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Ezuwarha (who had become the ruler of Iyowa) became rivals and ended up poisoning each other causing Ewuare to go into significant mourning. In his sorrow, Ewuare passed a law prohibiting sex in the kingdom for three years which resulted in many members of the kingdom migrating to other areas. Ewuare overturned the law but because few migrants returned, he told all neighboring states to refuse to give entry to his citizens and developed the scarification practice to allow clear identification of their citizens.
256:. At this point, Ewuare was known by the name Prince Ogun. Ohen was deposed and stoned to death after both of his legs were paralyzed since it meant he lost the divine powers. A controversy arose upon the death of Ohen when both Prince Ogun and his brother Prince Irughe were exiled by Oba Orobiru, Ohen's second son. Ohen's first son, Oba Egbeka had ruled upon their father's death but did not last long. In exile Ogun then traveled widely throughout the region visiting many different kingdoms. Local historian
49:
283:
him trying to find Ogun who had hidden. Ogun then exited the house and gathered his supporters and was able to assert his right to the throne. In
Egharevba's version, during a visit to the city during his exile, Ogun was taken in by a prominent chief who hid him in a dried well but then went to tell the authorities. The head slave of the chief, named Edo, let down a ladder into the well and advised Ewuare to escape.
299:
349:(palace chiefs). These acted as administrative arms, directly appointed and accountable to the Oba, who would collect tribute, deal with legal issues, and generally take part of the affairs of state. To foster this, Ewuare encouraged the freeborn population to work in the palace for small wages as part of these different orders.
267:. Agbavboko had the magical qualities that no matter what Ogun put into the bag, it had more space and whenever he reached in he could pull out whatever he desired. During his travels, he gathered significant magical and herbal knowledge from a variety of sources. At one point, he felt the need to sleep under the sacred
334:
revolt. Because he did not have anyone to rule Uselu, Ewuare sent his oldest son
Kuoboyuwa to serve in the town until the war was over. Iken died in the fighting and since he had no heir, Kuoboyuwa became the ruler. This incident created a clear succession to the oldest son of the king with the title
371:
within the city, and clearly divided zones for different craft work. Archeological evidence has found that the walls built around the palace and the city, and even out into the country, were significant constructions taking multiple years to complete. In addition, he rebuilt the palace and created
282:
and pulled out a bow with a poison arrow which he then used to assassinate
Uwaifaikon. In the confusion that ensued, he hid with a slave, named Edo, that had taken care of him when he was young and who recognized him immediately in the chaos. Supporters of Uwaifaikon entered Edo's house and killed
410:
during his reign and was aided greatly in this through increased trade. Ewuare is generally credited with expanding ivory and wood carving in the empire and the creation of Bronze heads for shrines to deceased Obas. In addition, Ewuare began many of the royal decoration traditions involving coral.
389:
arrived in 1472. It is unclear whether he went into the city, but contacts between the
Portuguese and the Oba were initiated. This established limited trade between the two empires, to be expanded greatly starting in the 1480s. The king of Portugal developed a close alliance with Oba Esigie, who
234:
414:
In both folktales and artistic representations, Ewuare is considered someone with significant magical powers. His herbal and magical knowledge is attested to in a number of significant art work from the era. Crucial in this is the creation during Ewuare of the Igue festival, which was originally
333:
title for the oldest son to clearly establish the lineage. One oral history dates this development to a situation in the city of Uselu. The chief of Uselu, Iken, had become an ally to Ewuare. At one point, another city was revolting against Ewuare's rule and Iken mobilized an army to end the
376:
for freeborn citizens to differentiate them from the slave population. Egharevba establishes a different source of the scarification that developed in the
Kingdom. Oral histories used by Egharevba suggest that during his reign, his oldest son Kuoboyuwa (the ruler of Iken) and his second son
277:
which he could use to create any situation in the world he desired. He arrived in Benin City surprised to find a parade for his brother
Uwaifaikon while the people were in destitute circumstances. Prince Ogun used the talisman to set large parts of the city on fire. He then reached into
290:(the Great) was appended and he is often known as Ewuare Ogidigan or Ewuare the Great. The date for his rise to the throne is usually dated to 1440. To honor the slave that had sacrificed his life to save his, Ewuare also renamed the city to Edo (now Benin City).
364:. In towns that he took over, he quickly replaced the ruling elite with chiefs of his administrative system who were his allies. Oral history recount 201 victories by Ewuare over the various cities and towns creating a large empire centered in Edo.
222:. After the war, Ewuare rebuilt much of the city of Benin, reformed political structures in the kingdom, greatly expanded the territory of the kingdom, and fostered the arts and festivals. He left a significant legacy in the
314:. He consolidated the power of the Oba, changed lineage procedures, and created an administrative structure for the Empire. In addition, he greatly expanded the empire and took over a significant territory.
321:
chiefs which were a limiting force on the Oba. Ewuare removed their ability to appoint the Oba and instead adopted a clear succession going to the first-born son. In adopting this
273:
tree and the tree told him to return to Benin City and reclaim the throne. On his way back to the city, he removed an infected thorn from a lion's paw and the lion gave him a magic
260:
contended that after the death of
Orobiru, both Ogun and Uwaifaikon were banished from the city, but then Uwaifaikon was able to return, lied to the Uzama, and was named king.
352:
In addition, Ewuare was successful at taking over a number of cities and towns in the region for expanding the empire. He personally led the army against many of the
367:
The capital city of the empire was rebuilt during Ewuare with significant redesign. Around Benin City (then Edo), Ewuare built significant walls and moats, large
419:
was set initially to the marriage between Ewuare and a wife named Ewere. He is also said to have founded the Ugie Erha Ọba festival which honored the Obas.
263:
One popular oral history contends that while Prince Ogun was exiled he performed a favour for a jungle spirit and as a result got a magic bag, called
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a clear division between it and the rest of the capital city. The division was further emphasized through the introduction by Ewuare of
657:
Bradbury, R.E. (1969). "Patrimonialism and
Gerontocracy in Benin Political Culture". In Mary Douglas & Phyllis M. Kaberry (ed.).
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The rise of Ewuare to a position of power is chronicled by Benin's oral history. Ewuare was born as the third son of the Oba
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became Oba around 1483 and ruled until 1514. The royal lineage from Ewuare would continue for multiple generations.
427:
Details about his death are not generally known but
Egharevba says that he was buried at Esi, near the town of Edo (
218:
from 1440 until 1473. Ewuare became king in a violent coup against his brother
Uwaifiokun which destroyed much of
187:
827:
341:
Ewuare also created two additional layers of administration in towns and villages with the creation of the
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were able to appoint the Oba of Benin upon the death of an Oba and could limit any efforts by the Oba.
310:
Ewuare is often considered a key state-reformer and crucial in many aspects of state formation in the
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233:
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celebrated as a festival to renew his magical powers. One oral history says that the date of the
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Ogun then took the name Ewuare translated to "the trouble has ceased". Eventually, the honorific
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A Benin Bronze head for display at a shrine to the Obas, a tradition started under Ewuare
237:
Unverified size of the Benin Empire at its height. Borders are modern states of Nigeria.
317:
A major administrative development undertaken by Ewuare was reducing the power of the
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was greatly decreased. In addition, to clarify the situation, Ewuare developed the
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Prior to Ewuare, the Oba of Benin was limited in their power and authority by the
17:
431:). His first remaining son, Ezoti, died from assassination and his second son,
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communities, living west of the Niger river, and key Yoruba settlements like
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479:
General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
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THE HISTORY OF AN AFRICAN COMMUNITY : THE HISTORY OF ONICHA-OLONA KINGDOM
635:
International Dictionary of Historical Places: the Middle East and Africa
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885:
164:
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Art Institute of Chicago: Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria
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Ewuare was the Oba of the Benin empire when the Portuguese explorer
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Depiction of Benin City (1668)- Many features, the large walls, the
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959:
921:
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245:, a group of hereditary chieftains throughout the kingdom. The
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559:(in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Рипол Классик. p. 420.
679:
Art Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth Century Benin
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was the first Oba of Benin to have spoken Portuguese.
435:, ruled for a short period and was replaced when the
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499:(Vol. I ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis.
555:Кирилл Бабаев, Александра Архангельская (2015).
1043:(1816 AD – 1816 AD) (Reigned for eight months)
843:
637:. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 126.
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732:Nwabuokei, Ephraim O. (September 16, 2024).
681:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
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191:Bronze of Oba Ewuare I, flanked by guards
708:. British Museum Press. pp. 32–33.
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580:
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477:Ryder, A.F.C. (1981). D.T. Niane (ed.).
306:, and the palace were directed by Ewuare
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53:Wooden sculpture of Ewuare took in 2016.
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325:lineage system, the authority of the
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661:. London: Tavistock. pp. 17–36.
619:. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
525:. New York: Frank Cass Publishing.
523:Dawn to Dusk: Folktales from Benin
481:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 339–370.
25:
704:Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1995).
706:The Art of Benin Revised Edition
1145:15th-century monarchs in Africa
497:Encyclopedia of African History
495:Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005).
1066:Under British rule (1897–1960)
936:Uwaifiokun (1430 AD – 1440 AD)
538:"Benin Obas (1200CE -Present)"
206:), originally known as Prince
27:Oba of Benin (1440 AD–1473 AD)
1:
1058:N'Ogbaise (1888 AD – 1914 AD)
1022:Akenzua I (1713 AD – 1735 AD)
1007:Akengbedo (1684 AD – 1689 AD)
1004:Ahenkpaye (1675 AD – 1684 AD)
1001:Akengboi ( 1669 AD – 1675 AD)
953:The Great (1440 AD – 1473 AD)
897:Ehenmihen (1243 AD – 1255 AD)
756:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1140:15th-century Nigerian people
1025:Eresoyen (1735 AD – 1750 AD)
1010:Oroghene (1689 AD – 1700 AD)
150:Unknown, first Ogughoton of
998:Akenzae (1661 AD – 1669 AD)
995:Ohenzae (1641 AD – 1661 AD)
956:Ezoti (Reigned for 14 days)
933:Orobiru (1400 AD – 1430 AD)
381:Contact with the Portuguese
338:derived from the incident.
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1019:Ozuere (1712 AD – 1713 AD)
439:revolted. His third son,
1052:Adolo (1848 AD – 1888 AD)
912:Edoni (1295 AD – 1299 AD)
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615:Egharevba, Jacob (1960).
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944:Benin Empire (1440–1897)
677:Ben-Amos, Paula (1999).
617:A Short History of Benin
406:Ewuare greatly expanded
633:Watson, Noelle (1996).
585:Asante, Molefi (2007).
1150:People from Benin City
589:. New York: Routledge.
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587:The History of Africa
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394:Arts and celebration
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1031:(1750 AD – 1804 AD)
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980:(1550 AD – 1578 AD)
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968:(1483 AD – 1504 AD)
962:(1473 AD – 1480 AD)
930:(1370 AD – 1400 AD)
924:(1334 AD – 1370 AD)
918:(1299 AD – 1334 AD)
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903:(1255 AD – 1280 AD)
894:(1235 AD – 1243 AD)
888:(1200 AD – 1235 AD)
521:Eweka, Iro (1998).
986:(1578 AD -1606 AD)
814:1440 AD – 1473 AD
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345:(town chiefs) and
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258:Jacob U. Egharevba
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210:, was the twelfth
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879:Pre-imperial Obas
873:traditional state
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817:Succeeded by
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423:Death and lineage
408:the arts in Benin
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16:(Redirected from
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60:Oba of Benin
40:Oba of Benin
38:
1135:1473 deaths
1104:(1978–2016)
74:Predecessor
1124:Categories
1096:Akenzua II
1079:Akenzua II
1056:Ovonramwen
892:Uwakhuahen
803:Uwaifiokun
447:References
429:Benin City
369:boulevards
220:Benin City
77:Uwaifiokun
1108:Ewuare II
1102:Erediauwa
1047:Osemwende
1029:Akengbuda
984:Ehengbuda
752:cite book
280:Agbavboko
265:Agbavboko
82:Successor
69:1440–1473
1073:Eweka II
978:Orhogbua
916:Udagbedo
865:and the
288:Ogidigan
275:Talisman
204:Ewuare I
134:Ezuwarha
1035:Obanosa
1014:Ewuakpe
886:Eweka I
861:of the
782:Unknown
769:Ewuare
726:Sources
336:Edaiken
331:Edaiken
214:of the
152:Ughoton
99: (
1041:Ogbebo
972:Esigie
966:Ozolua
951:Ewuare
928:Egbeka
907:Oguola
785:
740:
712:
563:
441:Ozolua
198:(also
196:Ewuare
176:Father
146:Ozolua
109:Spouse
33:Ewuare
990:Ohuan
901:Ewedo
867:Benin
820:Ezoti
787:Died:
780:Born:
452:Notes
437:uzama
358:Akure
327:uzama
319:uzama
270:uloko
247:uzama
243:uzama
170:Eweka
165:House
137:Ezoti
127:Issue
118:Oyoyo
115:Ewere
85:Ezoti
66:Reign
960:Olua
922:Ohen
859:Obas
789:1473
758:link
738:ISBN
710:ISBN
561:ISBN
433:Olua
360:and
304:moat
294:Rule
254:Ohen
208:Ogun
180:Ohen
141:Olua
101:1474
97:1473
94:Died
871:Edo
362:Owo
354:Edo
212:Oba
202:or
1126::
754:}}
750:{{
667:^
643:^
625:^
595:^
575:^
540:.
505:^
487:^
459:^
869:/
851:e
844:t
837:v
760:)
746:.
718:.
694:.
569:.
544:.
103:)
20:)
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