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1426:, Germany. He went to England where he took employment as a tutor to an aristocratic family. While there, he let Wellesley know that he was willing to serve the British government in its struggle against Napoleon's empire. Canning contacted Robertson who accepted the mission to get in touch with La Romana. The spy was introduced into Europe via a smuggling ship that passed from
36:
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was not carried out because orders arrived from France that all
Spanish soldiers were required to swear an oath of loyalty to King Joseph Bonaparte. The troops on Jutland and Funen took the oath, their officers ignoring when the soldiers swore allegiance to Prince Ferdinand rather than to Joseph. However, on Zealand, there was a full-scale mutiny on 31 July in which an
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77:
1243:. In addition to La Romana's forces, the marshal controlled 30,000 Danish troops plus French and Dutch units. Napoleon, whose plans to seize Spain were well advanced, made sure that the Spanish units were spread out so that it would be difficult to assemble them in one place. Furthermore, Danish troops were always posted nearby.
1131:, Godoy quickly withdrew the proclamation. But it was too late to avert the emperor's suspicion. From that moment, Napoleon planned to deal with his inconstant ally at some future time. In the meantime, the French emperor dragooned Godoy and Charles IV into providing a division of Spanish troops to serve in northern Europe.
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operation. Soon afterward, the plan nearly miscarried when the Scot was picked up by a Danish patrol while attempting to signal a
British warship off Funen. The priest managed to talk his way out of the situation but there is considerable doubt as to whether he was able to get his message to a British vessel.
1576:
La Romana's 9,000 Spanish troops waited at
Langeland until 21 August. By then gunfire could be heard as the French advanced from the west. It was no longer prudent to wait for the promised transports and Keats directed the troops be reembarked on the ships he had to hand, including the small vessels
1562:
By this time La Romana had 8,000 Spanish soldiers assembled on Funen. The badly outnumbered Danish contingent at Odense did not engage La Romana's force. Keats seized some 57 small craft from within the harbour of Nyborg and embarked the
Spanish troops. As they headed for open waters they were joined
1441:
The
Scottish priest then revealed the plan for the British navy to evacuate the Division of the North from Denmark and land it at any location in the Spanish empire that La Romana wanted to go. After talking it over with his staff, the Spanish general told Robertson of his desire to go ahead with the
1522:
This incident alarmed
Bernadotte, but before he could take stronger measures, the news reached La Romana that Rafael Lobo, an agent of the Spanish Junta had arrived offshore. Lobo indicated that the British fleet was en route, so the Spanish general got the word to his subordinates that it was time
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on
Jutland. In order for the evacuation to be a success, La Romana needed to concentrate his scattered troops and seize the nearby ports when the British fleet was close by. The initial strategy was to assemble all the Spanish troops in one place for a grand review for Marshal Bernadotte. This plot
1437:
Robertson made his way to Nyborg and introduced himself to La Romana with his chocolate and cigars, which he knew were especially desired by the
Spanish officers. Although at first, the Spaniard regarded Robertson as a likely French agent trying to test his loyalty. Finally, the priest convinced La
1670:
Keats's conduct of the complex logistical operation was highly regarded; the rescue of the troops was considered as equal to a victory in battle, as it demonstrated to
Britain's enemies the capacity of her navy to successfully execute foreign policy, and to move and support large numbers of troops
1463:
on 5 August, and with the aid of an officer named
Frabreques who had escaped to the British fleet, a plan was formulated and secret communication opened with La Romana proposing a means by which, with his limited resources, Keats could safely remove, accommodate and feed some ten thousand men. The
1350:
During the spring, the French authorities began intercepting the dispatches between La Romana and the Spanish government. However, they failed to stop a Spanish officer who arrived in April with a message protesting that 15 messages had been sent from Spain without a reply from the Division of the
1162:, and some lesser German states. The Spanish contingent included 9,763 infantry, 2,340 cavalry in 12 squadrons, 324 gunners in four-foot artillery batteries, and 104 sappers. The besiegers lost 998 men killed, wounded, missing, or died from disease. Spanish casualties are unknown.
1624:
on 31 October 1808. The 5th Division formed the army's rear guard during the subsequent retreat. The French pursuit was so aggressive that San Roman reported to his army commander that he was about to be cut off, so Blake offered battle on 10 November. In the two-day
1029:
in anticipation of stores and transports arriving from England. One cavalry and two infantry regiments failed to get away and remained in Napoleon's power. But in August 1808, most units were able to make their way to the rendezvous with the British navy.
1375:
noted, "The more they tried to persuade us that Spain was tranquil, and had settled down to enjoy an age of felicity under Napoleon, the more clearly did we foresee the scenes of blood, strife, and disaster which were to follow these incredible events."
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commanding in the Belt and Sound requiring him to open negotiations with the Spanish commander for evacuation of his troops. Through lengthy secret correspondence, Keats and La Romana arranged a secret plan for the Spanish troops to be assembled at
1554:
regiment refused to budge. Finally, the senior captain put the plan into motion but it was too late. Finally aware of the plot, Kindelan rode to a nearby French camp and told them what was going on. A brigade of Dutch hussars intercepted the
1006:
on the Spanish throne. The British sent an agent to contact La Romana and found that the general desired to escape from Denmark. On 23 July 1808, the admiralty sent secret instructions with Spanish envoy Don Rafael Lobo on the fast sailing
1338:
on Funen, 800 Danes, and a company of French on Langeland, and a Dutch light cavalry brigade and Danish infantry on Jutland. To keep the soldiers quiet, Napoleon increased the officers' pay and promised La Romana the Grand Cross of the
1455:
commanding in the Belt and Sound, requiring he open communications with the Spanish commander with a view to evacuating the Northern Army. The mission was described as being of the greatest importance. Lobo arrived on Keats's flagship
1464:
plan was to temporarily encamp on the nearby island of Langeland, thought to be the most capable of providing sufficient food and defensible against an advancing French Army until victuallers and transports arrived from England.
1134:
In March 1807, 15,000 Spanish troops set out for northern Europe under the command of La Romana. Altogether, there were 14 battalions of foot soldiers and five regiments of horses. Their first destination was
1434:. Finding that the Spaniards were no longer in the vicinity of the Hanseatic towns, Robertson traveled north into Denmark, posing as a German merchant of chocolate and cigars, which were contraband goods.
1037:. Transports arrived on 6 September and after a three week voyage in stormy conditions about 9,000 Spanish troops disembarked at Santander in October 1808 and had a chance to fight against the French.
1629:
the 5,294-strong division repulsed several French attacks on the first day and suffered about 1,000 casualties including San Roman. A month later, the 5th Division still counted 3,953 bayonets.
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it was feasible to pick up the Spaniards if only they could reach the coast. First, an agent had to brave Napoleon's secret police in order to get in touch with La Romana. Luckily,
49:
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In time the promised convoy of some thirty-five transports arrived and on 9 September troops were reembarked for the journey to return to their homeland. The squadron sailed to
1438:
Romana that he was working for the British government. The general admitted that he was dismayed by his position and certain that Napoleon's intentions toward Spain were bad.
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where they were needed overseas. Keats was awarded the Order of the Bath and at the King's request took as his motto that of La Romana's regiment "Mi Patria Es Mi Norte".
595:
1367:. Nearly all of the officers and men were infuriated by the news but realized that they were encompassed by enemies and far from home. On 24 June, La Romana learned that
1396:, the British government desired to get in touch with the Division of the North to see whether its soldiers wished to fight against Napoleon. An authority consulted
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against Napoleon, Godoy issued a proclamation that was obviously aimed at France, even though it did not specify an enemy. After Napoleon's decisive victory at the
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to execute the plan. The Spanish troops on Funen seized the port of Nyborg on 7 August. The only resistance was from two Danish vessels in the harbor—the brig
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Fearful of the French Army advancing from the west, and with no word of the promised transports, the troops were re-embarked and the convoy sailed for
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Denmark map shows Sjaelland (Zealand) and Fyn (Funen) and towns of Ă…rhus and Fredericia. Langeland is the long, narrow island between Fyn and Lolland.
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Regiments were surrounded by superior numbers of Danish troops and compelled to surrender. Thereafter, the soldiers were interned in small groups.
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1185:. According to an 1808 state of the army, the line infantry regiments each had three battalions of four companies and their strengths were,
263:
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153:
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where they deposited La Romana's troops by 11 October. The foot soldiers immediately prepared to fight while the cavalrymen marched to
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and overwhelmed. The next day, the soldiers on Jutland commandeered some small craft at Fredericia and Aarhus and sailed to Funen. The
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1577:
seized from Nyborg and some more he had cut from passing convoys for the purpose. By 23 August the convoy was on its way to
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which ended on 20 August 1807 when the Swedish garrison evacuated the city. Brune commanded 40,000 troops from France, the
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La Romana let a few trusted subordinates into the secret. However, the plan was not confined to the pro-French
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1201:(2,096). The light infantry regiments each consisted of one battalion of six companies and their numbers were,
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990:. Formerly loyal to the alliance with Imperial France, the Spanish officers and men found in 1808 that Emperor
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On 23 July 1808 the Admiralty sent Spanish envoy Lobo together with secret instructions via the fast sailing
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Keats directed his ships to the harbor, seized 57 boats for use as transport, transferring troops to nearby
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was a Roman Catholic priest who was born in Scotland but spent much of his life in a monastery in
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When the troops arrived at Santander, La Romana formed the infantry into the 5th Division of the
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1334:. Watching the various Spanish contingents were the main Danish army in Zealand, 3,000 Danes at
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967:. Most of the Spanish troops were successfully evacuated by the British navy and shipped to
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1209:(1,164). The heavy cavalry regiments each counted five squadrons and their strengths were,
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Hannah, P (2021). A Treasure to the Service. Adelaide: Green Hill. ISBN 978-1-922629-73-9.
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The soldiers from the regiments that were not successfully evacuated were employed in the
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in August 1808 was a military operation in which a division of troops belonging to the
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by the boats carrying the regiments from Aarhus under the protection of the brig
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North. At last, La Romana and his officers became aware of the French seizure of
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and placed the Conde de San Roman in command. The division was ordered to join
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Regiment and forced their surrender; the senior captain then killed himself.
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before departing to command the army in Portugal that went on to win the
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1343:. In order to flatter the Spaniards, Bernadotte used a troop of the
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Spanish troops under General La Romana embarking for Spain, 1808
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Regiments were successfully evacuated, but the colonel of the
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who was tasked with defending the southwestern shore of the
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was sent to northern Europe to participate in the planned
1408:
had suggested such a person to British Foreign Secretary
956:. The Spanish troops were part of the Imperial forces in
1290:(Fyn) along with La Romana's headquarters which were at
1221:
Nr. 9 (572). The Light Cavalry also had five squadrons;
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on 7 September 1812. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the
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with 1,066 men arrived in time to participate in the
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had been proclaimed king. One of his staff officers,
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The Division of the North came under the command of
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El juramento de las tropas del Marqués de la Romana
2044:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War
1363:in March. Soon afterward came the tidings of the
1181:. In early 1808, the Spanish troops marched into
1119:, enjoying great influence. At the start of the
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1655:while the 1st and 4th Battalions fought with
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64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1728:. Adelaide: Green Hill. pp. 171–190.
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194:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:1808 evacuation during the Peninsular War
139:This article includes a list of general
1948:
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1286:Regiments were posted on the island of
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1899:. Adelaide: Green Hill. p. 173.
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1703:. Adelaide: Green Hill. p. 172.
1592:, where they were to collect horses.
1573:had overpowered the Danish garrison.
960:, which were under the leadership of
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1139:. La Romana's Division served under
1113:Manuel de Godoy, Prince of the Peace
1022:and evacuated by the British fleet.
18:Evacuation of the La Romana Division
1531:—which were attacked by boats from
2139:Evacuation of La Romana's division
1627:Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros
1250:A painting of Pedro Caro y Sureda.
942:evacuation of La Romana's division
211:Evacuation of La Romana's division
145:it lacks sufficient corresponding
86:tone or style may not reflect the
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2090:. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Greenhill.
1347:Regiment as his personal escort.
1169:spent the winter of 1807–1808 in
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1726:Keats, A Treasure to the Service
1701:Keats, A Treasure to the Service
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988:Franco-Danish invasion of Sweden
952:defected from the armies of the
950:Pedro Caro, Marquis of La Romana
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2067:A History of the Peninsular War
975:to fight against France in the
53:or discuss these issues on the
2070:. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press
1897:Keats, Treasure to the Service
1681:Timeline of the Peninsular War
1503:was killed. The next day, the
1262:Regiments were stationed near
1:
2155:Battles of the Peninsular War
2088:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1270:(Sjælland). The 4,500-strong
2107:"Wednesday, August 24, 1808"
1318:Regiments were stationed at
1667:for repatriation to Spain.
1483:Light Infantry Regt (right)
1479:Line Infantry Regt (left);
1121:War of the Fourth Coalition
2206:
2105:Gazette (24 August 1808).
1392:After the outbreak of the
1298:Regiment was quartered on
2175:Battles involving Denmark
1634:French invasion of Russia
1398:Francisco Javier Castaños
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2170:Battles involving France
1659:'s 14th Division of the
1501:François Nicolas Fririon
1237:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
1129:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
965:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
387:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2165:Battles involving Spain
1657:Jean-Baptiste Broussier
1651:'s 2nd Division of the
1177:, and towns of the old
1115:was a favorite of King
1111:in 1805. At this time,
1002:and placed his brother
692:: Spanish uprising 1808
160:more precise citations.
90:used on Knowledge (XXG)
2064:Oman, Charles (1992).
1605:
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486:Spanish uprising, 1808
374:Commanders and leaders
94:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
2042:Gates, David (2002).
1616:'s army but only the
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1254:The 4,000 men of the
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1167:Division of the North
1015:Richard Goodwin Keats
984:Division of the North
982:In 1807, the Spanish
436:Casualties and losses
298:Anglo-Spanish victory
2141:at Wikimedia Commons
1406:Sir Arthur Wellesley
1365:Dos de Mayo Uprising
1160:Grand Duchy of Baden
1082:British intervention
994:had overthrown King
992:Napoleon I of France
934: current battle
402:Marquis of La Romana
279:43.46278°N 3.80500°W
2046:. London: Pimlico.
2002:, pp. 412–416.
1802:, pp. 608–610.
1123:, which pitted the
1117:Charles IV of Spain
1109:Battle of Trafalgar
1105:First French Empire
996:Charles IV of Spain
954:First French Empire
275: /
2190:August 1808 events
2111:The London Gazette
1895:Hannah, P (2021).
1724:Hannah, P (2021).
1699:Hannah, P (2021).
1638:Battle of Borodino
1636:and fought at the
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1152:Kingdom of Holland
1148:Siege of Stralsund
1125:Kingdom of Prussia
1102:Emperor Napoleon's
1060:. You can help by
654:La Romana's Escape
563:La Romana's Escape
284:43.46278; -3.80500
2137:Media related to
1906:978-1-922629-73-9
1735:978-1-922629-73-9
1710:978-1-922629-73-9
1622:Battle of Zornoza
1489:Brigadier General
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1013:to Commodore
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2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2087:
2084:Smith, Digby
2072:. Retrieved
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1995:
1983:
1971:
1949:Gazette 1808
1944:
1915:
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1205:(1,266) and
1202:
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1062:adding to it
1057:
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941:
939:
673:
666:
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608:of 1801–1814
606:English Wars
562:
533:1st Zaragoza
307:Belligerents
230:
216:Part of the
205:
190:
172:
163:
144:
110:
101:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1590:Extremadura
1509:Guadalajara
1499:to General
1432:Bremerhaven
1260:Guadalajara
1191:Guadalajara
1175:Mecklenburg
998:and Prince
905:Dos de Mayo
668:Gunboat War
649:West Indies
282: /
248:August 1808
158:introducing
2149:Categories
2036:References
2027:Smith 1998
1859:Smith 1998
1788:Smith 1998
1749:Gates 2002
1579:Gothenburg
1428:Heligoland
1424:Regensberg
1402:Baltic Sea
1324:Fredericia
1241:Baltic Sea
1041:Background
1035:Gothenburg
871:Valdepeñas
558:2nd Gerona
538:1st Gerona
508:Valdepeñas
498:1st Madrid
267:43°27′46″N
166:April 2023
141:references
104:April 2023
50:improve it
2015:Oman 1992
2000:Oman 1992
1988:Oman 1992
1976:Oman 1992
1964:Oman 1992
1937:Oman 1992
1920:Oman 1992
1876:Oman 1992
1847:Oman 1992
1830:Oman 1992
1815:Oman 1992
1800:Oman 1992
1776:Oman 1992
1761:Oman 1992
1665:Kronstadt
1596:Aftermath
1586:Santander
1533:HMS
1529:Søe-Ormen
1481:Catalonia
1458:HMS
1380:Espionage
1353:Barcelona
1322:(Ă…rhus),
1300:Langeland
1193:(2,069),
1189:(2,103),
1096:In 1806,
1069:June 2023
1027:Langeland
1000:Ferdinand
969:Santander
725:Santander
270:3°48′18″W
56:talk page
2113:. London
2086:(1998).
1675:See also
1661:IV Corps
1645:Regiment
1505:Asturias
1477:Princesa
1448:Musquito
1361:Pamplona
1357:Figueras
1272:Princesa
1264:Roskilde
1256:Asturias
1195:Princesa
1187:Asturias
1010:Musquito
803:Zaragoza
769:Valencia
720:125miles
619:West Kay
543:Valencia
423:Strength
253:Location
1653:I Corps
1557:Algarve
1552:Algarve
1540:Infante
1332:Jutland
1328:Randers
1308:Infante
1304:Algarve
1280:Almanza
1268:Zealand
1234:Marshal
1223:Almanza
1219:Algarve
1215:Infante
1183:Denmark
1146:at the
1141:Marshal
1137:Hamburg
1092:Prelude
962:Marshal
958:Denmark
854:Alcolea
820:CabezĂłn
752:Rioseco
528:CabezĂłn
518:Alcolea
154:improve
2117:13 May
2094:
2074:13 May
2050:
1903:
1732:
1707:
1548:Zamora
1546:, and
1468:Escape
1460:Superb
1359:, and
1336:Odense
1326:, and
1320:Aarhus
1316:Zamora
1314:, and
1302:. The
1294:. The
1292:Nyborg
1282:, and
1199:Zamora
1158:, the
1154:, the
1020:Nyborg
932:
907:Madrid
786:Girona
735:Bailén
553:Bailén
503:Toledo
431:13,500
428:30,000
295:Result
143:, but
1687:Notes
1566:Snipe
1535:Edgar
1288:Funen
1098:Spain
973:Spain
888:Bruch
837:Cadiz
718:200km
513:Bruch
353:Spain
233:, by
2119:2021
2092:ISBN
2076:2021
2048:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1525:Fama
1507:and
1258:and
1165:The
1080:The
940:The
639:Køge
441:None
245:Date
1544:Rey
1451:to
1430:to
1345:Rey
1330:on
1312:Rey
1211:Rey
1064:.
2151::
2109:.
2007:^
1956:^
1927:^
1883:^
1866:^
1837:^
1822:^
1807:^
1768:^
1542:,
1355:,
1310:,
1306:,
1278:,
1274:,
1173:,
1088:.
979:.
971:,
757:10
740:11
730:12
59:.
2121:.
2100:.
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1951:.
1909:.
1738:.
1713:.
1071:)
1067:(
912:1
893:2
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859:4
842:5
825:6
808:7
791:8
774:9
597:e
590:t
583:v
473:e
466:t
459:v
197:)
191:(
179:)
173:(
168:)
164:(
150:.
117:)
111:(
106:)
102:(
92:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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