276:, 343 US 579 (1952), because it attempted to make law, rather than to clarify or to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution. Presidents since that decision have generally been careful to cite the specific laws under which they act when they issue new executive orders; likewise, when presidents believe that their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution, the order instead simply proclaims "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution".
1632:"states a condition, declares a law and requires obedience, recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law (by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized)". Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth. Such orders carry the same force of law as executive orders, the difference between being that executive orders are aimed at those inside government, but proclamations are aimed at those outside government.
63:
55:
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dealing with emergencies, waging wars, and in general fine-tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes. As the head of state and head of government of the United States, as well as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces, only the president of the United States can issue an executive order.
242:
in 1907, starting retroactively with United States
Executive Order 1, issued on October 20, 1862, by President Lincoln. The documents that later came to be known as "executive orders" apparently gained their name from that order issued by Lincoln, which was captioned "Executive Order Establishing a
106:
and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the
Constitution. Some policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch, but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government, deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced,
1635:
The administrative weight of those proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers". Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception
1487:
In the case of the former, the president retains the power to veto such a decision; however, Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. It has been argued that a
Congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event, because of the
110:
Presidential executive orders, once issued, remain in force until they are canceled, revoked, adjudicated unlawful, or expire on their terms. At any time, the president may revoke, modify or make exceptions from any executive order, whether the order was made by the current president or a
2523:
158:
has held that all executive orders from the president of the United States must be supported by the
Constitution, whether from a clause granting specific power, or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch. Specifically, such orders must be rooted in
90:
gives presidents broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on expressed or implied
210:
The first executive order was issued by
Washington on June 8, 1789; addressed to the heads of the federal departments, it instructed them "to impress with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States" in their fields.
1483:
Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it, and can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or legitimize policy mechanisms.
391:
to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the
Emergency Relief Appropriations Act. On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated the NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the
1565:
are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures. State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect.
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2878:
287:'s second term in office; however, all such wars have also had authorizing resolutions from Congress. The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the
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delayed some parts of the law, particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage". The suit was filed in the US District Court for the
District of Columbia on November 21, 2014.
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291:
remain unresolved constitutional issues, but all presidents since the passage of the resolution have complied with its terms, while also maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so.
226:
The
Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its
1510:("Obamacare") on his own and over what Republicans claimed had been "inadequate enforcement of the health care law", which Republican lawmakers opposed. In particular, Republicans "objected that the
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is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number, after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily
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1500:
1956:
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that proclamations are largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature. However, the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance.
167:. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times, when such orders either exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation.
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has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without
Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates.
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976:
1928:
Executive Orders in Times of War and
National Emergency: Report of the Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers, United States Senate
207:
in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders. Initially, they took no set form and so they varied as to form and substance.
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Before 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president and the lowering of flags to half-staff.
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360:(Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the
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In 2021, President Joseph Biden issued 42 executive orders in the first 100 days of his presidency, more than any other president since Harry Truman.
38:
2999:
1719:
1318:
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272:
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and other groups, who say it "violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44
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427:. Historically, only George Washington has had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments (as he chose all its original members).
353:
83:
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1570:
1337:
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Until the early 1900s, executive orders were mostly unannounced and undocumented, and seen only by the agencies to which they were directed.
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Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in
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1964:
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372:
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383:(NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said
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346:
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of the Constitution simply states: "The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America." Sections
31:
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151:
3 describe the various powers and duties of the president, including "He shall take care that the Laws be faithfully executed".
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1753:
1414:
899:
860:
841:
480:
399:
In the years that followed, Roosevelt replaced outgoing justices of the Supreme Court with people more in line with his views:
1526:, which temporarily banned entry to the US of citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, including for permanent residents,
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2201–07", and adding that the order "potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation". President
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2707:
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1898:
1886:
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803:
708:
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518:
457:
361:
171:
79:
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he's far outpacing them on executive orders. Biden has issued 42 to date, more than any president going back to Harry Truman
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222:
on September 22, 1862, which in part contained explicit directions to the Army, the Navy, and other Executive departments:
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In 1935, the Supreme Court overturned five of Franklin Roosevelt's executive orders (6199, 6204, 6256, 6284a and 6855).
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effort: the Court held that the executive order was not within the power granted to the president by the Constitution.
102:
Like both legislative statutes and the regulations promulgated by government agencies, executive orders are subject to
2899:
1617:
1496:
1390:"forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States", and
670:
537:
2103:
1589:
must reduce and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded or cannot put long-term expenses (such as
357:
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2602:
1675:
556:
388:
120:
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2400:
2207:
1690:
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219:
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99:). The vast majority of executive orders are proposed by federal agencies before being issued by the president.
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has been a particular matter of controversy; it requires cost-benefit analysis for certain regulatory actions.
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to sue President Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the
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499:
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vote required, and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism.
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in 2001, which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents. The order was criticized by the
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predecessor. Typically, a new president reviews in-force executive orders in the first few weeks in office.
42:
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200:
75:
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on January 28, 2017. However, on June 26, 2018, the US Supreme Court overturned the lower court order in
2775:
2751:
Bush, Ann M., "Executive Disorder: The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court, 1914-1940" , 2010.
1814:
Southern Reporter: Cases argued and determined in the courts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi
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1581:, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the
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1544:
1523:
1433:
439:
308:
288:
96:
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Large policy changes with wide-ranging effects have been implemented by executive order, including the
2472:", U.S. Supreme Court Docket No. 17-965, Argued April 25, 2018 – Decided June 26, 2018.
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1590:
1511:
1391:
1387:
368:
342:
30:
This article is about instructions issued by the president of the United States. For other uses, see
1394:, which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone (used to target
2077:
1986:
1507:
1465:
404:
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in 1995, attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had
214:
According to political scientist Brian R. Dirck, the most famous executive order was by President
1935:
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1395:
1376:
412:
349:. A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury.
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296:
256:
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2012:
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420:
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239:
176:
1620:' water systems as well, but it was unclear whether the order would have the force of law.
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and affirmed that the executive order was within the president's constitutional authority.
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White House: List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue
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1539:
The degree to which the president has the power to use executive orders to set policy for
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435:
424:
300:
215:
103:
92:
243:
Provisional Court in Louisiana". That court functioned during the military occupation of
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689:
304:
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2230:
62:
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2620:
1660:
1489:
1473:
2507:"Presidential Review: The President's Statutory Authority over Independent Agencies"
2066:
from the original on October 22, 2020 – via Federation Of American Scientists.
1604:
There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007, for example,
1543:
is disputed. Many orders specifically exempt independent agencies, but some do not.
54:
2805:
1605:
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416:
376:
330:
284:
263:
2800:
2139:
2047:
1829:
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on the payroll: a federal appeals court ruled that the order conflicted with the
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2278:
1770:
By Executive Order: Bureaucratic Management and the Limits of Presidential Power
1594:
123:
does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders.
86:. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources.
27:
Federal administrative instruction issued by the president of the United States
17:
2371:
The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair
1670:
1418:
443:
400:
280:
267:
2680:
2665:
1872:
1731:
329:
issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6, 1933, declaring a
2763:
Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office
2447:
1578:
334:
244:
2791:
Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents: Sources and Explanations
2635:
1957:"DiBACCO: George Washington had a pen, but no phone, for executive orders"
2484:"The Administration's View of Its Ability to Direct Independent Agencies"
2245:"The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives"
2014:
The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics
1524:
Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States
1403:
164:
1613:
1399:
338:
295:
Harry S. Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders made by
1413:, and it subsequently paved the way for all Japanese-Americans on the
1793:
1645:
2806:
Federal Register: The Daily Register of the United States Government
2581:"Extending Executive Order 12866 to Independent Regulatory Agencies"
1386:
Two extreme examples of an executive order are Franklin Roosevelt's
95:
that delegate to the president some degree of discretionary power (
2204:"Executive Order 13489 of January 21, 2009 – Presidential Records"
1987:"Founders Online: From George Washington to John Jay, 8 June 1789"
1700:
61:
53:
2756:
With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power
1726:. Vol. 17, no. 1. American Bar Association. Fall 2016.
1909:
2819:
311:
has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders.
279:
Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999
2108:
1608:, the governor of Georgia, issued an executive order for all
259:
as judge and designate the salaries of the court's officers.
2470:
Trump, President of the United States, Et Al v. Hawaii Et Al
1448:
subsequently revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009.
438:, had ordered private steel production facilities seized in
1569:
Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from
2558:"Benefit-Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies"
1757:, CRS Report for Congress #95-722A, March 9, 1999, Pp. 1-2
2304:"A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States"
3077:
Executive branch of the government of the United States
2579:
Clark Nardinelli; Susan E. Dudley (February 3, 2021).
2541:
Economic Analysis and Independent Regulatory Agencies
2327:
Catherine Edwards, "Emergency Rule, Abuse of Power?"
1406:
in certain regions). The order was then delegated to
2140:"The American Presidency Project / Executive Orders"
2786:
Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project
2419:"House G.O.P. Files Lawsuit in Battling Health Law"
2171:
2169:
1628:According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper, a
352:By Executive Order 6581, the president created the
2417:
2401:"House Authorizes Lawsuit Against President Obama"
2048:"Presidential Directives: Background and Overview"
1597:. The governor may also call the legislature into
1577:is not in session, and economic conditions take a
270:under federal control, which was found invalid in
266:'s Executive Order 10340 placed all the country's
2801:Governor of Missouri's executive orders 2012-1982
2652:About Executive Orders of the State of Washington
2346:, et al, v. Reich, 74 F.3d 1322 (D.C. Cir. 1996)"
1828:Antieau, Chester James; Rich, William J. (1997).
1585:, a governor may specify by what percentage each
2710:, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
2384:"GOP-led House authorizes lawsuit against Obama"
2846:Executive actions (Presidential directives) by
2622:About Executive Orders of the State of Colorado
450:Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders
345:forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and
224:
2667:About Executive Orders of the State of Florida
2637:About Executive Orders of the State of Georgia
2562:Administrative Conference of the United States
2545:Administrative Conference of the United States
1656:List of United States federal executive orders
2831:
2443:"Federal court halts Trump's immigration ban"
2104:"Biden's 1st 100 Days: A Look By The Numbers"
1817:. West Publishing Company. 1986. p. 723.
88:Article Two of the United States Constitution
8:
1914:National Archives and Records Administration
2682:About Executive Orders of the State of Utah
2036:, p. 1 (Archives Publishing Company, 1944).
1940:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2913:
2838:
2824:
2816:
453:
385:Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935
2781:Executive Orders: Issuance and Revocation
2505:Cass R. Sunstein; Adrian Vermeul (2021).
2133:
2131:
2129:
432:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
273:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
39:Presidential proclamation (United States)
2344:Chamber of Commerce of the United States
1834:. Vol. 3. West Group. p. 528.
2698:. University of Kansas Press. Page 116.
2046:Relyea, Harold C. (November 26, 2008).
1802:, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), Majority Opinion.
1711:
1356:
356:. On March 7, 1934, he established the
354:Export-Import Bank of the United States
251:, and Lincoln also used Executive Order
115:Basis in the United States Constitution
2568:from the original on December 1, 2022.
2529:from the original on January 17, 2024.
2430:from the original on January 30, 2024.
2243:Gaziano, Todd F. (February 21, 2001).
2026:
2024:
1955:DiBacco, Thomas V. (August 14, 2014).
1933:
434:: in that case Roosevelt's successor,
2587:. Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis.
7:
2416:Parker, Ashley (November 21, 2014).
2059:. p. 1. Order Code 98-611 GOV.
1930:. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 23.
2758:, Princeton University Press, 2002.
2591:from the original on July 24, 2023.
1612:to reduce water use during a major
2796:Presidential Proclamations Project
2708:Presidential Proclamations Project
2494:from the original on July 5, 2023.
1912:from websites or documents of the
1754:Executive Orders and Proclamations
1499:approved a resolution authorizing
373:Chief Justice of the United States
333:, and forbidding banks to release
25:
2765:, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
2441:Patel, Nilay (January 28, 2017).
2399:Michael McAuliff and Sam Levine,
2279:"Panama Refining Company v. Ryan"
2102:Breslow, Jason (April 27, 2021).
1696:Signing statement (United States)
1561:Executive orders issued by state
161:Article II of the US Constitution
2776:Archive of U.S. Executive Orders
1908: This article incorporates
1903:
1861:American Bar Association Journal
394:National Recovery Administration
381:National Industrial Recovery Act
32:Executive order (disambiguation)
2848:Presidents of the United States
2603:"Independent Regulatory Agency"
2082:The American Presidency Project
375:(the period being known as the
82:that manages operations of the
3072:United States executive orders
2226:publication page and date: 74
2056:Congressional Research Service
1926:93rd Cong., 2nd sess. (1974).
1899:Office of the Federal Register
1887:President of the United States
1773:. Princeton University Press.
1438:Society of American Archivists
470:
362:National Labor Relations Board
358:National Recovery Review Board
172:Office of the Federal Register
163:or enacted by the Congress in
80:president of the United States
1:
2609:. The Regulatory Group. 2002.
2607:Glossary of Regulatory Jargon
2159:American Presidency Project,
2033:Presidential Executive Orders
1857:"OLC: the Unfamiliar Acronym"
1855:Wozencraft, Frank M. (1971).
1720:"What is an Executive Order?"
1528:was stayed by a federal court
1363:As of July 26, 2024.
2900:National security directives
2742:Resources in other libraries
1541:independent federal agencies
1478:National Labor Relations Act
379:), the Court found that the
1767:Rudalevige, Andrew (2021).
1724:Insights on Law and Society
1616:. The same was demanded of
1497:US House of Representatives
303:, and 1,803 orders made by
188:Code of Federal Regulations
3108:
2886:Presidential determination
2871:Presidential proclamations
2482:Dan Bosch (May 29, 2020).
1676:Presidential determination
1554:
1480:and overturned the order.
389:National Emergency Council
121:United States Constitution
36:
29:
3092:United States federal law
2911:
2854:
2737:Resources in your library
2696:By Order of The President
2694:Phillip J. Cooper. 2002.
2585:Regulatory Studies Center
1831:Modern Constitutional Law
1691:Presidential proclamation
1630:presidential proclamation
1624:Presidential proclamation
220:Emancipation Proclamation
70:In the United States, an
2859:Presidential directives
2331:, August 23, 1999, p. 18
2017:. ABC-CLIO. p. 102.
1383:under President Truman.
37:Not to be confused with
2894:Presidential memorandum
2884:Administrative orders (
2253:The Heritage Foundation
2011:Brian R. Dirck (2007).
1686:Presidential memorandum
1452:The Heritage Foundation
387:", re-establishing the
299:, 1,203 orders made by
203:, all presidents since
43:Presidential memorandum
2539:Copeland CW. (2013). "
2515:Georgetown Law Journal
2030:Lord, Clifford et al.
1910:public domain material
1799:Myers v. United States
1681:Presidential directive
1551:State executive orders
1495:On July 30, 2014, the
1468:, issued by President
633:William Henry Harrison
236:US Department of State
234:That changed when the
229:
201:William Henry Harrison
199:With the exception of
67:
59:
3082:Public administration
2970:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2348:. Public.Resource.org
1991:founders.archives.gov
1867:(January): 33 at 35.
1651:Delegated legislation
1557:State executive order
1545:Executive Order 12866
1466:Executive Order 12954
1434:Executive Order 13233
1072:Franklin D. Roosevelt
440:Executive Order 10340
309:Franklin D. Roosevelt
289:War Powers Resolution
97:delegated legislation
65:
57:
47:State executive order
2980:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2890:Presidential finding
2161:Executive Order 7075
1961:The Washington Times
1593:) off until a later
1591:capital expenditures
1512:Obama administration
1501:Speaker of the House
1421:for the duration of
1392:Executive Order 9066
1388:Executive Order 6102
1110:Dwight D. Eisenhower
369:Charles Evans Hughes
343:Executive Order 6102
2939:William Howard Taft
2754:Mayer, Kenneth R.,
2404:Huff Post: Politics
2329:Insight on the News
2259:on October 19, 2008
2249:Legal Memorandum #2
2233:, January 26, 2009.
2210:on January 22, 2009
1889:(August 15, 2016).
1522:'s executive order
1508:Affordable Care Act
977:William Howard Taft
823:Rutherford B. Hayes
218:when he issued the
2934:Theodore Roosevelt
2917:
2875:national monuments
2424:The New York Times
2177:"Executive Orders"
2078:"Executive Orders"
1891:"Executive Orders"
1610:its state agencies
1583:state constitution
1518:Part of President
1402:, and non-citizen
1396:Japanese Americans
1377:racial integration
958:Theodore Roosevelt
413:William O. Douglas
327:Franklin Roosevelt
318:Franklin Roosevelt
297:Theodore Roosevelt
257:Charles A. Peabody
249:American Civil War
180:and eventually in
156:U.S. Supreme Court
84:federal government
68:
60:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3021:George H. W. Bush
2990:Lyndon B. Johnson
2949:Warren G. Harding
2761:Warber, Adam L.,
2723:Library resources
2373:, 1990, p. 118–19
2367:Harold Hongju Koh
1841:978-0-7620-0194-1
1780:978-0-691-20371-3
1587:government agency
1575:state legislature
1353:
1352:
1243:George H. W. Bush
1148:Lyndon B. Johnson
1015:Warren G. Harding
900:Benjamin Harrison
861:Chester A. Arthur
842:James A. Garfield
576:John Quincy Adams
481:George Washington
421:Robert H. Jackson
409:Felix Frankfurter
347:gold certificates
283:during President
205:George Washington
66:Example from 2017
58:Example from 1948
16:(Redirected from
3099:
2929:William McKinley
2914:
2863:Executive orders
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2711:
2705:
2699:
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2686:
2685:
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2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:, July 30, 2014,
2397:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2255:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2223:Federal Register
2219:
2217:
2215:
2206:. Archived from
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2182:Federal Register
2173:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2138:Gerhard Peters.
2135:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:. Archived from
1952:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1751:John Contrubis,
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1716:
1666:Order in council
1571:state government
1419:internment camps
1364:
1361:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1000:
999:
998:
981:
980:
979:
962:
961:
960:
943:
942:
941:
939:William McKinley
923:
922:
921:
919:Grover Cleveland
904:
903:
902:
884:
883:
882:
880:Grover Cleveland
865:
864:
863:
846:
845:
844:
827:
826:
825:
808:
807:
806:
804:Ulysses S. Grant
789:
788:
787:
770:
769:
768:
751:
750:
749:
732:
731:
730:
713:
712:
711:
709:Millard Fillmore
694:
693:
692:
675:
674:
673:
656:
655:
654:
637:
636:
635:
618:
617:
616:
614:Martin Van Buren
599:
598:
597:
580:
579:
578:
561:
560:
559:
542:
541:
540:
523:
522:
521:
519:Thomas Jefferson
504:
503:
502:
485:
484:
483:
472:
454:
254:
240:numbering scheme
185:
177:Federal Register
150:
146:
140:
134:
128:
93:Acts of Congress
21:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3009:
2985:John F. Kennedy
2975:Harry S. Truman
2963:
2954:Calvin Coolidge
2907:
2906:
2850:
2844:
2772:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2731:
2730:
2728:Executive order
2726:
2719:
2717:Further reading
2714:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2390:, July 30, 2014
2382:Deirdre Walsh,
2381:
2377:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2163:(May 29, 2009).
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1967:on May 14, 2016
1954:
1953:
1949:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1904:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1642:
1626:
1599:special session
1559:
1553:
1533:Trump v. Hawaii
1474:strike-breakers
1460:
1458:Legal conflicts
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1129:John F. Kennedy
1127:
1126:
1125:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1091:Harry S. Truman
1089:
1088:
1087:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1034:Calvin Coolidge
1032:
1031:
1030:
1013:
1012:
1011:
994:
993:
992:
975:
974:
973:
956:
955:
954:
937:
936:
935:
917:
916:
915:
898:
897:
896:
878:
877:
876:
859:
858:
857:
840:
839:
838:
821:
820:
819:
802:
801:
800:
783:
782:
781:
766:Abraham Lincoln
764:
763:
762:
745:
744:
743:
728:Franklin Pierce
726:
725:
724:
707:
706:
705:
688:
687:
686:
669:
668:
667:
650:
649:
648:
631:
630:
629:
612:
611:
610:
593:
592:
591:
574:
573:
572:
555:
554:
553:
536:
535:
534:
517:
516:
515:
498:
497:
496:
479:
478:
477:
468:
463:
452:
442:to support the
436:Harry S. Truman
425:James F. Byrnes
367:In 1934, while
320:
301:Calvin Coolidge
252:
216:Abraham Lincoln
197:
195:History and use
183:
148:
144:
138:
132:
126:
117:
104:judicial review
72:executive order
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Executive Order
15:
12:
11:
5:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:Sources of law
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:George W. Bush
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2959:Herbert Hoover
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Woodrow Wilson
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Andrew Jackson
2920:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2882:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2770:External links
2768:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2687:
2672:
2657:
2642:
2627:
2612:
2594:
2571:
2549:
2532:
2497:
2474:
2461:
2433:
2408:
2392:
2375:
2359:
2333:
2320:
2295:
2270:
2235:
2195:
2165:
2152:
2125:
2094:
2069:
2038:
2020:
2003:
1978:
1947:
1918:
1878:
1847:
1840:
1820:
1804:
1786:
1779:
1759:
1744:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1622:
1555:Main article:
1552:
1549:
1459:
1456:
1430:George W. Bush
1417:to be sent to
1411:John L. DeWitt
1398:, non-citizen
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1281:George W. Bush
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1186:Gerald R. Ford
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:Herbert Hoover
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
996:Woodrow Wilson
989:
988:
985:
982:
970:
969:
966:
963:
951:
950:
947:
944:
932:
931:
928:
925:
924:(second term)
912:
911:
908:
905:
893:
892:
889:
886:
873:
872:
869:
866:
854:
853:
850:
847:
835:
834:
831:
828:
816:
815:
812:
809:
797:
796:
793:
790:
785:Andrew Johnson
778:
777:
774:
771:
759:
758:
755:
752:
747:James Buchanan
740:
739:
736:
733:
721:
720:
717:
714:
702:
701:
698:
695:
690:Zachary Taylor
683:
682:
679:
676:
664:
663:
660:
657:
645:
644:
641:
638:
626:
625:
622:
619:
607:
606:
603:
600:
595:Andrew Jackson
588:
587:
584:
581:
569:
568:
565:
562:
550:
549:
546:
543:
531:
530:
527:
524:
512:
511:
508:
505:
493:
492:
489:
486:
474:
473:
465:
460:
451:
448:
319:
316:
305:Woodrow Wilson
196:
193:
116:
113:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Ronald Reagan
3014:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Richard Nixon
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Military fiat
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1490:supermajority
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1224:Ronald Reagan
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:Richard Nixon
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
986:
983:
978:
972:
971:
967:
964:
959:
953:
952:
948:
945:
940:
934:
933:
929:
926:
920:
914:
913:
909:
906:
901:
895:
894:
890:
887:
885:(first term)
881:
875:
874:
870:
867:
862:
856:
855:
851:
848:
843:
837:
836:
832:
829:
824:
818:
817:
813:
810:
805:
799:
798:
794:
791:
786:
780:
779:
775:
772:
767:
761:
760:
756:
753:
748:
742:
741:
737:
734:
729:
723:
722:
718:
715:
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