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Superalgebra

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into even and odd components, then two distinct (but essentially equivalent) sign conventions can be found in the literature. These can be called the "cohomological sign convention" and the "super sign convention". They differ in how the antipode (exchange of two elements) behaves. In the first case,
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One can easily generalize the definition of superalgebras to include superalgebras over a commutative superring. The definition given above is then a specialization to the case where the base ring is purely even.
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is purely even, this is equivalent to the ordinary ungraded tensor product (except that the result is graded). However, in general, the super tensor product is distinct from the tensor product of
3578: 2819: 2569: 286: 681: 1669: 1608: 896: 2095: 568: 3197: 1901: 208: 3566: 3202: 1189: 1158: 971: 935: 475:. The identity element in a unital superalgebra is necessarily even. Unless otherwise specified, all superalgebras in this article are assumed to be associative and unital. 454: 973:
the parity. This is more often seen in physics texts, and requires a parity functor to be judiciously employed to track isomorphisms. Detailed arguments are provided by
3796: 2812: 796: 716: 585:. There are superalgebras that are commutative in the ordinary sense, but not in the superalgebra sense. For this reason, commutative superalgebras are often called 3892: 2926: 841:
This convention is commonly seen in conventional mathematical settings, such as differential geometry and differential topology. The other convention is to take
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together form a superalgebra, being the even and odd parts, respectively. Note that this is a different grading from the grading by degree.
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with a decomposition into "even" and "odd" pieces and a multiplication operator that respects the grading.
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may be regarded as superalgebra by reading the grading modulo 2. This includes examples such as
1285:, consisting of all even elements, is closed under multiplication and contains the identity of 1227:). This algebra may be identified with the algebra of endomorphisms of a free supermodule over 4221: 3429: 3165: 3143: 3070: 3031: 3008: 2784: 2774: 2758: 2734: 2704: 2531: 1692: 769: 689: 3821: 3720: 3707: 3347: 3138: 3126: 3109: 3087: 3036: 2988: 2849: 1242: 1056: 1031: 472: 113: 58: 4150: 4115: 3836: 3831: 3453: 3409: 3236: 3180: 3175: 3153: 3114: 2936: 2861: 2627:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mu &:A\otimes A\to A\\\eta &:R\to A\end{aligned}}} 2519: 1800: 1020: 89: 4180: 821: 4170: 4155: 3801: 3786: 3097: 2696: 1016: 1012: 974: 801: 749: 729: 613: 50: 2057:
as an ungraded algebra. A commutative superalgebra is one whose supercenter is all of
4215: 4195: 4175: 4125: 3760: 3697: 3667: 3653: 3414: 3369: 3352: 2998: 2871: 2797: 2783:. Courant Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 11. American Mathematical Society. 2724: 1346: 1203: 485: 93: 85: 73: 4200: 4185: 4145: 4135: 4130: 4021: 3963: 3846: 3682: 3313: 3092: 3003: 2898: 1536: 1063: 214: 2680: 4190: 4165: 4160: 4110: 4089: 4054: 4049: 3776: 3545: 3461: 2322: 1246: 464: 317: 77: 31: 2699:; Morgan, J. W. (1999). "Notes on Supersymmetry (following Joseph Bernstein)". 17: 4094: 4084: 4069: 3861: 3781: 3745: 3481: 2750: 2720: 1290: 4140: 4044: 3933: 2844: 1276: 4079: 4074: 4059: 4034: 1327: 484:(or supercommutative algebra) is one which satisfies a graded version of 4039: 321: 2035:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Z} (A)=\{a\in A:=0{\text{ for all }}x\in A\}.} 3816: 3806: 3529:
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
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serving as the unit object. An associative, unital superalgebra over
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is a superalgebra. The exterior algebra is the standard example of a
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of a Lie superalgebra which is a unital, associative superalgebra.
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in theoretical physics. Superalgebras and their representations,
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European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences
2801: 1491:{\displaystyle \mu (x\otimes y)\cdot z=x\cdot \mu (y\otimes z)} 2703:. Vol. 1. American Mathematical Society. pp. 41–97. 954: 918: 3579:
International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
2733:. Memoirs of the AMS Series. Vol. 711. AMS Bookstore. 1125:{\displaystyle \mathbf {End} (V)\equiv \mathbf {Hom} (V,V)} 1520:. This follows from the associativity of the product in 1417:{\displaystyle \mu :A_{1}\otimes _{A_{0}}A_{1}\to A_{0}} 2701:
Quantum Fields and Strings: A Course for Mathematicians
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that respects the grading. Bilinearity here means that
1783:{\displaystyle A_{i}=\{x\in A:{\hat {x}}=(-1)^{i}x\}.} 1330:
whose scalar multiplication is just multiplication in
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Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
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are superalgebras. They are generally noncommutative.
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Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles
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Japan Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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Numerical methods for partial differential equations
4103: 4020: 3962: 3906: 3880: 3769: 3706: 3660: 3554: 3538: 3500: 3452: 3390: 3265: 3223: 3017: 2979: 2917: 2835: 2652: 989:may be regarded as a purely even superalgebra over 2626: 2461: 2270: 2034: 1895: 1782: 1663: 1602: 1490: 1416: 1183: 1152: 1124: 965: 929: 890: 833: 810: 790: 758: 738: 710: 675: 562: 448: 280: 202: 2780:Supersymmetry for Mathematicians: An Introduction 2495:Equivalently, one may define a superalgebra over 2730:Graded simple Jordan superalgebras of growth one 1239:and is the internal Hom of above for this space. 357:|, is 0 or 1 according to whether it is in 27:Algebraic structure used in theoretical physics 3562:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 3638: 2813: 2550:-supermodules. That is, a superalgebra is an 8: 3380:Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics 2026: 1976: 1906:on homogeneous elements, extended to all of 1774: 1722: 387:are both homogeneous then so is the product 2664: 295:2, i.e. they are thought of as elements of 281:{\displaystyle A_{i}A_{j}\subseteq A_{i+j}} 3645: 3631: 3623: 3387: 2914: 2820: 2806: 2798: 2301:Generalizations and categorical definition 2089:with a multiplication rule determined by: 1271:be a superalgebra over a commutative ring 2675: 2673: 2568: 2566: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2355: 2297:regarded as ordinary, ungraded algebras. 2256: 2246: 2233: 2223: 2209: 2203: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2148: 2135: 2119: 2106: 2097: 2012: 1959: 1957: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1816: 1765: 1738: 1737: 1713: 1707: 1655: 1642: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1590: 1582: 1581: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1543:. It is given on homogeneous elements by 1435: 1408: 1395: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1356: 1170: 1168: 1139: 1137: 1096: 1073: 1071: 957: 953: 942: 921: 917: 906: 873: 849: 823: 803: 771: 751: 731: 691: 649: 625: 559: 546: 538: 533: 525: 524: 500: 441: 433: 425: 417: 409: 398: 396: 266: 253: 243: 237: 194: 181: 169: 88:where they enter into the definitions of 2757:((2nd ed.) ed.). Berlin: Springer. 2503:together with an superring homomorphism 1945:which supercommute with all elements of 676:{\displaystyle xy\mapsto (-1)^{mn+pq}yx} 2755:Gauge Field Theory and Complex Geometry 2645: 2511:whose image lies in the supercenter of 1199:forms a superalgebra under composition. 2637:for which the usual diagrams commute. 1664:{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}=x_{0}-x_{1}} 1603:{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}=(-1)^{|x|}x} 371:. Elements of parity 0 are said to be 1258:Further definitions and constructions 891:{\displaystyle xy\mapsto (-1)^{pq}yx} 320:, is a superalgebra over the ring of 7: 2534:under the super tensor product with 985:Any algebra over a commutative ring 563:{\displaystyle yx=(-1)^{|x||y|}xy\,} 2049:is, in general, different than the 1896:{\displaystyle =xy-(-1)^{|x||y|}yx} 203:{\displaystyle A=A_{0}\oplus A_{1}} 2829:Industrial and applied mathematics 2518:One may also define superalgebras 2081:may be regarded as a superalgebra 1960: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1146: 1143: 1140: 604:grading arises as a "rollup" of a 25: 3059:Stochastic differential equations 2653:Kac, Martinez & Zelmanov 2001 3678:Supersymmetric quantum mechanics 3375:Supersymmetric quantum mechanics 1808:is the binary operator given by 1210:forms a superalgebra denoted by 1103: 1100: 1097: 1080: 1077: 1074: 3257:Stochastic variational calculus 3049:Ordinary differential equations 1539:on any superalgebra called the 463:is one whose multiplication is 3054:Partial differential equations 2927:Arbitrary-precision arithmetic 2614: 2591: 2456: 2444: 2435: 2427: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2399: 2390: 2378: 2372: 2363: 2313:be a commutative superring. A 2262: 2216: 2210: 2195: 2190: 2175: 2170: 2160: 2154: 2128: 2125: 2099: 2003: 1991: 1970: 1964: 1941:is the set of all elements of 1881: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1855: 1845: 1830: 1818: 1762: 1752: 1743: 1629: 1591: 1583: 1578: 1568: 1559: 1485: 1473: 1452: 1440: 1401: 1184:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} } 1153:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} } 1119: 1107: 1090: 1084: 966:{\displaystyle q=n{\bmod {2}}} 930:{\displaystyle p=m{\bmod {2}}} 870: 860: 857: 646: 636: 633: 547: 539: 534: 526: 521: 511: 442: 434: 426: 418: 410: 399: 291:where the subscripts are read 1: 2942:Interactive geometry software 2472:for all homogeneous elements 1683:are the homogeneous parts of 1613:and on arbitrary elements by 589:in order to avoid confusion. 573:for all homogeneous elements 471:is one with a multiplicative 1312:The set of all odd elements 1251:universal enveloping algebra 449:{\displaystyle |xy|=|x|+|y|} 375:and those of parity 1 to be 330:The elements of each of the 3673:Supersymmetric gauge theory 2994:Computational number theory 2957:Numerical-analysis software 901:with the parities given as 4243: 3972:Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity 2558:with two (even) morphisms 3872:Electric–magnetic duality 3592: 3400:Algebra of physical space 2867:Automated theorem proving 2542:can then be defined as a 2335:-bilinear multiplication 347:of a homogeneous element 72:comes from the theory of 3893:Haag–ƁopuszaƄski–Sohnius 3867:Little hierarchy problem 3193:Numerical linear algebra 1040:supercommutative algebra 791:{\displaystyle n=\deg y} 711:{\displaystyle m=\deg x} 617:one has an exchange map 481:commutative superalgebra 461:associative superalgebra 116:. In most applications, 3949:6D (2,0) superconformal 2932:Finite element analysis 2882:Constraint satisfaction 1910:by linearity. Elements 1301:. It forms an ordinary 1297:, naturally called the 1245:are a graded analog of 1051:alternating polynomials 3929:N = 4 super Yang–Mills 3919:N = 1 super Yang–Mills 3827:Supersymmetry breaking 3731:Superconformal algebra 3726:Super-PoincarĂ© algebra 3487:Mathematical economics 3161:Multivariable calculus 3044:Differential equations 2887:Constraint programming 2877:Computational geometry 2628: 2530:-supermodules forms a 2463: 2272: 2036: 1897: 1784: 1665: 1604: 1492: 1418: 1289:and therefore forms a 1202:The set of all square 1185: 1154: 1126: 967: 931: 892: 835: 812: 792: 766:the parity. Likewise, 760: 740: 712: 677: 564: 450: 282: 204: 4007:Type IIB supergravity 4002:Type IIA supergravity 3977:4D N = 1 supergravity 3842:Seiberg–Witten theory 3756:Super Minkowski space 3736:Supersymmetry algebra 3440:Supersymmetry algebra 3425:Representation theory 3420:Renormalization group 3066:Differential geometry 2947:Optimization software 2919:Mathematical software 2629: 2464: 2273: 2073:of two superalgebras 2037: 1898: 1785: 1666: 1605: 1532:There is a canonical 1493: 1419: 1186: 1155: 1132:, where the boldface 1127: 1047:symmetric polynomials 993:; that is, by taking 968: 932: 893: 836: 813: 793: 761: 741: 713: 678: 565: 451: 283: 205: 4227:Super linear algebra 3792:Short supermultiplet 3492:Mathematical finance 3477:Social choice theory 3392:Algebraic structures 3341:in quantum mechanics 3277:Analytical mechanics 3243:Stochastic processes 3215:Variational calculus 3027:Approximation theory 2952:Statistical software 2681:Deligne's discussion 2565: 2354: 2096: 2065:Super tensor product 1956: 1815: 1706: 1620: 1550: 1434: 1355: 1167: 1136: 1070: 941: 905: 848: 822: 802: 770: 750: 730: 690: 624: 499: 395: 236: 168: 82:super linear algebra 53:. That is, it is an 4012:Gauged supergravity 3997:Type I supergravity 3954:ABJM superconformal 3751:Harmonic superspace 3467:Operations research 3336:Perturbation theory 3134:Multilinear algebra 3105:Functional analysis 2962:Numerical libraries 2894:Computational logic 2683:of these two cases. 2546:in the category of 2045:The supercenter of 2014: for all  1030:In particular, any 469:unital superalgebra 351:, denoted by | 36:theoretical physics 3987:Higher dimensional 3982:N = 8 supergravity 3898:Nonrenormalization 3693:Super vector space 3688:Superstring theory 3604:Mathematics portal 3501:Other applications 3225:Probability theory 3208:Validated numerics 3188:Numerical analysis 3081:Geometric analysis 3071:Differential forms 2904:Information theory 2775:Varadarajan, V. S. 2624: 2622: 2459: 2268: 2032: 1893: 1794:Supercommutativity 1780: 1661: 1600: 1488: 1414: 1197:super vector space 1195:linear maps) of a 1181: 1160:is referred to as 1150: 1122: 963: 927: 888: 834:{\displaystyle q.} 831: 808: 788: 756: 736: 708: 673: 560: 492:is commutative if 446: 278: 200: 4209: 4208: 3852:Wess–Zumino gauge 3620: 3619: 3454:Decision sciences 3448: 3447: 3430:Spacetime algebra 3122:Harmonic analysis 3088:Dynamical systems 3032:Clifford analysis 3009:Discrete geometry 2975: 2974: 2790:978-0-8218-3574-6 2740:978-0-8218-2645-4 2532:monoidal category 2015: 1746: 1632: 1562: 1334:. The product in 1243:Lie superalgebras 1057:Clifford algebras 811:{\displaystyle y} 798:is the degree of 759:{\displaystyle p} 739:{\displaystyle x} 104:Formal definition 16:(Redirected from 4234: 3992:11D supergravity 3721:Lie superalgebra 3708:Supermathematics 3647: 3640: 3633: 3624: 3405:Feynman integral 3388: 3348:Potential theory 3237:random variables 3127:Fourier analysis 3110:Operator algebra 3037:Clifford algebra 2989:Computer algebra 2915: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2799: 2794: 2768: 2744: 2723:; Martinez, C.; 2714: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2665:Varadarajan 2004 2662: 2656: 2650: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2417: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2238: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2178: 2153: 2152: 2140: 2139: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2110: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2016: 2013: 1963: 1929: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1871: 1863: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1718: 1717: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1646: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1586: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1541:grade involution 1528:Grade involution 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1400: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1373: 1372: 1206:with entries in 1190: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1106: 1083: 1032:exterior algebra 1021:polynomial rings 972: 970: 969: 964: 962: 961: 936: 934: 933: 928: 926: 925: 897: 895: 894: 889: 881: 880: 840: 838: 837: 832: 818:and with parity 817: 815: 814: 809: 797: 795: 794: 789: 765: 763: 762: 757: 745: 743: 742: 737: 717: 715: 714: 709: 682: 680: 679: 674: 666: 665: 593:Sign conventions 587:supercommutative 569: 567: 566: 561: 552: 551: 550: 542: 537: 529: 488:. Specifically, 473:identity element 455: 453: 452: 447: 445: 437: 429: 421: 413: 402: 356: 287: 285: 284: 279: 277: 276: 258: 257: 248: 247: 213:together with a 209: 207: 206: 201: 199: 198: 186: 185: 114:commutative ring 90:graded manifolds 59:commutative ring 21: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4099: 4016: 3958: 3902: 3888:Coleman–Mandula 3876: 3837:Seiberg duality 3832:Konishi anomaly 3765: 3702: 3656: 3651: 3621: 3616: 3588: 3550: 3534: 3496: 3444: 3410:Poisson algebra 3386: 3268: 3261: 3219: 3115:Operator theory 3013: 2971: 2937:Tensor software 2913: 2862:Automata theory 2831: 2826: 2791: 2773: 2765: 2749: 2741: 2719: 2711: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2621: 2620: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2575: 2563: 2562: 2499:as a superring 2408: 2352: 2351: 2303: 2252: 2242: 2229: 2219: 2199: 2179: 2169: 2144: 2131: 2115: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2067: 1954: 1953: 1927: 1854: 1813: 1812: 1801:supercommutator 1796: 1761: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1682: 1651: 1638: 1618: 1617: 1577: 1548: 1547: 1530: 1519: 1432: 1431: 1404: 1391: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1325: 1318: 1299:even subalgebra 1284: 1265: 1263:Even subalgebra 1260: 1222: 1165: 1164: 1134: 1133: 1068: 1067: 1062:The set of all 1017:tensor algebras 999: 982: 939: 938: 903: 902: 869: 846: 845: 820: 819: 800: 799: 768: 767: 748: 747: 728: 727: 718:is the degree ( 688: 687: 645: 622: 621: 603: 595: 520: 497: 496: 393: 392: 370: 363: 352: 339:are said to be 338: 315: 301: 262: 249: 239: 234: 233: 217:multiplication 190: 177: 166: 165: 106: 48: 28: 23: 22: 18:Even subalgebra 15: 12: 11: 5: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3907:Field theories 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Superpotential 3799: 3794: 3789: 3787:Supermultiplet 3784: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3661:General topics 3658: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3601: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3229: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3098:Control theory 3095: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2669: 2657: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2470: 2469: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2302: 2299: 2279: 2278: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2071:tensor product 2066: 2063: 2043: 2042: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1904: 1903: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1529: 1526: 1517: 1499: 1498: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1425: 1424: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1342: 1323: 1316: 1282: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1240: 1214: 1200: 1191:, composed of 1179: 1176: 1173: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1060: 1054: 1043: 1028: 1013:graded algebra 1001: 1000:to be trivial. 997: 981: 978: 975:Pierre Deligne 960: 956: 952: 949: 946: 924: 920: 916: 913: 910: 899: 898: 887: 884: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 830: 827: 807: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 755: 735: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 684: 683: 672: 669: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 648: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 614:graded algebra 601: 594: 591: 571: 570: 558: 555: 549: 545: 541: 536: 532: 528: 523: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 368: 361: 334: 313: 299: 289: 288: 275: 272: 269: 265: 261: 256: 252: 246: 242: 211: 210: 197: 193: 189: 184: 180: 176: 173: 161:decomposition 126:characteristic 105: 102: 94:supermanifolds 51:graded algebra 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4239: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4022:Superpartners 4019: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3761:Supermanifold 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3698:Supergeometry 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3668:Supersymmetry 3666: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654:Supersymmetry 3648: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555:Organizations 3553: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3415:Quantum group 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3370:Supersymmetry 3368: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353:String theory 3351: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252:Path integral 3250: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3233:Distributions 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2999:Combinatorics 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Coding theory 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2837:Computational 2834: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2764:3-540-61378-1 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2710:0-8218-2012-5 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2554:-supermodule 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:categorically 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2184: 2180: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1890: 1887: 1877: 1864: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1793: 1777: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1597: 1587: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1347:bilinear form 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:supermatrices 1201: 1198: 1194: 1163: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1093: 1087: 1065: 1064:endomorphisms 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 979: 977: 976: 958: 950: 947: 944: 922: 914: 911: 908: 885: 882: 877: 874: 866: 863: 854: 851: 844: 843: 842: 828: 825: 805: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 753: 733: 726:-grading) of 725: 721: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 670: 667: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 642: 639: 630: 627: 620: 619: 618: 615: 611: 607: 600: 592: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 556: 553: 543: 530: 517: 514: 508: 505: 502: 495: 494: 493: 491: 487: 486:commutativity 483: 482: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 438: 430: 422: 414: 406: 403: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 367: 360: 355: 350: 346: 342: 337: 333: 328: 326: 323: 319: 312: 308: 303: 298: 294: 273: 270: 267: 263: 259: 254: 250: 244: 240: 232: 231: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 195: 191: 187: 182: 178: 174: 171: 164: 163: 162: 160: 156: 153: 151: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 103: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:supergeometry 83: 79: 75: 74:supersymmetry 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3964:Supergravity 3857:Localization 3847:Witten index 3822:Moduli space 3716:Superalgebra 3715: 3683:Supergravity 3610: / 3606: / 3596: 3472:Optimization 3435:Superalgebra 3434: 3294:Field theory 3267:Mathematical 3245: / 3093:Chaos theory 3076:Gauge theory 3004:Graph theory 2899:Cryptography 2779: 2754: 2751:Manin, Y. I. 2729: 2725:Zelmanov, E. 2700: 2667:, p. 87 2660: 2648: 2636: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2326:-supermodule 2323: 2318: 2315:superalgebra 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2044: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1924:supercommute 1923: 1922:are said to 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1612: 1540: 1537:automorphism 1531: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1426: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1247:Lie algebras 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1192: 1161: 1035: 1024: 1008: 1004: 994: 990: 986: 900: 723: 719: 685: 609: 605: 598: 596: 586: 582: 578: 574: 572: 489: 479: 477: 468: 460: 458: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 365: 358: 353: 348: 344: 340: 335: 331: 329: 324: 310: 306: 304: 296: 290: 226: 222: 218: 212: 154: 149: 144: 141:superalgebra 140: 138: 133: 129: 117: 109: 107: 98:superschemes 78:supermodules 69: 67: 43: 40:superalgebra 39: 29: 4104:Researchers 4090:Stop squark 4055:Graviscalar 4050:Graviphoton 3914:Wess–Zumino 3777:Supercharge 3612:topics list 3546:Mathematics 3462:Game theory 3363:Topological 3329:Topological 3324:Statistical 3287:Hamiltonian 2697:Deligne, P. 2655:, p. 3 2069:The graded 1935:supercenter 465:associative 341:homogeneous 318:graded ring 128:0, such as 68:The prefix 32:mathematics 4216:Categories 4151:Iliopoulos 4095:Superghost 4085:Sgoldstino 4070:Neutralino 3862:Mu problem 3782:R-symmetry 3746:Superspace 3741:Supergroup 3518:Psychology 3482:Statistics 3282:Lagrangian 2909:Statistics 2845:Algorithms 2721:Kac, V. G. 2690:References 2281:If either 1534:involutive 1427:such that 1291:subalgebra 229:such that 159:direct sum 4121:Batchelor 4045:Goldstino 3934:Super QCD 3812:FI D-term 3797:BPS state 3523:Sociology 3513:Chemistry 3309:Effective 3304:Conformal 3299:Classical 3171:Geometric 3144:Geometric 2615:→ 2602:η 2592:→ 2586:⊗ 2573:μ 2451:⋅ 2403:− 2385:⋅ 2361:⋅ 2240:⊗ 2164:− 2142:⊗ 2113:⊗ 2021:∈ 1983:∈ 1849:− 1843:− 1756:− 1744:^ 1729:∈ 1693:2-torsion 1649:− 1630:^ 1572:− 1560:^ 1480:⊗ 1471:μ 1468:⋅ 1456:⋅ 1447:⊗ 1438:μ 1402:→ 1376:⊗ 1359:μ 1277:submodule 1094:≡ 1066:(denoted 864:− 858:↦ 783:⁡ 703:⁡ 640:− 634:↦ 597:When the 515:− 307:superring 260:⊆ 188:⊕ 4222:Algebras 4156:Montonen 4080:Sfermion 4075:R-hadron 4060:Higgsino 4035:Chargino 3924:4D N = 1 3881:Theorems 3770:Concepts 3598:Category 3247:analysis 3166:Exterior 3139:Exterior 3019:Analysis 2981:Discrete 2855:analysis 2777:(2004). 2753:(1997). 2727:(2001). 2524:category 2507:→ 2488:∈ 2476:∈ 2343:→ 2085:⊗ 1501:for all 1328:bimodule 1231:of rank 1162:internal 980:Examples 322:integers 225:→ 215:bilinear 4171:Seiberg 4146:Golfand 4126:Berezin 4111:Affleck 4040:Gaugino 3608:outline 3539:Related 3508:Biology 3358:Bosonic 3319:Quantum 3269:physics 3235: ( 2967:Solvers 2526:of all 2339:× 2331:with a 1691:has no 1345:with a 1338:equips 1303:algebra 221:× 157:with a 152:-module 57:over a 55:algebra 4201:Zumino 4196:Witten 4186:Rogers 4176:Siegel 4116:Bagger 3817:F-term 3807:D-term 3181:Vector 3176:Tensor 3154:Vector 3149:Tensor 2850:design 2787:  2761:  2737:  2707:  2544:monoid 2522:. The 2051:center 1674:where 1509:, and 1319:is an 1275:. The 686:where 467:and a 345:parity 343:. The 293:modulo 70:super- 4181:Roček 4166:Salam 4161:Olive 4141:Gates 4136:Fayet 4030:Axino 3944:NMSSM 3314:Gauge 2641:Notes 2321:is a 2317:over 1687:. If 1305:over 1034:over 1023:over 1007:- or 722:- or 608:- or 379:. If 309:, or 147:is a 143:over 122:field 120:is a 112:be a 63:field 42:is a 4191:Wess 4131:Dine 3939:MSSM 2785:ISBN 2759:ISBN 2735:ISBN 2705:ISBN 2679:See 2480:and 2309:Let 2293:and 2077:and 1933:The 1914:and 1798:The 1267:Let 1049:and 1045:The 1019:and 1003:Any 937:and 746:and 577:and 391:and 383:and 373:even 108:Let 96:and 38:, a 34:and 4065:LSP 2285:or 2053:of 1937:of 1928:= 0 1926:if 1918:of 1804:on 1513:in 1293:of 1193:all 955:mod 919:mod 780:deg 700:deg 581:of 459:An 377:odd 364:or 132:or 124:of 61:or 30:In 4218:: 2672:^ 2515:. 2492:. 2484:, 2061:. 1949:: 1930:. 1699:: 1524:. 1505:, 1309:. 478:A 456:. 389:xy 327:. 305:A 302:. 139:A 136:. 100:. 92:, 3646:e 3639:t 3632:v 3531:" 3527:" 3239:) 2821:e 2814:t 2807:v 2793:. 2767:. 2743:. 2713:. 2618:A 2612:R 2609:: 2595:A 2589:A 2583:A 2580:: 2556:A 2552:R 2548:R 2540:R 2536:R 2528:R 2513:A 2509:A 2505:R 2501:A 2497:R 2490:A 2486:y 2482:x 2478:R 2474:r 2457:) 2454:y 2448:r 2445:( 2442:x 2436:| 2432:x 2428:| 2423:| 2419:r 2415:| 2410:) 2406:1 2400:( 2397:= 2394:y 2391:) 2388:x 2382:r 2379:( 2376:= 2373:) 2370:y 2367:x 2364:( 2358:r 2345:A 2341:A 2337:A 2333:R 2329:A 2324:R 2319:R 2311:R 2295:B 2291:A 2287:B 2283:A 2266:. 2263:) 2258:2 2254:b 2248:1 2244:b 2235:2 2231:a 2225:1 2221:a 2217:( 2211:| 2205:2 2201:a 2196:| 2191:| 2185:1 2181:b 2176:| 2171:) 2167:1 2161:( 2158:= 2155:) 2150:2 2146:b 2137:2 2133:a 2129:( 2126:) 2121:1 2117:b 2108:1 2104:a 2100:( 2087:B 2083:A 2079:B 2075:A 2059:A 2055:A 2047:A 2030:. 2027:} 2024:A 2018:x 2010:0 2007:= 2004:] 2001:x 1998:, 1995:a 1992:[ 1989:: 1986:A 1980:a 1977:{ 1974:= 1971:) 1968:A 1965:( 1961:Z 1947:A 1943:A 1939:A 1920:A 1916:y 1912:x 1908:A 1891:x 1888:y 1882:| 1878:y 1874:| 1869:| 1865:x 1861:| 1856:) 1852:1 1846:( 1840:y 1837:x 1834:= 1831:] 1828:y 1825:, 1822:x 1819:[ 1806:A 1778:. 1775:} 1772:x 1767:i 1763:) 1759:1 1753:( 1750:= 1741:x 1735:: 1732:A 1726:x 1723:{ 1720:= 1715:i 1711:A 1697:A 1689:A 1685:x 1680:i 1676:x 1657:1 1653:x 1644:0 1640:x 1636:= 1627:x 1598:x 1592:| 1588:x 1584:| 1579:) 1575:1 1569:( 1566:= 1557:x 1522:A 1518:1 1515:A 1511:z 1507:y 1503:x 1486:) 1483:z 1477:y 1474:( 1465:x 1462:= 1459:z 1453:) 1450:y 1444:x 1441:( 1410:0 1406:A 1397:1 1393:A 1385:0 1381:A 1370:1 1366:A 1362:: 1343:1 1340:A 1336:A 1332:A 1326:- 1324:0 1321:A 1317:1 1314:A 1307:K 1295:A 1287:A 1283:0 1280:A 1273:K 1269:A 1237:q 1235:| 1233:p 1229:K 1225:K 1223:( 1220:q 1218:| 1216:p 1212:M 1208:K 1178:m 1175:o 1172:H 1147:m 1144:o 1141:H 1120:) 1117:V 1114:, 1111:V 1108:( 1104:m 1101:o 1098:H 1091:) 1088:V 1085:( 1081:d 1078:n 1075:E 1042:. 1036:K 1027:. 1025:K 1011:- 1009:N 1005:Z 998:1 995:A 991:K 987:K 959:2 951:n 948:= 945:q 923:2 915:m 912:= 909:p 886:x 883:y 878:q 875:p 871:) 867:1 861:( 855:y 852:x 829:. 826:q 806:y 786:y 777:= 774:n 754:p 734:x 724:N 720:Z 706:x 697:= 694:m 671:x 668:y 663:q 660:p 657:+ 654:n 651:m 647:) 643:1 637:( 631:y 628:x 612:- 610:N 606:Z 602:2 599:Z 583:A 579:y 575:x 557:y 554:x 548:| 544:y 540:| 535:| 531:x 527:| 522:) 518:1 512:( 509:= 506:x 503:y 490:A 443:| 439:y 435:| 431:+ 427:| 423:x 419:| 415:= 411:| 407:y 404:x 400:| 385:y 381:x 369:1 366:A 362:0 359:A 354:x 349:x 336:i 332:A 325:Z 316:- 314:2 311:Z 300:2 297:Z 274:j 271:+ 268:i 264:A 255:j 251:A 245:i 241:A 227:A 223:A 219:A 196:1 192:A 183:0 179:A 175:= 172:A 155:A 150:K 145:K 134:C 130:R 118:K 110:K 49:- 47:2 44:Z 20:)

Index

Even subalgebra
mathematics
theoretical physics
graded algebra
algebra
commutative ring
field
supersymmetry
supermodules
super linear algebra
supergeometry
graded manifolds
supermanifolds
superschemes
commutative ring
field
characteristic
K-module
direct sum
bilinear
modulo
graded ring
integers
associative
identity element
commutative superalgebra
commutativity
graded algebra
Pierre Deligne
graded algebra

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