168:
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160:, and that they were distributed widely throughout the body and not just within structures of the eye. There is some research suggesting that the material may be produced in the iris pigment epithelium, ciliary epithelium, or the peripheral anterior lens epithelium. A similar report suggests that the proteins come from the lens, iris, and other parts of the eye. A report in 2010 found indications of an abnormal ocular surface in PEX patients, discovered by an eye staining method known as
554:. While PEX and glaucoma are believed to be related, there are cases of persons with PEX without glaucoma, and persons with glaucoma without PEX. Generally, a person with PEX is considered as having a risk of developing glaucoma, and vice versa. One study suggested that the PEX was present in 12% of glaucoma patients. Another found that PEX was present in 6% of an "open-angle glaucoma" group. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is considered to be the most common of identifiable causes of
528:, and removes a tiny area of the trabecular meshwork which enables the aqueous humor to discharge. This lowers the internal pressure within the eye and lessens the chance of future damage to the optic nerve. Cases with pseudophacodonesis and dislocated IOL have been increasing in number, according to one report. In cataract surgery, complications resulting from PEX include capsular rupture and vitreous loss.
310:. According to this reasoning, if PEX were a systemic disorder, then both eyes should be affected at the same time, but they are not. There are contrasting reports about the extent and speed with which PEX moves from one eye to both eyes. According to one report, PEX develops in the second eye in 40% of cases. A contrasting report was that PEX can be found in both eyes in almost all situations if an
716:
possible "two-hit hypothesis" in which a single mutation in the LOXL1 gene puts people at risk for PEX, but that a second still-to-be-found mutation has some effect on the proteins, possibly affecting bonds between chemicals, such that the proteins are more likely to clump together and disrupt the outflow of aqueous humor.
485:(such as levobunolol or timolol) which slow the production of the aqueous humor. And other medications can increase its outflow, such as prostaglandin analogues (e.g. latanoprost). And these medicines can be used in various combinations. In most cases of glaucoma, eyedrops alone will suffice to solve the problem.
318:
of the conjunctiva was done, but that the extent of PEX is the second eye was much less than the first one. A different report suggested that two thirds of PEX patients had flakes in only one eye. In one long-term study, patients with PEX in only one eye were studied, and it was found that over time,
626:
found that the prevalence of PEX of persons aged 50–59 was 0.4% while it was 7.9% for persons aged 80–89 years. If a person is going to develop PEX, the average age in which this will happen is between 69 and 75 years, according to the
Norwegian study. A second corroborating report suggested that it
437:
examination and it is done with an "85% sensitivity rate and a 100% specificity rate." Since the symptom of increased pressure within the eye is generally painless until the condition becomes rather advanced, it is possible for people affected by glaucoma to be in danger yet not be aware of it. As a
523:
if the fibers which hold the lens have become weakened because of a buildup from the flakes; if the lens-holding fibers have weakened, then the lens may become loose, and complications from eye surgery may result. In such cases, it is recommended that surgeons act quickly to repair the phacodonesis
301:
PEX is generally believed to be a systemic disorder, possibly of the basement membrane of the eye. Researchers have noticed deposits of PEX material in various parts of the body, including in the skin, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and elsewhere. Nevertheless, what is puzzling is that PEX tends to
706:
syndrome that was described by Anton
Elschnig in 1922. The latter ailment is caused by heat or "infrared-related changes in the anterior lens capsule" and is characterized by "lamellar delamination of the lens capsule." Sometimes the two terms "pseudoexfoliation" and "true exfoliation" are used
715:
Scientists and doctors are actively exploring how PEX happens, its causes, and how it might be prevented or mitigated. Research activity to explore what causes glaucoma has been characterized as "intense". There has been research into the genetic basis of PEX. One researcher speculated about a
289:
glaucoma, but can cause glaucoma indirectly by blocking the outflow of aqueous humor, which leads to higher intraocular pressure, and this can cause glaucoma. PEX has been known to cause a weakening of structures within the eye which help hold the eye's lens in place, called lens zonules.
633:. Sometimes PEX is associated with the development of medical problems other than merely glaucoma. There are conflicting reports about whether PEX is associated with problems of the heart or brain; one study suggested no correlations while other studies found statistical links with
546:
Scientists are studying different populations and relationships to try to learn more about the disease. They have found associations with different groups but it is not yet clear what the underlying factors are and how they affect different peoples around the world.
1723:
Bialasiewicz, A. A.; Wali, U.; Shenoy, R.; Al-Saeidi, R. (2005). "Patienten mit sekundärem
Offenwinkelglaukom bei Pseudoexfoliations- (PEX-)Syndrom in einer Bevölkerung mit hoher PEX-Prävalenz: Klinische Befunde, morphologische und operative Besonderheiten".
148:, which is the usual diagnosis. The white fluffy material is seen in many tissues both ocular and extraocular, such as in the anterior chamber structures, trabecular meshwork, central disc, zonular fibres, anterior hyaloid membrane, pupillary and anterior
534:. There are speculations that if genetics plays a role in PEX, and if the specific genes involved can be identified, that possibly drugs can be developed to counteract these mutations or their effects. But such drugs have not been developed as of 2011.
1323:
Roedl, Johannes B.; Bleich, Stefan; Reulbach, Udo; Rejdak, Robert; Kornhuber, Johannes; Kruse, Friedrich E.; Schl??tzer-Schrehardt, Ursula; J??nemann, Anselm G. (2007). "Homocysteine in Tear Fluid of
Patients With Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma".
1367:
Koliakos, George G; Konstas, Anastasios G.P; Schlötzer-Schrehardt, Ursula; Bufidis, Theodoros; Georgiadis, Nikolaos; Ringvold, Amund (2002). "Ascorbic acid concentration is reduced in the aqueous humor of patients with exfoliation syndrome".
2002:
120:
Patients may have no specific symptoms. In some cases, patients may complain of lessened visual acuity or changes in their perceived visual field, and such changes may be secondary to or different from symptoms normally associated with
847:... Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome (also known as exfoliation syndrome) is the most common identifiable condition associated with glaucoma. The substance is composed of proteins produced by the lens, iris, and other parts of the eye.
1260:
Henry, J. Charles; Krupin, Theodore; Schmitt, Michael; Lauffer, Jason; Miller, Eva; Ewing, Madeleine Q.; Scheie, Harold G. (1987). "Long-term Follow-up of
Pseudoexfoliation and the Development of Elevated Intraocular Pressure".
1403:
Yılmaz, Ayça; Adıgüzel, Ufuk; Tamer, Lülüfer; Yıldırım, Özlem; Öz, Özay; Vatansever, Halil; Ercan, Bahadır; Değirmenci, Ula¸s; Atik, Uğur (2005). "Serum oxidant/antioxidant balance in exfoliation syndrome: Laboratory
Science".
394:
The gene is called LOXL1 ... Because pseudoexfoliation syndrome is associated with abnormalities of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane, this gene could reasonably play a role in the pathophysiology of the
1636:
Karger, Randy A.; Jeng, Samuel M.; Johnson, Douglas H.; Hodge, David O.; Good, Margaret S. (2003). "Estimated
Incidence of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota".
349:
may play a role in PEX. A predisposition to develop PEX later in life may be an inherited characteristic, according to one account. One report suggested the genetic component was "strong". One study performed in
755:
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome ... The substance is composed of proteins produced by the lens, iris, and other parts of the eye. People can have this condition and not develop glaucoma, but they are at high
95:
manifesting itself primarily in the eyes which is characterized by the accumulation of microscopic granular amyloid-like protein fibers. Its cause is unknown, although there is speculation that there may be a
285:, the outflow does not happen normally but doctors can not see what is causing the blockage; with PEX, however, the flakes are believed to be a cause of the blockage. PEX flakes by themselves do not directly
1076:
Glaucoma is a broad term for a number of different conditions that damage the optic nerve, the 'cable' that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, thereby causing changes in vision.
1227:
1607:
112:
and loss of vision (pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma). As worldwide populations become older because of shifts in demography, PEX may become a matter of greater concern.
470:
While PEX itself is untreatable as of 2011, it is possible for doctors to minimize the damage to vision and to the optic nerves by the same medical techniques used to prevent glaucoma.
568:, differing levels of PEX were found; 5% in England, 6% in Norway, 4% in Germany, 1% in Greece, and 6% in France. One contrary report suggested that levels of PEX were higher among
519:. Surgery is the treatment method of last resort if the other methods have not worked. It is usually effective at preventing glaucoma. Eye surgery on PEX patients can be subject to
1063:
495:
in which a high-energy laser beam is pointed at the trabecular meshwork to cause it to "remodel and open" and improve the outflows of the aqueous humor. These can be done as an
694:
in 50% of the eyes, and an "increasing prevalence of the condition with age." Several decades later, an ocular pathologist named
Georgiana Dvorak-Theobald suggested the term
382:
inside cells. LOXL1 was responsible for "all the heritability" of PEX, according to one source. Two distinct mutations in which a single nucleotide was changed, or called a
100:
basis. It is more prevalent in women than men, and in persons past the age of seventy. Its prevalence in different human populations varies; for example, it is prevalent in
1500:
273:
which subsequently drains such that there is a constant level of safe pressure within the eye, but glaucoma can result if this normal outflow of fluid is blocked.
1564:
Cashwell LF Jr; Shields MB (1988). "Exfoliation syndrome in the southeastern United States. I. Prevalence in open-angle glaucoma and non-glaucoma populations".
1859:
Aasved, Henry (1971). "MASS SCREENING FOR FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS: so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation of the anterior lens capsule".
1517:... Dr. Crandall urges surgeons to probe for such changes early because it is surgically much easier to repair the phacodonesis before the lenses have dropped.
466:
Conventional surgery to treat glaucoma makes a new opening in the meshwork. This new opening helps fluid to leave the eye and lowers intraocular pressure.
1288:
Vessani, Roberto M; Ritch, Robert; Liebmann, Jeffrey M; Jofe, Mark (2003). "Plasma homocysteine is elevated in patients with exfoliation syndrome".
1611:
538:
Patients should continue to have regular eye examinations so that physicians can monitor pressure levels and check whether medicines are working.
334:, although the exact nature of how this might happen is still under study. Studies of PEX patients have found a decrease in the concentrations of
132:
PEX is characterized by tiny microscopic white or grey granular flakes which are clumps of proteins within the eye which look somewhat like
319:
13% progressed to having both eyes affected by PEX. Scientists believe that elevated levels of plasma homocysteine are a risk factor for
2017:
1956:
Schlötzer-Schrehardt, Ursula; Zenkel, Matthias (2019). "The role of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) in exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma".
1902:
Shrum, K.R; Hattenhauer, M.G; Hodge, D (2000). "Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality associated with ocular pseudoexfoliation".
627:
happens primarily to people 70 and older. While older people are more likely to develop PEX, it is not seen as a "normal" part of aging.
1053:
951:
Damji, Karim F. (October 2007). "Progress in understanding pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation-associated glaucoma".
576:
found that the prevalence of PEX was 25.9 cases per 100,000 people. It is reportedly high in northern
European countries such as
607:
156:. The flakes are widespread. One report suggested that the granular flakes were from abnormalities of the basement membrane in
1504:
1824:
Kozart, David M.; Yanoff, Myron (1982). "Intraocular
Pressure Status in 100 Consecutive Patients with Exfoliation Syndrome".
387:
390:, was discovered in Scandinavian populations and confirmed in other populations, and may be involved with the onset of PEX.
622:. Older persons are more likely to develop PEX. And persons younger than 50 are highly unlikely to have PEX. A study in
167:
503:
172:
1449:"8-Isoprostaglandin F2a and ascorbic acid concentration in the aqueous humour of patients with exfoliation syndrome"
588:, as well as among the Sami people of northern Europe, and high among Arabic populations, but relatively rare among
462:
654:
1019:
A new gene defect has been found that accounts for essentially all the heritability of pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
596:. In southern Africa, prevalence was found to be 19% of patients in a glaucoma clinic attending to persons of the
616:. It affects women more than men. One report was that women were three times more likely than men to develop PEX.
2028:
558:. If PEX is diagnosed without glaucoma, there is a high risk of a patient subsequently developing glaucoma.
277:
is an umbrella term indicating ailments which damage the neural cable from the eye to the brain called the
136:
when seen through a microscope and which are released by cells. The abnormal flakes, sometimes compared to
800:
634:
359:
320:
2079:
433:
PEX is usually diagnosed by an eye doctor who examines the eye using a microscope. The method is termed
830:
524:
before the lenses have dropped. A surgeon cuts an opening in the white portion of the eye known as the
738:
520:
496:
481:
can help reduce intraocular pressure within the eye. The medications within the eyedrops can include
443:
262:
918:"Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
66:
813:... In Scandinavia, this condition represents greater than 50% of all cases of open angle glaucoma.
311:
254:
218:
409:, living in northern latitudes, or altitude influence the onset of PEX. One report suggested that
2084:
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258:
222:
1095:"Assessment of myocardial ischaemia using tissue Doppler imaging in pseudoexfoliation syndrome"
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in PEX patients, or elevated homocysteine concentrations in tear fluids produced by the eye.
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Pseudoexfoliation was found to be more prevalent in Greece than in other white populations,
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and take less than twenty minutes. One report suggests this procedure is usually effective.
253:
PEX can become problematic when the flakes become enmeshed in a "spongy area" known as the
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1058:
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675:
638:
492:
439:
339:
157:
141:
1228:"Data from E. Viso and colleagues advance knowledge in exfoliation syndrome epidemiology"
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measured, so that treatments can be prescribed before there is any serious damage to the
1769:"Pseudocapsular exfoliation in the Bantu of South Africa. II. Occurrence and prevalence"
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281:, and which can lead to a loss of vision. In most cases of glaucoma, typically called
104:. The buildup of protein clumps can block normal drainage of the eye fluid called the
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1417:
1205:
658:
597:
335:
270:
105:
60:
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1153:"A possible link between the pseudoexfoliation syndrome and coronary artery disease"
330:
There is speculation that PEX may be caused by oxidative damage and the presence of
257:
and block its normal functioning, and may interact with degenerative changes in the
17:
662:
482:
324:
246:
210:
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to study the condition and reported "grey flakes on the lens capsule", as well as
261:
and the juxtacanalicular area. The blockage leads to greater-than-normal elevated
2033:
1680:
Summanen, Paula; Tönjum, Asbjörn M. (1988). "EXFOLIATION SYNDROME AMONG SAUDIS".
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266:
234:
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101:
27:
This article is about the eye ailment. For the plastic-based plumbing pipe, see
1969:
1093:
N Demir; T Ulus; O E Yucel; E T Kumral; E Singar; H I Tanboga (June 24, 2011).
1006:
2011:
1737:
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exfoliation to distinguish it from a similar ailment which sometimes affected
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140:-like material, are visible during an examination of the lens of an eye by an
1880:
1792:
1745:
1701:
1658:
1425:
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interchangeably but the more precise usage is to treat each case separately.
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was not a factor related to PEX. Another report suggested a possible link to
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306:, and in some cases, gradually affects the other eye, which is termed
2006:
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M Citirik; G Acaroglu; C Batman; L Yildiran; O Zilelioglu (2007).
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461:
422:
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Researchers are investigating whether factors such as exposure to
367:
363:
206:
1937:
A, Elshnig (1922). "Ablosung der Zonulalamelle bei Glasblasern".
1529:
Roth, Michael; Epstein, David L. (1980). "Exfoliation Syndrome".
1192:
Mizuno, K.; Muroi, S. (1979). "Cycloscopy of Pseudoexfoliation".
2022:
238:
511:, the trabecular meshwork is removed to help glaucoma patients.
342:, and an increase in concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandinF2a.
298:
The cause of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is generally unknown.
28:
1608:"Greek population has higher prevalence of pseudoexfoliation"
1054:"Many types of glaucoma, one kind of damage to optic nerve"
674:
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) was first described by an
491:. A further treatment is a type of laser therapy known as
108:
and can cause, in turn, a buildup of pressure leading to
323:, and two studies have found higher levels of plasma
1984:
438:
result, it is recommended that persons have regular
302:
happen in only one eye first, which scientists call
2043:
1988:
54:
50:
Pseudoexfoliation of the lens, exfoliation syndrome
46:
41:
1501:"Pseudoexfoliation syndrome's surgical challenge"
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
366:. A report suggested that a specific gene named
392:
1610:. BioPortfolio. April 15, 2011. Archived from
477:. This is usually the first treatment method.
8:
564:. Prevalence of PEX varies by geography. In
269:. The eye produces a clear fluid called the
314:is used to examine the second eye, or if a
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606:. It varies considerably according to
799:Yichieh Shiuey, MD (March 26, 1997).
7:
1767:Bartholomew, R S (January 1, 1973).
1234:. NewsRX LLC: 1802. April 28, 2010.
1066:from the original on October 6, 2012
1052:Arthur J. Sit, MD (April 23, 2006).
374:which play a role in the linking of
370:which was a member of the family of
1873:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1971.tb00958.x
1694:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02639.x
1578:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02637.x
1007:"A new gene for pseudoexfoliation"
916:Pons, Mauricio E (July 16, 2021).
803:. Digital Journal of Ophthalmology
152:, trabecula, and occasionally the
25:
1904:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1531:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1370:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1290:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1194:American Journal of Ophthalmology
953:Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology
1773:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1651:10.1097/00061198-200306000-00002
1453:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1418:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.00944.x
338:, increase in concentrations of
191:Zonule of Zinn or ciliary zonule
1447:Koliakos, G G (March 1, 2003).
507:In a surgical procedure called
265:which, in turn, can damage the
384:single nucleotide polymorphism
1:
1916:10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00255-X
1838:10.1016/S0161-6420(82)34804-6
1382:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01797-X
1302:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00077-1
1275:10.1016/S0161-6420(87)33413-X
1543:10.1016/0002-9394(80)90054-9
1338:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31802d6942
1206:10.1016/0002-9394(79)90240-X
572:. One study of a county in
283:primary open-angle glaucoma
2101:
1970:10.1016/j.exer.2019.107818
1503:. EyeWorld. Archived from
739:"Glaucoma In-Depth Report"
686:in 1917. He built his own
655:transient ischemic attacks
345:There is speculation that
77:Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
42:Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
26:
1958:Experimental Eye Research
1939:Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd
1738:10.1007/s00347-005-1226-2
647:chronic cerebral ischemia
442:to have their levels of
421:response, or possibly a
358:has associated PEX with
450:and subsequent loss of
79:, often abbreviated as
1170:10.1038/sj.eye.6702177
512:
467:
417:as well as a possible
403:
321:cardiovascular disease
250:
91:, is an aging-related
1614:on September 27, 2011
1566:Acta Ophthalmol Suppl
1507:on September 28, 2011
521:medical complications
506:
465:
170:
1861:Acta Ophthalmologica
1682:Acta Ophthalmologica
1465:10.1136/bjo.87.3.353
1111:10.1038/eye.2011.145
497:outpatient procedure
444:intraocular pressure
263:intraocular pressure
18:Exfoliation syndrome
1785:10.1136/bjo.57.1.41
1639:Journal of Glaucoma
1326:Journal of Glaucoma
1005:Tony Realini, M.D.
635:Alzheimer's disease
312:electron microscope
255:trabecular meshwork
219:Trabecular meshwork
2044:External resources
922:Medscape Reference
835:The New York Times
743:The New York Times
562:Country and region
513:
468:
251:
181:horizontal section
116:Signs and symptoms
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2066:
1732:(11): 1064–1068.
1726:Der Ophthalmologe
1688:(S184): 107–111.
837:. August 19, 2011
801:"Glaucoma Quiz 1"
590:African Americans
552:Glaucoma patients
407:ultraviolet light
195:Posterior chamber
183:of the right eye)
83:and sometimes as
74:
73:
36:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1105:(9): 1177–1180.
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704:true exfoliation
684:John G. Lindberg
643:cerebral atrophy
440:eye examinations
401:
199:Anterior chamber
173:anterior segment
158:epithelial cells
93:systemic disease
70:
69:
39:
21:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2058:article/1206366
2039:
2038:
1997:
1983:
1978:
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1900:
1896:
1858:
1857:
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1823:
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1067:
1059:Chicago Tribune
1051:
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980:
965:10.3129/I07-158
950:
949:
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828:
819:
806:
804:
798:
797:
762:
748:
746:
737:
736:
727:
722:
713:
676:ophthalmologist
672:
639:senile dementia
544:
493:trabeculoplasty
460:
431:
402:
399:
340:malondialdehyde
296:
259:Schlemm's canal
223:Schlemm's canal
184:
142:ophthalmologist
118:
64:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2098:
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2037:
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2014:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:Classification
1982:
1981:External links
1979:
1976:
1975:
1948:
1929:
1894:
1867:(2): 334–343.
1851:
1832:(3): 214–218.
1816:
1759:
1715:
1672:
1645:(3): 193–197.
1628:
1599:
1556:
1537:(4): 477–481.
1521:
1488:
1459:(3): 353–356.
1439:
1395:
1376:(6): 879–883.
1359:
1332:(2): 234–239.
1315:
1280:
1269:(5): 545–552.
1252:
1219:
1200:(4): 513–518.
1184:
1134:
1080:
1023:
978:
959:(5): 657–658.
934:
851:
817:
760:
745:. July 9, 2011
724:
723:
721:
718:
712:
709:
671:
668:
667:
666:
631:Other diseases
628:
617:
611:
601:
559:
543:
540:
536:
535:
529:
509:trabeculectomy
501:
500:
486:
459:
456:
430:
427:
397:
295:
292:
227:Corneal limbus
203:Aqueous humour
117:
114:
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
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2020:
2019:
2015:
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1991:
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1826:Ophthalmology
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1728:(in German).
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1263:Ophthalmology
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1253:
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734:
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717:
710:
708:
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701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
664:
660:
659:heart disease
656:
652:
648:
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640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
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612:
609:
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541:
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533:
530:
527:
522:
518:
515:
514:
510:
505:
498:
494:
490:
489:Laser surgery
487:
484:
483:beta blockers
480:
476:
473:
472:
471:
464:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:Dr. Allingham
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:polymorphisms
357:
353:
348:
343:
341:
337:
336:ascorbic acid
333:
332:free radicals
328:
326:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:unilaterality
299:
293:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:aqueous humor
268:
264:
260:
256:
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159:
155:
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128:
124:
115:
113:
111:
107:
106:aqueous humor
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
62:
61:Ophthalmology
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:
19:
2080:Eye diseases
2051:
2027:
2016:
2001:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1910:(1): 83–86.
1907:
1903:
1897:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1779:(1): 41–45.
1776:
1772:
1762:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1602:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1456:
1452:
1442:
1412:(1): 63–66.
1409:
1405:
1398:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1296:(1): 41–46.
1293:
1289:
1283:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1232:Biotech Week
1231:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1163:(1): 11–15.
1160:
1156:
1102:
1098:
1075:
1068:. Retrieved
1057:
1018:
1011:. Retrieved
956:
952:
925:. Retrieved
921:
846:
839:. Retrieved
834:
812:
805:. Retrieved
754:
747:. Retrieved
742:
714:
703:
700:glassblowers
695:
673:
663:hearing loss
630:
619:
613:
603:
570:Greek people
561:
551:
545:
542:Epidemiology
537:
532:Drug therapy
531:
516:
488:
474:
469:
432:
404:
393:
383:
344:
331:
329:
325:homocysteine
308:bilaterality
307:
303:
300:
297:
286:
282:
252:
247:Ciliary body
211:Corneosclera
131:
119:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:
33:
1499:Rich Daly.
517:Eye surgery
448:optic nerve
279:optic nerve
267:optic nerve
235:Conjunctiva
171:Diagram of
162:rose bengal
146:optometrist
102:Scandinavia
47:Other names
2074:Categories
1964:: 107818.
1945:: 732–734.
1618:August 15,
1572:: 99–102.
1511:August 21,
1245:August 18,
1070:August 18,
1009:. EyeWorld
927:August 18,
841:August 19,
831:"Glaucoma"
807:August 21,
720:References
419:autoimmune
395:condition.
2085:Syndromes
2053:eMedicine
1881:1755-375X
1793:0007-1161
1746:0941-293X
1702:1755-375X
1659:1057-0829
1426:1442-6404
1346:1057-0829
1240:1535-2757
1013:August 5,
688:slit lamp
574:Minnesota
458:Treatment
435:slit lamp
429:Diagnosis
241:with 14.
205:flow; 6.
177:human eye
123:cataracts
56:Specialty
1924:10653417
1754:15871021
1667:12782834
1594:11580299
1483:12598453
1434:15670081
1390:12470757
1354:17473737
1310:12834668
1179:16557288
1129:21701523
1064:Archived
973:17891191
711:Research
692:glaucoma
556:glaucoma
479:Eyedrops
475:Eyedrops
415:sunlight
398:—
376:collagen
362:in gene
347:genetics
275:Glaucoma
229:and 11.
213:with 8.
201:with 5.
134:dandruff
127:glaucoma
110:glaucoma
2034:D017889
1889:5109796
1846:7088504
1811:4705496
1802:1214820
1710:2853905
1586:2853929
1551:7369310
1474:1771526
1120:3178234
749:July 9,
702:called
680:Finland
670:History
600:tribes.
594:Eskimos
586:Finland
411:climate
380:elastin
372:enzymes
352:Iceland
197:and 4.
138:amyloid
98:genetic
2023:177650
1922:
1887:
1879:
1844:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1744:
1708:
1700:
1665:
1657:
1592:
1584:
1549:
1481:
1471:
1432:
1424:
1388:
1352:
1344:
1308:
1238:
1214:443315
1212:
1177:
1127:
1117:
971:
696:pseudo
682:named
661:, and
651:stroke
624:Norway
614:Gender
582:Sweden
578:Norway
566:Europe
526:sclera
452:vision
356:Sweden
316:biopsy
294:Causes
245:, 15.
237:, 13.
233:; 12.
231:Sclera
225:. 10.
215:Cornea
154:cornea
63:
2012:H40.1
1590:S2CID
756:risk.
678:from
598:Bantu
423:virus
368:LOXL1
364:LOXL1
287:cause
217:, 9.
209:, 7.
207:Pupil
193:, 3.
189:, 2.
175:of a
2029:MeSH
2018:OMIM
1920:PMID
1885:PMID
1877:ISSN
1842:PMID
1807:PMID
1789:ISSN
1750:PMID
1742:ISSN
1706:PMID
1698:ISSN
1663:PMID
1655:ISSN
1620:2011
1582:PMID
1547:PMID
1513:2011
1479:PMID
1430:PMID
1422:ISSN
1386:PMID
1350:PMID
1342:ISSN
1306:PMID
1247:2024
1236:ISSN
1210:PMID
1175:PMID
1125:PMID
1072:2015
1015:2011
969:PMID
929:2024
843:2011
809:2011
751:2011
608:race
604:Race
592:and
584:and
378:and
354:and
243:Iris
239:Uvea
221:and
187:Lens
150:iris
2003:ICD
1966:doi
1962:189
1912:doi
1908:129
1869:doi
1834:doi
1797:PMC
1781:doi
1734:doi
1730:102
1690:doi
1647:doi
1574:doi
1570:184
1539:doi
1469:PMC
1461:doi
1414:doi
1378:doi
1374:134
1334:doi
1298:doi
1294:136
1271:doi
1202:doi
1165:doi
1157:Eye
1115:PMC
1107:doi
1099:Eye
961:doi
620:Age
388:SNP
386:or
185:1.
144:or
125:or
89:PXS
87:or
85:PES
81:PEX
29:PEX
2076::
2056::
2032::
2021::
2010::
2007:10
1960:.
1943:69
1941:.
1918:.
1906:.
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1863:.
1840:.
1830:89
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1740:.
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1267:94
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1123:.
1113:.
1103:25
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957:42
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937:^
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1995:D
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1968::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
