371:(BIA) is the body to whom litigants may appeal their decisions from immigration judges. Composed of 21 members appointed by the attorney general, BIA decisions are generally decided by panels of three of its members. Unlike courts of appeals in the state and federal systems, the BIA rarely holds oral arguments on appeals. Instead, the BIA conducts a "paper review" of the materials, before issuing a written decision. Though the BIA issues hundreds of decisions each year, it chooses a small number as "precedent decisions," which seek to provide guidance to immigration judges across the countries on the state of immigration law. After the BIA has decided a matter, it may choose to issue a final decision,
186:
27:
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349:. Instead, the Department of Homeland Security initiates removal proceeding against a litigant; the immigration judge is employed by EOIR. In the removal proceeding, the U.S. Government is represented by an Assistant Chief Counsel, often referred to as a "DHS attorney" or "trial attorney." Unlike criminal adjudications in Article III courts, litigants in removal proceedings do not have a
404:. Unlike the immigration judges in the Office of the Chief Immigration Judge, who hear the merits of the immigration claims of litigants, the administrative law judges of the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer handle matters related to the employment of non-citizens unlawfully residing in the United States; other unfair employment practices; and documentation
454:'s use of precedent decisions has been subject to criticism. Some commentators have argued that the use of the power, instead of settling doctrine, has departed from agency procedures and practices, adjudicated issues not relevant to a particular case, and disrupted the development of circuit law by adopting the minority view.
457:
EOIR has also been criticized for the significant backlog of immigration cases; as of
December 2020, there are more than 1.2 million pending cases across the immigration courts. In 2018, the Department of Justice instituted case quotas for immigration judges, requiring each to complete 700 cases per
314:
are situated. Like the EOIR director and deputy director, the Chief
Immigration Judge is appointed by the attorney general, though he or she is supervised directly by the director of EOIR. The Office of the Chief Immigration Judge oversees nearly 500 immigration judges, 60 immigration courts, and 30
441:
EOIR's Office of Policy (OP), created in 2017, is responsible for communications, data collection, and regulatory review. Unlike the Office of general counsel, the Office of Policy does not represent EOIR in legal proceedings; it provides training and instructions to effectuate the policy of the
488:
found that "senior managers" involved in the hiring of
Immigration Judges had used a system of "code words" to rate "the attractiveness" of female candidates. The report also found that this conduct "could give rise to claims of sexual harassment or claims of prohibited personnel practices."
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to the immigration judge for further consideration, or refer the matter to the attorney general. The attorney general also may refer the case to him or herself and decide the case regardless of the decision of the BIA.
252:
In addition to these statutes, other federal statutes, agency regulations, and executive orders, federal courts also play an important role in immigration law. Because litigants have the right to appeal a decision to
465:
In
February 2024 Bloomberg Law News reports the Department of Justice paid 1.2 million dollars to resolve a lawsuit alleging sexual harassment by an Assistant Chief Immigration Judge. This follows findings by the
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in March 2022, September 2023 and
January 2024 of Immigration Judges who violated the Departments zero tolerance policy on sexual harassment and the ethical rules applicable to Immigration Judges.
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197:(DOJ) as part of an internal reorganization. Prior to 1983, the functions performed by EOIR were divided among different agencies. The earliest version of a specialized immigration service was the
342:. Instead, they are civil servants appointed by the attorney general. The director of EOIR may also designate temporary immigration judges, who may serve for a period not longer than six months.
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481:, the reporter who broke the story, added later in an interview that more allegations not included in the story indicated that the problem was widespread and not an isolated occurrence.
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requests directed at EOIR. The Office of
General Counsel is also responsible for maintaining the standard for immigration attorneys nation-wide through its Attorney Discipline Program.
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289:, and a deputy director who may exercise the full authority of the director. The current director is David L. Neal, and the current deputy director is Charles Adkins-Blanch.
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assistant chief immigration judges (ACIJ) based in the various cities where U.S. immigration courts are located. Immigration judges adjudicate hearings under
Section 240 of the
477:
reported that the
Executive Office for Immigration Review had failed to prevent or appropriately respond to multiple instances of sexual harassment by judges and supervisors.
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organized all U.S. immigration laws into one statute, and designated "special inquiry officers," the predecessors of immigration judges, to decide questions of deportation.
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of individuals in the United States. As of
January 19, 2023, there were sixty-eight immigration courts and three adjudication centers throughout the United States.
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205:. Seven years later, in 1940, the INS moved from Labor to its present location in the Department of Justice. Twelve years after moving to DOJ, in 1952, the
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The Office of
General Counsel (OGC) is the chief legal counsel of EOIR. The general counsel primarily provides legal guidance regarding precedential
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review. In addition, federal statutes not facially related to immigration also may play a role in admissibility, including those related to
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and federal courts decisions and disseminates that information across EOIR. The Office of General Counsel also represents EOIR in
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914:"After Franco-Gonzalez v. Holder: the Implications of Locating a Right to Counsel under the Rehabilitation Act"
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Center for Immigration Studies Immigration Newsmaker: A Conversation with EOIR Director James McHenry
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462:, stated that the policy was an "unprecedented act which compromises the integrity of the court."
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news.bloomberglaw.com/litigation/judges-staffer-accepts-1-2-million-to-end-sex-harassment-suit
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Immigration adjudication does not conform to the separation of functions as prescribed by the
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939:"8 CFR § 1003.1 - Organization, jurisdiction, and powers of the Board of Immigration Appeals"
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year, a rate requiring each IJ to close more than two cases per day. The president of the
285:. EOIR itself has two members of its leadership team: a director, who is appointed by the
212:
EOIR adjudicates cases under a patchwork of immigration laws and regulations, including:
1318:"New report sheds light into sexual harassment occurring in the immigration court system"
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1207:"Immigration Court Backlog Tool: Pending Cases and Length of Wait in Immigration Courts"
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1130:"Organization of the Executive Office for Immigration Review (84 Fed. Reg. 44,538)"
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in immigration courts and adjudicate appeals arising from the proceedings. These
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F.H.S. (1956). "The Special Inquiry Officer in Deportation Proceedings".
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1012:"Barr issues 2 rulings limiting ways immigrants can fight deportation"
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An immigration proceeding conducted in the Department of Labor, 1926.
895:"Immigration Court Practice Manual (Glossary - 2, p. 235/267 of PDF)"
712:
1259:"Head of U.S. immigration judges' union denounces Trump quota plan"
486:
United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
468:
United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
405:
281:, EOIR is one of a number of offices that answers directly to the
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Executive Office for Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces
1293:"Bad conduct, leering 'jokes' — immigration judges stay on bench"
1431:
1422:
1395:
139:
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Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review
1235:"Justice Department Rolls Out Quotas For Immigration Judges"
459:
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INTERPOL Washington--United States National Central Bureau
762:"8 CFR § 1003.0 - Executive Office for Immigration Review"
620:
Executive Office for Immigration Review (21 August 2017).
1685:
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States
675:"Evolution of the U.S Immigration Court System: Pre-1983"
242:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996
817:"8 CFR § 1003.9 - Office of the Chief Immigration Judge"
326:, do not have life tenure, and are not appointed by the
257:, different areas of the United States effectively have
593:
Executive Office for Immigration Review (30 May 2017).
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Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
1185:"The Attorney General's Disruptive Immigration Power"
1037:"Office of the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer"
735:"Organizational Chart | DOJ | Department of Justice"
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
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Office for the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer
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Seal of the Executive Office for Immigration Review
380:Office of the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer
1472:Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
1677:Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
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8:
1830:United States Department of Justice agencies
1595:Executive Office for United States Attorneys
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1715:Executive Office for United States Trustees
1586:Professional Responsibility Advisory Office
310:) is the authority under which trial-level
1770:Environment and Natural Resources Division
1705:Environment and Natural Resources Division
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1436:
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1215:Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse
527:National Association of Immigration Judges
499:Title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations
460:National Association of Immigration Judges
398:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
227:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
549:. Executive Office for Immigration Review
547:"FY 2020 Congressional Budget Submission"
504:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1367:"An Investigation of Alleged Misconduct"
1343:"An Investigation of Alleged Misconduct"
516:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1564:Executive Office for Immigration Review
1403:Executive Office for Immigration Review
841:"Office of the Chief Immigration Judge"
640:"Office of the Chief Immigration Judge"
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222:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
217:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
151:Executive Office for Immigration Review
140:Executive Office for Immigration Review
54:Federal government of the United States
20:Executive Office for Immigration Review
871:"8 CFR § 1003.10 - Immigration judges"
628:. United States Department of Justice.
199:Immigration and Naturalization Service
18:
16:Office of the US Department of Justice
1579:Office of Professional Responsibility
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601:. United States Department of Justice
304:Office of the Chief Immigration Judge
298:Office of the Chief Immigration Judge
7:
1459:United States Department of Justice
1087:"EOIR: Attorney Discipline Program"
654:"48 Fed. Reg. 8038 (Feb. 25, 1983)"
392:) oversees specialized immigration
161:whose chief function is to conduct
159:United States Department of Justice
112:United States Department of Justice
510:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
353:, except in narrow circumstances.
14:
1549:National Institute of Corrections
992:LII / Legal Information Institute
943:LII / Legal Information Institute
875:LII / Legal Information Institute
821:LII / Legal Information Institute
766:LII / Legal Information Institute
232:United States Refugee Act of 1980
1845:Immigration to the United States
1672:Office on Violence Against Women
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1600:United States Attorneys' Offices
921:Review of Law and Social Justice
193:EOIR was created in 1983 by the
25:
1610:United States Parole Commission
1540:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1535:Drug Enforcement Administration
1062:"Office of the General Counsel"
351:constitutional right to counsel
207:Immigration and Nationality Act
201:(INS), created in 1933, in the
1559:United States Marshals Service
1160:Marouf, Fatma (January 2019).
963:"Board of Immigration Appeals"
484:A November 2019 report by the
100:Carl C. Risch, Deputy Director
1:
1795:Office of Legislative Affairs
1624:Office of Legislative Affairs
1574:Office of the Pardon Attorney
408:seeking immigration relief.
64:Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia
1724:Office for Access to Justice
1681:Office of Information Policy
1568:Board of Immigration Appeals
912:Wolf, Leslie (Winter 2014).
522:Board of Immigration Appeals
423:Board of Immigration Appeals
369:Board of Immigration Appeals
363:Board of Immigration Appeals
357:Board of Immigration Appeals
347:Administrative Procedure Act
125:Board of Immigration Appeals
1775:Justice Management Division
1720:Community Relations Service
1515:Justice Management Division
446:Criticism and controversies
412:Non-adjudicative components
322:Immigration judges, unlike
97:David Neal, Acting Director
1861:
1800:Office of Justice Programs
1765:National Security Division
1667:Office of Justice Programs
1525:National Security Division
1412:List of Immigration Courts
1109:U.S. Department of Justice
1091:U.S. Department of Justice
1041:U.S. Department of Justice
845:U.S. Department of Justice
739:U.S. Department of Justice
679:U.S. Department of Justice
661:U.S. Department of Justice
622:"Meet the Deputy Director"
431:Freedom of Information Act
360:
259:different immigration laws
167:administrative proceedings
1808:
1642:
1553:Federal Prison Industries
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394:administrative law judges
157:) is a sub-agency of the
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1636:Special Counsel's Office
1627:Office of Public Affairs
1583:Office of Tribal Justice
800:"Office of the Director"
786:"Office of the Director"
574:. United States Congress
255:federal courts of appeal
181:History and jurisdiction
1840:United States tribunals
1785:Office of Legal Counsel
1615:Office of Legal Counsel
1493:Deputy Attorney General
1297:San Francisco Chronicle
475:San Francisco Chronicle
402:Immigration Act of 1990
396:as provided for in the
293:Adjudicative components
283:Deputy Attorney General
237:Immigration Act of 1990
86:$ 734 million (FY 2021)
1790:Office of Legal Policy
1620:Office of Legal Policy
988:"8 CFR § 1003.1(g)(2)"
190:
1835:Administrative courts
1755:Civil Rights Division
1700:Civil Rights Division
473:In January 2021, the
330:nor confirmed by the
279:Department of Justice
195:Department of Justice
188:
1183:Shah, Bijal (2017).
568:"Public Law 116-260"
1111:. February 21, 2020
701:Virginia Law Review
595:"Meet the Director"
336:Appointments Clause
334:as required by the
247:Real ID Act of 2005
203:Department of Labor
163:removal proceedings
21:
1745:Antitrust Division
1690:Antitrust Division
1105:"Office of Policy"
802:. 13 January 2015.
788:. 13 January 2015.
642:. 13 January 2015.
324:Article III judges
312:immigration judges
261:, notwithstanding
191:
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1811:Solicitor General
1760:Criminal Division
1545:Bureau of Prisons
1520:Criminal Division
1172:(4): 707, 741–42.
1166:Tulane Law Review
1139:. August 26, 2019
1018:. 29 October 2019
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901:. December 2016.
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681:. April 30, 2015
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