have been infected. If infected, it can decrease the quality of wood cut for
749:
576:
417:
131:
174:
on the main trunk of the tree. Infection and spread of the disease is accomplished with the release of
507:
900:
825:
794:
250:). Onset usually occurs with greater probability of younger maples since they are more susceptible.
936:
234:
285:
of the host. Each year, the fungus kills the callus material formed by the tree and invades more
222:
31:
864:
908:
781:
503:
715:
679:
610:
544:
467:
356:
240:
228:
913:
78:
628:
202:
Eutypella canker infects many species of maple trees, most prevalently the sugar maple (
820:
204:
930:
719:
706:
786:
216:
98:
733:
846:
278:
246:
210:
772:
641:
563:
194:
277:
is characterized as an ascomycete fungus that produces fruiting bodies called
88:
68:
807:
175:
108:
48:
872:
766:
263:
254:
838:
472:
449:
361:
338:
290:
286:
851:
877:
258:
183:
171:
58:
743:
683:
614:
548:
812:
282:
193:
167:
595:
Denis
Lachance; James E. Kuntz (1970). "Ascocarp development of
799:
747:
529:
Denis
Lachance (1971). "Inoculation and development of
178:
from perithecia. Therefore, the best way to manage the
166:. This disease is capable of infecting many species of
664:
Denis
Lachance (1971). "Discharge and germination of
562:
N. Ogris; D. Diminic; B. PiΕ‘kur; H. Kraigher (2008).
756:
700:N. Ogris; D. Jurc; M. Jurc (2006). "Spread risk of
160:is a plant disease caused by the fungal pathogen
208:). Others commonly affected are the red maple (
186:and can thus have a negative economic impact.
8:
502:. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
170:trees and produces a large, distinguishable
659:
657:
500:Beautiful Death: Ornamental Plant Pathology
485:
483:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
744:
448:John T. Kliejunas; James E. Kuntz (1974).
20:
471:
360:
198:Canker: symptom produced by the pathogen
329:
399:
397:
395:
147:R.W. Davidson & R.C. Lorenz (1938)
7:
901:148ea3a9-6cb9-4a7c-afd2-f369f5616372
454:canker, characteristics and control"
536:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
942:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
266:(fungal tissue) will be revealed.
14:
376:K. Kessler; J. Hadfield (1972). "
720:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.01047.x
568:causing cankers on field maple (
420:College of Agricultural Sciences
35:
1:
388:. USDA Forestry Service: 1β6.
704:canker of maple in Europe".
968:
671:Canadian Journal of Botany
602:Canadian Journal of Botany
633:β stem canker of maple -
414:Plant Disease Fact Sheets
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
739:USDA ARS Fungal Database
416:. Penn State Extension,
339:"Defect associated with
947:Fungi described in 1938
459:The Forestry Chronicle
348:The Forestry Chronicle
199:
418:Penn State University
197:
758:Eutypella parasitica
666:Eutypella parasitica
635:Eutypella parasitica
597:Eutypella parasifica
566:Eutypella parasitica
337:H. L. Gross (1984).
275:Eutypella parasitica
244:), and black maple (
163:Eutypella parasitica
141:Eutypella parasitica
25:Eutypella parasitica
577:New Disease Reports
235:Acer pseudoplatanus
232:), sycamore maple (
533:canker of maple".
473:10.5558/tfc50106-3
380:canker of maple".
362:10.5558/tfc60015-1
223:Acer pensylvanicum
220:), striped maple (
200:
190:Hosts and symptoms
123:E. parasitica
924:
923:
909:Open Tree of Life
750:Taxon identifiers
609:(11): 1977β1979.
564:"First report of
510:on April 20, 2012
504:Purdue University
490:Janna Beckerman.
404:Gary W. Moorman.
238:), silver maple (
226:), Norway maple (
152:
151:
16:Species of fungus
959:
917:
916:
904:
903:
894:
893:
881:
880:
868:
867:
855:
854:
842:
841:
829:
828:
816:
815:
803:
802:
790:
789:
777:
776:
775:
745:
723:
688:
687:
678:(7): 1111β1118.
661:
652:
651:
649:
647:
625:
619:
618:
592:
586:
585:
559:
553:
552:
526:
520:
519:
517:
515:
506:. Archived from
487:
478:
477:
475:
445:
430:
429:
427:
425:
410:canker on maple"
401:
390:
389:
373:
367:
366:
364:
343:canker of maple"
334:
241:Acer saccharinum
229:Acer platanoides
143:
40:
39:
21:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:
958:
957:
956:
927:
926:
925:
920:
912:
907:
899:
897:
889:
884:
876:
871:
863:
858:
850:
845:
837:
832:
824:
819:
811:
806:
798:
793:
785:
780:
771:
770:
765:
752:
730:
699:
696:
694:Further reading
691:
684:10.1139/b71-160
663:
662:
655:
645:
643:
627:
626:
622:
615:10.1139/b70-288
594:
593:
589:
561:
560:
556:
549:10.1139/x71-031
528:
527:
523:
513:
511:
489:
488:
481:
447:
446:
433:
423:
421:
403:
402:
393:
382:For. Pest Leafl
375:
374:
370:
336:
335:
331:
327:
318:
309:
300:
272:
192:
148:
145:
139:
126:
79:Sordariomycetes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
965:
963:
955:
954:
952:Fungus species
949:
944:
939:
929:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
905:
895:
882:
869:
856:
843:
830:
817:
804:
791:
778:
762:
760:
754:
753:
748:
742:
741:
736:
734:Index Fungorum
729:
728:External links
726:
725:
724:
714:(3): 475β485.
695:
692:
690:
689:
653:
620:
587:
570:Acer campestre
554:
543:(4): 228β234.
521:
479:
466:(3): 106β108.
431:
391:
368:
328:
326:
323:
317:
314:
308:
305:
299:
296:
271:
268:
214:), box elder (
205:Acer saccharum
191:
188:
150:
149:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
964:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
915:
910:
906:
902:
896:
892:
887:
883:
879:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
774:
768:
764:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
707:EPPO Bulletin
703:
698:
697:
693:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
668:ascospores".
667:
660:
658:
654:
642:
638:
636:
632:
624:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
591:
588:
583:
579:
578:
573:
572:) in Croatia"
571:
567:
558:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
525:
522:
509:
505:
501:
497:
495:
486:
484:
480:
474:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
453:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
432:
419:
415:
411:
409:
400:
398:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
372:
369:
363:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
342:
333:
330:
324:
322:
315:
313:
306:
304:
297:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:Disease cycle
269:
267:
265:
260:
256:
251:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
224:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
206:
196:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
157:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
757:
711:
705:
701:
675:
669:
665:
644:. Retrieved
634:
630:
623:
606:
600:
596:
590:
581:
575:
569:
565:
557:
540:
534:
530:
524:
512:. Retrieved
508:the original
499:
493:
463:
457:
451:
422:. Retrieved
413:
407:
385:
381:
377:
371:
355:(1): 15β17.
352:
346:
340:
332:
319:
310:
301:
283:xylem tissue
274:
273:
252:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
217:Acer negundo
215:
209:
203:
201:
179:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
99:Diatrypaceae
24:
18:
847:iNaturalist
298:Environment
247:Acer nigrum
211:Acer rubrum
937:Xylariales
931:Categories
325:References
316:Importance
307:Management
279:perithecia
176:ascospores
89:Xylariales
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
702:Eutypella
646:March 23,
631:Eutypella
531:Eutypella
514:March 23,
494:Eutypella
452:Eutypella
424:March 23,
408:Eutypella
378:Eutypella
341:Eutypella
180:Eutypella
156:Eutypella
117:Species:
110:Eutypella
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
873:MycoBank
865:10395913
821:Fungorum
773:Q3735088
767:Wikidata
264:mycelium
255:necrosis
95:Family:
45:Domain:
839:2575249
496:canker"
291:conidia
287:cambium
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
898:NZOR:
891:340919
878:273595
852:481819
826:273595
813:ETPLPA
800:189486
259:callus
184:lumber
172:canker
158:canker
914:43315
860:IRMNG
787:3DF5J
584:: 29.
168:maple
59:Fungi
886:NCBI
834:GBIF
808:EPPO
648:2012
516:2012
426:2012
795:EoL
782:CoL
716:doi
680:doi
611:doi
599:".
545:doi
468:doi
386:136
357:doi
933::
911::
888::
875::
862::
849::
836::
823::
810::
797::
784::
769::
712:26
710:.
676:49
674:.
656:^
639:.
607:48
605:.
582:16
580:.
574:.
539:.
498:.
482:^
464:50
462:.
456:.
434:^
412:.
394:^
384:.
353:60
351:.
345:.
722:.
718::
686:.
682::
650:.
637:"
629:"
617:.
613::
551:.
547::
541:1
518:.
492:"
476:.
470::
450:"
428:.
406:"
365:.
359::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
