293:, additional magnet school programs for children with special talents were developed at facilities in locations that parents would have otherwise found undesirable. That effort to both attract voluntary enrollment and achieve the desired racial balance met with considerable success and helped improve the acceptance of farther distances, hardships with transportation for extracurricular activities, and the separation of siblings. Even as districts such as Richmond were released from desegregation court orders, the parental selection of magnet school programs has continued to create more racially diverse schools than would have otherwise been possible. With a wide range of magnet schools available, a suitable program could be found for more children than only the "bright" ones for whom the earliest efforts were directed.
240:
ideas designed to influence public education were put into practice, including
Schools without Walls, Schools within a School, Multicultural Schools, Continuation Schools, Learning Centers, Fundamental Schools, and Magnet Schools. "These schools were characterized by parent, student, and teacher choice, autonomy in learning and pace, non-competitive evaluation, and a child centered approach." Magnet schools have been the most successful of the ideas that originated from the Open Schools movement. It was expounded in 1971 by educator Nolan Estes, superintendent of
389:
student body, which is higher than the 23% found in magnet schools without such services. Moreover, 11.9% of magnet schools that do not provide transportation are largely one-race, while only 6.4% of magnet schools with the provision of transportation are characterized as one-race schools. Such services are integral in ensuring that potential out-of-neighborhood students have access to these schools of choice. Ultimately, the presence of free transportation contributes to more integrated magnet environments.
187:
although there is some overlap, their origins and missions remain largely distinct. The first type of magnet school is the fully competitive admissions magnet school. These schools use competitive admissions, usually rely on a standardized assessment score, and are structured to serve and support populations that are 100% gifted and/or talented students. Schools in this group generally rank among the top 100 public high schools in the United States. Examples of this type of school and program include the
430:
1975:
156:
393:
assumptions privilege some families over others. Parents who seek out magnet schools tend to be Asian, educated, middle-class, and
English-fluent. Thus, in order to break down the racial disparities these schools were intended to dismantle, magnet school programs have to be intentional in not only their outreach efforts, but also how they create the application text itself.
38:
1985:
286:
One of the goals of magnet schools is to eliminate, reduce, and prevent minority group isolation while providing the students with a stronger knowledge of academic subjects and vocational skills. Magnet schools still continue to be models for school improvement plans and provide students with opportunities to succeed in a diverse learning environment.
1964:
444:
232:, in 1968. This second type of magnet can often take the form of "a school within a school," meaning that the school may have no competitive admissions for the majority of the school population, and even the magnet program itself may not have fully competitive admissions. This is consistent with the equity-based objectives of such programs.
175:
307:
Traditionally, these magnet schools are found in neighborhoods with large minority populations. They advertise their unique educational curricula in order to attract white students who do not live in the surrounding area. In this way, the schools act as a "magnet" pulling out-of-neighborhood students
285:
segregation of schools in poorer areas. To encourage the voluntary desegregation, districts started developing magnet schools to draw students to specialized schools all across their districts. Each magnet school would have a specialized curriculum that would draw students based on their interests.
273:
that had afflicted the school district since the 1960s. The district's annual budget more than tripled in the process. The expenditure per pupil and the student-teacher ratio were the best of any major school district in the nation. Many high schools were given college-level facilities. Still, test
239:
of children far from their homes, and building closer schools to achieve the required balance. Later, voluntary school integration plans were developed. One approach that educators within the public school system came up with was open schools. During the Open
Schools movement of the 1970s, several
186:
In the United States, the term "magnet school" refers to public schools with enrichment programs that are designed to attract and serve certain targeted subgroups of potential students and their families. There are two major categories of public magnet school structures in the United States, and
388:
Access to free transportation is a key component in facilitating racial diversity in magnet schools. According to a survey distributed at the Magnet
Schools of America's (MSA) 2008 annual meeting, in magnet schools with free transportation services, non-white students comprise almost 33% of the
392:
Across the country, magnet school application forms assume that its readers are proficient in reading and writing in
English, understand the school's curriculum, and recognize what kinds of resources are offered to students at that respective school. In diverse urban contexts especially, these
300:. Capital Prep, a year-round school where more than 80% of its students are black and Latino, boasts a near-0% dropout rate; 100% of its 2009 senior class was sent to a four-year college. According to the school's principal, the goal is to prepare all of its students for college.
317:
303:
Since coming into fruition, the number of magnet schools has risen dramatically. Over 232 school districts housed magnet school programs in the early 1990s. By the end of the decade, nearly 1,400 magnet schools were operating across the country.
274:
scores in the magnet schools did not rise; the black-white gap did not diminish; and there was less, not greater, integration. Finally, on
September 20, 2011, The Missouri Board of Education voted unanimously to withdraw the district's
627:
Lange, C. M. & Sletten, S. J. (2002, February). Alternative education: A brief history and research synthesis (Project FORUM). Alexandria, VA: National
Association of State Directors of Special Education. Retrieved March 2, 2009,
147:
to declare it the first magnet school in the country. Bartram's curriculum was concentrated in the commercial field, offering commercial and business training to students from all over
Philadelphia.
951:
947:
549:
192:
41:
114:, as is the case with several "schools within a school". In large urban areas, several magnet schools with different specializations may be combined into a single "center," such as
936:) ("Alternatives a la segregació escolar als Estats Units: el cas de les magnet schools"/"Alternativas a la segregación escolar en Estados Unidos: el caso de las magnet schools").
926:" ("Alternatives a la segregació escolar als Estats Units: el cas de les magnet schools"/"Alternativas a la segregación escolar en Estados Unidos: el caso de las magnet schools").
199:
in the
District of Columbia, and nine schools that all use competitive admissions and are overseen by the New York City Department of Education (which still uses the older term "
1127:
203:" instead of "magnet school" to refer to them). Another type of "magnet school" or "magnet program" emerged in the United States in the 1970s as one means of remedying
281:
Districts started embracing the magnet school models in the hope that their geographically open admissions would end racial segregation in "good" schools and decrease
979:
554:
943:
933:
923:
129:. Most of these are academically selective. Other schools are built around elite-sporting programs or teach agricultural skills such as farming or animal husbandry.
2014:
511:
U.S. Department of
Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement, Innovations in Education: Creating Successful Magnet Schools Programs, Washington, D.C., 2004.
207:
in public schools, and they were written into law in Section 5301 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Authorization. Demographic trends following the 1954
877:
André-Bechely, Lois (2004). "The Goals of a Voluntary Integration Program and the Problems of Access: A Closer Look at a Magnet School Application Brochure".
320:
79:" refers to how magnet schools accept students from different areas, pulling students out of the normal progression of schools. Attending them is voluntary.
196:
159:
1882:
492:
200:
971:
966:
1522:
1434:
254:
racial segregation. Funds were given to school districts that implemented voluntary desegregation plans or court orders to reduce racial isolation.
126:
235:
With the magnets designed to increase equity, at first school districts tried using involuntary plans which involved court-ordered attendance, the
188:
75:. Normally, a student will attend an elementary school, and this also determines the middle school and high school they attend unless they move. "
103:
1470:
1003:
919:
853:
1833:
182:, work on an art project. After studying the physical environment of the planet Mars, they are now designing a suitable Martian community.
296:
Some 21st-century magnet schools have de-emphasized the racial integration aspects, such as Capital Prep Magnet School, a high school in
1475:
414:
241:
1053:
245:
668:
1897:
822:
Le, Chinh; Frankenberg, Erica (2008). "The Post-Parents Involved Challenge: Confronting Extralegal Obstacles to Integration".
1480:
708:
53:
1892:
1239:
133:
115:
346:
system among students who apply, while others combine elements of competitive entrance and a lottery among applicants.
350:
209:
1988:
1773:
1168:
339:
266:
1178:
1081:
472:
324:
275:
1500:
1416:
1188:
140:
594:"Building a Constituency for Racial Integration: Chicago's Magnet Schools and the Prehistory of School Choice"
2009:
1948:
1568:
1535:
1314:
651:
938:
928:
664:
Magnet Schools of America (2007). Magnet schools in America: A brief history. Retrieved February 20, 2009,
1778:
1356:
1309:
144:
2019:
1978:
1615:
1452:
1361:
1349:
1046:
754:
467:
297:
1788:
1783:
1642:
1627:
1595:
1580:
1563:
1442:
1429:
1324:
1183:
1173:
435:
382:
331:
236:
111:
1860:
1803:
1334:
1329:
1266:
1150:
349:
Most magnet schools concentrate on a particular discipline or area of study, while others (such as
323:
in Baltimore specializes in performing and visual arts, including theatre and dance and is also a
1873:
1843:
1808:
1742:
1558:
1490:
1381:
1254:
1229:
1198:
894:
859:
804:
796:
457:
402:
290:
229:
204:
68:
65:
779:
Goldring, Ellen; Smrekar, Claire (2002). "Magnet Schools: Reform and Race in Urban Education".
1813:
1793:
1647:
1637:
1600:
1495:
1304:
1276:
1158:
1109:
1072:
849:
629:
408:
258:
83:
45:
31:
1923:
1855:
1838:
1798:
1752:
1698:
1683:
1661:
1632:
1507:
1286:
1271:
1223:
1094:
1039:
1014:
1009:
886:
788:
605:
487:
477:
462:
221:
213:
95:
846:
Educational Delusions? : Why Choice Can Deepen Inequality and How to Make Schools Fair
1850:
1732:
1688:
1678:
1512:
1391:
672:
378:
370:
358:
136:
99:
1019:
1968:
1887:
1757:
1573:
1465:
1447:
1424:
1319:
1218:
1193:
1139:
665:
520:
449:
2003:
1918:
1747:
1673:
1386:
1234:
1163:
1134:
1122:
898:
808:
729:
U.S. Department of Education. Magnet school assistance. Retrieved February 27, 2009,
686:"Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment"
544:
482:
87:
316:
1913:
1605:
1590:
1530:
1396:
1244:
1213:
1117:
1099:
915:
863:
841:
270:
217:
61:
741:
Magnet Schools of America. About MSA. Retrieved February 27, 2009, www.magnet.edu
30:
This article is about magnet schools. For other types of specialized school, see
1517:
1203:
362:
354:
179:
91:
1024:
155:
1737:
1344:
957:
890:
792:
567:
425:
366:
72:
1460:
1089:
353:
schools) have a more general focus. Magnet programs may focus on academics (
335:
1943:
685:
17:
308:
that would otherwise go to a school in their traditional attendance zone.
248:
was developed in the early 1980s as a way to encourage schools to address
37:
1693:
1339:
374:
262:
250:
107:
924:
Alternatives to School Segregation in the US: The Case of Magnet Schools
800:
610:
593:
1708:
1703:
1299:
1294:
961:
343:
163:
342:. Other magnet schools either select all students who apply, or use a
330:
Some magnet schools have a competitive entrance process, requiring an
1208:
1062:
225:
119:
76:
1020:
Innovations in Education: Creating Successful Magnet School Programs
1000:, The National Association of Magnet and Theme-Based Schools (U.S.)
174:
755:"Principal's tough love, high expectations gets kids into college"
315:
228:. The first charter school, McCarver Elementary School, opened in
173:
167:
154:
649:"Super Highs Sought: Estes Unveils Plan for Specialty Schools."
1035:
1031:
758:
709:"Missouri strips Kansas City School District of accreditation"
178:
These 2nd graders from Buchanan Math Science Magnet School in
48:, one of the highest rated magnet schools in the United States
102:
and draw only from the district, while others are set up by
533:
After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation.
997:
1015:
Innovations in Education: Successful Magnet High Schools
922:
professor and co-director of the Civil Rights Project) "
193:
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology
125:
Other countries have similar types of schools, such as
42:
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology
170:, is a magnet school specializing in medical sciences
730:
27:
Public schools with specialized courses or curricula
1936:
1906:
1869:
1822:
1766:
1725:
1660:
1614:
1547:
1409:
1374:
1285:
1253:
1149:
1108:
1080:
1070:
550:
The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980
216:decision revealed a pattern later characterized as
224:of blacks and whites, as the latter moved to the
94:levels. In the United States, where education is
848:. University of California Press. p. 118.
265:to fund the creation of magnet schools in the
1047:
1010:Creating and Sustaining Successful K–8 Magnet
8:
321:Patapsco High School and Center for the Arts
749:
747:
623:
621:
383:technical/vocational/agricultural education
1826:
1666:
1620:
1551:
1259:
1077:
1054:
1040:
1032:
160:DeBakey High School for Health Professions
609:
493:Specialized high schools in New York City
289:Within a few years, in locations such as
98:, some magnet schools are established by
127:specialist schools in the United Kingdom
36:
504:
189:Maine School of Science and Mathematics
2015:Public education in the United States
920:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
1984:
1834:Ancient higher-learning institutions
879:Equity & Excellence in Education
592:Kryczka, Nicholas (February 2019).
568:"A Brief History of Magnet Schools"
110:. Other magnet programs are within
242:Dallas Independent School District
25:
535:Princeton University Press, 2004.
246:Magnet Schools Assistance Program
1983:
1974:
1973:
1962:
442:
428:
82:There are magnet schools at the
684:Ciotti, Paul (16 March 1998).
640:Lange and Sletten (2002), p. 4
1:
844:; Frankenberg, Erica (2013).
278:status from January 1, 2012.
1240:University technical college
1004:U.S. Department of Education
261:judge required the state of
351:International Baccalaureate
210:Brown v. Board of Education
106:and may draw from multiple
2036:
1169:College-preparatory school
267:Kansas City Public Schools
29:
1957:
1829:
1669:
1623:
1554:
1262:
1179:Comprehensive high school
1025:Magnet Schools Assistance
998:Magnet Schools of America
891:10.1080/10665680490500370
793:10.1080/00098650209604939
473:Magnet Schools of America
325:Comprehensive high school
312:Enrollment and curriculum
276:educational accreditation
54:the U.S. education system
1536:State-integrated school
1410:By funding / eligibility
1189:Continuation high school
553:. Basic Books, 1984. p.
405:in post-Soviet countries
197:The School Without Walls
141:John Bartram High School
1949:Educational institution
1569:Anarchistic free school
1315:Institute of technology
652:The Dallas Morning News
531:Charles T. Clotfelter.
1779:Compensatory education
1531:State or public school
1357:Upper division college
824:Ohio State Law Journal
327:
183:
171:
145:Southwest Philadelphia
49:
1435:Comprehensive school
1362:Vocational university
468:Exceptional education
319:
298:Hartford, Connecticut
257:From 1985 to 1999, a
177:
158:
112:comprehensive schools
40:
1898:in the United States
1789:Continuing education
1784:Compulsory education
1628:Free school movement
1596:Single-sex education
1581:International school
1564:Democratic education
1443:For-profit education
1430:Community day school
1325:Liberal arts college
1184:Comprehensive school
1174:Collegiate institute
598:History of Education
436:United States portal
332:entrance examination
1907:Informal or illegal
1861:Medieval university
1804:Inclusive education
1774:College preparatory
1335:Residential college
1330:Research university
1267:Professional school
1142:/ Elementary school
864:10.1525/j.ctt24hsqs
611:10.1017/heq.2018.49
116:Skyline High School
1969:Schools portal
1874:indigenous peoples
1871:Schools imposed on
1809:Remedial education
1743:Distance education
1559:Alternative school
1548:By style / purpose
1523:Specialist school
1382:All-through school
1230:Sixth form college
952:Profile in Spanish
948:Profile in Catalan
944:Archive of profile
934:Archive of profile
781:The Clearing House
707:Oberholtz, Chris.
671:2008-03-19 at the
458:Alternative school
403:Specialized school
397:In other countries
381:) or may focus on
328:
291:Richmond, Virginia
230:Tacoma, Washington
205:racial segregation
201:specialized school
184:
172:
50:
1997:
1996:
1932:
1931:
1814:Special education
1794:Further education
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1656:
1655:
1643:Montessori school
1638:Laboratory school
1601:Specialist school
1539:
1526:
1471:UK private school
1456:
1438:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1370:
1369:
1305:Community college
1277:Vocational school
1159:Adult high school
1073:educational stage
939:Debats d'Educació
929:Debats d'Educació
855:978-0-520-27474-7
655:, 29 August 1971.
409:Specialist school
259:US district court
104:state governments
46:Fairfax, Virginia
32:Specialist school
16:(Redirected from
2027:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1856:Cathedral school
1839:Platonic Academy
1827:
1799:Gifted education
1753:Prison education
1699:Parochial school
1684:Christian school
1667:
1633:Folk high school
1621:
1552:
1537:
1525:(United Kingdom)
1524:
1508:Selective school
1454:
1436:
1418:
1272:Technical school
1260:
1224:Secondary school
1128:Global influence
1095:Pre-kindergarten
1078:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1033:
985:
976:
972:Audio in Catalan
967:Audio in English
958:Video in English
903:
902:
874:
868:
867:
838:
832:
831:
819:
813:
812:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
751:
742:
739:
733:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
688:. Cato Institute
681:
675:
662:
656:
647:
641:
638:
632:
630:projectforum.org
625:
616:
615:
613:
589:
583:
582:
580:
578:
564:
558:
542:
536:
529:
523:
518:
512:
509:
488:Selective school
478:Public education
463:Education reform
452:
447:
446:
445:
438:
433:
432:
431:
415:Selective school
359:natural sciences
222:hypersegregation
214:US Supreme Court
100:school districts
21:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1928:
1902:
1893:in South Africa
1876:
1872:
1865:
1851:Monastic school
1818:
1762:
1733:Boarding school
1713:
1689:Female seminary
1679:Catholic school
1652:
1610:
1543:
1513:Separate school
1401:
1392:One-room school
1366:
1310:Graduate school
1281:
1249:
1145:
1104:
1082:Early childhood
1066:
1060:
994:
983:
974:
912:
910:Further reading
907:
906:
876:
875:
871:
856:
840:
839:
835:
821:
820:
816:
778:
777:
773:
764:
762:
761:. July 22, 2009
753:
752:
745:
740:
736:
728:
724:
714:
712:
706:
705:
701:
691:
689:
683:
682:
678:
673:Wayback Machine
663:
659:
648:
644:
639:
635:
626:
619:
591:
590:
586:
576:
574:
566:
565:
561:
543:
539:
530:
526:
519:
515:
510:
506:
501:
448:
443:
441:
434:
429:
427:
424:
399:
379:performing arts
371:social sciences
314:
269:to reverse the
153:
137:Hubert Humphrey
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:Magnet schools
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1937:Related topics
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1924:in South Tyrol
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:in New Zealand
1885:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1758:Virtual school
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1648:Waldorf school
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:Sudbury school
1571:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1466:Private school
1463:
1458:
1450:
1448:Free education
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1425:Charter school
1422:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:Junior college
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1219:Minor seminary
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Grammar school
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1140:Primary school
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1001:
993:
992:External links
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
977:
969:
964:
911:
908:
905:
904:
885:(3): 302–315.
869:
854:
833:
814:
771:
743:
734:
722:
699:
676:
657:
642:
633:
617:
584:
559:
537:
524:
513:
503:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
453:
450:Schools portal
439:
423:
420:
419:
418:
412:
406:
398:
395:
313:
310:
152:
149:
134:Vice President
132:In 1965, then
62:public schools
58:magnet schools
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2032:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Homeschooling
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Bible college
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Magnet school
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:(New Zealand)
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:international
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Middle school
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Studio school
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:/ High school
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Cadet college
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Junior school
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:Infant school
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
991:
981:
980:Complete text
978:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
916:Orfield, Gary
914:
913:
909:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
851:
847:
843:
842:Orfield, Gary
837:
834:
829:
825:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
760:
756:
750:
748:
744:
738:
735:
732:
726:
723:
710:
703:
700:
687:
680:
677:
674:
670:
667:
661:
658:
654:
653:
646:
643:
637:
634:
631:
624:
622:
618:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
585:
573:
569:
563:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
545:Diane Ravitch
541:
538:
534:
528:
525:
522:
517:
514:
508:
505:
498:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:School choice
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
440:
437:
426:
421:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:
322:
318:
311:
309:
305:
301:
299:
294:
292:
287:
284:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
252:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:in Virginia,
194:
190:
181:
176:
169:
165:
161:
157:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:decentralized
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2020:School types
1606:Vocal school
1591:Music school
1585:
1453:Free school
1397:Ranch school
1245:Upper school
1214:Maths school
1118:First school
1100:Kindergarten
984:(in Catalan)
975:(in Catalan)
937:
927:
882:
878:
872:
845:
836:
830:: 1015–1072.
827:
823:
817:
787:(1): 13–15.
784:
780:
774:
763:. Retrieved
737:
725:
713:. Retrieved
702:
690:. Retrieved
679:
660:
650:
645:
636:
601:
597:
587:
575:. Retrieved
571:
562:
548:
540:
532:
527:
516:
507:
417:in Australia
391:
387:
348:
329:
306:
302:
295:
288:
282:
280:
271:white flight
256:
249:
234:
218:white flight
208:
185:
131:
124:
81:
57:
51:
1726:By location
1616:Progressive
1518:Sink school
1487:University
1476:preparatory
1204:Hauptschule
1006:resources:
715:26 February
692:26 February
604:(1): 1–34.
363:engineering
355:mathematics
180:Los Angeles
92:high school
66:specialized
18:Exam school
2004:Categories
1914:in Ireland
1823:Historical
1738:Day school
1350:Collegiate
1345:University
765:2009-07-23
666:magnet.edu
572:magnet.edu
499:References
367:humanities
84:elementary
1919:in Greece
1883:in Canada
1662:Religious
1461:Institute
1455:(England)
1437:(British)
1419:(England)
1199:Gymnasium
1151:Secondary
1090:Preschool
899:144204231
809:144406358
577:15 August
336:interview
108:districts
73:curricula
1979:Category
1767:By scope
1694:Gurukula
1417:Academy
1375:Combined
1340:Seminary
1255:Tertiary
801:30189779
669:Archived
422:See also
340:audition
283:de facto
263:Missouri
251:de facto
139:came to
1989:Commons
1709:Yeshiva
1704:Madrasa
1491:private
1300:College
1295:Academy
1110:Primary
962:YouTube
711:. KCTV5
344:lottery
226:suburbs
164:Houston
151:History
69:courses
1844:Lyceum
1496:public
1481:public
1287:Higher
1209:Lyceum
1063:School
946:). --
897:
862:
852:
807:
799:
731:ed.gov
521:ed.gov
361:, and
244:. The
237:busing
220:, the
120:Dallas
90:, and
88:middle
77:Magnet
1065:types
960:, at
895:S2CID
860:JSTOR
805:S2CID
797:JSTOR
411:in UK
338:, or
168:Texas
64:with
1944:K–12
850:ISBN
717:2012
694:2012
579:2021
375:fine
60:are
1071:By
942:. (
932:. (
887:doi
789:doi
759:CNN
606:doi
555:177
377:or
162:in
143:in
118:in
71:or
52:In
44:in
2006::
982:.
954:.
950:,
893:.
883:37
881:.
858:.
828:69
826:.
803:.
795:.
785:76
783:.
757:.
746:^
620:^
602:59
600:.
596:.
570:.
547:.
385:.
373:;
369:;
365:;
357:,
334:,
191:,
166:,
122:.
86:,
56:,
1055:e
1048:t
1041:v
918:(
901:.
889::
866:.
811:.
791::
768:.
719:.
696:.
614:.
608::
581:.
557:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
