1216:, up or down, current or not, etc.). Information capacity of a storage system is only an upper bound to the quantity of information stored therein. If the two possible values of one bit of storage are not equally likely, that bit of storage contains less than one bit of information. If the value is completely predictable, then the reading of that value provides no information at all (zero entropic bits, because no resolution of uncertainty occurs and therefore no information is available). If a computer file that uses
1166:
1898:, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on. It is just as easy to use all six bits in
1940:
was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six. Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion. Its first use was in the context of the input-output equipment of the 1950s, which handled six bits at a time. The possibility of going to 8 bit bytes was
1236:
technology. Using an analogy, the hardware binary digits refer to the amount of storage space available (like the number of buckets available to store things), and the information content the filling, which comes in different levels of granularity (fine or coarse, that is, compressed or uncompressed
1977:
is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (ie, different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual
2120:
Information in Small Bits is a book produced as part of a non-profit outreach project of the IEEE Information Theory
Society. The book introduces Claude Shannon and basic concepts of Information Theory to children 8 and older using relatable cartoon stories and problem-solving
1129:". Like the byte, the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design, and is typically between 8 and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In the 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits.
405:. In all those systems, the medium (card or tape) conceptually carried an array of hole positions; each position could be either punched through or not, thus carrying one bit of information. The encoding of text by bits was also used in
1244:
of hardware digits. However, when this storage space is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295 exabytes of information. When optimally compressed, the resulting carrying capacity approaches
1994:
took over many of the
Stretch concepts, including the basic byte and word sizes, which are powers of 2. For economy, however, the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum, and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing.
1118:. The trend in hardware design converged on the most common implementation of using eight bits per byte, as it is widely used today. However, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit
722:, which specifies that the symbol for binary digit should be 'bit', and this should be used in all multiples, such as 'kbit', for kilobit. However, the lower-case letter 'b' is widely used as well and was recommended by the
319:, but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. Frequently, half, full, double and quadruple words consist of a number of bytes which is a low power of two. A string of four bits is usually a
1893:
on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits. Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit
1941:
considered in August 1956 and incorporated in the design of
Stretch shortly thereafter. The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper "Processing Data in Bits and Pieces" by
1702:
The choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information. If the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly
524:
at the output of a device are represented by no higher than 0.4 volts and no lower than 2.6 volts, respectively; while TTL inputs are specified to recognize 0.8 volts or below as
1873:
Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit
1358:(Hart). One shannon is the maximum amount of information needed to specify the state of one bit of storage. These are related by 1 Sh ≈ 0.693 nat ≈ 0.301 Hart.
2019:
1090:
Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways. For convenience of representing commonly reoccurring groups of bits in information technology, several
194:
2144:
1858:
1295:, is referred to, it is usually specified by a number from 0 upwards corresponding to its position within the byte or word. However, 0 can refer to either the
755:
2244:
1337:, but there is in general no meaning to adding, subtracting or otherwise combining the units mathematically, although one may act as a bound on the other.
2509:
715:
2186:
1492:
512:. Different logic families require different voltages, and variations are allowed to account for component aging and noise immunity. For example, in
1973:
denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than
1955:
2880:
2514:
1564:
used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus
Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons.
1470:
2504:
2499:
1552:
computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr.
428:
1136:
defines a series of decimal prefixes for multiples of standardized units which are commonly also used with the bit and the byte. The prefixes
1478:
2487:
2388:
2180:
1772:
1659:
187:
1918:
340:
variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known. As a
568:, a bit was often stored as the position of a mechanical lever or gear, or the presence or absence of a hole at a specific point of a
1789:
925:
600:, starting in the 1940s, computer builders experimented with a variety of storage methods, such as pressure pulses traveling down a
1932:
The first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing
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513:
2638:
2237:
365:
standard. Use of the latter may create confusion with the capital "B" which is the international standard symbol for the byte.
180:
1619:
2755:
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2492:
2454:
2034:
2011:
1946:
2046:
2133:
2946:
1727:
1667:
1133:
711:
1839:
2655:
2585:
2433:
2308:
1874:
1781:
1398:
1126:
671:
435:, who had written a Bell Labs memo on 9 January 1947 in which he contracted "binary information digit" to simply "bit".
1819:
1240:
For example, it is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300
2910:
741:
552:
optionally processes bits one at a time. Data transfer rates are usually measured in decimal SI multiples of the unit
2212:
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2533:
2230:
2172:
1408:
1077:
2843:
2795:
2707:
2685:
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2608:
2474:
2078:
1233:
443:
A bit can be stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in either of two possible distinct
2936:
2717:
2381:
1966:
1273:) operate at the level of manipulating bits rather than manipulating data interpreted as an aggregate of bits.
1237:
information). When the granularity is finer—when information is more compressed—the same bucket can hold more.
690:, a bit may be represented by the presence or absence of a conducting path at a certain point of a circuit. In
683:
486:
Bits can be implemented in several forms. In most modern computing devices, a bit is usually represented by an
444:
236:
1524:
1902:
work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits.
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2785:
2203:
1266:
448:
647:
film, or by a change in polarity from one direction to the other. The same principle was later used in the
2613:
2469:
2428:
2423:
1461:
1434:
924:
648:
122:
2206:– a tool providing conversions between bit, byte, kilobit, kilobyte, megabit, megabyte, gigabit, gigabyte
508:(or a logical value of true) is represented by a more positive voltage relative to the representation of
2603:
2578:
1878:
1764:
1722:
1655:
1374:
1300:
1115:
1103:
545:
382:
2405:
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2155:, 332(6025), 60-65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
2069:
1520:
1330:
1312:
1296:
1091:
667:
624:
414:
212:
54:
31:
564:
In the earliest non-electronic information processing devices, such as
Jacquard's loom or Babbage's
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341:
333:
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142:
49:
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instructions to set or copy the bits that corresponded to a given rectangular area on the screen.
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2838:
2790:
2765:
2550:
2519:
2097:
2007:
1942:
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in June 1956, which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single
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589:
585:
464:
329:
61:
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1694:
294:
is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within the same device or
1177:. The reason given is: it cites a fact about global information content in computers from 2007.
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2650:
2464:
2459:
2277:
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2152:
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1785:
1707:
1484:
1474:
1262:
1205:
1119:
613:
565:
549:
424:
351:
84:
2219:– a tool for computing file sizes, storage capacity, and digital information in various units
2166:
1196:
When the information capacity of a storage system or a communication channel is presented in
2890:
2775:
2573:
2087:
1744:
1736:
1684:
1676:
1439:
687:
620:
605:
593:
494:
460:
394:
295:
291:
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2760:
2712:
2645:
2216:
2148:
2137:
2026:
2015:
1950:
1914:
1835:
1823:
1749:
1689:
1553:
1365:
as an arbitrary information unit equivalent to some fixed but unspecified number of bits.
1287:
In most computers and programming languages, when a bit within a group of bits, such as a
1099:
675:
390:
386:
1110:
multibyte encoding took over) in a computer and for this reason it was used as the basic
1179:
Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.
726:. In contrast, the upper case letter 'B' is the standard and customary symbol for byte.
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723:
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346:
128:
90:
70:
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1228: bits of information, then that information can in principle be encoded in about
2925:
2770:
1969:(1962). The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows:
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1111:
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656:
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628:
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337:
220:
115:
74:
2101:
1615:
2727:
2702:
2131:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"
1899:
1886:
1125:
Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named "
919:
691:
636:
609:
573:
569:
374:
358:
1959:, June 1959, page 121. The notions of that paper were elaborated in Chapter 4 of
1144:(10) increment by multiples of one thousand, and the corresponding units are the
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1933:
1854:
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1991:
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80:
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719:
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472:
309:
286:
The relation between these values and the physical states of the underlying
216:
2209:
2092:
2073:
702:, bits are encoded as the thickness of alternating black and white lines.
2800:
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2350:
2345:
1379:
1149:
699:
577:
2329:
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2222:
1241:
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808:
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596:
which could be either "open" or "closed". When relays were replaced by
490:
456:
132:
94:
2117:
1280:
computer displays became popular, some computers provided specialized
17:
2293:
2272:
1413:
1322:
1318:
1281:
1277:
1141:
452:
321:
157:
1232: bits, at least on the average. This principle is the basis of
1532:
423:
suggested the use of a logarithmic measure of information in 1928.
30:
This article is about the unit of information. For other uses, see
1423:
1137:
1107:
163:
151:
38:
619:
In the 1950s and 1960s, these methods were largely supplanted by
2418:
2298:
2042:
1980:
1937:
1882:
1557:
1488:
1393:
1383:
1292:
1288:
1122:
was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits.
1095:
592:, and Konrad Zuse's computer) represented bits as the states of
315:
2370:
2226:
307:, a bit vector, or a single-dimensional (or multi-dimensional)
1850:
1545:
1159:
674:, the two values of a bit may be represented by two levels of
480:
398:
2366:
2113:
2111:
1340:
Units of information used in information theory include the
298:. It may be physically implemented with a two-state device.
576:. The first electrical devices for discrete logic (such as
2074:"A proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters"
1725:(October 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".
1094:
have traditionally been used. The most common is the unit
497:
pulse, or by the electrical state of a flip-flop circuit.
409:(1844) and early digital communications machines such as
357:
The symbol for the binary digit is either "bit", per the
301:
A contiguous group of binary digits is commonly called a
37:"Qbit (quettabit)" redirects here. For quantum bits, see
361::2008 standard, or the lowercase character "b", per the
1811:
National
Institute of Standards and Technology (2008),
239:. These values are most commonly represented as either
2037:/ The Maple Press Company, York, PA., pp. 39–40,
1813:
651:
developed in the 1980s, and is still found in various
373:
The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the
427:
first used the word "bit" in his seminal 1948 paper "
2829:
2738:
2624:
2594:
2559:
2447:
2404:
2338:
2317:
2286:
2260:
694:, a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a
1204:, this often refers to binary digits, which is a
639:, where a bit was represented by the polarity of
1984:, but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to
1650:
1648:
1156:Information capacity and information compression
698:pit on a reflective surface. In one-dimensional
479:, the orientation of reversible double stranded
1469:. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.).
381:and Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1732), developed by
2382:
2238:
1463:Coded Character Sets, History and Development
749:
188:
8:
2151:, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011),
2031:Planning a Computer System – Project Stretch
1962:Planning a Computer System (Project Stretch)
1885:" as we have called them, to be sent to the
1576:Anderson, John B.; Johnnesson, Rolf (2006),
1515:
1513:
604:, charges stored on the inside surface of a
516:(TTL) and compatible circuits, digit values
401:. A variant of that idea was the perforated
313:. A group of eight bits is called one
2389:
2375:
2367:
2245:
2231:
2223:
756:
742:
447:. These may be the two stable states of a
195:
181:
45:
2091:
1748:
1688:
716:International Electrotechnical Commission
1956:IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers
1660:"A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
397:, and early computer manufacturers like
1877:, coming from Memory in parallel, into
1471:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
1452:
141:
103:
60:
1889:serially. The 60 bits are dumped into
1774:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
1578:Understanding Information Transmission
544:, and by a multiple number of bits in
540:Bits are transmitted one at a time in
429:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
1978:characters. (The term is coined from
7:
1329:and data storage size have the same
1220: bits of storage contains only
251:, but other representations such as
1961:
1741:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x
1681:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
25:
1919:"The Word "Byte" Comes of Age..."
1556:, the man who DID coin the term "
1525:"Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it?"
1498:from the original on May 26, 2016
1327:information-theoretic information
2189:from the original on 2017-03-27.
1622:from the original on 2016-05-04.
1164:
2165:Bhattacharya, Amitabha (2005).
2020:"Chapter 4: Natural Data Units"
2012:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
1864:from the original on 2017-04-04
1560:" for an 8-bit grouping). The
1208:capacity to store binary data (
431:". He attributed its origin to
2035:McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
1750:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2
1690:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2
1460:Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980).
710:The bit is not defined in the
1:
2455:Arbitrary-precision or bignum
1965:, edited by W Buchholz,
1728:Bell System Technical Journal
1668:Bell System Technical Journal
1635:Information theory and coding
1134:International System of Units
712:International System of Units
608:, or opaque spots printed on
385:(1804), and later adopted by
344:, the bit is also known as a
1947:F P Brooks Jr
1782:University of Illinois Press
1399:Entropy (information theory)
672:dynamic random-access memory
1361:Some authors also define a
1349:natural unit of information
1078:Orders of magnitude of data
536:Transmission and processing
514:transistor–transistor logic
2963:
2261:Platform-independent units
2173:Tata McGraw-Hill Education
2142:Supporting online material
1529:Computer History Vignettes
1409:Integer (computer science)
1310:
1303:depending on the context.
528:and 2.2 volts or above as
36:
29:
2796:Strongly typed identifier
2118:Information in small bits
2079:Communications of the ACM
1633:Abramson, Norman (1963).
1173:This article needs to be
1076:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1043:
1029:
1015:
1001:
923:
918:
908:
781:
771:
731:
724:IEEE 1541 Standard (2002)
684:programmable logic arrays
556:(bit/s), such as kbit/s.
467:, two distinct levels of
235:with one of two possible
2287:Platform-dependent units
1967:McGraw-Hill Book Company
2871:Parametric polymorphism
1307:Other information units
643:of a certain area of a
439:Physical representation
231:. The bit represents a
1765:Shannon, Claude Elwood
1723:Shannon, Claude Elwood
1706:, a word suggested by
1656:Shannon, Claude Elwood
1592:Digital Communications
1590:Haykin, Simon (2006),
1435:Ternary numeral system
1269:instructions (such as
1116:computer architectures
682:. In certain types of
649:magnetic bubble memory
451:, two positions of an
283:are also widely used.
2168:Digital Communication
2093:10.1145/368424.368435
2070:Bemer, Robert William
1840:"7. The Shift Matrix"
1521:Bemer, Robert William
1375:Binary numeral system
1301:least significant bit
546:parallel transmission
415:stock ticker machines
383:Joseph Marie Jacquard
62:Information-theoretic
2947:Units of information
2254:Units of information
1943:G A Blaauw
1335:units of measurement
1313:Units of information
1092:units of information
668:semiconductor memory
625:magnetic-core memory
471:, two directions of
463:levels allowed by a
32:Bit (disambiguation)
2876:Primitive data type
2781:Recursive data type
2634:Algebraic data type
2510:Quadruple precision
2008:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
1822:3 June 2016 at the
1604:IEEE Std 260.1-2004
1419:Primitive data type
1276:In the 1980s, when
1257:Bit-based computing
1251:information entropy
1247:Shannon information
1148:(kbit) through the
714:(SI). However, the
542:serial transmission
504:, a digit value of
342:unit of information
334:information entropy
213:unit of information
143:Quantum information
27:Unit of information
2839:Abstract data type
2520:Extended precision
2479:Reduced precision
2215:2016-04-06 at the
2147:2011-05-31 at the
2136:2013-07-27 at the
1282:bit block transfer
735:Multiple-bit units
602:mercury delay line
590:telephone switches
500:For devices using
330:information theory
211:is the most basic
2932:Binary arithmetic
2919:
2918:
2651:Associative array
2515:Octuple precision
2364:
2363:
2339:Metric byte units
2210:BitXByteConverter
1917:(February 1977).
1480:978-0-201-14460-4
1206:computer hardware
1194:
1193:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1071:
902:
901:
659:tickets and some
614:photolithographic
594:electrical relays
566:Analytical Engine
550:bitwise operation
453:electrical switch
425:Claude E. Shannon
352:Claude E. Shannon
332:, one bit is the
205:
204:
16:(Redirected from
2954:
2891:Type constructor
2776:Opaque data type
2708:Record or Struct
2505:Double precision
2500:Single precision
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2318:Metric bit units
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2191:
2190:
2182:978-0-07059117-2
2162:
2156:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2045:, archived from
2027:Buchholz, Werner
2024:
2016:Buchholz, Werner
2004:
1998:
1997:
1915:Buchholz, Werner
1911:
1905:
1904:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1853:. pp. 5–6.
1844:
1836:Buchholz, Werner
1832:
1826:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1794:. Archived from
1779:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1693:. Archived from
1692:
1664:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1541:
1540:
1531:. Archived from
1517:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1468:
1457:
1234:data compression
1224: <
1215:
1211:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1114:element in many
927:
906:
905:
769:
768:
758:
751:
744:
737:
729:
728:
718:issued standard
688:read-only memory
623:devices such as
621:magnetic storage
606:cathode-ray tube
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
507:
395:Herman Hollerith
250:
248:
244:
223:. The name is a
197:
190:
183:
46:
21:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2937:Primitive types
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2896:Type conversion
2831:
2825:
2761:Enumerated type
2734:
2620:
2614:null-terminated
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2555:
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2400:
2395:
2365:
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2334:
2313:
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2256:
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2217:Wayback Machine
2200:
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2194:
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2159:
2149:Wayback Machine
2138:Wayback Machine
2129:
2125:
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2063:
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2053:
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2006:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1970:
1951:W Buchholz
1913:
1912:
1908:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1847:The Link System
1842:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1824:Wayback Machine
1817:Online version.
1810:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1700:on 1998-07-15.
1697:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1554:Werner Buchholz
1538:
1536:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1481:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1442:(Trinary digit)
1371:
1315:
1309:
1259:
1213:
1209:
1202:bits per second
1190:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1106:of text (until
1100:Werner Buchholz
1088:
763:
762:
733:
708:
706:Unit and symbol
676:electric charge
562:
538:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
505:
469:light intensity
455:, two distinct
441:
391:Charles Babbage
387:Semyon Korsakov
371:
246:
242:
240:
201:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2849:Data structure
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2488:Half precision
2485:
2475:Floating point
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2204:Bit Calculator
2199:
2198:External links
2196:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2157:
2123:
2107:
2061:
1999:
1906:
1896:decimal digits
1891:magnetic cores
1857:Memo No. 39G.
1838:(1956-06-11).
1827:
1804:
1801:on 1998-07-15.
1790:
1769:Weaver, Warren
1756:
1735:(4): 623–666.
1714:
1675:(3): 379–423.
1644:
1625:
1607:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1523:(2000-08-08).
1509:
1479:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1430:Shannon (unit)
1427:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1352:(nat) and the
1331:dimensionality
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1258:
1255:
1192:
1191:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
929:
922:
917:
913:
912:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
812:
811:
806:
803:
799:
798:
793:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
775:
765:
764:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
732:
707:
704:
655:items such as
653:magnetic strip
629:magnetic tapes
561:
558:
554:bit per second
537:
534:
502:positive logic
440:
437:
379:Basile Bouchon
370:
367:
363:IEEE 1541-2002
350:, named after
203:
202:
200:
199:
192:
185:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
161:
155:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
126:
119:
106:
105:
101:
100:
99:
98:
88:
78:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Function type
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2406:Uninterpreted
2403:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:, especially
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2052:on 2017-04-03
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:Byte Magazine
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1791:0-252-72548-4
1787:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1658:(July 1948).
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1535:on 2017-04-03
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:(quantum bit)
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:(10) through
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:Multiple bits
1085:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:
928:
921:
915:
914:
911:
907:
904:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
770:
767:
766:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
736:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:optical discs
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:ferromagnetic
642:
641:magnetization
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:traffic light
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
533:
515:
503:
498:
496:
492:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:magnetization
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
433:John W. Tukey
430:
426:
422:
421:Ralph Hartley
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:punched cards
368:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
238:
234:
233:logical state
230:
226:
222:
221:communication
218:
214:
210:
198:
193:
191:
186:
184:
179:
178:
176:
175:
170:-dimensional)
169:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
140:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
59:
56:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2676:Intersection
2413:
2267:
2167:
2160:
2126:
2086:(9): 19–23.
2083:
2077:
2064:
2054:, retrieved
2047:the original
2030:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1909:
1900:alphanumeric
1872:
1866:. Retrieved
1846:
1830:
1812:
1807:
1796:the original
1773:
1759:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1703:
1701:
1695:the original
1672:
1666:
1634:
1628:
1610:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1543:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
1528:
1500:. Retrieved
1462:
1455:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1325:in physics;
1316:
1286:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1185:October 2018
1182:
1174:
1131:
1124:
1098:, coined by
1089:
734:
709:
678:stored in a
665:
661:credit cards
618:
616:techniques.
598:vacuum tubes
563:
539:
499:
485:
477:polarization
442:
419:
377:invented by
372:
359:IEC 80000-13
356:
345:
336:of a random
327:
320:
314:
308:
302:
300:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
229:binary digit
228:
219:and digital
208:
206:
167:
111:
104:Data storage
43:
2906:Type theory
2901:Type system
2751:Bottom type
2698:Option type
2639:generalized
2525:Long double
2470:Fixed point
2121:activities.
1708:J. W. Tukey
1639:McGraw-Hill
1473:p. x.
1317:Similar to
1112:addressable
696:microscopic
610:glass discs
225:portmanteau
55:information
2942:Data types
2926:Categories
2811:Empty type
2806:Type class
2756:Collection
2713:Refinement
2691:metaobject
2539:signedness
2398:Data types
2056:2017-04-03
1992:System/360
1930:(2): 144.
1879:characters
1868:2016-04-04
1616:"Units: B"
1539:2017-04-03
1502:August 25,
1447:References
1346:(Sh), the
898:quettabit
670:, such as
666:In modern
570:paper card
488:electrical
407:Morse code
403:paper tape
304:bit string
2886:Subtyping
2881:Interface
2864:metaclass
2816:Unit type
2786:Semaphore
2766:Exception
2671:Inductive
2661:Dependent
2626:Composite
2604:Character
2586:Reference
2483:Minifloat
2439:Bit array
1975:character
1404:Fuzzy bit
1389:Bitstream
1384:baud rate
1278:bitmapped
1267:processor
1265:computer
1104:character
887:ronnabit
876:yottabit
865:zettabit
720:IEC 60027
700:bar codes
680:capacitor
449:flip-flop
411:teletypes
310:bit array
217:computing
160:(ternary)
2911:Variable
2801:Top type
2666:Equality
2574:physical
2551:Rational
2546:Interval
2493:bfloat16
2356:gigabyte
2351:megabyte
2346:kilobyte
2304:syllable
2213:Archived
2187:Archived
2145:Archived
2134:Archived
2102:36115735
2072:(1959).
2043:61-10466
2018:(1962),
1859:Archived
1820:Archived
1771:(1949).
1620:Archived
1493:Archived
1489:77-90165
1380:Bit rate
1369:See also
1261:Certain
1242:exabytes
1152:(Ybit).
1150:yottabit
1068:—
1063:—
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2171:.
2110:^
2096:.
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1988:.)
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1743:.
1733:27
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985:Gb
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166:(
135:)
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93:(
87:)
83:(
77:)
73:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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