676:. The church was built with the bridge, and its structure is an integral part of it; it had an entrance on the bridge and possibly a second entrance underneath. The first record of a bridge chaplain is from 1196, suggesting that the church may have already been built by that date. A record of the completed church exists from 1214, when it was mentioned in a list of churches in Exeter, along with St Thomas's Church. It had a rectangular plan, 54 feet (16 metres) long by 16 feet 6 inches (5 metres) wide. Its south wall rested on the north side (right-hand side when crossing from the Exeter side) of the bridge and its side walls rested on the cutwaters while the north wall was supported by piers rising from the riverbed which had their own cutwaters. The bridge arch below the aisle was blocked in the 17th century, showing that by that time the river did not flow under the church. A
537:" after it was saved from demolition and wheeled to a new position. The demolition uncovered five of the medieval arches and, after further excavation, another three and a half arches were exposed, estimated to be around half the original length of the bridge. Exeter City Council commissioned local stonemasons to restore the stonework, then landscaped the area around the arches into a public park to display the uncovered arches, which were in remarkably good condition, having been buried for around 200 years. The bases of several of the demolished arches survive on the riverbed, and about 25 metres (82 feet) of bridge is buried under Edmund Street and the modern bank of the Exe. What remains is the oldest surviving bridge of its size in England and the oldest with a chapel still on the bridge in Britain. As such, the bridge is a
644:. The pointed arches became fashionable at about the same time as work started on the bridge and there was some suggestion that the variation was the result of repairs, but archaeological studies in the 20th century proved that the bridge was built with both types of arch. The pointed arches have five ribs, each about 1 foot 6 inches (46 centimetres) wide and spaced between 3 feet (91 centimetres) and 3 feet 6 inches (107 centimetres) apart; the rounded arches have three ribs, ranging from 3 feet (91 centimetres) to 3 feet 6 inches (107 centimetres) wide and 2 feet 6 inches (76 centimetres) to 3 feet (91 centimetres) apart.
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268:, was built into the bridge at the time of its construction, and St Thomas's Church was built on the riverbank at about the same time. The Exe Bridge is unusual among British medieval bridges for having had secular buildings on it as well as the chapel. Timber-framed shops, with houses above, were in place from at least the early 14th century, and later in the bridge's life, all but the most central section carried buildings. As the river silted up, land was reclaimed, allowing a wall to be built from the side of St Edmund's which protected a row of houses and shops which became known as Frog Street. Walter Gervase also commissioned a
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water flowing under the arches supporting the church by this point, except during winter floods. The church was struck by lightning in 1800 and largely rebuilt in 1834, then severely damaged in a fire in 1882 and repaired the following year, though retaining much of the ancient stonework. Another fire in 1969 left the church in a ruinous state, and it was partially demolished in 1975, when most of the later additions were removed but the medieval stonework was preserved. Although ruined, the tower survives at its original height—the only intact part of the church.
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Nonetheless, the bridge was in use for almost 600 years, until a replacement was built in 1778 and the arches across the river were demolished. That bridge was itself replaced in 1905, and again in 1969 by a pair of bridges. During construction of the twin bridges, eight and a half arches of the medieval bridge were uncovered and restored, some of which had been buried for nearly 200 years, and the surrounds were landscaped into a public park. Several more arches are buried under modern buildings. The bridge's remains are a
492:. The bridge wardens kept detailed records on rolls of parchment, of which most rolls from 1343 to 1711 survive, forming the most complete set of records for a bridge in Britain except those for London Bridge. The bridge estate grew to a considerable size. The records show that it leased 15 shops on the bridge, and over 50 other properties elsewhere in Exeter, including mills and agricultural land, all providing an income for maintenance and repairs. The wardens and their successors in the turnpike trust also collected
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in the Middle Ages, and the Exe Bridge was not complete until around 1210. Walter travelled the country soliciting donations. According to Hooker, the
Gervases raised £10,000 through public donations for the construction of a stone bridge and the purchase of land which would provide an income for the bridge's upkeep. No records survive of the people responsible for the design and construction of the bridge. There is a record of a bridge chaplain in 1196, which
753:. The Exe Bridge had timber-framed houses on it from early in its life—the earliest record is of two shops, with houses above, from 1319. At the height of development, all but the six arches in the middle of the river supported buildings. They were built with their front walls resting on the parapets of the bridge and the rest of the building supported by wooden posts in the riverbed, until they were demolished in 1881.
573:
316:. At Exeter, the Exe was naturally broad and shallow, making this the lowest reliable crossing point before the river's tidal estuary. There are records of a crossing from Roman times, most likely in the form of a timber bridge. No trace of any Roman bridge survives; it is likely that, once replaced, the bridge deck was simply left to degrade and any masonry supports would have been washed away by floodwaters.
376:
362:, chamberlain of Exeter, who wrote a history of the city in the 16th century (around 400 years after the bridge was built), a rudimentary timber bridge existed at the site but this was also treacherous, particularly in the winter when the river was in flood. Hooker describes how pedestrians were washed off the bridge on several occasions and swept to their deaths.
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shorter, horizontal line. By then, the marshland over which several of the medieval arches were built had been reclaimed and the river was restricted to a width of 150 feet (46 metres). The medieval arches on the Exeter bank were left intact and eventually buried or incorporated into buildings. The 19th-century bridge was itself demolished and replaced with a
732:(most of the area is now known as St Thomas) in 1261. The church was swept away in a major flood at the beginning of the 15th century and rebuilt further away from the river. The new building, on Cowick Street, was consecrated in 1412. It underwent significant rebuilding in the 17th and 19th centuries after it was set alight during the
257:, father and son and influential local merchants, who travelled the country to raise funds. No known records survive of the bridge's builders. The result was a bridge at least 590 feet (180 metres) long, which probably had 17 or 18 arches, carrying the road diagonally from the west gate of the city wall across the
483:
Repairs and maintenance of the bridge were provided for from the proceeds of land bought by the
Gervases at the time the bridge was built, and the funds were administered by bridge wardens. The wardens were responsible for the upkeep of the bridge until 1769, when the responsibility was passed to the
704:
in exchange for acts of charity, were a common method of funding bridges in the Middle Ages. Further extensions followed in the 16th century, by which time the area of land reclaimed from the river had grown, and several of the bridge arches were on dry land. It is likely that there was little or no
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The church was extended several times during the bridge's lifetime. By the end of the 14th century, accumulated silt on the Exeter side allowed a portion of land to be reclaimed, leaving the west wall of the church above dry land. Thus, the north wall was partially demolished to allow an aisle to be
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of timber, reinforced with iron and lead and driven in tightly enough to form a solid base. In the shallower water closer to the banks, rubble and gravel were simply tipped onto the river bed. After part of the bridge was demolished in the 18th century, some of the piles were removed and found to be
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The bridge was at least 590 feet (180 metres) long (some studies have suggested it was longer, up to 750 feet (230 metres)) and consisted of possibly 17 or 18 arches; some accounts suggest there could have been as few as 12 arches, though the number appears to have varied over time with repairs. It
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several times and had his parents buried in the chapel on the Exe Bridge upon their deaths (the exact dates of which are unknown); he died in 1252. The exact dates of the bridge's construction are not known, but construction began around 1190. Stone bridges often took two decades or more to complete
744:
Bridge chapels were common on medieval bridges but secular buildings were not. Around 135 major stone bridges were built in
Britain in the medieval era. Most, though not all, had some form of bridge chapel either on the bridge itself or on the approach, but only 12 are documented as having secular
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About half of the bridge's original length survives unburied—eight and a half arches over about 285 feet (87 metres). Another three and a half arches, spanning 82 feet (25 metres) remain buried. The visible arches vary in span from 3.7 metres (12 feet) to 5.7 metres (19 feet). Two of them form the
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in south-western
England. Construction of the bridge began in 1190, and was completed by 1214. The bridge is the oldest surviving bridge of its size in England and the oldest bridge in Britain with a chapel still on it. It replaced several rudimentary crossings which had been in use sporadically
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The medieval bridge collapsed and had to be partially rebuilt several times throughout its life; the first recorded rebuilding was in 1286. By 1447 the bridge was severely dilapidated, and the mayor of Exeter appealed for funds to repair it. By the 16th century, it was again in need of repairs.
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in the Second World War. More arches were revealed during the construction of the modern bridges. The 20th-century engineers were careful to site the new bridges and their approach roads away from the line of the medieval bridge. At this time, part of Frog Street (a road on the river bank) was
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in 1778. Construction of the replacement bridge began in 1770 and suffered a major setback in 1775 when floodwaters washed away much of the part-built structure and damaged its foundations. This bridge was built on a different alignment, just upstream from the medieval bridge and crossing on a
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The size of the bridge's piers and the reclamation of land on the Exeter side reduced the width of the river by more than half, which increased the force of the water acting on the bridge, causing damage. The bridge is known to have been repaired several times throughout its life. The earliest
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built on the bridge. The fire consumed the pub and a neighbouring house. The pub provided cheap accommodation to local vagrants and it was believed that upwards of 30 people may have been inside at the time of the fire; at least nine bodies were recovered after the fire was extinguished.
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In the later 13th century, silty deposits had built up on the Exeter side of the bridge, allowing the land to be reclaimed for two buildings which backed onto the river and fronted onto what became Frog Street. Archaeological evidence suggests that one of the two was possibly a
717:. Only stone fragments from the foundations survive. According to Hooker, Gervase and his wife were buried in another chapel, attached to St Edmund's Church, in which there was a "handsome monument" to Gervase's memory. This chapel was alienated from the church during the
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By the late 18th century, congestion around the bridge became a cause for concern. An Act of
Parliament in 1773 empowered the trustees to repair or rebuild the bridge but events overtook the planned repairs when, in December 1775, a fire broke out in the Fortune of War, a
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repairs are impossible to date, but a partial collapse was recorded during a storm in 1286, and again in 1384, when several people were killed. It was rebuilt on both occasions. Later repairs can be dated by the stone used—they were made with
Heavitree
713:. Upon his death in 1257, Gervase left an endowment of 50 shillings a year for a priest to hold three services a week to pray for him, his father, and his family. The chapel continued in use until at least 1537 but was destroyed in 1546 during the
761:. The houses were demolished in the post-medieval era but the foundations survived. Several buildings were constructed next to the bridge on the Exeter side, protected from the river by a wall which extended from the west side of the church.
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On the opposite side of the bridge was a smaller chantry chapel (a chapel employing a priest to pray for a given period of time after a person's death, to aid that person's passage to heaven), built for Walter
Gervase and dedicated to the
392:, professor of English local history, believed to mean that the bridge was at least partially built by then. It was certainly complete by 1214, when a record exists of St Edmund's Church, which was built on the bridge.
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abandoned. During the work, an old brewery and several adjoining buildings along the street were demolished to make way for a new road scheme connecting with the twin bridges. One timber-framed house became known as "
617:(streamlined brickwork intended to reduce the impact of the water on the piers) facing upstream. Above the cutwaters were originally triangular recesses forming refuges for pedestrians to allow carts to pass. Local
426:, the chamberlain of Exeter in the mid 17th century, wrote that it "was now in great decay, the stone work thereof being much foundred, and the higher part being all of timber was consumed and worn away".
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on the opposite side of
England, was begun around the same time, and was completed in 1209. Several similar bridges were constructed across England in this era, of which Exeter's, London's, and the
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at its peak, wide enough for two carts to pass side by side—unusually wide for a medieval bridge. The parapets are lost but some of the medieval paving survives, along with other, later, paving.
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Bridge chapels were common in the Middle Ages, when religion was a significant part of daily life. The chapel provided travellers a place to pray or to give thanks for a safe journey, and the
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was used for the faces of the arches, behind which is gravel and rubble contained within a box of wooden stakes which were driven into the ground and the riverbed. Other stones found include
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crossed the Exe diagonally, starting from close to the West Gate of the city walls, and continued across the marshy banks which were prone to flooding. The foundations were created using
449:. Kemp promised a contribution but the process was frustrated by Shillingford's sudden death in 1458. In 1539, one of the central arches collapsed and was repaired using stone from
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At the western end of the bridge (on dry land) was St Thomas's Church, built at a similar time to the bridge. The exact date of construction is unknown, but it was dedicated to
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Plans for widening the medieval bridge were considered but dismissed. The spans across the river were demolished following the completion of a new, three-arch masonry bridge by
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A stone bridge was promoted by
Nicholas and Walter Gervase, father and son and prominent local residents. The Gervases were well-off merchants. Walter was subsequently elected
422:, a local stone not quarried until the mid 14th century (approximately 150 years after the bridge was built). By 1447, the bridge was recorded as being severely dilapidated—
880:
606:, which was built at around the same time. The bridge was 16 feet (5 metres) wide on average. The roadway on the bridge was about 12 feet (4 metres) wide between the
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collected were often used towards the maintenance of the bridge. A church was built on the Exe Bridge, across two of the bridge arches, and dedicated to
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of the bridge was made for use by the bridge wardens, probably shortly after its opening, showing the outline of St Edmund's Church (or possibly the
525:. Barry's bridge lasted about 65 years before it was demolished in favour of a pair of reinforced concrete bridges, which opened in 1969 and 1972.
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and converted into a private house; the monument was removed and defaced. Only the foundations of the chapel remained by the 19th century.
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Bridge building was sparse in
England through the Early Middle Ages (the period following the decline of the Roman Empire until after the
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684:) with houses on either side. The oldest known document with the seal on was addressed to the mayor of Exeter in either 1256 or 1264.
1121:"The medieval Exe Bridge, St Edmund's Church, and medieval tenement remains, lying between the River Exe and Frog Street (1020671)"
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598:, St Edmund's Church. It spanned the river diagonally in a north-westerly direction from what is now Exeter city centre to
304:. It became an important administrative centre for the south west of England, but travel further west (to the remainder of
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The surviving arches are up to 20 feet (6 metres) high. The piers are rounded in the downstream direction but feature
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Anonymous 19th-century watercolour showing the centre of the bridge and several of the houses built on it at each end
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633:(tree-ring dating) has established that the oldest of these stakes came from trees felled between 1190 and 1210.
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by Act of Parliament. The trust was dissolved in 1884 and responsibility for the bridge and its estate passed to
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728:, who was canonised in 1173, and the first known record of it dates from 1191. It became the parish church for
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in exchange for financial contributions. Indulgences, in which senior clergymen offered reduced time in
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358:, which was notoriously treacherous and was supplemented by a ferry for foot passengers. According to
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added, adding 7 feet (2 metres) to the width of the church. Work on a bell tower began in 1449 after
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from carts using the bridge from outside the city (citizens of Exeter were exempt from the tolls).
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Anonymous 18th-century watercolour depicting St Edmund's and houses resting on the bridge parapet
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were among the largest examples. Only one other bridge of a similar age survives in Devon, at
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Two arches of the bridge, one pointed, one rounded; the bridge was built with both types.
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The Medieval Exe Bridge, St Edmund's Church, and Excavation of Waterfront Houses, Exeter
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Parts of the medieval bridge were exposed when a German bomb exploded nearby during the
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buildings on the bridge, of which the only surviving example with buildings intact is
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The bridge in its modern setting, bypassed by traffic and set in a landscaped park
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602:(now a suburb of Exeter but originally outside the city), terminating outside
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jet black and extremely solid, having been underwater for some 500 years.
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881:"England's fortified medieval bridges and bridge chapels: a new survey"
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The arches are a mix of Norman-style semi-circles and the pointed
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950:(Revised and extended ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
862:
The Bridges of Medieval England: Transport and Society, 400–1800
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but there was still no refurbishment of the whole structure.
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since Roman times. The project was the idea of Nicholas and
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All that remains of St Edmund's Church is the ruined tower.
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Watercolour of the 1778 Exe Bridge, from the collection of
30:"Exe Bridge" redirects here. For the village upstream, see
788:
Brierley, J. (February 1979). "The Mediaeval Exe Bridge".
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from East Devon, and Heavitree breccia for later repairs.
879:
Harrison, David; McKeague, Peter; Watson, Bruce (2010).
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1563 map of Exeter showing Exe Bridge towards the bottom
845:. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire: Shire Books.
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590 ft (180 m) – 750 ft (230 m)
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433:, appealed for funds to rebuild it. He approached
1066:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
790:Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
354:Until the 12th century, the Exe was crossed by a
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1033:Civil Engineering Heritage: Southern England
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736:. The church is a grade I listed building.
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1720:. Exeter: Devon Archaeological Society.
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521:, who was also responsible for London's
27:Ruined medieval bridge in Devon, England
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323:in the late 11th century). Work on the
429:Shortly after this report, the mayor,
1760:Bridges completed in the 13th century
771:List of bridges in the United Kingdom
7:
1336:Henderson & Jervoise, pp. 63–64.
517:steel arch bridge in 1905, built by
993:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus.
990:Roads: Archaeology and Architecture
948:An Encyclopaedia of British Bridges
864:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
300:by the Romans in the first century
1785:Grade II listed buildings in Devon
1775:Arch bridges in the United Kingdom
1765:Buildings and structures in Exeter
1664:National Heritage List for England
1481:National Heritage List for England
1126:National Heritage List for England
261:and its wide, marshy flood plain.
25:
1635:Henderson & Jervoise, p. 66.
1608:Henderson & Jervoise, p. 67.
1368:Henderson & Jervoise, p. 63.
1231:Henderson & Jervoise, p. 62.
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1659:"Church of St Thomas (1169954)"
1194:Henderson & Jervoise, p. 5.
1013:The Churches of Medieval Exeter
933:. Exeter: A. Wheaton & co.
826:. Exeter: Exeter City Council.
1790:Former toll bridges in England
1780:1190 establishments in England
715:dissolution of the monasteries
640:. All are supported by ribbed
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1:
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1755:Scheduled monuments in Devon
888:Medieval Settlement Research
1806:
1512:"About Exe Bridge, Exeter"
1476:"Old Exe Bridge (1103988)"
1036:. London: Thomas Telford.
969:. Chichester: Phillimore.
929:; Jervoise, Edwyn (1938).
321:Norman conquest of England
29:
1015:. Exeter: Impress Books.
946:McFetrich, David (2019).
276:in the mid-16th century.
234:
48:
1064:The Buildings of England
907:Hayman, Richard (2020).
860:Harrison, David (2007).
312:) required crossing the
264:St Edmund's Church, the
1750:Grade II listed bridges
1716:Brown, Stewart (2019).
1684:Harrison, et al, p. 49.
911:. Oxford: Shire Books.
817:Brown, Stewart (2010).
802:10.1680/iicep.1979.2269
445:, the famously wealthy
180:20 ft (6.1 m)
172:16 ft (4.9 m)
1770:Bridges with buildings
1547:Brierley, pp. 137–138.
1535:Brierley, pp. 138–139.
1452:Brierley, pp. 136–137.
1350:Brierley, pp. 135–136.
1243:Harrison, pp. 177–178.
1185:Brierley, pp. 126–127.
820:The Exe Bridge, Exeter
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296:Exeter was founded as
1030:Otter, R. A. (1994).
965:Meller, Hugh (1989).
841:Cook, Martin (1998).
663:
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479:, in its new location
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244:is a ruined medieval
1556:Morris, pp. 201–203.
674:St Edmund the Martyr
535:the House That Moved
519:Sir John Wolfe Barry
477:The House That Moved
447:Bishop of Winchester
967:Exeter Architecture
711:Blessed Virgin Mary
490:Exeter City Council
451:St Nicholas' Priory
127:Exeter City Council
77: /
1644:Orme, pp. 169–172.
1327:McFetrich, p. 117.
985:Morris, Richard K.
927:Henderson, Charles
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604:St Thomas's Church
591:
539:scheduled monument
481:
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439:Archbishop of York
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282:scheduled monument
201:Construction start
142:scheduled monument
81:50.7190°N 3.5361°W
1727:978-0-9527899-2-5
1702:Brown, pp. 22–23.
1693:Brown, pp. 18–19.
1626:Brierley, p. 135.
1590:Brierley, p. 133.
1581:Brierley. p. 136.
1572:Brown, pp. 16–17.
1501:Brierley, p. 139.
1461:Otter, pp. 72–73.
1443:Brown, pp. 30–31.
1416:Brown, pp. 24–25.
1407:Harrison, p. 159.
1398:Brown, pp. 12–13.
1389:Brierley, p. 136.
1377:Harrison, p. 181.
1359:Brown, pp. 14–15.
1318:Harrison, p. 112.
1300:Brierley. p. 131.
1208:Brierley. p. 130.
1176:Hayman, pp. 9–10.
1146:Brierley, p. 127.
1073:978-0-300-09596-8
1052:Pevsner, Nikolaus
1043:978-0-7277-1971-3
1022:978-1-907605-51-2
1000:978-0-7524-2887-1
976:978-0-85033-693-1
957:978-1-5267-5295-6
931:Old Devon Bridges
918:978-1-78442-387-2
871:978-0-19-922685-6
852:978-0-7478-0384-3
833:978-1-84785-004-1
740:Secular buildings
734:English Civil War
431:John Shillingford
308:and the whole of
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1357:
1351:
1348:
1337:
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1298:
1281:
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1229:
1223:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1164:Cook, pp. 10–12.
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1117:Historic England
1113:
1077:
1047:
1026:
1004:
980:
961:
942:
922:
903:
885:
875:
856:
843:Medieval Bridges
837:
825:
813:
726:St Thomas Becket
694:Bishop of Exeter
631:Dendrochronology
575:
566:
557:
405:Medieval history
298:Isca Dumnoniorum
209:
206:
187:
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
86:50.7190; -3.5361
82:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
53:
39:
21:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1712:
1710:Further reading
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
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1520:
1518:
1516:Transport Trust
1510:
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1358:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1304:
1299:
1284:
1280:Brown, pp. 8–9.
1279:
1268:
1264:Brown, pp. 6–7.
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:Brown, pp. 4–5.
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1056:Cherry, Bridget
1050:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1007:
1001:
983:
977:
964:
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945:
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919:
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900:10.5284/1059045
883:
878:
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859:
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834:
823:
816:
787:
784:
779:
767:
742:
650:
583:
576:
567:
558:
543:listed building
541:and a grade II
467:King George III
459:
407:
385:mayor of Exeter
373:
368:
294:
286:listed building
207:
148:Characteristics
138:listed building
133:Heritage status
85:
83:
79:
76:
71:
68:
66:
64:
63:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1803:
1801:
1793:
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1787:
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1757:
1752:
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1503:
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1427:
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1391:
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1361:
1352:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1302:
1282:
1266:
1254:
1245:
1233:
1224:
1222:Meller, p. 64.
1210:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1072:
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1021:
1009:Orme, Nicholas
1005:
999:
981:
975:
962:
956:
943:
923:
917:
904:
876:
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838:
832:
814:
796:(1): 127–139.
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
766:
763:
741:
738:
682:chantry chapel
649:
646:
582:
579:
578:
577:
570:
568:
561:
559:
552:
550:
486:turnpike trust
458:
455:
443:Henry Beaufort
424:Richard Izacke
406:
403:
372:
369:
367:
364:
325:Pont d'Avignon
293:
290:
270:chantry chapel
255:Walter Gervase
242:Old Exe Bridge
236:
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61:
55:
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43:Old Exe Bridge
42:
26:
24:
14:
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3:
2:
1802:
1791:
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1641:
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1614:
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1605:
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1599:Hayman, p.11.
1596:
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1467:
1464:
1458:
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1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1425:Otter, p. 72.
1422:
1419:
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1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
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1217:
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1197:
1191:
1188:
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944:
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936:
932:
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910:
905:
901:
897:
894:(25): 45–51.
893:
889:
882:
877:
873:
867:
863:
858:
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848:
844:
839:
835:
829:
822:
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731:
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639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:bridge chapel
594:crypt of the
587:
580:
574:
569:
565:
560:
556:
551:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
506:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
478:
474:
468:
463:
457:Later history
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
411:
404:
402:
399:
393:
391:
390:W. G. Hoskins
386:
377:
370:
365:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
345:Clyst St Mary
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:London Bridge
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
284:and grade II
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:bridge chapel
262:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
233:
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224:
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146:
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128:
125:
123:Maintained by
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
62:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1717:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1662:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1552:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1479:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1332:
1323:
1252:Brown, p. 6.
1248:
1227:
1190:
1181:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1124:
1059:
1032:
1012:
989:
966:
947:
930:
908:
891:
887:
861:
842:
819:
793:
789:
782:Bibliography
755:
743:
723:
707:
690:Edmund Lacey
686:
667:
638:Gothic style
635:
612:
592:
581:Architecture
530:Exeter Blitz
527:
523:Tower Bridge
515:three-hinged
510:Joseph Dixon
507:
498:
482:
428:
416:
394:
382:
371:Construction
353:
333:River Thames
318:
295:
278:
263:
241:
239:
161:Total length
103:(originally)
36:
747:High Bridge
719:Reformation
698:indulgences
360:John Hooker
349:Yeolmbridge
331:, over the
274:Reformation
246:arch bridge
208: 1190
84: /
59:Coordinates
1739:Categories
777:References
696:, offered
619:trap stone
337:Dee Bridge
292:Background
69:50°43′08″N
18:Exe Bridge
1670:3 October
1521:8 January
1487:2 January
1132:2 January
1082:Citations
810:1753-7789
702:purgatory
627:limestone
623:sandstone
615:cutwaters
600:St Thomas
435:John Kemp
314:River Exe
259:River Exe
136:Grade II
118:, England
101:River Exe
72:3°32′10″W
32:Exebridge
1058:(2002).
1011:(2014).
987:(2005).
939:13810767
765:See also
648:Churches
608:parapets
310:Cornwall
230:Location
217:pre-1214
191:17 or 18
188:of spans
153:Material
909:Bridges
759:tannery
751:Lincoln
484:Exeter
420:breccia
366:History
341:Chester
196:History
97:Crosses
1724:
1070:
1040:
1019:
997:
973:
954:
937:
915:
868:
849:
830:
808:
730:Cowick
692:, the
642:vaults
437:, the
250:Exeter
222:Closed
214:Opened
177:Height
112:Exeter
108:Locale
1060:Devon
884:(PDF)
824:(PDF)
494:tolls
398:piles
306:Devon
169:Width
156:Stone
116:Devon
1722:ISBN
1672:2021
1523:2019
1489:2018
1134:2018
1068:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1017:ISBN
995:ISBN
971:ISBN
952:ISBN
935:OCLC
913:ISBN
866:ISBN
847:ISBN
828:ISBN
806:ISSN
678:seal
670:alms
625:and
356:ford
240:The
225:1778
896:doi
798:doi
749:in
502:pub
339:in
248:in
186:No.
1741::
1661:.
1657:.
1561:^
1540:^
1514:.
1478:.
1474:.
1382:^
1341:^
1305:^
1285:^
1269:^
1257:^
1236:^
1213:^
1199:^
1169:^
1123:.
1119:.
1090:^
1062:.
1054:;
892:25
890:.
886:.
804:.
794:66
792:.
302:CE
288:.
205:c.
140:;
114:,
1730:.
1674:.
1525:.
1491:.
1136:.
1076:.
1046:.
1025:.
1003:.
979:.
960:.
941:.
921:.
902:.
898::
874:.
855:.
836:.
812:.
800::
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
