600:
these hives are not the same as those witnessed with most urticariae. Instead, the protrusion in the affected areas is typically more spread out. The hives may last from eight hours to three days. The source of the pressure on the skin can happen from tight fitted clothing, belts, clothing with tough straps, walking, leaning against an object, standing, sitting on a hard surface, etc. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the hands, feet, trunk, abdomen, buttocks, legs and face. Although this appears to be very similar to dermatographism, the cardinal difference is that the swelled skin areas do not become visible quickly and tend to last much longer. This form of the skin disease is, however, rare.
1016:
of severe disease but should not be used for long term due to their long list of side effects. Step 2 consists of increasing the dose of the current antihistamine, adding other antihistamines, or adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist such as montelukast. Step 3 consists of adding or replacing the current treatment with hydroxyzine or doxepin. If the individual doesn't respond to steps 1–3 then they are considered to have refractory symptoms. At this point, anti-inflammatory medications (dapsone, sulfasalazine), immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, sirolimus) or other medications like
1103:
prostaglandin and leukotriene activity. It is helpful in therapy-refractory cases and is contraindicated in people with G6PD deficiency. Sulfasalazine, a 5-ASA derivative, is thought to alter adenosine release and inhibit IgE mediated mast cell degranulation, Sulfasalazine is a good option for people with anemia who cannot take dapsone. Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial agent that suppresses T lymphocytes. It has a low cost however it takes longer than dapsone or sulfasalazine to work.
644:
against the skin of the forearm for 1 to 5 minutes. A distinct hive should develop if a person has cold urticaria. This is different from the normal redness that can be seen in people without cold urticaria. People with cold urticaria need to learn to protect themselves from a hasty drop in body temperature. Regular antihistamines are not generally efficacious. One particular antihistamine, cyproheptadine (Periactin), has been found to be useful. The tricyclic antidepressant
677:
two hours. This kind of hives does not seem to be stimulated by histamine discharge like the other physical hives. Most researchers believe this condition is actually skin sensitivity to additives in the water, such as chlorine. Water urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing tap water and distilled water to the skin and observing the gradual response. Aquagenic urticaria is treated with capsaicin (Zostrix) administered to the chafed skin. This is the same treatment used for
694:
the symptoms. This method must be used with caution and only with the appropriate resuscitative measures at hand. EU can be differentiated from cholinergic urticaria by the hot water immersion test. In this test, the person is immersed in water at 43 °C (109.4 °F). Someone with EU will not develop hives, while a person with cholinergic urticaria will develop the characteristic small hives, especially on the neck and chest.
501:
908:
65:
583:(also known as dermatographism or "skin writing") is marked by the appearance of weals or welts on the skin as a result of scratching or firm stroking of the skin. Seen in 4–5% of the population, it is one of the most common types of urticaria, in which the skin becomes raised and inflamed when stroked, scratched, rubbed, and sometimes even slapped.
305:
297:
289:
1000:
Vibratory angioedema is diagnosed by holding a vibrating device such as a laboratory vortex machine against the forearm for four minutes. Speedy swelling of the whole forearm extending into the upper arm is also noted later. The principal treatment is avoidance of vibratory stimulants. Antihistamines have also been proven helpful.
1093:
Leukotrienes are released from mast cells along with histamine. The medications, montelukast and zafirlukast block leukotriene receptors and can be used as add on treatment or in isolation for people with CU. It is important to note that these medications may be more beneficial for people with NSAID
705:
is acknowledged to stabilise mast cells and prevent histamine release, and has been effective in treating this hives disorder. Avoiding exercise or foods that cause the mentioned symptoms is very important. In particular circumstances, tolerance can be brought on by regular exercise, but this must be
639:
The cold type of urticaria is caused by exposure of the skin to extreme cold, damp and windy conditions; it occurs in two forms. The rare form is hereditary and becomes evident as hives all over the body 9 to 18 hours after cold exposure. The common form of cold urticaria demonstrates itself with the
3025:
Pacor ML, Di
Lorenzo G, Corrocher R (2001). "Efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonist in chronic urticaria. A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of treatment with montelukast and cetirizine in patients with chronic urticaria with intolerance to food additive and/or acetylsalicylic acid".
1122:
In those with chronic urticaria, defined as either continuous or intermittent symptoms lasting longer than 6 weeks, 35% of people are symptom free 1 year after treatment, while 29% have a reduction in their symptoms. Those with a longer disease duration typically have a worse prognosis, with greater
999:
This very rare form of angioedema develops in response to contact with vibration. In vibratory angioedema, symptoms develop within two to five minutes after contact with a vibrating object and abate after about an hour. People with this disorder do not experience dermographism or pressure urticaria.
961:
urticaria is defined as the presence of hives which persist for greater than six weeks. Some of the more severe chronic cases have lasted more than 20 years. A survey indicated chronic urticaria lasted a year or more in more than 50% of those affected and 20 years or more in 20% of them. Provocative
599:
This type of hives can occur right away, precisely after a pressure stimulus or as a deferred response to sustained pressure being enforced to the skin. In the deferred form, the hives only appear after about six hours from the initial application of pressure to the skin. Under normal circumstances,
1601:
1084:
Oral glucocorticoids are effective in controlling symptoms of chronic hives. However, they have an extensive list of adverse effects, such as adrenal suppression, weight gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, etc. Therefore, their use should be limited to a couple of weeks. In addition, one study found
1015:
Treatment guidelines for the management of chronic hives have been published. According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes
986:
is similar to hives, but in angioedema, the swelling occurs in a lower layer of the dermis than in hives, as well as in the subcutis. This swelling can occur around the mouth, eyes, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Hives and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to an
693:
EU sometimes occurs only when someone exercises within 30 minutes of eating particular foods, such as wheat or shellfish. For these individuals, exercising alone or eating the injuring food without exercising produces no symptoms. EU can be diagnosed by having the person exercise and then observing
676:
This type of urticaria is also termed rare and occurs upon contact with water. The response is not temperature-dependent and the skin appears similar to the cholinergic form of the disease. The appearance of hives is within one to 15 minutes of contact with the water and can last from 10 minutes to
643:
Severe reactions can be seen with exposure to cold water; swimming in cold water is the most common cause of a severe reaction. This can cause a massive discharge of histamine, resulting in low blood pressure, fainting, shock and even loss of life. Cold urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing an ice cube
190:
with red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives may burn or sting. The patches of rash may appear on different body parts, with variable duration from minutes to days, and does not leave any long-lasting skin change. Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks (a condition known as chronic urticaria).
948:
which completely resolve within six weeks. Acute urticaria becomes evident a few minutes after the person has been exposed to an allergen. The outbreak may last several weeks, but usually the hives are gone in six weeks. Typically, the hives are a reaction to food, but in about half the cases, the
689:
The condition was first distinguished in 1980. People with exercise urticaria (EU) experience hives, itchiness, shortness of breath and low blood pressure five to 30 minutes after beginning exercise. These symptoms can progress to shock and even sudden death. Jogging is the most common exercise to
590:
It stands in contrast to the linear reddening that does not itch seen in healthy people who are scratched. In most cases, the cause is unknown, although it may be preceded by a viral infection, antibiotic therapy, or emotional upset. Dermatographism is diagnosed by applying pressure by stroking or
328:
About 20% of people are affected. Cases of short duration occur equally in males and females, lasting a few days and without leaving any long-lasting skin changes. Cases of long duration are more common in females. Cases of short duration are more common among children while cases of long duration
264:
About 20% of people are affected at some point in their lives. Cases of short duration occur equally in males and females while cases of long duration are more common in females. Cases of short duration are more common among children while cases of long duration are more common among those who are
640:
rapid onset of hives on the face, neck, or hands after exposure to cold. Cold urticaria is common and lasts for an average of five to six years. The population most affected is young adults, between 18 and 25 years old. Many people with the condition also have dermographism and cholinergic hives.
1113:
Immunosuppressants used for CU include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate. Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, inhibit cell responsiveness to mast cell products and inhibit T cell activity. They are preferred by some experts to treat severe symptoms.
1011:
Chronic hives can be difficult to treat and lead to significant disability. Unlike the acute form, 50–80% of people with chronic hives have no identifiable triggers. But 50% of people with chronic hives will experience remission within 1 year. Overall, treatment is geared towards symptomatic
339:
is a related condition (also from allergic and nonallergic causes), though fluid leakage is from much deeper blood vessels in the subcutaneous or submucosal layers. Individual hives that are painful, last more than 24 hours, or leave a bruise as they heal are more likely to be a more serious
1102:
Other options for refractory symptoms of chronic hives include anti-inflammatory medications, omalizumab, and immunosuppressants. Potential anti-inflammatory agents include dapsone, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. Dapsone is a sulfone antimicrobial agent and is thought to suppress
1114:
Sirolimus and mycophenolate have less evidence for their use in the treatment of chronic hives but reports have shown them to be efficacious. Immunosuppressants are generally reserved as the last line of therapy for severe cases due to their potential for serious adverse effects.
1109:
was approved by the FDA in 2014 for people with hives 12 years old and above with chronic hives. It is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE. Significant improvement in pruritus and quality of life was observed in a phase III, multicenter, randomized control trial.
926:
over a long period of time is requested in hopes of getting new insight. No evidence shows regular allergy testing results in identification of a problem or relief for people with chronic hives. Regular allergy testing for people with chronic hives is not recommended.
356:
Hives can also be classified by the purported causative agent. Many different substances in the environment may cause hives, including medications, food and physical agents. In perhaps more than 50% of people with chronic hives of unknown cause, it is due to an
3532:
3517:
591:
scratching the skin. The hives should develop within a few minutes. Unless the skin is highly sensitive and reacts continually, treatment is not needed. Taking antihistamines can reduce the response in cases that are annoying to the person.
2164:
Chung, Man Cheung; Symons, Christine; Gilliam, Jane; Kaminski, Edward R. (2010). "The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, and personality traits among patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria".
1012:
management. Individuals with chronic hives may need other medications in addition to antihistamines to control symptoms. People who experience hives with angioedema require emergency treatment as this is a life-threatening condition.
763:
antibodies to high-affinity cell surface receptors. Basophils and other inflammatory cells are also seen to release histamine and other mediators, and are thought to play an important role, especially in chronic urticarial diseases.
2501:
Shaker, Marcus; Oppenheimer, John; Wallace, Dana; Lang, David M.; Rambasek, Todd; Dykewicz, Mark; Greenhawt, Matthew (July 2020). "Optimizing Value in the
Evaluation of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis".
715:
966:), cold temperatures, warm temperatures, or light in an attempt to provoke symptoms and aid in the diagnosis. The history of physical examination guide the diagnosis of chronic urticaria, with extensive lab testing not recommended.
3643:
875:. Ingestion of free histamine released by bacterial decay in fish flesh may result in a rapid-onset, allergic-type symptom complex which includes hives. However, the hives produced by scombroid is reported not to include wheals.
1123:
symptom severity. Chronic urticaria is often accompanied by an intense pruritus, and other symptoms associated with a reduced quality of life and a high burden of co-morbid psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression.
621:
which is provoked during sweating events such as exercise, bathing, staying in a heated environment, or emotional stress. The hives produced are typically smaller than classic hives and are generally shorter-lasting.
1055:, and generally preferred over the first-generation antihistamines. Fexofenadine, a new-generation antihistamine that blocks histamine H1 receptors, may be less sedating than some second-generation antihistamines.
3229:
AU Shahar E, Bergman R, Guttman-Yassky E, Pollack S (2006). "Treatment of severe chronic idiopathic urticaria with oral mycophenolate mofetil in patients not responding to antihistamines and/or corticosteroids".
2386:
Kozel, Martina M.A.; Bossuyt, Patrick M.M.; Mekkes, Jan R.; Bos, Jan D. (2003). "Laboratory tests and identified diagnoses in patients with physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema: A systematic review".
316:
with red, raised, itchy bumps. They may also burn or sting. Hives can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including
586:
The skin reaction usually becomes evident soon after the scratching and disappears within 30 minutes. Dermatographism is the most common form of a subset of chronic hives, acknowledged as "physical hives".
818:
Hive-like rashes commonly accompany viral illnesses, such as the common cold. They usually appear three to five days after the cold has started, and may even appear a few days after the cold has resolved.
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has been found to be effective blocking agents of histamine. Finally, a medication named ketotifen, which keeps mast cells from discharging histamine, has also been employed with widespread success.
2544:
5733:
949:
trigger is unknown. Common foods may be the cause, as well as bee or wasp stings, or skin contact with certain fragrances. Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral
5134:
3629:
1622:
Tebbe, Beate; Geilen, Christoph C.; Schulzke, Jörg-Dieter; Bojarski, Christian; Radenhausen, Michael; Orfanos, Constantin E. (1996). "Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic urticaria".
1058:
People who do not respond to the maximum dose of H1 antihistamines may benefit from increasing the dose further, then to switching to another non-sedating antihistamine, then to adding a
325:, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood vessels. Hives may be pinpoint in size or several inches in diameter, they can be individual or confluent, coalescing into larger forms.
2990:
AU Erbagci Z SO (2002). "The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical study".
3112:
Maurer, Marcus; Rosén, Karin; Hsieh, Hsin-Ju; Saini, Sarbjit; Grattan, Clive; Gimenéz-Arnau, Ana; Agarwal, Sunil; Doyle, Ramona; Canvin, Janice; Kaplan, Allen; Casale, Thomas (2013).
914:
of urticaria. Dermal edema and a sparse superficial predominantly perivascular and interstitial infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils without signs of vasculitis (dashed arrow).
2316:
2200:
Chung, Man Cheung; Symons, Christine; Gilliam, Jane; Kaminski, Edward R. (2010). "Stress, psychiatric co-morbidity and coping in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria".
1780:
5613:
4724:
2086:
Engin, B; Uguz, F; Yilmaz, E; Ozdemir, M; Mevlitoglu, I (2007). "The levels of depression, anxiety and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria".
329:
are more common among those who are middle aged. Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks. The condition frequently recurs. In half of cases of hives, the
2348:
Tarbox, James A.; Gutta, Ravi C.; Radojicic, Cristine; Lang, David M. (2011). "Utility of routine laboratory testing in management of chronic urticaria/angioedema".
5127:
249:
may also be used. Keeping the environmental temperature cool is also useful. For cases that last more than six weeks long term antihistamine therapy is indicated.
2320:
4136:
1131:
Chronic urticaria is usually seen in those older than 40 years, it is more common in women. The prevalence of chronic urticaria is 0.23% in the United States.
1734:
743:) from cells in the skin. This process can be the result of an allergic or nonallergic reaction, differing in the eliciting mechanism of histamine release.
887:
since the 1940s. A large body of evidence demonstrates an association between this condition and both poor emotional well-being and reduced health-related
786:
located on skin mast cells. Chronic stimulation of this receptor leads to chronic hives. People with hives often have other autoimmune conditions, such as
782:
hives are the result of an autoimmune trigger. Roughly 50% of people with chronic urticaria spontaneously develop autoantibodies directed at the receptor
5120:
5015:
1837:
Hirschmann, J. V.; Lawlor, F; English, JS; Louback, JB; Winkelmann, RK; Greaves, MW (1987). "Cholinergic
Urticaria - A Clinical and Histologic Study".
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5696:
5691:
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891:. A link between stress and this condition has also been shown. Some cases have been thought to be due to stress, including an association between
5647:
5469:
4443:
3365:
Phan, NQ; Bernhard, JD; Luger, TA; Ständer, S (October 2010). "Antipruritic treatment with systemic μ-opioid receptor antagonists: a review".
566:. Urushiol is spread by contact but can be washed off with a strong grease- or oil-dissolving detergent and cool water and rubbing ointments.
472:, which is in many processed foods, to be the most common cause of immediate contact urticaria. Another food allergy that can cause hives is
2566:
2442:
4717:
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that systemic glucocorticoids combined with antihistamines did not hasten the time to symptom control compared with antihistamines alone.
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563:
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5464:
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1971:
1595:
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1375:
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Kozel MM, Mekkes JR, Bossuyt PM, Bos JD (2001). "Natural course of physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema in 220 patients".
827:
Mechanisms other than allergen-antibody interactions are known to cause histamine release from mast cells. Many drugs, for example
662:
This form of the disease occurs on areas of the skin exposed to the sun; the condition becomes evident within minutes of exposure.
5738:
5323:
4826:
4803:
4235:
720:
The skin lesions of urticarial disease are caused by an inflammatory reaction in the skin, causing leakage of capillaries in the
5459:
3490:
2051:
Uguz, Faruk; Engin, Burhan; Yilmaz, Ertan (2008). "Axis I and Axis II diagnoses in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria".
863:. The occurrence of drug-induced solar urticaria may be associated with porphyrias. This may be caused by IgG binding, not IgE.
690:
cause EU, but it is not induced by a hot shower, fever, or with fretfulness. This differentiates EU from cholinergic urticaria.
5505:
5367:
4710:
1585:
1556:
5362:
4798:
4194:
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2150:
1991:
5585:
5072:
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4387:
4078:
3915:
896:
856:
4993:
3930:
2817:"Antihistamine effects and safety of fexofenadine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
5642:
4764:
4554:
4309:
4000:
807:
3322:
Langan, EA; Nie, Z; Rhodes, LE (Sep 2010). "Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'?".
2243:
Giang, Jenny; Seelen, Marc A. J.; van Doorn, Martijn B. A.; Rissmann, Robert; Prens, Errol P.; Damman, Jeffrey (2018).
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are sometimes used in addition to H1-antagonists to treat urticaria, but there is limited evidence for their efficacy.
5544:
5347:
5077:
5053:
4304:
3835:
3790:
2305:
1172:, meaning stinging hair or nettle, as the classical presentation follows the contact with a perennial flowering plant
1031:, are not recommended as a first line therapy as they block both brain and peripheral H1 receptors, causing sedation.
5575:
5253:
4998:
4859:
4657:
4377:
1178:. The history of urticaria dates back to 1000–2000 BC with its reference as a wind-type concealed rash in the book
1008:
The mainstay of therapy for both acute and chronic hives is education, avoiding triggers and using antihistamines.
5605:
5428:
5097:
4988:
4983:
4579:
848:
839:, have been found to be involved in emotionally induced hives. Dominantly inherited cutaneous and neurocutaneous
476:, which may cause sensitivity to milk and red meat. A less common cause is exposure to certain bacteria, such as
1251:
5519:
5288:
5274:
4844:
4422:
4068:
4005:
3900:
3547:
1570:
963:
942:
872:
580:
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345:
962:
skin challenge testing may be done in those with chronic urticaria, in which the skin is exposed to pressure (
803:
531:
Hives including chronic spontaneous hives can be a complication and symptom of a parasitic infection, such as
5392:
5155:
5048:
4791:
4687:
4382:
4101:
4073:
3703:
1073:
844:
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681:. Antihistamines are of questionable benefit in this instance since histamine is not the causative factor.
5523:
4662:
4574:
3890:
1737:; Matjevic, L. J.; Mitchel, F. B. (1997). "Physical urticaria: Classification and diagnostic guidelines".
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787:
406:
246:
163:
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Kim S, Baek S, Shin B, Yoon SY, Park SY, Lee T, Lee YS, Bae YJ, Kwon HS, Cho YS, Moon HB, Kim TB (2013).
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Champion, R. H.; Roberts, S. O. B.; Carpenter, R. G.; Roger, J. H. (1969). "Urticaria and Angio-Oedema".
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1213:
953:). Less common causes of hives include friction, pressure, temperature extremes, exercise, and sunlight.
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609:
341:
38:
344:. Hives caused by stroking the skin (often linear in appearance) are due to a benign condition called
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Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance. The cause of chronic hives can rarely be determined.
799:
773:
203:
3621:
1794:
Moore-Robinson, Miriam; Warin, Robert P. (1968). "Some
Clikical Aspects of Cholhstergic Urticaria".
1472:
Griffiths, Christopher; Barker, Jonathan; Bleiker, Tanya; Chalmers, Robert; Creamer, Daniel (2016).
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in 1879 brought urticaria and similar conditions under a comprehensive idea of allergic conditions.
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3474:. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. ESHDV Special Annual Lecture.
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Prevention is by avoiding whatever it is that causes the condition. Treatment is typically with
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2933:"Influence of initial treatment modality on long-term control of chronic idiopathic urticaria"
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139:
116:
77:
2624:"Revisions to the international guidelines on the diagnosis and therapy of chronic urticaria"
2013:
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1062:, then to using an older antihistamine, then to using systemic steroids and finally to using
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being preferred due to less risk of sedation and cognitive impairment. In refractory cases,
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3155:"What the first 10,000 patients with chronic urticaria have taught me: a personal journey"
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888:
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436:, in particular, has been documented to induce allergic reactions manifesting as hives.
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159:
2815:
Huang, Cheng-zhi; Jiang, Zhi-hui; Wang, Jian; Luo, Yue; Peng, Hua (29 November 2019).
1962:
Kathryn L. McCance; Sue E. Huether; Valentina L. Brashers; Neal S. Rote, eds. (2014).
1635:
500:
5727:
5654:
5246:
4975:
4667:
4642:
4597:
4559:
4427:
4294:
4154:
4106:
4038:
4010:
3487:
3335:
3243:
3082:
3039:
2531:
2099:
2064:
2029:
1890:
1449:
1174:
1139:
1048:
1032:
836:
478:
430:
277:
226:
155:
3541:
3442:
3426:
3259:
3098:
3055:
2657:
2487:
2229:
2178:
2115:
1939:
1922:
1907:
1874:"Cholinergic urticaria: Pathogenesis-based categorization and its treatment options"
1823:
1766:
1536:
5549:
5339:
5221:
5210:
5082:
5004:
4612:
4184:
4164:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3805:
3351:
2891:
2783:
1324:
Jafilan, L; James, C (December 2015). "Urticaria and
Allergy-Mediated Conditions".
1201:
1044:
970:
Acute and chronic hives are visually indistinguishable on visual inspection alone.
923:
551:
402:
230:
625:
Multiple subtypes have been elucidated, each of which require distinct treatment.
17:
3552:
3207:
2957:
2733:
2717:"A Summary of the New International EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO Guidelines in Urticaria"
2130:
1657:
Kolkhir, P.; Balakirski, G.; Merk, HF.; Olisova, O.; Maurer, M. (December 2015).
5236:
5216:
5200:
4647:
4472:
4174:
3840:
3582:
1987:
1192:
in the 4th century first described urticaria as "knidosis" after the Greek word
1189:
1063:
1028:
698:
554:
contact is commonly mistaken for urticaria. This rash is caused by contact with
449:
433:
266:
258:
199:
123:
82:
3563:
3378:
3171:
3154:
2689:
2672:
2515:
2361:
4934:
4607:
4448:
4325:
4043:
4015:
3785:
3604:
2833:
2213:
1337:
1218:
1149:
1106:
1067:
1051:, selectively antagonize peripheral H1 receptors, and are less sedating, less
1040:
1036:
1017:
991:, and is a concern in severe cases, as angioedema of the throat can be fatal.
983:
919:
911:
840:
779:
752:
701:
and airway support. Taking antihistamines prior to exercise may be effective.
547:
543:
457:
398:
358:
336:
322:
254:
238:
234:
219:
145:
86:
3194:
Morgan M (2009). "Treatment of refractory chronic urticaria with sirolimus".
3114:"Omalizumab for the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic or Spontaneous Urticaria"
2899:
2842:
2270:
2261:
206:, cold temperature, or vibration may also be a trigger. In half of cases the
4739:
4652:
4602:
4366:
3953:
3925:
3830:
3665:
3609:
3593:
3526:
3275:"Higher Levels of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Chronic Urticaria"
3003:
2600:
1711:
1659:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria and internal parasites – a systematic review"
1197:
740:
736:
716:
List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions
702:
453:
445:
418:
394:
362:
330:
318:
313:
211:
207:
187:
128:
3456:
3434:
3386:
3343:
3308:
3251:
3215:
3180:
3139:
3090:
3047:
3011:
2976:
2917:
2860:
2801:
2752:
2698:
2649:
2608:
2523:
2408:
2369:
2288:
2221:
2186:
2146:
2131:"Stress, Insomnia, and Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria – a Case-Control Study"
2107:
2072:
2037:
1948:
1899:
1684:
1552:
1441:
1345:
3130:
3113:
2673:"The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update"
2479:
1858:
1815:
1758:
1719:
1643:
1433:
5064:
4961:
4702:
4677:
4299:
4279:
4215:
4169:
4111:
4048:
3990:
3810:
3759:
3688:
2400:
1698:
Jedele, Kerry B.; Michels, Virginia V. (1991). "Familial dermographism".
988:
950:
828:
783:
756:
678:
555:
414:
31:
3290:
922:
may be useful to determine the allergy. In some cases regular extensive
64:
5159:
4476:
4330:
4240:
4159:
4146:
4096:
4025:
3749:
3744:
3739:
2129:
Yang, Hsiao-Yu; Sun, Chee-Ching; Wu, Yin-Chang; Wang, Jung-Der (2005).
645:
422:
390:
382:
378:
195:
3509:
2640:
2623:
1964:
Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children
1675:
1658:
1070:. Steroids are often associated with rebound hives once discontinued.
304:
296:
288:
5528:
4088:
4033:
3800:
3795:
3769:
3678:
3521:
1247:
945:
721:
697:
The immediate symptoms of this type are treated with antihistamines,
377:
Drugs that have caused allergic reactions evidenced as hives include
366:
215:
132:
3069:
Boehm I, et al. (Jul 1999). "Urticaria treated with dapsone".
2874:
Fedorowicz, Zbys; van Zuuren, Esther J; Hu, Nianfang (2012-03-14).
1873:
292:
Hives on the left chest wall. Notice that they are slightly raised.
194:
Hives frequently occur following an infection or as a result of an
5495:
5163:
3754:
906:
725:
461:
303:
295:
287:
270:
265:
middle aged. Hives have been described at least since the time of
751:
Histamine and other proinflammatory substances are released from
4335:
3854:
3673:
2766:
Sharma, M; Bennett, C; Cohen, SN; Carter, B (14 November 2014).
5116:
4706:
3625:
1923:"Pathogenesis of Cholinergic Urticaria in Relation to Sweating"
1020:
can be used. These options are explained in more detail below.
835:
molecule. Also, a diverse group of signaling substances called
2088:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
1878:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
760:
495:
465:
1872:
Nakamizo, S.; Egawa, G.; Miyachi, Y.; Kabashima, K. (2012).
1497:
1495:
2504:
The
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
2012:
Mitchell, John H; Curran, Charles A; Myers, Ruth N (1947).
1478:(9 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. Chapter 42.3.
1364:
Zuberbier, Torsten; Grattan, Clive; Maurer, Marcus (2010).
27:
Skin disease characterized by red, raised, and itchy bumps
1966:(Seventh ed.). Elsevier – Health Sciences Division.
361:
reaction. Risk factors include having conditions such as
1420:
Lang, David M. (1 September 2022). "Chronic
Urticaria".
883:
Chronic idiopathic hives has been anecdotally linked to
831:, can induce direct histamine release not involving any
512:
2425:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
755:
in the skin and tissues in response to the binding of
3413:
Poonawalla T, Kelly B (2009). "Urticaria: A review".
2768:"H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria"
2306:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2245:"Complement Activation in Inflammatory Skin Diseases"
1921:
Bito, Toshinori; Sawada, Yu; Tokura, Yoshiki (2012).
1530:
1528:
1370:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38.
3499:
229:, with the second generation antihistamines such as
5734:
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
5669:
5635:
5626:
5604:
5558:
5537:
5518:
5488:
5442:
5427:
5386:
5338:
5331:
5317:
5287:
5262:
5177:
5154:
5062:
5024:
4969:
4960:
4933:
4882:
4773:
4757:
4738:
4621:
4588:
4532:
4517:
4508:
4465:
4436:
4415:
4406:
4359:
4318:
4287:
4276:
4269:
4258:
4203:
4145:
4087:
4024:
3944:
3873:
3862:
3853:
3768:
3732:
3664:
3657:
3573:
3503:
2429:
2317:
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
169:
151:
138:
122:
111:
103:
93:
76:
54:
49:
2343:
2341:
3652:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
2876:"Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria"
2014:"Some Psychosomatic Aspects of Allergic Diseases"
452:. The most common food allergies in children are
210:. Risk factors include having conditions such as
5614:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
2710:
2708:
2381:
2379:
2420:
2418:
895:and chronic idiopathic hives. In most cases of
3367:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2389:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1624:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1152:have tentative evidence to support their use.
218:. Diagnosis is typically based on appearance.
5128:
4718:
4137:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
3637:
444:The most common food allergies in adults are
8:
3791:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
2300:
2298:
1475:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set
1415:
1413:
1411:
2135:Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1168:in 1769. It originates from the Latin word
5632:
5534:
5439:
5335:
5314:
5174:
5135:
5121:
5113:
5016:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
4966:
4779:
4754:
4725:
4711:
4703:
4514:
4412:
4284:
4273:
4266:
3870:
3859:
3661:
3644:
3630:
3622:
3500:
2350:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
63:
46:
4890:Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
3461:. New York: Internet Dermatology Society.
3401:Clinical Allergy Diagnosis and Management
3298:
3170:
3129:
2966:
2956:
2907:
2850:
2832:
2791:
2742:
2732:
2688:
2639:
2278:
2260:
1938:
1889:
1674:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1164:was first used by the Scottish physician
1023:First generation antihistamines, such as
3415:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
941:urticaria is defined as the presence of
732:is absorbed into the surrounding cells.
222:may be useful to determine the allergy.
5648:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
3472:The History of Urticaria and Angioedema
2880:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2772:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1230:
1142:is being studied as a hives treatment.
4444:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
3458:The electronic textbook of Dermatology
2721:The World Allergy Organization Journal
1988:"Scombroid fish poisoning. DermNet NZ"
115:Following an infection, result, of an
5470:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
4943:Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia
2326:from the original on November 3, 2012
739:and other mediators of inflammation (
7:
3273:Tat, Tugba Songul (4 January 2019).
1851:10.1001/archderm.1987.01660280064024
1700:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1537:"Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity"
4920:Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis
2433:(10th ed.). Saunders. p.
1571:"Prescribing Information Dexedrine"
1254:from the original on 19 August 2016
879:Stress and chronic idiopathic hives
735:Hives are caused by the release of
564:urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
4226:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
3488:Urticaria photo library at Dermnet
3324:The British Journal of Dermatology
2563:"Hives (Urticaria and Angioedema)"
2472:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1969.tb16041.x
1808:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb11948.x
1751:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02593.x
1733:Kontou-Fili, K.; Borici-Mazi, R.;
1535:Fraser K, Robertson L (Dec 2013).
1180:The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic
778:Over half of all cases of chronic
312:Hives, or urticaria, is a form of
25:
5687:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
4127:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
2053:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
269:. The term urticaria is from the
191:The condition frequently recurs.
5324:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
4827:Localized heat contact urticaria
4804:Secondary cold contact urticaria
4236:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
3455:McGovern TW, Barkley TM (2000).
3336:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x
3244:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02655.x
3083:10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00187.x
3040:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01189.x
2153:from the original on 2017-09-08.
2100:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02324.x
2065:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.08.006
2030:10.1097/00006842-194705000-00003
1891:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04017.x
1559:from the original on 2016-01-31.
1521:from the original on 2016-08-21.
1384:from the original on 2016-08-21.
1089:Leukotriene-receptor antagonists
1033:Second-generation antihistamines
499:
492:Infection or environmental agent
5506:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
5368:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
4246:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
3427:10.2165/0128071-200910010-00002
3118:New England Journal of Medicine
2821:BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology
2569:from the original on 2007-08-24
2179:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.02.005
1994:from the original on 2012-02-04
1940:10.2332/allergolint.12-RAI-0485
1604:from the original on 2014-07-05
1422:New England Journal of Medicine
4799:Primary cold contact urticaria
4487:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
4195:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
3821:Infantile digital fibromatosis
2892:10.1002/14651858.CD008596.pub2
2784:10.1002/14651858.CD006137.pub2
2460:British Journal of Dermatology
1796:British Journal of Dermatology
1:
5586:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
5073:Necrolytic migratory erythema
5034:Erythema annulare centrifugum
4925:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
4079:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
3916:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
2715:Zuberbier, T (January 2012).
1990:. Dermnetnz.org. 2011-07-01.
1636:10.1016/S0190-9622(96)80086-7
1573:. GlaxoSmithKline. June 2006.
1196:for nettle. The discovery of
857:erythropoietic protoporphyria
5643:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
4765:Urticarial allergic eruption
4555:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4310:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4001:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3208:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.13
2958:10.1371/journal.pone.0069345
2734:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181f13432
2550:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1584:Alexander A. Fisher (2008).
1507:. CABI. 2011. p. 1430.
897:chronic idiopathic urticaria
859:) have been associated with
808:systemic lupus erythematosus
595:Pressure or delayed pressure
542:The rash that develops from
5709:Systemic autoimmune disease
5545:Allergic contact dermatitis
5465:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
5348:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
5054:Annular erythema of infancy
3836:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
3399:Volcheck, Gerald W. (2009)
1587:Fisher's Contact Dermatitis
867:Dietary histamine poisoning
706:under medical supervision.
5760:
5215:common allergies include:
4999:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
4860:Delayed pressure urticaria
4658:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
3379:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.052
3172:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.050
2690:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036
2516:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.004
2362:10.1016/j.anai.2011.06.008
1504:A Dictionary of Entomology
899:, no cause is identified.
771:
713:
669:
655:
632:
607:
573:
36:
29:
5098:Necrolytic acral erythema
4989:Erythema multiforme major
4984:Erythema multiforme minor
4840:
4817:
4782:
2834:10.1186/s40360-019-0363-1
2214:10.1080/08870440802530780
1927:Allergology International
1338:10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.002
849:hereditary coproporphyria
728:which persists until the
558:and results in a form of
71:
62:
5744:Urticaria and angioedema
5460:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
5275:Eosinophilic esophagitis
4994:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
4845:Dermatographic urticaria
4423:Thrombocytopenic purpura
4069:Dermatitis herpetiformis
4054:Acute contact dermatitis
4006:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
3931:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
3901:Lichen simplex chronicus
3781:Epidermal inclusion cyst
2262:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00639
2167:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1367:Urticaria and Angioedema
873:scombroid food poisoning
581:Dermatographic urticaria
576:Dermatographic urticaria
570:Dermatographic urticaria
346:dermatographic urticaria
99:Red, raised, itchy bumps
30:Not to be confused with
5739:Type I hypersensitivity
5576:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
5363:Guillain–Barré syndrome
5049:Erythema gyratum repens
4688:Squamous-cell carcinoma
4683:Systemic histoplasmosis
4074:Porphyria cutanea tarda
3704:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3279:Medical Science Monitor
3004:10.1067/mai.2002.126676
2601:10.1067/mjd.2001.116217
2249:Frontiers in Immunology
2202:Psychology & Health
1839:Archives of Dermatology
1712:10.1002/ajmg.1320390216
1074:H2-receptor antagonists
845:porphyria cutanea tarda
198:such as to medication,
5677:Autoimmune adrenalitis
4733:Urticaria and erythema
4663:Cicatricial pemphigoid
4580:Acne keloidalis nuchae
4575:Folliculitis decalvans
3159:J Allergy Clin Immunol
2992:J Allergy Clin Immunol
2677:J Allergy Clin Immunol
2018:Psychosomatic Medicine
1781:"Gale - Product Login"
1060:leukotriene antagonist
915:
788:autoimmune thyroiditis
724:, and resulting in an
309:
301:
293:
247:leukotriene inhibitors
164:leukotriene inhibitors
4948:Hereditary angioedema
4865:Cholinergic urticaria
4809:Reflex cold urticaria
4565:Loose anagen syndrome
4492:Necrobiosis lipoidica
4428:Actinic/solar purpura
4102:Insect bite reactions
3891:Seborrheic dermatitis
3714:Merkel-cell carcinoma
3694:Molluscum contagiosum
3131:10.1056/NEJMoa1215372
2671:Bernstein, J (2014).
1434:10.1056/NEJMra2120166
1214:Urticarial vasculitis
910:
893:post-traumatic stress
633:Further information:
615:Cholinergic urticaria
610:Cholinergic urticaria
604:Cholinergic or stress
342:urticarial vasculitis
331:cause remains unknown
307:
299:
291:
208:cause remains unknown
39:Hive (disambiguation)
5682:Autoimmune hepatitis
5661:Transplant rejection
5571:Giant cell arteritis
5501:Rheumatoid arthritis
5358:Goodpasture syndrome
5270:Autoimmune urticaria
5093:Generalized erythema
4900:Autoimmune urticaria
4895:Adrenergic urticaria
4850:Vibratory angioedema
4388:Annulare centrifugum
3911:Glucagonoma syndrome
3709:Basal-cell carcinoma
3684:Seborrheic keratosis
2683:(5): 1270–1277.e66.
2628:J Dtsch Dermatol Ges
2401:10.1067/mjd.2003.142
995:Vibratory angioedema
931:Acute versus chronic
800:rheumatoid arthritis
774:Autoimmune urticaria
482:species or possibly
204:Psychological stress
37:For other uses, see
5148:autoimmune diseases
5039:Erythema marginatum
4971:Erythema multiforme
4915:Schnitzler syndrome
4870:Aquagenic urticaria
4633:Aphthous stomatitis
4570:Lichen planopilaris
4545:Androgenic alopecia
4351:Fixed drug eruption
3926:Pemphigus foliaceus
3826:Granular cell tumor
3403:. London: Springer.
3291:10.12659/MSM.912362
2949:2013PLoSO...869345K
2510:(7): 2360–2369.e1.
853:variegate porphyria
672:Aquagenic urticaria
617:(CU) is one of the
485:Helicobacter pylori
468:. One study showed
429:. The antidiabetic
144:Based on symptoms,
87:Clinical immunology
5591:Reactive arthritis
5581:Multiple sclerosis
5475:Reactive arthritis
5373:Pemphigus vulgaris
5353:Bullous pemphigoid
5254:Penicillin allergy
5190:Allergic urticaria
4910:Galvanic urticaria
4905:Exercise urticaria
4855:Pressure urticaria
4775:Physical urticaria
4758:Allergic urticaria
4653:Pemphigus vulgaris
4482:Granuloma annulare
4346:Carcinoid syndrome
4231:Tuberous sclerosis
4190:Coccidioidomycosis
4064:Bullous pemphigoid
4059:Pemphigus vulgaris
3991:Secondary syphilis
3881:Contact dermatitis
3574:External resources
3493:2007-09-25 at the
3153:Kaplan AP (2009).
2622:Maurer, M (2013).
2589:J Am Acad Dermatol
1146:Opioid antagonists
974:Related conditions
916:
804:Sjögren's syndrome
730:interstitial fluid
619:physical urticaria
560:contact dermatitis
511:. You can help by
427:antidiabetic drugs
310:
302:
294:
284:Signs and symptoms
261:may also be used.
251:Immunosuppressants
18:Exercise urticaria
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5622:
5621:
5514:
5513:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5411:Pernicious anemia
5406:Myasthenia gravis
5283:
5282:
5206:Atopic dermatitis
5195:Allergic rhinitis
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5026:Figurate erythema
4956:
4955:
4878:
4877:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4540:Telogen effluvium
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4402:
4401:
4254:
4253:
4122:Lichen spinulosus
4117:Keratosis pilaris
3996:Mycosis fungoides
3896:Stasis dermatitis
3886:Atopic dermatitis
3849:
3848:
3724:Trichoepithelioma
3699:Actinic keratosis
3619:
3618:
3470:Juhlin L. (2000)
3238:(10): 1224–1227.
3034:(10): 1607–1614.
2727:(Suppl 1): S1-5.
2641:10.1111/ddg.12194
2444:978-0-7216-2921-6
1676:10.1111/all.12818
1541:Skin Therapy Lett
1080:Systemic steroids
823:Nonallergic hives
529:
528:
474:alpha-gal allergy
387:dextroamphetamine
340:condition called
196:allergic reaction
177:
176:
140:Diagnostic method
117:allergic reaction
44:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5751:
5704:Sjögren syndrome
5633:
5535:
5440:
5336:
5315:
5175:
5144:Hypersensitivity
5137:
5130:
5123:
5114:
5078:Erythema toxicum
5044:Erythema migrans
5010:Erythema nodosum
4967:
4780:
4755:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4638:Oral candidiasis
4515:
4413:
4341:Erythema nodosum
4285:
4274:
4267:
4211:Tinea versicolor
4049:Bullous impetigo
3986:Pityriasis rosea
3921:Lichen sclerosus
3906:Darier's disease
3871:
3860:
3816:Kaposi's sarcoma
3662:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3599:search/Urticaria
3501:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3028:Clin Exp Allergy
3022:
3016:
3015:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2836:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2778:(11): CD006137.
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2432:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2264:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1454:
1453:
1417:
1386:
1385:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1244:
964:dermatographisim
960:
959:
940:
939:
768:Autoimmune hives
537:strongyloidiasis
524:
521:
503:
496:
308:Drawing of hives
182:, also known as
72:Hives on the arm
67:
47:
21:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5713:
5665:
5628:
5618:
5600:
5596:Type 1 diabetes
5566:Coeliac disease
5554:
5526:
5510:
5484:
5450:Arthus reaction
5431:
5415:
5401:Graves' disease
5382:
5378:Rheumatic fever
5327:
5295:
5279:
5258:
5185:Allergic asthma
5166:
5150:
5141:
5111:
5102:
5088:Palmar erythema
5058:
5020:
4974:
4952:
4929:
4883:Other urticaria
4874:
4836:
4832:Solar urticaria
4813:
4769:
4742:
4734:
4731:
4701:
4692:
4624:
4617:
4584:
4550:Alopecia areata
4528:
4510:
4496:
4453:
4432:
4408:
4398:
4355:
4314:
4300:Viral exanthems
4278:
4262:
4260:
4250:
4221:Pityriasis alba
4199:
4141:
4083:
4020:
3940:
3936:Zinc deficiency
3866:
3864:
3845:
3773:
3764:
3728:
3719:Nevus sebaceous
3653:
3650:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3569:
3568:
3512:
3495:Wayback Machine
3484:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3454:
3450:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3024:
3023:
3019:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2886:(3): CD008596.
2873:
2872:
2868:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2634:(10): 971–978.
2621:
2620:
2616:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2313:Choosing Wisely
2308:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1515:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1457:
1419:
1418:
1389:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1323:
1322:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1227:
1210:
1185:Huangdi Neijing
1158:
1137:
1129:
1120:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1053:anticholinergic
1025:diphenhydramine
1006:
997:
981:
976:
957:
956:
937:
936:
933:
924:allergy testing
905:
889:quality of life
881:
871:This is termed
869:
861:solar urticaria
825:
816:
796:type 1 diabetes
776:
770:
749:
718:
712:
710:Pathophysiology
687:
674:
668:
660:
658:Solar urticaria
654:
652:Solar urticaria
637:
631:
612:
606:
597:
578:
572:
525:
519:
516:
509:needs expansion
494:
442:
411:anticonvulsants
375:
354:
321:from cutaneous
286:
243:corticosteroids
186:, is a kind of
160:corticosteroids
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5532:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5480:Serum sickness
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5437:
5434:Immune complex
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5172:
5152:
5151:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4822:Heat urticaria
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4787:Cold urticaria
4783:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4752:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Coxsackievirus
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4385:
4383:Gyratum repens
4380:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4305:Toxic erythema
4302:
4297:
4295:Drug eruptions
4291:
4289:
4282:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:Lichen nitidus
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Herpes simplex
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3544:
3529:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:Classification
3498:
3497:
3483:
3482:External links
3480:
3477:
3476:
3463:
3448:
3405:
3392:
3357:
3314:
3265:
3232:Int J Dermatol
3221:
3186:
3165:(3): 713–717.
3145:
3124:(10): 924–35.
3104:
3061:
3017:
2998:(3): 484–488.
2982:
2923:
2866:
2807:
2758:
2704:
2663:
2614:
2595:(3): 387–391.
2579:
2565:. 2006-03-01.
2554:
2537:
2493:
2450:
2443:
2414:
2375:
2337:
2294:
2235:
2192:
2156:
2121:
2078:
2043:
2004:
1979:
1972:
1954:
1913:
1864:
1829:
1786:
1772:
1725:
1690:
1669:(3): 308–322.
1649:
1614:
1596:
1576:
1562:
1524:
1513:
1491:
1484:
1455:
1428:(9): 824–831.
1387:
1376:
1351:
1265:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1166:William Cullen
1157:
1154:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
967:
954:
932:
929:
904:
901:
880:
877:
868:
865:
833:immunoglobulin
824:
821:
815:
812:
792:celiac disease
772:Main article:
769:
766:
748:
747:Allergic hives
745:
711:
708:
686:
683:
670:Main article:
667:
664:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
635:Cold urticaria
630:
627:
608:Main article:
605:
602:
596:
593:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
539:among others.
533:blastocystosis
527:
526:
506:
504:
493:
490:
470:Balsam of Peru
441:
438:
405:, trichazole,
381:, sulphate of
374:
371:
353:
350:
285:
282:
227:antihistamines
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
156:Antihistamines
153:
149:
148:
142:
136:
135:
126:
120:
119:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5756:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5655:Latex allergy
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5525:
5524:cell-mediated
5521:
5517:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Farmer's lung
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4976:drug eruption
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Lichen planus
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Onychomycosis
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Tinea capitis
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:Miscellaneous
4507:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:Nonblanchable
4405:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4257:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:Hypopigmented
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Acne vulgaris
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Lichen planus
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Herpes zoster
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Parapsoriasis
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:Arch Dermatol
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:(7): e69345.
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:(8): 588–97.
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:(3): 409–16.
2394:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:(3): 239–43.
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:(4): 477–90.
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:(4): 254–63.
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:(3): 184–91.
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1973:9780323088541
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1933:(4): 539–44.
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:(12): 794–9.
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:(5): 504–13.
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1597:9781550093780
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:9781845935429
1510:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:9781118441176
1481:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1377:9783540790488
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:(4): 473–83.
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:Urtica dioica
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:Afamelanotide
1134:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:desloratadine
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
985:
978:
973:
971:
965:
955:
952:
947:
944:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
921:
920:Patch testing
913:
909:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:neuropeptides
834:
830:
822:
820:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
767:
765:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
717:
709:
707:
704:
700:
695:
691:
684:
682:
680:
673:
666:Water-induced
665:
663:
659:
651:
649:
647:
641:
636:
628:
626:
623:
620:
616:
611:
603:
601:
594:
592:
588:
584:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
523:
514:
510:
507:This section
505:
502:
498:
497:
491:
489:
487:
486:
481:
480:
479:Streptococcus
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
435:
432:
431:sulphonylurea
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
351:
349:
347:
343:
338:
334:
332:
326:
324:
320:
315:
306:
298:
290:
283:
281:
279:
275:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
220:Patch testing
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
189:
185:
181:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
146:patch testing
143:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
89:, Allergology
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
40:
33:
19:
5550:Mantoux test
5211:Food allergy
5083:Erythroderma
5005:panniculitis
5003:
4613:Ingrown nail
4185:Dermatophyte
4180:Gonococcemia
4165:Folliculitis
3806:Neurofibroma
3774:subcutaneous
3603:
3592:
3581:
3557:
3546:
3531:
3516:
3471:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3373:(4): 680–8.
3370:
3366:
3360:
3330:(3): 451–5.
3327:
3323:
3317:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3202:(6): 637–9.
3199:
3195:
3189:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3077:(7): 765–6.
3074:
3070:
3064:
3031:
3027:
3020:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2724:
2720:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2545:"angioedema"
2540:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2428:
2392:
2388:
2353:
2349:
2328:. Retrieved
2312:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2173:(1): 55–63.
2170:
2166:
2159:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2094:(1): 36–40.
2091:
2087:
2081:
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1326:Primary Care
1325:
1256:. Retrieved
1202:Paul Ehrlich
1193:
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1127:Epidemiology
1121:
1112:
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1094:induced CU.
1092:
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1045:fexofenadine
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483:
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407:sulfonamides
403:clotrimazole
376:
355:
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311:
273:
263:
231:fexofenadine
224:
200:insect bites
193:
183:
179:
178:
124:Risk factors
5201:Anaphylaxis
5197:(Hay fever)
4668:Herpesvirus
4648:Leukoplakia
4473:Scleroderma
4360:Specialized
4288:Generalized
4263:involvement
4175:Candidiasis
3867:involvement
3841:Myxoid cyst
3689:Acrochordon
3583:MedlinePlus
3421:(1): 9–21.
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1190:Hippocrates
1064:ciclosporin
1029:hydroxyzine
699:epinephrine
434:glimepiride
373:Medications
267:Hippocrates
259:cyclosporin
202:, or food.
83:Dermatology
55:Other names
5728:Categories
5670:Autoimmune
5559:Autoimmune
5489:Autoimmune
5332:Autoimmune
5263:Autoimmune
4935:Angioedema
4608:Paronychia
4449:Vasculitis
4373:Multiforme
4371:Erythema (
4326:Cellulitis
4277:Blanchable
4026:Blistering
4016:Ichthyosis
3874:Eczematous
3786:Hemangioma
3605:Patient UK
3559:DiseasesDB
2573:2007-08-24
2330:August 14,
1998:2012-02-25
1608:2014-04-24
1547:(7): 5–9.
1543:(Review).
1225:References
1219:Dermatitis
1198:mast cells
1150:naltrexone
1107:Omalizumab
1068:omalizumab
1041:cetirizine
1037:loratadine
1035:, such as
1018:omalizumab
1004:Management
984:Angioedema
979:Angioedema
943:evanescent
912:Micrograph
841:porphyrias
814:Infections
780:idiopathic
753:mast cells
714:See also:
548:poison oak
544:poison ivy
520:April 2024
399:penicillin
359:autoimmune
337:Angioedema
323:mast cells
255:omalizumab
239:cetirizine
235:loratadine
107:A few days
5340:Cytotoxic
4740:Urticaria
4603:Psoriasis
4511:disorders
4466:Indurated
4367:Urticaria
4319:Localized
4261:epidermal
4044:Varicella
3954:Psoriasis
3865:epidermal
3831:Leiomyoma
3733:Pigmented
3666:Epidermal
3594:eMedicine
2900:1465-1858
2843:2050-6511
2827:(1): 72.
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2271:1664-3224
1450:251992431
1258:10 August
1162:urticaria
1160:The term
1118:Prognosis
903:Diagnosis
741:cytokines
737:histamine
703:Ketotifen
454:shellfish
446:shellfish
419:piracetam
395:ibuprofen
363:hay fever
319:histamine
314:skin rash
276:meaning "
212:hay fever
188:skin rash
184:urticaria
170:Frequency
152:Treatment
129:Hay fever
78:Specialty
58:Urticaria
5629:multiple
5627:Unknown/
5429:Type III
5393:receptor
5242:Tree nut
5065:erythema
4962:Erythema
4792:Familial
4678:Syphilis
4625:membrane
4280:Erythema
4216:Vitiligo
4170:Impetigo
4147:Pustular
4112:Miliaria
3960:Corporis
3811:Xanthoma
3760:Melanoma
3740:Freckles
3491:Archived
3443:35029156
3435:19170406
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1602:Archived
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1519:Archived
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1382:Archived
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1252:Archived
1208:See also
1148:such as
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989:allergen
951:exanthem
829:morphine
757:allergen
685:Exercise
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2309:(PDF)
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