Exceptional memory - Knowledge (XXG)

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numbers and/or letters associated with colors. Associating colors or words to letters or sounds can allow certain forms of synesthetes to learn new languages, lyrics, or detailed information quite easily. When seeking to learn novel categories, synesthetes tend to use their unusual experiences as mnemonic devices, aiding them in their memory process. Furthermore, synesthetic imagery can work as a cognitive tool in aiding those with synesthesia to memorize and store language through their own personal coding. Those with more common forms of synesthesia may experience sounds as colors or words as having tastes; in these cases the sounds and words are considered the inducers, while the colors and tastes are considered concurrent. Not all people with synesthesia necessarily have exceptional memory, but it is most often based on how the condition is used in regard to learning. Synesthesia is most often congenital, but it is possible for it to develop later on in life.

560:. The experiment was intended to investigate chess grandmasters' ability to memorize positions of chess pieces on a chessboard. When those chess experts were provided with arrangements that were inconsistent with a real chess game, their performance was about the same as non-experts. These results indicate that the eidetic ability of those chess grandmasters were not innate, but a learned strategy with certain types of information. Wilding and Valentine searched for people claiming to have an eidetic or otherwise superior memory via public media. Out of the 31 people who called in, only three actually had a significantly above-average but not eidetic memory. 610:

disarray when the agrarian economy had dwindled. In 1965, this prompted the thirty-one year old Magnani to leave his childhood home of Pontito, a decision which was deeply troubling as he had decided not to return. After making his decision, Magnani became very ill. It is unclear what this illness was exactly but, symptoms included high fever, weight loss, delirium, and possibly even seizures. For this, Magnani was placed into a sanatorium. Here he had vivid dreams of his hometown, not of his family or friends or even of events, but of the town itself. According to Magnani, the dreams were in a detail beyond anything he could consciously imagine.

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attention by researchers such as Bob Miller, who suggested that this work could reveal the accuracy, distortions, and inventions of Magnani's memory. These photographs showed something interesting about Magnani's work that was not previously evident. The Exploratorium, which hosted the exhibit for which Schwartzenberg took photos for, explains this observation while examining a drawing of a church. "This drawing, looking down from a point high above the path approaching the church, shows a view that Magnani could never have seen." Work done by Baddley and Hitch in 1974 showed the importance of the visuospatial sketchpad in their model of

567:. Held since 1991, this is an annual competition in different memory disciplines and is nearly totally based on visual tasks – nine out of ten events are displayed visually, the tenth event is presented by audio. Since the champions can win interesting prizes, it should attract people who can beat those tests easily by reproducing visual images of the presented material during the recall. But indeed, not a single memory champion has ever been reported to have an eidetic memory. Instead, without a single exception, all winners consider themselves mnemonists (see below) and rely on using 626:. This is miraculous due to the fact that Magnani imagined and painted, with incredible accuracy, perspectives that he couldn't have possibly ever seen. His visual sensory information was stored long-term, which he was able to recall more than a quarter of a century later in intricate detail. This prompted praise from Sacks, stating that this rare phenomenon made him an eidetic artist. Sacks went on to say: "he could seemingly reproduce with almost photographic accuracy every building, every street, every stone of Pontito, far away, close up, from any possible angle." 614:

never allowed them to be properly explored. Once relocating to San Francisco, Magnani picked up painting, which he had no formal training in. His first painting was of his childhood home in Pontito. Magnani painted the house in remarkable accuracy, so much so that he himself was amazed. This was especially surprising considering the fact that at this point, Magnani had not been to Pontito in over 25 years. Over time, he grew an obsession with painting the town in which he had grown up in; as famed psychologist Oliver Sacks noted in 1987, Magnini seemed "possessed".

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months and goes up again at about 12 months. An example of the errors and malleability of flashbulb memories is found in the El Al Flight 1862 crash. Despite widespread photos and videos of the effects of the crash, there is no video evidence of the crash itself. Despite this, when study participants were asked if they witnessed a video of the crash, over 60 percent claimed to have seen the video on television. Some participants were even willing to offer more information such as the angle of the crash or whether the plane was on fire, despite the lack of video.

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grouping items together to improve sequential memory by having each item in mind generate a complete series of items. Many mnemonists credit chunking as their primary mnemonic device. One of the most well-known champions of memory who incorporates chunking as one of her primary memory techniques is Yanjaa Wintersoul. She was able to memorize all 328 pages of an Ikea catalogue in less than a week using mnemonics. These competitors demonstrate the power that mnemonics can have on enhancing recall and enabling the capacity for exceptional memory.

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more clinical when the memory experts use the picture elicitation method to detect the ability. In the picture elicitation method, children are asked to study an image for approximately twenty to thirty minutes, and then the researchers remove the picture, it has been found that children with such ability are able to recall the image with perfect accuracy after the picture has been removed. It has been suggested that children with eidetic memory can maintain the image in their memory as vividly as if it were still there.

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that more studies are being done in order to properly stimulate the differences; all current noted forms of memory are open to the public but not meant to discriminate against the hypothesis of new types. Older studies have claimed to have observed a variety of drawbacks among those who have an apparent eidetic memory. Eidetic imagery can be so vivid as to mimic actual perception of stimuli, which can be much like a

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result of specific impairments rather than enhancements. Her sensitivity to cues that trigger her memories suggest that "AJ" has trouble inhibiting episodic-retrieval mode, which is the neurocognitive state required for present stimuli to be interpreted as memory cues. Because she is unable to "turn off" her retrieval mode, the smallest associations may bring on detailed recollections of "AJ"'s past.

728:. Wawro was known for his paintings of landscapes and seascapes, all done in elaborate detail. What was interesting about Wawro's art was that he painted from seeing a scene only once and did not use a model. His memory for the scene was so elaborate that he could also report where he drew the picture and when. Similarities across cases indicate that savant memory may be similar to eidetic memory. 66: 424: 25: 127: 920:, or 'S', was viewed by peers as disorganized and unintelligent. His extreme case of synesthesia, causing highly detailed and recallable memory traces, made understanding abstract concepts not based on sensory and perceptual qualities very difficult for him. His personal life is described as being lived in a "haze", and eventually he was confined to a 174: 4042: 598:

in a foreign language, of which she had no prior knowledge, years after seeing the original text. This suggests that her memory retained the image of the foreign words vividly enough to recall years later. Reports also suggest that her memory was so vivid that she could obscure other parts of the present visual field with these memories.

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does not seem to affect the subject's memory – they simply recall everything. In another confirmed case, the subject, when shown a photograph from his past, can recall the date it was taken, where it was taken, what they had done that day, and even more detailed information such as the temperature on said day.

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storage. Rather, the amygdala acts as a modulator for storage processes occurring in other areas of the brain. Long-term memories are not created automatically, they must be consolidated over time. Research indicates that it is this consolidation process in which the AC plays an assisting role (there

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Synesthesia, a condition in which the stimulation of one sense causes an activation or reaction of one or more senses simultaneously, can be used as a mnemonic device to enable exceptional memory. One of the most common forms of synesthesia is grapheme-color synesthesia, where an individual perceives

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Franco Magnani is a memory artist. Magnani was born in Pontito in 1934. Pontito is a small town in the hills of Tuscany which had a population of 500 people before the second world war, which decreased to just 70 people, made up of the elderly and retirees, following the war. The small town fell into

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As of April 2016, there are an estimated 61 confirmed cases of hyperthymesia worldwide. Cases of hyperthymesia differ from related cases of savant memory in that savants have an extraordinary memory for specific hobbies, and events of a narrow basis, whereas cases of confirmed hyperthymesia show

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memory refers to the memory of a personal significant event with distinctly vivid and long-lasting detailed information. These events are usually shocking and with photographic quality. Brown and Kulik, who coined the term, found that many highly emotional memories can be recalled with very accurate

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has displayed extraordinary musical talent. Lemke lacks the capacity for abstract reasoning, but he has several abilities that coincide with his exceptional memory. Like Paravicini, he is able to replicate music perfectly after hearing a piece only once. Along with being developmentally disabled, he

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However, this subject remains the only person to have passed such a test, and the credibility of the findings are highly questionable, given that the researcher married his subject, and the tests have never been repeated. The study fueled strong skepticism about studies of eidetic memory for several

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There are reports of different forms of eidetic memory as well as new case studies that suggest a difference between photographic and eidetic memory, although not enough scientific data exist currently from the medical community. Public documents from the APA, Yale, and Harvard suggest otherwise and

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An interesting case of recall is of the subject S.F., who began testing with an average intelligence and average memory capabilities. With the use of mnemonic strategies (practice sessions in the laboratory) he was able to increase his digit span from 7 to 79. Specifically, S.F. was a long-distance

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That same year, photographer Susan Schwartzenberg went to Pontito to photograph the scenes of many of Magnani's paintings. This was done as part of a study to document the astonishing accuracy of the artist's work. This study would be revealed in an art exhibit on memory in 1988. This garnered much

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After getting released from the hospital, Franco Magnani considered, but ultimately rejected medical possibilities that were suggested. These possibilities included some sort of freudian splitting of the ego which could have resulted in hypermnesia hysteria. While Magnani rejected these notions, he

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have been reported for generations, with a 1970 study on a woman being called the most convincing documentation yet. Her memory was extraordinary in that she could see an image once and retain it in memory for years to come. The classic study of the subject's memory documents her writing out poetry

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Eidetic memory, or total recall, refers to the ability of an individual who can accurately recall a large number of images, sounds and objects in a seemingly unlimited volume. Eidetic means "marked by an extraordinarily detailed and vivid recall of visual images". The term eidetic memory can become

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name mnemonic strategies the source for their performances, including performances like memorizing a list of more than 2000 digits in an hour, 280 words in 15 minutes or the order of a deck of cards in under 25 seconds. Chunking is another type of mnemonic device. This is a technique that involves

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One subject, given any date in history, can recall what the weather was like on said date, personal details of their life at the time, and other news events that occurred at that time. Details of what the subject recalls may be significant to them in some way, but they may not be. Personal meaning

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There is an important characteristic of hyperthymesia: People with the syndrome have an unusual form of eidetic memory to remember as well as recall any specific personal events or trivial details, including a date, the weather, what people wore on that day, from their past, almost in an organized

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Drawbacks are typically considered uncommon with the use of mnemonics since they are used as a tool to enhance memory ability, but there are qualities that can be considered negative. For example, it can take a significant amount of time to learn a mnemonic device, but this device may not be used

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For grapheme-color synesthesia, studies display greater white matter connections happening between the fusiform gyrus (area responsible for processing the shape of numbers or letters) and color area V4 in brains of synesthetes. These types of synesthetes display higher functioning in the ventral

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Daniel Tammet is a savant with an exceptional memory for numbers. He began to associate numbers with images after experiencing an epileptic seizure at the age of four. Each digit for Tammet has color, shape, and emotion, allowing him to memorize sequences of numbers or perform large calculations

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is less affected by time in comparing to other types of memories. One important aspect of flashbulb memory is that it involves emotional arousal when the event is being remembered. Therefore, this kind of memory does not have to be accurate, and the accuracy usually decreases during the first 3

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While many would consider hyperthymesia a positive trait, those with hyperthymesia also describe experiencing negative consequences of their enhanced memory. For example, one individual describes their memory as a "running movie that never stops". Furthermore, they describe viewing the world in

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Because it is a recently discovered memory capability, neuroscientific explanations of hyperthymesia are scarce. McGaugh, who coined the term, provides mostly speculation in "A Case of Unusual Autobiographical Remembering". He suggests that "AJ"'s superior autobiographical memory is largely the

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strategies. For example, "AJ", who has the first documented case of hyperthymesia, has difficulty consciously applying her memory strategies to help her memorize new knowledge, making her rote memorization abilities below average. Importantly, having superior autobiographical memory does not

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outside of the hippocampus). The hippocampus is thought to be involved in domain-general relational processes, with surrounding areas mediating more domain and item-specific and contextual processing. This is consistent with observed memory effects of ASD which shows superior low-level and

909:. There are several anecdotal reports of "S" recalling a speech word for word without taking notes along with his peers. It is important to note that "S" is commonly considered a mnemonist as well, given that he applied his synesthesia as an aid toward acquiring exceptional memory. 655:(ASD) are characterized by difficulties in reciprocal social behaviour and communication, stereotyped patterns of behaviour, and restricted interests. They are also associated with typical and atypical functioning in memory. Structural abnormalities have been found to affect the 810:

No structural differences have been found in the brains of accomplished mnemonists, who have achieved superior memory with the practiced use of mnemonic devices. One study that sought to locate the neural differences between these and people with typical memory abilities using

358:. These deficits, along with anomalous lateralization and "AJ"'s obsessive–compulsive tendencies, point to a neurodevelopmental frontostriatal disorder common in autism, OCD, ADHD, Tourette's syndrome, and schizophrenia. The frontostriatal system is made up of the dorsolateral 794:. The mind has difficulty remembering abstract concepts like numbers but can easily remember visual images. The imaginary memory journey orders the images in the correct sequence. Two common techniques for converting numbers and playing cards into visual images are the 740:

has a disorder known as echolalia, a condition that involves the rote, often meaningless, repetition of words or sentences recited by others; however, when he does recite these words of whoever he hears throughout the day, his recall is almost always perfect.

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involve individuals with IQs that are below average. Researchers have proposed two hypotheses to explain how autistic individuals may develop advanced skills; the first is the obsession with constricted areas of interest (a common symptom of autism) and

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indicative of an autistic individual, which involves a focus on local features during processing. Researchers feel that this style of processing may aid in the increase of savant skills, but this style also sacrifices global processing in the process.

987:(AC) activity and recall for emotional elements of the film when participants were asked to remember the film a few weeks later. Although this study demonstrates the involvement of the AC, it offers no insight as to the specific role of the amygdala. 404:. Another negative aspect of hyperthymesia is that it could possibly stem from traumatic experiences in childhood in which the individual feels a need to organize memories, relive the past, and otherwise think about previous experiences more. 785:

Common mnemonics for memorizing lists of words is through the use of acronym, which is the abbreviation that consists of the initial letter in a phrase or word. For example, HOMES is often used to help remember the names of the

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Natasha Ann Zachariah. (16 October 2017). Memory champion Yanjaa Wintersoul memorised all 328 pages of the new catalogue in a week; Memory champion Yanjaa Wintersoul memorised all 328 pages of the new Ikea catalogue in a week.

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is no evidence that it aids in retrieval). Specifically, McGaugh suggests that emotional arousal activates the amygdala, which regulates the strength of a memory, lending to enhanced memory for emotionally charged events.

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often enough for it to be worthwhile. While mnemonics have been shown to increase recall capacity within a variety of contexts, the spatial context of mnemonics still contains the possibility of intrusion errors as well.

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translate to broadly superior memory; in fact across tests like a digit span, visual reproduction, and word-pair memorization, those with hyperthymesia have no statistically significant difference from a control group.

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also show superior memory for music. DeBlois can play 8000 songs from memory on 20 different instruments, and Paravicini can play a piece of music after hearing it only once. Another case of savant memory was that of

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A study conducted by Sharot et al. (2006) showed that the rating of vividness of terrorist attack on 11 September 2001, by the participants is related to the physical location of the person when the event happened.

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produced by emotional situations influence memory storage. Memory can also be selectively enhanced by post-training administration of drugs and hormones. It is also well known that emotional situations produce an

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and stimulation of the AC functioning activates both of these areas. Further indication that the amygdala works to modulate other areas of the brain is supported by the fact that AC stimulation is mediated by the

330:), individuals with hyperthymestic syndrome rely heavily on their personal "mental calendar", which is an automatic and obsessive process. Moreover, individuals with hyperthymesia do not focus on practiced 774:

is a memory aid that is used to help an individual remember and recall information. Mnemonic devices are usually verbal, such as a special phrase, word or a short poem that individuals are familiar with.

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because of the burden of his exceptional abilities. But S is a rare exception and drawbacks are not normally associated with the acquisition of an exceptional memory by using synesthesia mnemonically.

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Although, not having the ability to use emotional memories for guiding future behaviours can be detrimental, as has been hypothesized as a potential cause to the lack of goal oriented behaviours in

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reported that "S" had the unique ability to recall almost everything he heard or saw though did not provide detailed evidence or clearly distinguish between "natural" abilities and his use of the

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visual stream, and since graphemes and words have enhanced spatial frequency as well as contrast information, greater processing of these features leads to quicker access to lexical information.

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runner and would form small groups of the digit span into meaningful and memorable numbers for a runner (ex. Qualifying times). Using mnemonics for memory recall may also have played a part in

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Autism spectrum disorders contain criteria for diagnosis based on difficulties with social behaviour and communicating with others, amongst other debilitating criteria. Most cases of

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Each individual has two types of memory, termed "natural memory" and "artificial memory". Mnemonic strategy is said to help develop artificial memory through learning and practicing

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also known as "S". This ability was discovered during a work meeting where Shereshvskii was scolded for not taking notes until he was able to perfectly recite the conversation.

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was based. Peek had a reported savant memory for most information, not just specialized pieces, and was able to memorize large pieces of information from the age of 16 months.

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and colleagues posit that although electrical and pharmaceutical stimulation directly to the amygdala can enhance or decrease memory, the amygdala is not the main site for any

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is elaborate abilities (including memory) in specialized areas such as a hobby or event, or a certain type of information. One of the most well-known cases of savant memory is

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decades thereafter. Recently there has been a renewal of interest in the area, with more careful controls, and far less spectacular results. Supposedly Hungarian mathematician

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The capabilities of the affected individuals are not limited to recalling specific events from their personal experience. Hyperthymesia has both enhanced autobiographical and

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that the reported cases of eidetic memory should be considered as "unfounded myth". This view was supported by an experimental study conducted by psychologist

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of North America. Most techniques for memorizing numbers involve turning the numbers into visual images that are then placed along points of an imaginary

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could recite exactly word for word any books he had read, including page numbers and footnotes – even those of books he had read decades earlier.

148: 135: 848:'s world record citation of mathematical pi. Cases such as these suggest that superior memory can be achieved with the proper mnemonic techniques. 732:

within a matter of seconds. One of his most notable achievements was being able to recite Pi to 22,514 decimal places, taking him over five hours.

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found that retention was disrupted with electrical stimulation of AC after aversive learning, but not with appetitively motivated learning.

184: 1969: 441: 354:. Although "AJ" is not autistic, McGaugh and colleagues note that she shares some of the executive-functioning deficits that occur with 38: 3704: 75: 2637: 2610: 1438: 1413: 507: 235: 217: 108: 52: 3089: 2692: 2574: 488: 2451:

Grossenbacher, Peter G.; Lovelace, Christopher T. (2001). "Mechanisms of synesthesia: Cognitive and physiological constraints".

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Gobet, F; Lane, P; Croker, S; Cheng, P; Jones, G; Oliver, I; Pine, J (1 June 2001). "Chunking mechanisms in human learning".

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Boucher J (May 2007). "Memory and Generativity in Very High Functioning Autism: a Firsthand Account, and an Interpretation".

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Maguire EA, Valentine ER, Wilding JM, Kapur N (January 2003). "Routes to remembering: the brains behind superior memory".

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Gray CR, Gummerman K (May 1975). "The enigmatic eidetic image: a critical examination of methods, data, and theories".

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Shabir, Osman. (26 September 2019). Do Synesthetes Have Better Memory?. News-Medical. Retrieved on 1 July 2020 from

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with distinct functions, the basolateral AC the most involved with memory. The BL projects into the hippocampus and

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Treffert, D. A. (1989). An unlikely virtuoso: Leslie Lemke and the story of savant syndrome. The Sciences, 1, 28.

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Unsworth, Nash; Brewer, Gene A. (2010). "Individual differences in false recall: A latent variable analysis".

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Daniel Tammet. (2014). In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from

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https://link-gale-com.byui.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/CX3630000424/GVRL?u=byuidaho&sid=GVRL&xid=c8cdd2bb

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3883: 3843: 3744: 3713: 3351: 3139: 2156:"Hierarchical Chunking of Sequential Memory on Neuromorphic Architecture with Reduced Synaptic Plasticity" 1068: 1000: 831:(a feat mnemonists are often very good at). However, all superior memory participants reported the use of 735:

Savant memory varies among different savants. Similar to DeBlois and Paravicini, an autistic savant named

641: 1578: 979:. In one study participants watched either an emotionally arousing film or a neutral film. Results of a 3898: 3613: 3499: 3471: 3456: 3451: 3289: 2510:

Rouw, R., & Scholte, H. S. (2007). Increased structural connectivity in grapheme-color synesthesia.

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https://link-gale-com.byui.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/H1000175388/CA?u=byuidaho&sid=CA&xid=892114f7

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show a tendency to maintain emotional experiences, especially negative emotional experiences, such as

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Cahill L, McGaugh JL (July 1998). "Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory".

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Rothen, Nicolas; Berry, Christopher J.; Seth, Anil K.; Oligschläger, Sabine; Ward, Jamie (2020).

2476: 2421: 2306: 2245: 2093: 1800: 1523:"Kaavya Syndrome. The accused Harvard plagiarist doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does" 1376: 1196: 921: 3995: 2354:(3rd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 1966-1970). Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved from 1266: 676:

item-specific processing, at a cost of having impairments in higher level relational processes.

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in itself is a type of executive functioning, thought to be associated with the right inferior

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Lvovich, Natasha, "The Gift: Synesthesia in Translingual Texts" (2012). CUNY Academic Works.

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Watson, Marcus R.; Akins, Kathleen A.; Spiker, Chris; Crawford, Lyle; Enns, James T. (2014).

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One example found in the literature is J.S., with high functioning autism. J.S. has no

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An experience must be very arousing to an individual for it to be consolidated as an

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Savant syndrome, also known as savantism, is a condition in which individuals with a

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O'Connor N, Cowan R, Samella K (2000). "Calendrical Calculation and Intelligence".

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Negative emotional experiences may be remembered better than positive experiences.

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Islands of genius: The bountiful mind of the autistic, acquired, and sudden savant

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are unable to cognitively control their emotional response to the feared stimuli.

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One well known case of superior recall ability through synesthesia is the case of

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Ericcson KA, Chase WG, Faloon S (6 June 1980). "Acquisition of a memory skill".

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Perception and memory in chess studies in the heuristics of the professional eye

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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https://www.news-medical.net/health/Do-Synesthetes-Have-Better-Memory.aspx

2140: 1344: 1012:(ST), a major AC pathway. Lesions of the ST block AC stimulation effects. 3618: 2025:(Vol. 2, pp. 494-498). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference. Retrieved from 1033: 1016: 980: 976: 832: 711: 706: 695: 568: 331: 2526:"A single system account of enhanced recognition memory in synaesthesia" 2350:

Synesthesia. (2017). In D. Batten, P. Schummer, & H. Selden (Eds.),

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Kao CC, Lyman RS (1944). "The role of eidetic imagery in a psychosis".

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A Flashbulb memory is said to be less accurate and less permanent than

448: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 563:

Further cause for skepticism is given by a non-scientific event: The

355: 1216:"A cognitive assessment of highly superior autobiographical memory" 2081: 1980:

A Look at an Autistic Savant's Brilliant Mind. (15 January 2007).

690: 582: 2279:"Using a Mnemonic to Aid in the Recall of Unfamiliar Information" 2023:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders

1064: 815:, was unable to find any differences. For mnemonists, the right 812: 299:, the type of memory that forms people's life stories. The term 3071: 3067: 2382:"Synesthesia and learning: A critical review and novel theory" 1917: 417: 383:

surprisingly detailed memory for specific and general events.

167: 120: 59: 18: 1640:"The Exploratorium's "What's New in the World" April/May '97" 322:

Unlike other people with advanced memory abilities, such as

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LePort AK, Stark SM, McGaugh JL, Stark CE (February 2017).

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Roberts, J. M. A. (2018). Echolalia. In E. Braaten (Ed.),

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Gummerman, Kent; Gray, Cynthia R.; Wilson, J. M. (1972).

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Hyperthymesia, or hyperthymesitic syndrome, is superior

2008: 2006: 191: 2575:"The Mystery of S., the Man with an Impossible Memory" 2277:

Chazin, Sharon; Neuschatz, Joseph S. (December 1990).

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to traumatic events, with much clarity. Many forms of

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details, even when there is a delay after the event.

273:. Exceptional memory is also prevalent in those with 2869:

McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B (November 1996).

3978: 3947: 3806: 3799: 3692: 3664: 3596: 3553: 3525: 3485: 3427: 3322: 3228: 3203: 3155: 3148: 3105: 2209:. Gale Ebooks: SAGE Publications. pp. 314–317. 2719:"Altering false reports via confederate influence" 1456:"An attempt to assess eidetic imagery objectively" 1299:"Man's rare ability may unlock secret of memory" 1166:"A Case of Unusual Autobiographical Remembering" 2653:Brown R, Kulik J (1977). "Flashbulb memories". 2063: 2061: 1944:"Derek Paravicini: A Talent and Love for Music" 1726:Gaigg SB, Gardiner JM, Bowler DM (March 2008). 1267:"Woman with perfect memory baffles scientists" 3083: 2768:"Remembering the Details: Effects of Emotion" 1558:. Vol. 42, no. 8. pp. 89–104. 253:is the ability to have accurate and detailed 8: 3214:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two 2717:Ost J, Hogbin I, Granhag PA (1 June 2006). 2605:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1946:. Wisconsin Medical Society. Archived from 1884:. Wisconsin Medical Society. Archived from 1882:"Tony DeBlois: A Prodigious Musical Savant" 1818: 1816: 1814: 370:, supplementary motor area, and associated 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3803: 3152: 3090: 3076: 3068: 2686: 2684: 2440:https://academicworks.cuny.edu/kb_pubs/150 89:. Please do not remove this message until 3047: 2998: 2904: 2894: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2791: 2734: 2549: 2407: 2397: 2181: 2171: 1751: 1471: 1239: 1159: 508:Learn how and when to remove this message 236:Learn how and when to remove this message 218:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1721: 1719: 1717: 1497:"Eidetic memory and photographic memory" 1292: 1290: 1288: 1164:Parker ES, Cahill L, McGaugh JL (2006). 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 151:of all important aspects of the article. 85:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2926: 2924: 2160:Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 1392: 1390: 1135: 1015:AC and ST lesions also appear to block 999:The amygdala itself is a collection of 1744:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.011 671:less affected (these are areas in the 644:are exceptional in one or more areas. 303:is derived from the Modern Greek word 147:Please consider expanding the lead to 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1261: 1259: 16:Types of accurate and detailed recall 7: 1697:"Working Memory | Simply Psychology" 851:Also, all competitors of the annual 446:adding citations to reliable sources 185:research paper or scientific journal 3024:"Emotional memory in schizophrenia" 2691:Markham AN, ed. (8 November 2001). 400:of autobiographical information is 1579:"Frances Magnani: A Memory Artist" 757:. Central coherence is a style of 14: 3495:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm 2991:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.014 1857:10.1038/scientificamerican0602-76 1429:Wilding JM, Valentine ER (1997). 983:showed correlation between right 34:This article has multiple issues. 4040: 4028: 1373:10.1097/00005053-194410000-00003 698:, diagnosed with Savant syndrome 422: 257:in a variety of ways, including 172: 125: 64: 23: 2386:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 1061:post traumatic stress disorders 1032:". This adrenaline, as well as 433:needs additional citations for 139:may be too short to adequately 42:or discuss these issues on the 3705:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model 3578:Memory and social interactions 3022:Herbener ES (September 2008). 2973:Haas BW, Canli T (June 2008). 2493:Ward, J. (2013). Synesthesia. 2326:Journal of Memory and Language 2265:Straits Times, The (Singapore) 2000:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 149:provide an accessible overview 1: 2840:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01214-9 2465:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01571-0 2352:Human Diseases and Conditions 2234:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01662-4 2052:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00028-8 1609:"THE LANDSCAPE OF HIS DREAMS" 1232:10.1080/09658211.2016.1160126 971:The focus of the research on 709:, the man on which the movie 3414:Retrieval-induced forgetting 2952:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.08.002 2667:10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-X 2453:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2222:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1577:Clark C (28 December 2012). 1081:generalized anxiety disorder 2632:. New York: Penguin Press. 2495:Annual review of psychology 2295:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3f.1067 2283:Perceptual and Motor Skills 653:Autistic spectrum disorders 590:possessed near-total recall 307:'memory' and Ancient Greek 91:conditions to do so are met 4089: 3752:Levels of Processing model 3677:World Memory Championships 3510:Lost in the mall technique 3357:dissociative (psychogenic) 2542:10.3758/s13421-019-01001-8 1433:. Hove: Psychology Press. 1337:10.1037/0033-2909.82.3.383 1124:World Memory Championships 931: 872: 853:World Memory Championships 633: 565:World Memory Championships 411: 288: 4023: 2736:10.1080/15534510500480273 2629:Moonwalking with Einstein 2338:10.1016/j.jml.2009.08.002 1673:An Anthropologist on Mars 1185:10.1080/13554790500473680 3790:The Seven Sins of Memory 3735:Intermediate-term memory 3540:Indirect tests of memory 3517:Recovered-memory therapy 3467:Misattribution of memory 2896:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13508 2784:10.1177/1754073908100432 2399:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00098 2205:Swanson, Lee H. (2005). 2173:10.3389/fncom.2016.00136 1996:Treffert, D. A. (2010). 1789:10.1177/1362361307076863 1701:www.simplypsychology.org 1521:Foer J (27 April 2006). 200:overly technical phrases 192:help improve the article 3477:Source-monitoring error 2828:Trends in Neurosciences 2602:The mind of a mnemonist 2512:Nature Neuroscience, 10 2133:10.1126/science.7375930 829:digit span memorization 825:inferior frontal sulcus 821:ventral fusiform cortex 800:Mnemonic dominic system 750:calendrical calculation 595:Cases of eidetic memory 571:strategies, mostly the 328:calendrical calculation 297:autobiographical memory 3884:George Armitage Miller 3844:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 3028:Schizophrenia Bulletin 2979:Brain Research Reviews 2931:Wolf OT (March 2008). 2530:Memory & Cognition 2289:(3_suppl): 1067–1071. 1325:Psychological Bulletin 975:is on the role of the 699: 642:developmental disorder 591: 4047:Philosophy portal 4035:Psychology portal 3899:Henry L. Roediger III 3500:False memory syndrome 3472:Misinformation effect 3452:Imagination inflation 3040:10.1093/schbul/sbn081 2766:Kensinger EA (2009). 1880:(30 September 2005). 1826:, Wallace GW (2003). 1644:www.exploratorium.edu 1408:. Assen: Van Gorcum. 1404:, Jongman RW (1996). 952:photographic memories 918:Solomon Shereshevskii 899:Solomon Shereshevskii 827:were more active for 823:, and left posterior 796:Mnemonic major system 694: 586: 3404:Motivated forgetting 759:cognitive processing 673:medial temporal lobe 457:"Exceptional memory" 442:improve this article 364:orbitofrontal cortex 3914:Arthur P. Shimamura 3814:Richard C. Atkinson 3631:Effects of exercise 3505:Memory implantation 3389:Interference theory 3305:Selective retention 3285:Meaningful learning 2887:1996PNAS...9313508M 2125:1980Sci...208.1181E 2119:(4448): 1181–1182. 2070:Nature Neuroscience 1866:on 24 January 2009. 1849:2002SciAm.286f..76T 1836:Scientific American 1828:"Islands of Genius" 1460:Psychonomic Science 1361:J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1063:. Individuals with 554:The Society of Mind 552:argued in his book 194:by rewriting it in 78:of this article is 4068:Exceptional memory 4011:Andriy Slyusarchuk 3834:Hermann Ebbinghaus 3740:Involuntary memory 3641:Memory improvement 3626:Effects of alcohol 3588:Transactive memory 3566:Politics of memory 3535:Exceptional memory 2693:"Flashbulb Memory" 2154:Li, Guoqi (2016). 1982:Talk of the Nation 1473:10.3758/bf03328681 985:Amygdaloid Complex 922:mental institution 700: 592: 251:Exceptional memory 196:encyclopedic style 183:is written like a 4055: 4054: 4019: 4018: 4006:Cosmos Rossellius 3854:Marcia K. Johnson 3725:Exosomatic memory 3710:Context-dependent 3700:Absent-mindedness 3583:Memory conformity 3561:Collective memory 3462:Memory conformity 3399:Memory inhibition 3318: 3317: 3310:Tip of the tongue 2940:Acta Psychologica 2697:In Welcome to UIC 2599:Luria AR (1987). 1984:. Retrieved from 1920:. 23 October 2005 1682:978-0-679-75697-2 1297:Martin S (2008). 1005:entorhinal cortex 780:memory techniques 755:central coherence 518: 517: 510: 492: 360:prefrontal cortex 326:(who tend to use 246: 245: 238: 228: 227: 220: 166: 165: 119: 118: 111: 57: 4080: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4032: 4031: 3986:Jonathan Hancock 3939:Robert Stickgold 3909:Richard Shiffrin 3864:Elizabeth Loftus 3804: 3720:Childhood memory 3527:Research methods 3409:Repressed memory 3384:Forgetting curve 3372:transient global 3243:Autobiographical 3153: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3069: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2898: 2881:(24): 13508–14. 2866: 2860: 2859: 2823: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2738: 2723:Social Influence 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2411: 2401: 2377: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2175: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2035: 2029: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1942:(22 June 2006). 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1859:. Archived from 1832: 1820: 1809: 1808: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1732:Neuropsychologia 1723: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1671:Sacks O (1995). 1668: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1636: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1605: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1495:Dewey R (2007). 1492: 1486: 1485: 1475: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1294: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1170: 1161: 1083:. Patients with 1053:emotional memory 1010:stria terminalis 993:long-term memory 973:emotional memory 956:forgetting curve 934:Flashbulb memory 928:Emotional memory 817:cingulate cortex 721:Derek Paravicini 604:John von Neumann 588:John von Neumann 558:Adriaan de Groot 513: 506: 502: 499: 493: 491: 450: 426: 418: 271:emotional memory 241: 234: 223: 216: 212: 209: 203: 176: 175: 168: 161: 158: 152: 129: 121: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4015: 3996:Dominic O'Brien 3974: 3943: 3924:Susumu Tonegawa 3904:Daniel Schacter 3879:Eleanor Maguire 3869:Geoffrey Loftus 3824:Stephen J. Ceci 3819:Robert A. Bjork 3795: 3714:state-dependent 3688: 3660: 3592: 3573:Cultural memory 3549: 3545:Memory disorder 3521: 3481: 3423: 3314: 3224: 3199: 3144: 3101: 3096: 3066: 3065: 3021: 3020: 3016: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2825: 2824: 2809: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2626:Foer J (2011). 2625: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2492: 2488: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2349: 2345: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2257: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1995: 1991: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1950:on 25 June 2010 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1888:on 26 June 2010 1876: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1431:Superior memory 1428: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1137: 1132: 1100: 1073:psychopathology 1049: 1030:adrenaline rush 1025:Stress hormones 969: 936: 930: 915: 903:Alexander Luria 895: 886: 877: 871: 862: 846:Akira Haraguchi 841: 808: 772:mnemonic device 768: 746: 703:Savant syndrome 689: 681:episodic memory 669:parahippocampus 650: 638: 636:Savant syndrome 632: 624:problem solving 581: 547: 514: 503: 497: 494: 451: 449: 439: 427: 416: 410: 393: 380: 341: 324:savant syndrome 316:episodic memory 293: 287: 275:savant syndrome 242: 231: 230: 229: 224: 213: 207: 204: 189: 177: 173: 162: 156: 153: 146: 134:This article's 130: 115: 104: 98: 95: 84: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4037: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3991:Paul R. McHugh 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3849:Ivan Izquierdo 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3447:Hindsight bias 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3394:Memory erasure 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3352:post-traumatic 3349: 3344: 3339: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Personal-event 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3220:Working memory 3217: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3190:Motor learning 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3106:Basic concepts 3103: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3014: 2965: 2920: 2861: 2807: 2772:Emotion Review 2758: 2729:(2): 105–116. 2709: 2680: 2645: 2638: 2618: 2611: 2591: 2579:The New Yorker 2565: 2536:(2): 188–199. 2516: 2503: 2486: 2443: 2431: 2372: 2359: 2343: 2316: 2269: 2255: 2228:(6): 236–243. 2212: 2197: 2146: 2103: 2057: 2030: 2014: 2002: 1989: 1973: 1961: 1931: 1899: 1869: 1810: 1767: 1713: 1688: 1681: 1656: 1626: 1613:The New Yorker 1595: 1583:COURTNEY CLARK 1569: 1541: 1513: 1487: 1466:(2): 115–118. 1446: 1439: 1421: 1414: 1386: 1367:(4): 355–365. 1350: 1331:(3): 383–407. 1315: 1284: 1255: 1226:(2): 276–288. 1206: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1114:Method of loci 1111: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1048: 1045: 1023:enhancements. 968: 965: 932:Main article: 929: 926: 914: 911: 907:method of loci 894: 891: 885: 882: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 861: 858: 840: 837: 807: 804: 792:memory journey 767: 764: 745: 742: 688: 685: 649: 646: 634:Main article: 631: 628: 620:working memory 580: 577: 573:method of loci 546: 543: 531:hyperphantasia 516: 515: 430: 428: 421: 414:Eidetic memory 412:Main article: 409: 408:Eidetic memory 406: 392: 389: 379: 376: 352:frontal cortex 340: 337: 289:Main article: 286: 283: 263:eidetic memory 244: 243: 226: 225: 180: 178: 171: 164: 163: 143:the key points 133: 131: 124: 117: 116: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4085: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3970:Clive Wearing 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3934:Endel Tulving 3932: 3930: 3929:Anne Treisman 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3889:Brenda Milner 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874:James McGaugh 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3839:Sigmund Freud 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3783:retrospective 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762:Muscle memory 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3620: 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