20:
285:
90:
128:(NLL). Ever since the legal status of the NLLs has been contested and clashes have taken place. In 1973, North Korea explicitly challenged the validity of the Yellow Sea NLL. UNCMAC had accused North Korea of intruding to the south of the NLL, to which North Korea responded by claiming that its maritime boundary lies south of the NLL.
299:
191:(Amnok) river. North Korea disputes with China a number of small islands at the mouth of the Yalu. The ownership of these islands affects the possible course that the maritime border between the two countries, and thus the border of their respective EEZs, will take. North Korea has specified its EEZ using the
216:, the EEZs in both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan should be divided so as to leave no international waters between them, because the sea areas are less than 400 nautical miles in breadth. The Yellow Sea NLL would probably not legal as a permanent boundary of territorial waters because it violates the
203:
has argued that the EEZs should take into account the specific conditions of the Korean Bay, such as China's longer coastline and historical fishing activities, and be based on the principles of equity and proportionality. On the other hand, because China has not determined its EEZ in the Yellow Sea,
170:
North Korea has not passed a law on its EEZ. For this reason, it is not possible to define its outer limits. The country has, however, stated that the EEZ between neighboring countries or countries that are opposite one another "should be determined by consultation in accordance with the principle of
179:
The border between the North Korean and
Chinese EEZs is not clear. It can be inferred from North Korean statements that the limit of its EEZ in the Yellow Sea coincides with the limit of its Military Boundary Zone. Because the Yellow Sea is fairly narrow, the combined 400-nautical mile EEZs of North
161:
South Korea objected to North Korea's EEZ plans, and has given a statement: "The Korean government makes it clear that it is not recognizing North Korea's
Military Boundary Zones and 200-nautical mile EEZs because they may bring about change in the status quo of the Korean Peninsula since armistice
239:
The border between North Korea's EEZ with that of Russia is the only determined border of its EEZs, and indeed the only fully determined border of EEZs in all of
Northeast Asia. It was determined in 1986. The problem with it is however that its terminus is not equidistant with South Korean or
77:-shaped. The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in Northeast Asia. Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in
258:
A 2000 agreement between non-governmental fishing organizations of North and South Korea allowed South
Koreans to fish inside the North Korean EEZ in the Sea of Japan until 2005. About 400 South Korean fishing vessels conducted fishing in the area.
204:
North Korea has probably adopted a similarly vague position so as to be flexible toward China. Some kind of agreement about the maritime border reportedly exists between North Korea and China, but it is unclear if this pertains to the EEZ or the
69:
because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area. The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the Yellow Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.
211:
Even if the issue with the islands were to be resolved, the North and South Korean EEZs would overlap, necessitating either one party to reduce its claim or the two to share some of the EEZ. According to the
262:
Although China did not initially protest the establishment of the North Korean EEZ, it has subsequently accused it of hampering economic development on the mouth of the Yalu River, especially at
113:
255:
North Korea conducts fishing in its EEZ, mainly for the industrial sector. Some fishing for the artisanal sector takes place, too. Subsistence fishing has declined considerably over the years.
327:
220:
principle of the convention by cutting of North Korea from the open seas. This also has implications for the EEZ. North Korea has signed the convention but not ratified it.
273:
to its EEZ to foreigners through agents in China. North Korean fishermen who are deprived of quotas to the EEZ then resort to poaching in the waters of China and Russia.
150:
On 21 June 1977, North Korea declared an economic zone of 200 nautical miles. The zone became effective on 1 August. That day, North Korea also declared 50-nautical mile
213:
208:
boundary. Which of the islands in the Yellow Sea belong to North and which to South Korea will also affect the boundaries of the EEZs of the three countries there.
62:
as maritime borders. The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.
232:-shaped. The area is not a source of great confrontation between North and South Korea because South Korean vessels avoid it. It is also not thought to be rich in
243:
North Korea is geographically disadvantaged when it comes to the determination of EEZs, especially in the Sea of Japan where it is sandwiched between Russia and
1111:
1116:
199:
in the Yellow Sea, however, China also prefers the equidistant line method, because that would give it the maximum share of the waters. Chinese academician
1141:
1071:
1056:
1161:
962:
931:
887:
864:
837:
814:
793:
731:
689:
247:. This fact might contribute to North Korea's reluctance to commit fully to the EEZ regime and negotiate EEZ boundaries with its neighbors.
1101:
1026:
981:
1106:
1081:
1066:
1041:
1121:
1091:
1011:
996:
1151:
1086:
1076:
1051:
1016:
1006:
1001:
991:
986:
710:
742:
1096:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1021:
317:
1156:
1146:
332:
139:, including North Korea, on the basis that this was the legal government for all of Korea. It claimed an area averaging 60
184:
171:
an equidistant line or a median line". North Korea has never specified the geographical coordinates of its EEZ claims.
105:
955:
109:
322:
151:
971:
155:
51:
24:
19:
312:
192:
1171:
217:
948:
187:
on land has not been formally defined, but from treaties and statements it can be inferred to be the
1166:
125:
94:
55:
290:
112:
as a land border between North and South Korea, but failed to determine a maritime border. The
927:
919:
883:
860:
833:
825:
810:
804:
789:
727:
706:
685:
233:
205:
144:
78:
875:
848:
721:
700:
679:
195:, while China, in general, prefers the natural prolongation of land territory method. In the
778:"The Resolution of the Territorial Dispute Between Korea and Japan Over the Liancourt Rocks"
757:
304:
136:
743:"Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime"
135:
declared a "Peace Line" establishing a wide area of maritime sovereignty around the entire
830:
Global Atlas of Marine
Fisheries: A Critical Appraisal of Catches and Ecosystem Impacts
765:
140:
39:
1135:
132:
121:
89:
47:
847:
Prescott, John Robert Victor; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). Furness, Shelagh (ed.).
777:
270:
244:
229:
74:
28:
54:(EEZ) was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the
898:
280:
200:
196:
117:
98:
66:
59:
43:
899:"Exclusive: Investigating how North Korean fishermen plunder foreign waters"
263:
940:
859:(1). Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham.
761:
880:
Maritime
Boundary Disputes, Settlement Processes, and the Law of the Sea
788:(8). Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit, Durham University.
723:
Maritime
Disputes in Northeast Asia: Regional Challenges and Cooperation
849:"Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean"
116:(UNCMAC), however, unilaterally set two maritime borders, one at the
920:"China and Maritibe Boundary Delimitation: Past, Present and Future"
806:
The Making of
International Law in Korea: From Colony to Asian Power
73:
In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be
88:
18:
188:
944:
162:
in 1953". Japan protested the move as well, but China did not.
154:
in both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. The North Korean
876:"Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia"
114:
United
Nations Command of the Military Armistice Commission
609:
607:
605:
328:
List of border incidents involving North and South Korea
143:
from the Korean coast. This claim, generally called the
924:
Conflict
Management and Dispute Settlement in East Asia
65:
In the Yellow Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the
702:
Pacific Ocean Boundary Problems: Status and Solutions
484:
482:
457:
455:
684:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
442:
440:
438:
413:
411:
386:
384:
625:
548:
500:
351:
878:. In Seoung Yong Hong, Jon M.; Van Dyke (eds.).
699:Johnston, Douglas M.; Valencia, Mark J. (1991).
637:
536:
214:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
956:
8:
897:Volochine, Elena; Quy, Ian M. (8 May 2020).
661:
649:
131:On 18 January 1952, South Korean President
963:
949:
941:
824:Pauly, Daniel; Zeller, Dirk, eds. (2016).
741:Kotch, John Barry; Abbey, Michael (2003).
705:. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
560:
926:. New York: Routledge. pp. 149–170.
832:. Washington: Island Press. p. 314.
681:Law of the Sea Zones in the Pacific Ocean
613:
584:
524:
344:
922:. In Amer, Ramses; Keyuan Zou (eds.).
596:
572:
512:
36:exclusive economic zone of North Korea
7:
147:, was not internationally accepted.
803:Lee, Seokwoo; Lee, Hee Eun (2016).
488:
473:
461:
446:
429:
417:
402:
390:
375:
363:
1142:1977 establishments in North Korea
14:
882:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 39–76.
318:Exclusive economic zone of Japan
297:
283:
42:from its basepoints in both the
782:Boundary and Territory Briefing
678:Buchholz, Hanns JĂĽrgen (1987).
228:The EEZ in the Sea of Japan is
180:Korea and China will overlap.
16:North Korean maritime boundary
1:
626:Prescott & Schofield 2001
549:Prescott & Schofield 2001
501:Prescott & Schofield 2001
352:Prescott & Schofield 2001
638:Johnston & Valencia 1991
537:Johnston & Valencia 1991
1188:
106:Korean Armistice Agreement
978:
874:Van Dyke, Jon M. (2009).
333:North Korea–Russia border
110:Military Demarcation Line
1162:China–North Korea border
1152:Exclusive economic zones
972:Exclusive economic zones
662:Volochine & Quy 2020
323:Geography of North Korea
185:China–North Korea border
720:Kim, Suk Kyoon (2017).
650:Pauly & Zeller 2016
193:equidistant line method
156:exclusive economic zone
152:Military Boundary Zones
58:(NLL) set up after the
52:exclusive economic zone
25:exclusive economic zone
1157:Borders of North Korea
1147:Economy of North Korea
561:Kotch & Abbey 2003
313:Economy of North Korea
101:
31:
776:Lee, Seokwoo (2002).
762:10.1353/apr.2003.0024
158:(EEZ) had been born.
92:
22:
918:Zou, Keyuan (2016).
913:– via YouTube.
240:Japanese territory.
126:Northern Limit Lines
56:Northern Limit Lines
905:. FRANCE 24 English
95:Northern Limit Line
750:Asian Perspectives
597:Lee & Lee 2016
573:Lee & Lee 2016
513:Lee & Lee 2016
291:North Korea portal
269:North Korea sells
102:
32:
1129:
1128:
933:978-1-317-16216-2
889:978-90-04-17343-9
866:978-1-897643-43-3
853:Maritime Briefing
839:978-1-61091-626-4
816:978-90-04-31575-4
809:. Leiden: BRILL.
795:978-1-897643-51-8
733:978-90-04-34422-8
726:. Leiden: BRILL.
691:978-9971-988-73-9
551:, pp. 25–28.
503:, pp. 25–26.
476:, pp. 71–72.
234:natural resources
206:continental shelf
145:Syngman Rhee Line
79:natural resources
1179:
965:
958:
951:
942:
937:
914:
912:
910:
893:
870:
843:
820:
799:
772:
771:on 25 July 2011.
770:
764:. Archived from
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737:
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695:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
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611:
600:
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307:
305:Geography portal
302:
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218:non-encroachment
137:Korean Peninsula
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1125:
974:
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934:
917:
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867:
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826:"Korea (North)"
823:
817:
802:
796:
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768:
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719:
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692:
677:
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531:
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120:and one at the
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1183:
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1159:
1154:
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1127:
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1119:
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1112:United Kingdom
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1084:
1079:
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1019:
1014:
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1004:
999:
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989:
984:
979:
976:
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968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
939:
938:
932:
915:
903:Reporters Plus
894:
888:
871:
865:
844:
838:
821:
815:
800:
794:
773:
756:(2): 175–204.
738:
732:
717:
711:
696:
690:
673:
670:
667:
666:
654:
652:, p. 314.
642:
630:
618:
601:
599:, p. 151.
589:
577:
575:, p. 191.
565:
563:, p. 179.
553:
541:
539:, p. 117.
529:
517:
515:, p. 153.
505:
493:
478:
466:
464:, p. 157.
451:
434:
422:
407:
395:
380:
368:
356:
343:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
308:
294:
278:
275:
271:fishing quotas
252:
249:
225:
222:
176:
173:
167:
164:
141:nautical miles
86:
83:
40:nautical miles
38:stretches 200
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1184:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
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1118:
1117:United States
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1113:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
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1038:
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985:
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973:
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954:
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947:
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935:
929:
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921:
916:
904:
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895:
891:
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877:
872:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
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835:
831:
827:
822:
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812:
808:
807:
801:
797:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
739:
735:
729:
725:
724:
718:
714:
712:0-7923-0862-X
708:
704:
703:
697:
693:
687:
683:
682:
676:
675:
671:
663:
658:
655:
651:
646:
643:
640:, p. 48.
639:
634:
631:
628:, p. 61.
627:
622:
619:
616:, p. 42.
615:
614:Van Dyke 2009
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
593:
590:
587:, p. 43.
586:
585:Van Dyke 2009
581:
578:
574:
569:
566:
562:
557:
554:
550:
545:
542:
538:
533:
530:
527:, p. 64.
526:
525:Buchholz 1987
521:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
497:
494:
491:, p. 22.
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
449:, p. 77.
448:
443:
441:
439:
435:
432:, p. 21.
431:
426:
423:
420:, p. 51.
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
393:, p. 20.
392:
387:
385:
381:
378:, p. 18.
377:
372:
369:
366:, p. 17.
365:
360:
357:
354:, p. 25.
353:
348:
345:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
295:
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267:
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248:
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209:
207:
202:
198:
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186:
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174:
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159:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
100:
97:(NLL) in the
96:
91:
84:
82:
80:
76:
71:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1172:Sea of Japan
1061:
923:
907:. Retrieved
902:
879:
856:
852:
829:
805:
785:
781:
766:the original
753:
749:
722:
701:
680:
657:
645:
633:
621:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
469:
425:
405:, p. 5.
398:
371:
359:
347:
268:
261:
257:
254:
242:
238:
227:
224:Sea of Japan
210:
182:
178:
169:
160:
149:
133:Syngman Rhee
130:
122:Sea of Japan
108:specified a
103:
72:
64:
48:Sea of Japan
35:
33:
1072:Philippines
1062:North Korea
1057:New Zealand
672:Works cited
245:South Korea
230:trapezoidal
124:, known as
75:trapezoidal
29:North Korea
1167:Yellow Sea
1136:Categories
339:References
201:Ji Guoxing
197:Korean Bay
175:Yellow Sea
118:Yellow Sea
99:Yellow Sea
67:Korean Bay
60:Korean War
44:Yellow Sea
1102:Sri Lanka
1027:Indonesia
982:Australia
264:Bohai Bay
27:(EEZ) of
1107:Thailand
1082:Portugal
1067:Pakistan
1042:Malaysia
489:Kim 2017
474:Kim 2017
462:Zou 2016
447:Kim 2017
430:Kim 2017
418:Kim 2017
403:Lee 2002
391:Kim 2017
376:Kim 2017
364:Kim 2017
277:See also
46:and the
1122:Vietnam
1092:Somalia
1012:Germany
997:Croatia
251:Economy
85:History
1087:Russia
1077:Poland
1052:Mexico
1017:Greece
1007:France
1002:Cyprus
992:Canada
987:Brazil
930:
909:25 May
886:
863:
836:
813:
792:
730:
709:
688:
166:Extent
50:. The
1097:Spain
1047:Malta
1037:Japan
1032:Italy
1022:India
769:(PDF)
746:(PDF)
928:ISBN
911:2020
884:ISBN
861:ISBN
834:ISBN
811:ISBN
790:ISBN
728:ISBN
707:ISBN
686:ISBN
189:Yalu
183:The
104:The
93:The
34:The
23:The
758:doi
1138::
901:.
855:.
851:.
828:.
784:.
780:.
754:27
752:.
748:.
604:^
481:^
454:^
437:^
410:^
383:^
266:.
236:.
81:.
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950:v
936:.
892:.
869:.
857:3
842:.
819:.
798:.
786:3
760::
736:.
715:.
694:.
664:.
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