Mawza Exile - Knowledge (XXG)

752:(1678 CE) and in 1,991 (1679 CE), how that the king made a decree and demolished all the synagogues of all the towns of Yemen, and there were some of the books and sacred writings that were desecrated at the hand of the gentiles, on account of our great iniquities, so that we could no longer make our prayers, save only a very few secretly within their houses. Afterwards, the king made a decree against the Jews to expel them into the wilderness of Mawzaʻ, while they, demolished also their houses. However, there were some who managed to sell their house; what was worth one-thousand gold pieces they sold for one-hundred, and what was worth one-hundred gold pieces they sold for ten. So that, by these things, we were for a reproach amongst the nations, who continuously sought after ways by which they might cause us to change , O may God forbid! So, all of the exiles of Israel stood up and laid aside their most beloved and precious possessions as a means by which God's name might be sanctified, blessed be He, including their fields and their vineyards, and delivered themselves up as martyrs for God's name sake, blessed be He. And if one had need of going out into the marketplace, he could not avoid being the object of hatred and spite, while there were those who even attacked him or called him by abusive language, so that there was fulfilled in this, our generation, the scripture that says, 589:) by themselves with their burial grounds, and also the family of Levites and the Israelites, each of them dwelling by themselves in their cities and with their own burial grounds. Now, unto this day, those Levites dwell separately in those said districts, although a few Israelites have newly arrived to dwell in their midst. In every place, the gentiles have given to them a parcel of ground, on a rental basis, in order that they may construct shelters in which to live, set apart from them, seeing that their enemies had already taken their own towns and houses and vineyards and fields. Thus, they were pleased to dwell with them and to be occupied in the various fields of labour, according to their diverse skills, in order that they might find sustenance thereby for their beings: among which were those who plastered with earth, and of those who crushed limestone, and of those who were potters, and some who were wood craftsmen, and others silversmiths, while still others blacksmiths and some who were merchants; There were yet others who were couriers, some who were weavers, others tailors, and some who were knowledgeable in prophylactic matters; others who were physicians, and others who chiseled away the surface of millstones, and some of whom who were porters. Now their magnanimity did not permit them to just lay back in idleness. 292:, and do not take pity upon any of your delectable things, lest the king should be sorely angry with you, will kill you and your children, your aged men and your young men. Now if you should forsake your God whom you trust, and enter into our own religion, it will be well with you, seeing that He is no longer with you, but has already abandoned you in our hands; being able to do with you as we please!' …Now, there is no one who helps us, whether of the deputies or of the ministers, for when they saw that we had given-up our souls unto martyrdom for His name sake, and that we had been obedient to His word and speech, they then conspired against us to eradicate our name with fierce anger. They said , 'this despised and wretched nation, they have rejected our religion (i.e. Islam), whereas neither largess, nor gratis, would have made them come over.' …They banded together against us, they and their kings, their male servants and handmaids, so that small babes spat upon him who is greatest amongst us. …Now, God has hidden His face from us, 'while we have all faded like a leaf' 801:) went into exile, they took up his burden. The sun and the moon were extinguished at their departure! A multitude of the handmaid's sons have ruled over them. / Wrath, and also jealousy, they've poured out upon them. So that they have inherited all of the glory, even their sublime honour! Whilst the dwelling place of God's glory, they have been given power to destroy! Midrash, as also the Talmud and the Torah, they have abolished. / Constable and elder were, both, drawn away by their hands. Orion and Pleiades, as well as the crescent moon, have become dim! / Even all the luminous lights, their light has turned into darkness! The beauty of their homes and their money they had entirely looted. / Every oppressor and every governor have prepared their bow for shooting. Preserve, O Master of the universe, those who are your peculiar friends, / Hadoram (i.e. 813:אזיל דמעותי כמטר יזלו / על כל בני חמדה בגלות הלכו. נשו לטובתם וגם נתדלדלו / נסעו בחפזון בציה דרכו. יום גלתה אוזל וסבלו סבלו / שמש וירח בצאתם נדעכו. שפעת בני אמה עליהם משלו / חמה וגם קנאה עליהם שפכו. לכלל יקר הדרת כבודם נחלו / ומעון כבוד האל להחריב נמלכו. מדרש וגם תלמוד ותורה בטלו / שוטר וגם זקן ידיהם משכו. עיש וגם כימה וסהר אפלו / גם כל מאורי אור מאורם חשכו. את כל נאות ביתם וכספם שללו / כל צר וכל מושל לקשתם דרכו. שמרה אדון עולם ידידים נסגלו / הדורם עדת האל אחריך נמשכו. ראשי ישיבתם לגלות סבלו / לעשות רצון האל ומצות ערכו. יגאל אדון עולם ידידים נחלו / תורה ותושיה ובה נתברכו. לכבוד כתב ידך ביום שנקהלו / תזכר ותצילם בעת יתהלכו. שלם שמי כתוב בחרוזים ננעלו / שמחו בתורת אל ולשמו ברכו. 1464:, in the year 1,989 (=1678 CE), by order of al-Mahdi and Muhammad ben Ahmad" (End Quote). Yehudah Ratzaby (1984, p. 149) also brings down a manuscript extracted from the binding of an old book, now at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York (239), in which the author complains: "The razing of the synagogue of Būsān on the fourth day of the week which is the third day of the year 1,989 (= 1678 CE), and the enemies forbade us to gather as a quorum of ten for prayer and three scrolls of Law were slashed to pieces. May He in His mercy save us and all Israel from all the decrees." See: Tobi (1999), pp. 78 -79) 880:) has already given the order that we not remain in our places. Whether rich man or poor man, or he that is respectable, together they have gone forth; let us proceed according to our ability, under the influences of Saturn's horoscope; its evil portent will bring destruction. If its light flickers, it is about to change. The wisdom of the Blessed God has decreed upon the Sages of Israel, even the chosen sons of Jacob. Our elder, Suleiman the Helmsman, will be the judge of those attempting to bypass . In his hand there is the Imām's order for all to see, while there is nothing disparaging about the matter. 870:. My companion, tighten the camel's gear and we'll begin moving after the ass. Let us proceed to 'Adinah, then to 'Amirah, and to al-'Ammār, while there we shall make camp. As for the young ones and those who were weak, their tears flowed like riverine brooks. 'Idaynah, receive those who are beloved! Go out to the gate of the city to welcome them! Now is the hour of testing those who are friends. Let them take pleasure in the weary fugitive, so that his fatigue might depart from him. Lo! They are the sons of the tribes and of those who are pious; those who are highborn and of gentility. 513: 1211:(Letter of Tidings), and which was believed to have been disseminated amongst the community at large. Only excerpts of the letter have survived. The enactments called out for a more strict observance of certain laws which, heretofore, had been observed with leniency. Such strictures were to be incumbent upon the entire community and which, in the Rabbis' estimation, would have given to the community some merit in the face of oppression or persecution. Not all of these enactments, however, were upheld by the community, since some enactments were seen as breaking-away from tradition. 614: 805:), God's congregation, have been drawn after you! The heads of their academies have borne patiently the exile, / to do even the will of God, having valued the commandments. Redeem, O Master of the universe, your friends who have inherited / the Divine Law and sound wisdom, by which they have been blest! For the honour due to the writing of thine own hand on the day when they were gathered, / may you call to remembrance and deliver them during the time of their flight. My name is Shalem; 'tis written in the locked rhyme. / Rejoice in God's Divine Law, and bless His name!" 134:(purity of religion), succeeded al-Mutawakkil Isma'il, but perpetuated the same hostilities toward his Jewish subjects as those made by his predecessor. Everything reached its climax between the years 1677 and 1680, when he ordered the destruction of the synagogues in Sana'a and elsewhere. By early summer of 1679, he gave an ultimatum unto his Jewish subjects, namely, that they had the choice of either converting to Islam, in which they'd be allowed to remain in the country, or of being killed by the sword. He gave to them three months to decide what they would do. 529:(the Jewish Quarter). This place attracted other migrant Jews from the other towns and villages from which they had been expelled and soon grew into a suburb, situate about one kilometer beyond the walls which then existed on the extreme west-side of the city. The first synagogue to be built in this place was the Alsheikh synagogue, which housed the most prized possessions: Torah scrolls and old, handwritten manuscripts. Jewish houses were made "low, seldom more than two storeys, and built of sun-baked brick dressed with mud." Today, the place is called 249:, as the crow flies. The reason being for this urgent request was that, by taking into consideration their troubles in a barren wasteland, those that will remain of them will be more inclined to repent and to choose the way of Islam, in which case it will be easier to hoist them from that place and to bring them back unto their former places. The grandees reminded the king how they had been faithful in implementing his orders. At hearing this, the king agreed and sent orders to the effect that Jewish exiles should be conducted only to Mawza'. 1150:, replete with pillows and cushions, and there, on the next day (Sabbath afternoon), the invited guests would repeat the seven benedictions for the bridegroom and bride, followed by prayer inside the tent, before being dismissed to eat of their third Sabbath meal, at which time some accompanied the bridegroom to his own house to eat with him there. The significance of this practice, according to Maharitz, was that they made the seven blessings even when not actually eating in that place, a practice which differs from today's custom. 39: 364: 919:) calls out to all wise men, and says: 'Have you neglected the study of the Law? It is the reason for their ignorance. Let them repent before the masters and return unto their Lord. The day of redemption is nigh, and He shall gather together their dispersed. There is a time for drinking wine, together with dainties, and there is a time for delving in wisdom. He, whose wine makes him heavy laden, let him sleep from his weariness and from his burden. Let him wake-up to drink a second cup, such as may be imposed upon him. 416:

nearly filled up one large room. They were of the opinion that they could appease the king, and that they would return to take their books. And it came to pass when they were gone away, that that man arose and set fire to them, and burnt them all. On that very hour, Israel became impoverished in all things, whether on account of their shortage of books, or on account of their own novellæ and commentaries being burnt. Nothing remained except a few things of what little they had, of scrolls of the Law and

193:, 10 August 1679), his edict was put into effect, and he ordered the Jews of Sana'a to take leave of their places, but gave more space to the provincial governors of Yemen to begin the expulsion of all other Jews in Yemen to Zeila', and which should be accomplished by them in a time period not to exceed twelve months. The Jews of Sana'a had, meanwhile, set out on their journey, leaving behind them their homes and possessions, rather than exchange their religion for another. In doing so, they brought 214: 1120:, and they built there houses for their dwelling quarters and built for themselves an enclosing wall which extended as far as to the wall of the city built like unto a fortress. In only a short time God assisted them, and they built there a large city and one that was spacious. They also acquired wealth and they rose to prominence, while many of the villagers likewise seized with them, that they might dwell in the city, until it became full of people. At that time, Mori Yiḥya Halevi was the 31: 379:) gives a most captivating account of these harrowing events borne by the Jews of Sana'a in the years leading up to their expulsion, as also when they left their city, based on a hand-written document preserved and copied down by subsequent generations. Some have judged the sum and bearing of these events as a mere microscopic example of the sufferings experienced by the Jewish inhabitants as a whole, in each and every city throughout Yemen. Thus, he gives the following account: 138:

and intervened on their behalf. They came before the king and enquired concerning the decree, and insisted that the Jews had been loyal to their king and had not offended the Arab peoples, neither had they done anything worthy of death, but should only be punished a little for their "obduracy" in what concerns the religion of Islam. The king, agreeing to their counsel, chose not to kill his Jewish subjects, but decided to banish them from his kingdom. They were to be sent to

265: 1538:. Rabbi Shelomo ben Saadia al-Manzeli (1610–1690) is said to have returned to his post after the Mawza Exile, serving as both President of the court at Ṣan'ā' and the city's spiritual instructor. He helped draft a series of enactments meant at bettering the spiritual condition of the Jewish community, by way of merit, and thereby hoping to prevent the recurrence of harsh decrees against the community in the future. See: Gavra (2010), vol. 1, p. 70. 324: 551:) meant to humiliate the Jews and which not only forbade their riding upon donkeys and horses, but also from walking or passing to the right side of any Muslim. Jews were to pass only on the left side of all Muslims. They also petitioned the king that a Jew would be prohibited by an edict from raising his voice against any Muslim, but to behave in a lowly and contrite spirit, and that offenders would be made punishable by flogging. 2266:(ibid.) refers merely to when the groom and bride are invited to make the "seven benedictions" in another house where, during the seven days of feasting, a supper had been made on behalf of a circumcision, or some other ceremonial meal other than what was specifically made on the groom's behalf, in which it is not permitted to say for them the "seven benedictions." See also Rabbi Ḥayim Kessar's Questions & Responsa 1108:, may the memory of the righteous be blessed, who brought about multiple forms of distempers upon that cruel king, who then regretted the evil and sent to call out unto them a conciliatory message, that they return to their place – with the one exception that they not dwell with them in the royal city built as a fortress. He then gave to them a possession, being a grand inheritance outside of the city, which is 1085:; a salty land, and one of very fearsome heat, while they were all tender and accustomed to delicacies. Many of them died along the way, while those who came there could not bear the climate of that place and its infirmities. Two thirds of them succumbed and perished, and they had entertained the notion that all of them would perish either by the plague, by famine or by thirst, may God forbid. 1069:) years ago while they were dwelling in that chief metropolis, when the daughter of the king became pregnant outside of wedlock, and they laid the blame upon a Jewish man, one of the king's courtiers and of those who behold his countenance. However, the king's wrath wasn't assuaged until he had banished all of the Jews from that city and the surrounding regions, expelling them to the region of 100: 277:, only four years after the community's return to Dhurān, the author describes the sufferings of the Jews who were forced to leave their homes and to go into Mawza‛. One important revelation that emerges from his account of these events is that the Jews of Yemen had tried to pacify the king's wrath by paying large sums of money to him, but which money the king refused to accept: 355:, speaking somewhat about this time, writes: "For the duration of one year since this decree was first issued, they went as sheep to the slaughter from all the districts of Yemen, while none remained of all those districts who did not go into exile, excepting the district of Nihm towards the east, and the district of al-Jawf, as well as the eastern district of Khawlan." 888:

dwell in Yemen, seeing that He is a Shepherd and the Faithful God. We shall then hear the song of the sons of Heman (i.e. the sons of Zerah, the son of Judah). Let him then take away the poison of the adder, which is most bitter. Let him command Yinnon (i.e. the Messiah) and the Prefect (i.e. Elijah, the forerunner of the Messiah), and let him say to him: 'Draw nigh!'

713:. Therein is found a vivid description of the events which transpired in that fateful year and which reads as follows: "Among the mosques built in the vicinity of al-Sā'ilah, northwards from the path which leads from al-Sā'ilah to al-Quzālī, and the mosque Ben al-Ḥussein built by the Imam of the Qasimid dynasty, the son of Muhammad (i.e. al-Mahdi Ahmad b. al-Ḥasan b. 1207:), came together in the newly built Alsheikh synagogue and decided to put in place a series of enactments meant at bettering the spiritual condition of the community, and which they hoped would prevent the recurrence of such harsh decrees against the Jewish community in the future. These enactments were transcribed in a document entitled 201:

brethren when they passed through their communities in the coming weeks or days. The king's soldiers were sent to escort the exiles unto their final destination, while the king himself had sent orders to the governors of the outlying districts and places where it was known that the Jewish exiles were to pass through while

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already sold our fields, have forsaken our houses, and have submitted to the decree of our lord, .' The young men wept, as also the pious men, when His anger was turned against us. Consider, O Lord, and reflect upon how many distinguished men, as well as those who were delicately raised, have been humiliated!

601:, some eighty-three years following the community's return to Sana'a. He estimated their numbers at only two-thousand. These had built, up until 1761, fourteen synagogues within the new Jewish Quarter. In 1902, before the famine of 1905 decimated more than half of the city's Jewish population, German explorer 781:, which same poem is meant to be chanted as a slow dirge by one or, at the most, two individuals, who are then answered by others who sit in attendance. It is sung without the accompaniment of musical instruments, although a tin drum is sometimes used, in accordance with what is customary and proper for the 1100:, on account of our great iniquities. Notwithstanding, it is by the mercies of the Lord that we have not perished. He (i.e. God) did not prolong the days of their exile, but sent great distempers upon the king and upon his household. (They say that this was on account of the virtue of that pious Rabbi, the 114:(1644–1676), there was a crucial turning point in the condition of Jews living under the Imamate kingdom of Yemen. He endorsed the most hostile policies toward his Jewish subjects, partly due to the claim that the Jews were aiding the Ottoman Turks during the local uprising against them. The rise of the 911:

are complaining about how destruction and evil have come over them. They recall the conversations revolving around the Divine Law spoken , and the vines and the flowers ; they recall also the social gatherings where wine was served, and the chalices, and the splendour of their wedding feasts, where

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coastal plain. During their long trek there, the king's soldiers pressed them on. Many of the sick and elderly and children died along the way. Others would later succumb to the harsh weather conditions of that place. All, however, suffered from hunger and thirst. Eventually, the community of Sana'a

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Around the beginning of September 1679, approximately one month after the Jews of Sana'a had set out for Mawza‛, Jews that hailed from Dhurān – a village situated about three days' walking distance southwest of Sana'a – were also evacuated from their village. In a letter written in 1684 to the Jewish

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who was reported as saying, "There shall not be two religions in Arabia." When it was determined that these laws did indeed apply to Yemen, since the country was an indivisible part of the Arabian Peninsula, it then became incumbent upon Jews living in Yemen to either convert to Islam or to leave the

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In conclusion, that He who is congenial (i.e. God) might conceal us in the covert of His mercy. The Benevolent One shall not forget us, while we shall proclaim the eminence of His bountiful grace. He that will console us, may he be merited with a good life. He that gives to us clothing, may his own

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By the merit of our forefathers, by the favour Levi who is of Jacob's seed, make level along the route in your wilderness for the son who is, both, comely and good. And by the nut tree garden may you sedate my heart which is in pain. As for Gabriel and the rooster, I have heard them in the street,

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The Exile of Mawzaʻ brought about demographic changes that could be felt all across Yemen. In Sana'a, to distinguish the original inhabitants from incoming migrant Jews, all newcomers who chose to dwell in the newly built Jewish Quarter were given surnames, each one after the place from which he was

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Now while they ventured out in exile, several wise and pious men perished along the way, and several families were utterly taken away from off the face of the earth. Now, it has been told to us that about eighty souls died in one short period of time during one single journey in the desert, near the

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The king's words led to no small consternation amongst his Jewish subjects in Yemen, who immediately declared a time of public fasting and prayer, which they did both by night and day. Their plight soon became known to the local Yemeni tribesmen, whose chiefs and principal men pitied their condition

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of the east) were spared this fate by virtue of their Arab patrons who refused to obey the king's orders. Many would die along the route and while confined to the hot and arid conditions of this forbidding terrain. After one year in exile, the exiles were called back to perform their usual tasks and

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The Mashtaite has said: O God, remove mine affliction. Our strength is brought low in Yemen, in the days of my exile. In both small and great matters, I think about my case. Now, by the abundance delights have been diminished. O gracious God! He who instructs my tongue to speak, Heaven forbid that

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which dispenses of life. Neither had there remained any of them, save ten people for every hundred , while the majority of them did not return to settle in their former place, but were scattered in all the districts of Yemen. That is, aside from the family of the Levites, most of whom returned and

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At that time, the Muslims passed a new edict which forbade Jews from dwelling within Muslim neighborhoods, so as not to "defile their habitations," although they were at liberty to work in the city. Those who traversed between the Jewish Quarter and the city would go by foot, while those who were

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literature , as well as several leather-bound books which had been composed by the early scholars in their own hand-writing, for they were not able to carry them because of the encumbrance along the way, since they had been driven out on a sudden, they and their wives and children. Now these books

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The author goes on to explain how that, when they reached their destination, they wept bitterly, since many of them had perished as in a plague, and they were unable to bury them because of the excruciating heat. When some of their party had tried to escape at night, approximately seventy men, the

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movement in Yemen in 1666 exacerbated the problems facing the community, calling into question their status as protected wards of the State. One decree led to another. The king initially demanded their conversion to Islam and when they refused, he made them stand out in the sun without apparel for

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62:10), where he brings down a certain opinion which states that it is not permissible for the groom and bride to be entertained in another person's house other than in his own house during the seven days of wedding festivities, unless he and his bride were to leave their own house or town for an

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Weep, O Rachel, in our city for wandering sons! Stir up our forefathers, let them arise, standing upon their feet, so that they may make mention of our fathers who, with grace, insist upon God's unison. May God's favour accompany us, in whose shadow we fervently desire. Let him gather those who

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Rabbi Suleiman al-Naqqāsh, by his wisdom and care for his community, had preemptively made arrangements for the community's safety and upkeep by sending written notifications to the Jewish communities which lay along the route, requesting that they provide food and assistance to their poor Jewish

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The Appendix treats on ancient Jewish houses in San'a before the expulsion of Jews from the city, based on five legal deeds of sale drawn up before 1679, and proves beyond doubt that the newer houses in the new Jewish Quarter were built according to exactly the same plan as those in their former

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Now during the time of this exile and perdition, they had lost all of their precious belongings, and their handwritten books, as well as their peculiar compositions which they possessed of old. I have also seen their synagogues and places of study used by them of old in the city of the gentiles;

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then took leave, and have wandered unto those select places, even unto the habitation of vipers and brute beasts. Even from al-Mahjam and from Dar'ān it was decreed over us to leave; by authorization of an edict which has overcome us. Now, we shall wait in Mawza'; there we shall dwell in the far

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estimated the Jewish population of Sana'a at somewhere between six and eight thousand. G. Wyman Bury, who visited the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a in 1905 noted a decrease in the city's population from 1891, estimated at 50,000 people (Jews and Muslims alike), to only about 20,000 people in 1905. By

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Those Jews who survived, who returned either to Sana'a or to the other towns and villages, were mostly ill from being exposed to the changes in climate and from the poor quality of drinking water. In Sana'a, they were required to relinquish their ownership over their houses and fields within the

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I am curtailed of my sleep from dismay, while tears run down my cheeks. When our elder, al-Naqqāsh, had arrived, all of the Jews were shaken-up. 'Let us go out into the barren wasteland, a place of monstrous beasts and every kind of lion. Happy is he who returns safely from that place. We have

446:, and when he had then finished his reading, he began to expound , and the spirit of God moved him, and he said that the present decree had been given from the start since ancient times, and is alluded to and is cleverly arranged and has been preserved in the acrostic at the end of each word , 169:). The Jews of Sana'a were given but short notice about the things that were about to happen to them. They had been advised to sell their houses, fields and vineyards, and that all property which they were unable to sell would automatically be confiscated and accrue to the Public Treasury (Ar. 399:

and captured it. And in the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-seven (1676 CE), he destroyed the synagogues of the Jews. Then in the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-eight (1677 CE) there was a famine, and in the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-nine (1678 CE) he

256:, southeast Sana'a), all of which places lie within Sana'a's periphery. The Jews had sent fifteen letters to the king in al-Ghirās, asking him to forgive them of whatever offence they may have committed and to permit them to remain in their former settlements, yet none of these did he answer. 797:"I shall shed my tears – like rain they shall pour down / over all the pleasant sons who have gone forth into exile. They have forgotten what pertains to their happiness, and have also been diminished. / They journeyed in haste; along the parched ground they trod. On the day when 'Uzal (i.e. 585:, stretching as far as the extremity of the land of Arḥab, being also a walking distance of one and a half days. These trace their lineage to Sasson the Levite, their ancestor, seeing that there was a law for the early Jews in Yemen for each family to dwell separately; the family of priests ( 347:

went personally before the king with a petition to bring back his Jewish subjects. The king acquiesced and sent emissaries bearing food and water to call them back to their former cities. Some returned only to find their homes taken by usurping occupants. Others decided to move and to settle

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Hijri (= 29 September 1677), nearly two years before the actual expulsion. The matter was delayed only because the governor wished to consult first with the religious scholars of his city. All this may have been done without the foreknowledge of the Jewish community. See: van Koningsveld,

1051:, visited the Jewish community in Yemen, less than 200 years after the Exile of Mawza', but still heard vivid accounts from the people about the things that befell their ancestors during that fateful event. Later, he made a written account of the same in his momentous ethnographic work, 281:….On account of our many iniquities, God stirred up the spirit of the king who dwells in this country to banish us; we and our wives and our children, unto a barren desert, a place of serpents and scorpions and scorching fire; wrath pursues , so that there has been fulfilled in us : 923:

wishes be fulfilled. My salutations go out unto those of my companions on this happy, but powerful night; until Venus comes out . That which my God has decreed shall come to pass, while for every thing there is a reason. The birds will once again trill at the top of the ben tree (

2282:# 2), where he says that after the wedding, it was never a custom in Yemen that a man's bride accompanied him when he was invited to eat in the home of others. He reasons that, since she is not with him, they should not say the seven benedictions for the bridegroom alone. 850:(i.e. corresponds with the 2nd day of the lunar month Elul), saying, 'My companions, arise and ascribe singularity unto the Merciful One, and read that has been inscribed! Hearken to these matters, and let not your mind be distracted, for the appointed time is at hand. 343:

was joined by other Jewish communities from across Yemen. In Mawzaʻ they remained for one full year, until 1680, when the king's non-Jewish subjects began to complain about their lack of farm implements which had been exclusively made by Jewish craftsmen. The governor of

2254:# 252, although the enactment seemed to have been rejected by Maharitz, in favour of Israel's older practice in Yemen. Rabbi Shalom Yitzhaq Halevi informs us that the Yemenite custom in his day was as that taught by Maharitz, and rectifies the discrepancy between the 496:! By the end of the year, the blessed God took mercy upon them and the king was appeased by agreeing to bring back the Jews, only he did not permit them to return to their former houses, but rather to build for themselves houses outside of the city. And so it was. 119:

three days, which was later followed by harsher decrees. It is said that al-Mutawakkil Isma'il consulted with the religious scholars of Islam and sought to determine whether or not the laws concerning Jews in the Arabian Peninsula applied also to Yemen, citing

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One Jewish poet bewails their fate at this time, saying: "Since the day that they removed the turbans from our heads (i.e. 1666), we are full of orders which he decrees . He has placed over our heads who is the master of oppression!" See: Ratzaby (1961), p.

1513:

was also a scholar, well-versed in Torah, but this was not a condition for his office. Among his duties, he was a representative of the community in all its affairs before the government. He was also entrusted with the duty of collecting the annual poll-tax

563:

He (i.e. the king) then commanded to give license unto the Jews to return unto the country and to build for themselves tents, although set apart from the houses of the Muslims so that they will not defile them. Those who were banished then came up from the

158:

was concentrated in the neighborhood of al-Sā'ilah, within the walled city, as one enters Bab al-Shaʻub (the Shaʻub Gate) on Sana'a's north side. The chief rabbi of the Jewish community at that time was an elder to whom they gave the title of Prince

559:(Vicissitudes of Time), being one of the earliest Jewish accounts of the expulsion (initially compiled by Yaḥyā ben Judah Ṣa'di in 1725) and which work has since undergone several recensions by later chroniclers, we read the following testimony: 400:

expelled Israel unto the desert of Mawzaʻ, which is a horrific place, and one known for its excruciating heat; its air being bad. No man could proceed upon the ground on account of their over weariness and the blisters which effected their feet.

176:

By late 1679, when the king saw that they were unrelenting in their fathers' faith, he then decided to follow through with what he had determined for them and issued a decree, banishing all Jews in his kingdom to the Red Sea outpost known as

2052:

Lit. "...have wandered unto Khabt," perhaps being the Al-Khabt in the Abyan District, in the far south-eastern reaches of Yemen, near the Indian Ocean. Yehudah Ratzaby suggests that the sense here is to two towns, the one being called

296:. We went with shame and with reproach, in hunger and in thirst, and in nakedness and in deprivation of all things, unto that place which the king had decreed over us, for he had no wish for money, but rather in seeing our destruction. 547:

either aged or ill would make use of beasts of burden to carry them into the city, the Jewish Quarter being then at a distance of about one-kilometer from the city's walls. The king then passed a series of discriminatory laws (Ar.

555:

exiled, so that a man who came from the district of Sharʻab was called so-and-so, al-Sharʻabi, or he that came from the village of Maswar was called so-and-so, al-Maswari. In the words of the Jewish chronicler who wrote

533:(Ar. قاع العلفي). The lands upon which they built the new Jewish Quarter were lands provided by the king, but the Jews were later required to pay a monthly tenancy fee for the land, and which money accrued to the Muslim 395:, the son of Ḥasan, reigned in his stead, who was called al-Ḥasni, who expelled the Turks, and ruled by strength of arms, and was a man of exploits, and went up north and captured those districts, and went as far as to 1874:(1932), vol. 2, p. 969, s.v. דופי הזמן. A microfilm copy of this work is available at the National Library of Israel in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Givat Ram Campus), Manuscript Dept., Microfilm reel # F-9103. 2087:.) Second edition, Jerusalem 1972, pp. 2–3. The original Judeo-Arabic text can also be had at the Hebrew University National Library (Givat Ram Campus), Jerusalem, Manuscript Dept., Microfilm reel # F-9103. 626:

One of the outcomes of the king's notorious decree was that Jewish property passed into Muslim hands. A Jewish public bath house in Sana'a was relinquished and passed into the proprietorship of the Muslim

288:. He has destroyed our synagogues, and has darkened the light of our eyes. 'Go away! unclean!' they cry out unto us, while the taskmasters are in a hurry, saying: 'Go away from here; purify yourselves!' 2229:(Prayer precentor). Maharitz would later adamantly oppose the enactment, since it sought to cancel the ancient tradition in Yemen in this regard in which it had always been a practice to make only one 679:= synagogue) into a mosque, / for bowing down unto God or standing , by that decree, he would have still been most triumphant. Now the time of this event happened to concur with the date that is in 124:

country. Yet, since the king fell ill and was bedridden, he did not presently perform his plan to expel the Jews from his kingdom, but commanded the heir to his throne, al-Mahdi Ahmad, to do so.

3235: 736:

Rabbi Amram Qorah, in the same work, brings down Rabbi Pinheas ben Gad Hacohen's account of events, whose testimony he found written in the margin of the first page of a Prayer Book (

3978: 521:

city's wall, in the neighborhood of al-Sā'ilah, and were directed to build humble abodes in a new area outside of the city's walls, in a place then known as the "hyena's field" (Ar.

426:

village of Mawzaʻ, on account of iniquities. On that upcoming Sabbath when they reached the village of Mawzaʻ it happened to be the Sabbath reading for the biblical lection known as

577:

settled in their place. Now their dwelling place was from the town of ash-Sharafah, eastward of Wadi al-Sirr, stretching as far as the town of al-'Arus which lies in the region of

301:

next morning when the sun arose they were stricken down by the intense heat, and there they died. The author concludes by saying, "Now, this decree of exile was at the beginning of

733:), and which apparently had been composed by the said judge, in which he describes the exploits of the king who banished the Jews and who converted their synagogue into a mosque. 725:

on the west side of Sana'a, just as it has been intimated by the scholarly judge, Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Suḥuli, etc." Rabbi Amram Qorah then proceeds to bring down the words or

315:." Here, the author makes a play on words; the Hebrew word for "ended" (Heb. תם) having the numerical value of 440, the same as the year when abbreviated without the millennium. 1605:

to convert to Islam or else face punishment, they are to prefer punishment rather than exchange their religion for another, and, in so doing, they bring sanctity to God's name.

904:

you have forgotten me! Unto Whom belong signs and wonders. Behold, it was upon us that He bestowed His bounty, and He has chosen Moses, the son of Amram, our beloved prophet!

499:

After these things, they settled in that place wherein the king had given to them to dwell, and they built houses. Now, in those days they appointed over themselves a Prince (

1657:

Hebrew expression of contriteness, signifying the people's acceptance of God's judgments and which expression is based on the Jewish teaching that all of God's ways are just.

1157:, mentions a historical note about the old synagogue in Sana'a, before the expulsion of Jews from the city in 1679, and which is written in the glosses of an old copy of the 1146:

for the bridegroom and bride on a Friday morning, following the couple's wedding the day before. On Friday (Sabbath eve) they would pitch a large tent within a garden called

252:

By the time the Jews of Sana'a reached Dhamar, they had already been joined by the Jewish villagers of Siān and Tan'im (located about 9.3 miles (15 km) eastward of

966:

They have destroyed all of the cities, and have cast their fear upon the Sages. There is none who takes an interest in our case, nor anyone who will take pity upon us.

775:

Another man who witnessed these events, Shalem 'Ashri, also wrote a suppliant poem about the events of that year – the Exile of Mawzaʻ, now preserved in the Yemenite

4282: 3228: 3431: 5322: 2957: 2874: 2782: 2748: 2714: 2582: 2430: 2360: 932:

Another record of these events, composed here in poetic verse (although the rhyme has been lost in the translation), is the poem composed by Sālim ben Sa'īd, in

912:

would delight himself in them, become inebriated, but would avoid that which is obscene or mockery; pure wine, whatever kind at hand, whose colour was as gold!

422:

s, and the other books which had been taken by the heads of the people in their own hands for their own needs in study and in reading from the books of the Law.

1301:

A history of Arabia Felix or Yemen, from the commencement of the Christian era to the present time : including an account of the British settlement of Aden

954:"I shall commence by addressing Him who is upon the throne , even He that is an Omniscient God, the Creator of all creatures; He who causes the dumb to speak. 4165: 826:

with only two stanzas written in Hebrew, the author gives a long testimony about the events which transpired during that year of exile. The poem is entitled,

5519: 241:, this time requesting that the king rescind his order to expel all Jews unto the Red Sea outpost of Zeila', but to be content with their banishment to the 403:

Now, during that same year, when they departed from Sana'a to go unto Mawzaʻ, there was a certain gentile unto whom they committed for safekeeping several

2061:. Initially, the king had agreed that Jews be permitted to resettle in these towns, but later changed his mind. See: Ratzaby (1961), pp. 378-379, note *4. 4697: 3497: 3221: 2217:, s.v. ערב, instead of the traditional forty blasts which had been observed earlier. Another enactment sought to make it a standard procedure during the 1975:(1988), pp. 9 -10. Moshe Gavra brings down the same account, mentioning that Rabbi Pinheas ben Gad Hacohen of Dhamar had first written this account in a 1007:

Your covenant and your signs have been forever. You have intoxicated your people with the waters of Abraham, the covenant between the dissected halves.

3188:

Yemenite Authorities and Jewish Messianism: Aḥmad ibn Nāṣir al-Zaydī's Account of the Sabbatian Movement in Seventeenth Century Yemen and its Aftermath

2079:

Ratzaby (1961), pp. 379-380 (Translation of the original Judeo-Arabic), s.v. poem entitled: אבדע ברב אלערש; The original Judeo-Arabic was published in

892:

whilst my pigeon is at rest; she calls out to the poor: 'Release from their bonds!' In Zion there is to be found relief, whilst our portion is in the

1456:(in manuscript form), p. 112 (Yosef Tobi's Private Collection), there is the following marginal note which reads: "The synagogue was destroyed here, 1013:

They (i.e. the gentiles) cast their fear upon us, while the horsemen inflict us. No one tries to help us, nor is there anyone who takes pity upon us.

834:, who was an eye-witness to these events and whose name is inscribed in the poem in acrostics. The rhyme, however, has been lost in the translation: 221:

Meanwhile, while columns of men, women and children were advancing by foot southward with only bare essentials, along the road leading from Sana'a to

598: 539:(mortmain land) for the upkeep of their own places of worship. Between the new Jewish Quarter and the city walls was a suburb full of gardens called 3317: 2310: 1477: 721:

1091 (= 1679 CE) in the synagogue of the Jewish Quarter, who banished them from Sana'a and removed them unto a place befitting them, now known as

1746:

This reading, based on the sequence of the biblical portions that are read throughout the year, would have been read the following year, in 1680.

1509:

was conferred upon a man belonging to the community's most noble and richest family. There was no direct election for this post. In general, the

989:

On the day in which he took them out of their houses, their eyes rained tears of blood. They had gone out a short distance in the dark of night.

960:

He has revealed his ill-intentions on a dark night, one made sullen by the shadow of death; and who has sent against us soldiers and oppressors.

957:

I was curtailed of my sleep this night, while my heart was aching on account the king's decree; he that has made a decree against us by an oath.

165:), Rabbi Suleiman al-Naqqāsh, while the city's chief seat of learning was under the tutelage of Rabbi and Judge, Shelomo ben Saadia al-Manzeli ( 4690: 4568: 1601:

no. 92 , Warsaw 1882 (reprinted), p. 47 (Hebrew pagination כד). Here, the author makes it clear that if Jews are collectively compelled by the

5594: 5186: 4524: 5338: 4928: 3408: 5259: 1031:

Remember Moses who built for you the Tent of Convocation in the Sinai wilderness, on the day in which your Divine Presence dwelt thereon.

3356: 205:

to Zeila', commanding them not to permit any Jew to remain in those cities when they reached them, but to send them on in their journey.

5579: 4394: 613: 2043:

The English translation (in the collapsible thread) is based on the Hebrew translation of the poem made by Ratzaby (1961), pp. 353-354.

1551:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 713, note 130. According to Arabic sources, Imām al-Mahdī had ordered the newly appointed governor of 5031: 4296: 441:

And I shall bring them into the land of their enemies, perhaps then their uncircumcised heart should be brought under submission etc.

237:, the chiefs of the indigenous Sabaean tribes who had been the patrons of the Jews came together once again and petitioned the king, 5330: 5079: 5072: 4778: 3113: 3083: 3024: 2994: 2650: 2538: 2474: 1229: 671:. Unto him is ascribed dignities, such as were not accorded / before , even in part. Had he not done aught but banish / the Jews of 5405: 5497: 5306: 5207: 5129: 5015: 4668: 4661: 3996: 2828: 2790: 1870:

the younger" (= Sa'īd, or Se'adyah), the usual rendition for this name given in the reversed order of the Hebrew alphabet. See:

992:

Several distinguished persons, and several disciples of the Sages ; they and their little ones, who were without understanding.

5425: 5314: 4575: 3325: 2531:

Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern (Description of Travel to Arabia and Other Neighboring Countries)

2225:

to make two prayers: the first, by the congregation praying silently, followed by a repetition of the prayer said aloud by the

995:'You are obliged to go forth into exile; `tis from the Lord of Heaven, who once delivered us from the hand of wicked Pharaoh.' 4387: 3170:(2018), "Attitude of the Muslim Authority in Yemen to the Jewish Messianic Movement", in Rachel Yedid; Danny Bar-Maoz (eds.), 1016:

They have humiliated our religion, and have called out to us to become Muslims; even to sin and to desecrate your Divine Law.

5584: 5569: 5115: 4944: 4912: 4740: 4654: 3195: 963:

We lifted up our voices unto God of heaven, : 'Remove from us the evil of this decree. Behold! You are He that governs all!'

307:

5440 (= 1679 CE), and the blessed God redeemed us at the end; the sign of which being: 'The punishment of your iniquity has

1028:

Remember me, O God, on account of the Divine Law's hidden mystery! So, too, remember Jacob, 'the man of pure intentions' !

5589: 5362: 5354: 5267: 3781: 3521: 3401: 3042: 2034:

An allusion to the tablets of the Ten Commandments, given to the people of Israel while they were gathered at Mount Sinai.

543:(the Single's Well), being once the Turkish Quarter. In subsequent years, the Jewish Quarter was also enclosed by a wall. 2375:(in German). Vol. 7.1934. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek. 5221: 4999: 4920: 4896: 4794: 4547: 4366: 3858: 3606: 3469: 1371:

The one exception being Tan'am, which although it lies in the principality of Khawlan, was not spared the fate of exile.

709:

brings down a brief history of the said mosque, taken from a book originally drawn up in Arabic and which was entitled:

363: 512: 5559: 5346: 4762: 4647: 1960: 3301: 1025:

I have concluded my words, my brethren! Take-up my salutations and remain silent! Our hope is in God the Omniscient.

759:

to bear all the afflictions. So, too, was there fulfilled in us by reason of our iniquities the scripture that says,

1237:

Chapters in the Heritage of Yemenite Jewry Under the Influence of Shulhan Arukh and the Kabbalah of R. Yitzhaq Luria

334:

Mawzaʻ is a town situated eleven-days' walking distance from Sana'a, and ca. 12 miles (20 km) from the port of

213: 5193: 5143: 4952: 4857: 4770: 4704: 4481: 3737: 3167: 3131: 3101: 3071: 907:

The pampered pigeons are cooing in the tops of the citadels. The householders of al-Sā'ilah who have come to visit

91:

labors for the indigenous Arab populations, who had been deprived of goods and services on account of their exile.

1142:(d. 1805) mentions in his Responsa that before the Exile of Mawza the Jews of Sana'a had an old custom to say the 5378: 5251: 5214: 5136: 4817: 3665: 3274: 1680: 1037:

Praise be to you, O Master of the universe! `Tis from me, Sālim ben Sa'īd, who has written rhymed verse."

1019:

He (i.e. the Imām) has issued against us frequent declarations; shall we not fear the punishment of God on High?

328: 66:, in which Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām 4090: 5386: 5370: 5101: 5023: 5007: 4474: 4140: 3574: 3423: 3135: 2025:

Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic translation of Hadoram in Genesis 10:27, which is rendered as Dhamar.

1428: 38: 388: 111: 5574: 5298: 4359: 4224: 2982: 2438: 2003:

Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic translation of 'Uzal in Genesis 10:27, which is rendered as Sanaa.

404: 5599: 5554: 5476: 5441: 5243: 5200: 5179: 4849: 4467: 4195: 4124: 3954: 3898: 3638: 3507: 1799: 1531: 986:

They wandered unto Mawza' and walked along the paths, in the fierce blaze of heat and with severe thirst.

933: 823: 766:. Yet, the divine Name, blessed be He, gives us strength to bear all those troubles and travails each day. 376: 4554: 4517: 4431: 3582: 2242:

extended period of time, in which case it is then permissible. The enactment is mentioned with regard to

1010:

But now, O king of most puissant kings, your people are sadly distressed and are deprived of all things.

5527: 5413: 4975: 4865: 4085: 3721: 3566: 3485: 3439: 3394: 3372: 2931: 2891: 2846: 1871: 1863: 1704: 1189:). I studied with them a long time ago, during the time when the synagogue of Sana'a was still standing 744:

Now I shall inform you, my brethren, about what has happened to us at this time, since the beginning of

372: 4161: 3970: 3938: 3820: 3697: 1547:

Rabbi Yosef Qafih believes that they were given advance warning as early as late-summer of 1678. See:

998:

My heart moans over my relatives who are missing. I have no pleasure in sleep, nor in bread or water!

30: 4873: 4833: 4718: 4380: 4231: 4108: 4100: 3985: 3962: 3798: 3657: 3282: 3689: 3477: 1737:

Professor Yosef Tobi says that the date here is in error, and should rather be amended to read 1679.

1073:, a desolate wilderness (a walking distance of ten days' journey in a south-westerly direction from 1004:

Praised be the Creator of the heavenly circuits, the Ruler of all , unto whom none can be compared.

4904: 4841: 4786: 4711: 4324: 4132: 4062: 3906: 3828: 3622: 3598: 3528: 3384: 2458: 2205:

One of the enactments called out for making one-hundred blasts of the horn on the Jewish New Year (

1859: 1449: 1154: 161: 83: 4156: 896:, just as a son who is dearly loved. We shall then behold the house of our God, and the houses of 62:;‎ 1679–1680) is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the 5290: 5157: 5108: 4983: 4936: 4503: 4438: 3922: 3882: 3791: 3630: 3155: 3012: 2967:

Ohel Dawid - Descriptive Catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library

2951: 2868: 2776: 2742: 2708: 2576: 2424: 2233:-prayer. Another enactment concerned the seven benedictions mentioned by Rabbi Yosef Karo in his 1278: 1270: 714: 668: 190: 5434: 1555:, Muhammad ibn al-Mutawakkil, to expel the Jews and demolish their synagogues on 1 Shaʻbān 1088 264: 1203:

Upon returning to Sana'a, the Chief Rabbis, led by R. Shelomo Manzeli and Yiḥya Halevi (called

787:(a rejoinder). His own name is spelt out in acrostic form in the first letters of each stanza: 572:; one man from a city and two from a family, for most of them had been consumed by the land of 5469: 5462: 5455: 5122: 4640: 4611: 4510: 3550: 3364: 3333: 3309: 3201: 3191: 3175: 3119: 3109: 3089: 3079: 3060: 3050: 3030: 3020: 3000: 2990: 2970: 2939: 2919: 2899: 2880: 2856: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2764: 2730: 2696: 2676: 2656: 2646: 2642: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2564: 2544: 2534: 2514: 2497: 2480: 2470: 2466: 2446: 2412: 2396: 2388: 2376: 2354: 2343: 2335: 2210: 1907: 1614: 1319: 1315: 1262: 1225: 1181: 1022:

Our elders have gone forth into exile by an urgent command, whether willingly or unwillingly.

1001:

A flame burns inside of me, ever since the evil tidings reached me; I have become perplexed.

602: 2511:

The Mishnah: Seder Mo'ed - A Yemenite Manuscript (סדר מועד של המשנה : כתב־יד בנוסח תימן)

5504: 4561: 4401: 4331: 4310: 4055: 3729: 3681: 3558: 3147: 2556: 1795: 1296: 1254: 969:

He lifted up his right hand and swore, 'They have no choice but to be banished unto Mawza!'

323: 186: 1883: 1847: 1835: 1811: 1767: 1755: 1716: 1578: 1548: 1489: 1473: 1392: 1243:

Hathaway, Jane (2005). "The Mawza 'Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism".

5564: 5483: 4825: 4352: 4338: 4116: 4048: 3866: 3753: 3614: 3535: 2526: 1895: 1866:

attributes the writing to Sa'īd, based on the author's own remark that he is "the son of

1593: 1168: 690: 594: 352: 87: 51: 2305: 581:, a walking distance of about one and a half days; as well as the breadth of the city of 1065:" dwelt securely, beneath the shadow of the kings of that country, until three-hundred ( 1034:

Do not forget Isaac, your bound , on the day in which he spoke to Abraham face to face.

631:. So, too, the once famous synagogue within Sana'a's walled city and which was known as 146:, where they would be confined for life, or else repent and accept the tenets of Islam. 5490: 5448: 5150: 4618: 4445: 4317: 4289: 4260: 4148: 4041: 3930: 3914: 3890: 3805: 3769: 3761: 3713: 3514: 2833: 2214: 1457: 1105: 1089: 908: 893: 877: 851: 831: 776: 684: 664: 660: 610:

visited Sana'a, the Jewish population in the city had swollen to about seven thousand.

569: 392: 238: 194: 127: 67: 1979:

that he had written for Rabbi Yehudah Ṣa'adi in 1680. See: Gavra (2010), vol. 1, p. 72

5548: 4604: 4408: 4303: 4202: 4179: 3705: 3159: 2756: 2222: 2206: 1919: 1307: 1282: 1171:. The marginal note concerns the accurate pronunciation of the word אישות in Mishnah 1143: 867: 802: 607: 222: 79: 63: 3213: 2258:

and the Yemenite Jewish custom by writing in the glosses of his 1894 edition of the

1138:

There are several references to Jewish life in Sana'a before the expulsion of 1679.

1055:. The full, unabridged account is given here (translated from the original Hebrew): 4991: 2911: 2368: 2127: 2098:

And you shall go forth at eventide in their sight, as they that go forth into exile

1519: 1502: 1333: 1078: 1048: 749: 718: 698: 335: 253: 246: 3151: 2463:

The Yemenites – History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life (Selected Studies)

4238: 2722: 2688: 2668: 2634: 2591: 2247: 2189: 2151: 2016:, the son of Hagar (handmaid of Abraham), and the progenitor of the Arab nation. 1972: 1956: 1944: 1791: 1692: 1396: 1380: 1139: 706: 115: 4020: 3179: 3034: 1602: 1258: 1245: 1163: 897: 436: 428: 303: 17: 3205: 3123: 3054: 3004: 2974: 2923: 2903: 2860: 2820: 2812: 2734: 2700: 2621: 2613: 2568: 2548: 2501: 2450: 2416: 2380: 2347: 1266: 4077: 4013: 3874: 3093: 3049:(in Hebrew). Vol. 3. Tel-Aviv/Jaffa - Bnei Brak: Mekhon Shetile zetim. 2943: 2768: 2680: 2660: 2518: 2484: 1518:), as also to settle disputes arising between members of the community. See 1323: 1101: 726: 412: 99: 2400: 1552: 1131: 1074: 973: 863: 855: 798: 672: 582: 234: 155: 78:, those Jewish inhabitants who lived in the far eastern quarters of Yemen ( 3064: 2918:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (ch. 43). Lyck: Mʹkize Nirdamim / L. Silbermann. 2884: 2139:

Should be amended to read "approximately two-hundred years ago," i.e. 1679

1590:

In accordance with a teaching in Leviticus 22:31–32, and explained in the

643:– the Mosque of the Expulsion, or "of those banished." On the frieze (Ar. 4373: 3745: 3244: 2445:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–4. Benei Barak: Mechon le'ḥeqer ḥakhmei tayman. 1630:

Ratzaby (1961), p. 367, s.v. poem entitled: אבן אלאסבאט אבדע, lines 16–19

675:, who are the 'scum' of the world, and turned their venerable place (Ar. 578: 396: 120: 1175:

1:4, and reads as follows: "Now the Jews of Sana'a read it as אִישׁוּת (

4034: 2795: 2596: 2013: 1677:

Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt

1639:

Ratzaby (1961), p. 369, s.v. poem entitled: אבן אלאסבאט אבדע, lines 4–5

1274: 1191: 1158: 976:, the habitation of the Divine Law and the seating place of the Sages. 617:

Three Jewish boys standing in the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a - circa 1938

344: 143: 830:– "Tidings have reached us," and is the work of the illustrious poet, 4345: 4027: 3946: 3590: 3248: 3172:

Ascending the Palm Tree: An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage

2230: 2218: 1088:(Here, J. Saphir brings down a poem written about the event by Rabbi 1070: 980: 783: 636: 573: 565: 418: 408: 339: 274: 245:

coastal town of Mawza', a town about 29 kilometres (18 mi) from

242: 2594:, ed. (1958). "'Qorot Yisra'el be-Teman' by Rabbi Hayyim Habshush". 1239:, Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, pp. 145–158 (in Hebrew) 2850: 2320: 1461: 1096:

eternal desolations 'and where demons will be found making sport'

916: 846: 612: 586: 511: 500: 362: 322: 263: 226: 212: 182: 178: 139: 104: 98: 71: 37: 29: 2898:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–4. Jerusalem: Ḳeren Agudat ha-Maharits. 2443:

Meḥqarim basiddurei tayman (Studies in the Prayer Books of Yemen)

949:

Poem: "I Shall Commence by Addressing Him who is Upon the Throne"

4006: 3252: 2306:

The Exile of Mawza, by Dr. Aharon Gaimani of Bar-Ilan University

1082: 628: 535: 3217: 2317:

The Mawza Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism

1621:, by Uziel al-Nadaf, (Part II) Jerusalem 1992 (Hebrew), pp. 4-5 854:

the king has decreed over us that we take flight.' The Jews of

503:), even the teacher and rabbi, Yiḥya Halevi, of blessed memory. 383:...In the year one thousand, nine-hundred and eighty-six (1675 3078:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Magnes Press – Hebrew University. 2675:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–2. Jerusalem: Eʻeleh betamar, et al. 1066: 944:(I shall commence by addressing Him who is upon the throne). 230: 651:

were inscribed words with invectives, in gypsum plaster (Ar.

435:

and there stood up the greatest man amongst them to read the

74:ʻ to withstand their fate or to die. Only a few communities, 2513:(in Hebrew). Ḥolon: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman be-Yiśraʼel. 2494:

Sefer Hashirim Hagadol – The Large Song Book, Shalom Shabazi

1778: 1776: 859:

reaches of the land belonging to the inhabitants of Arabia.

729:

inscribed on the frieze of the mosque in rhymed verse (see:

1314:. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, affiliate of the 1291:

My Footsteps Echo - The Yemen Journal of Rabbi Yaakov Sapir

70:, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named 3186:

van Koningsveld, P.S.; Sadan, J.; Al-Samarrai, Q. (1990).

2936:

On the Origins of the Jews in Yemen (לקורות היהודים בתימן)

2179:

Gavra (2010), vol. 1, pp. 70–71; ibid. vol. 4, pp. 156–159

1336:), Israel Oriental Society: Jerusalem 1957, pp. 68–75 3106:

The Jews of Yemen - Studies in Their History and Culture

3019:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 1330:

Seventeenth Century Documents on Jewish Houses in San'a

3076:

Studies in 'Megillat Teman' (ʻIyunim bi-megilat Teman)

2855:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Jerusalem. 2274:# 10), who cites from Rabbi Yihya Hacohen's Responsa, 1695:(1958), pp. 246–286; Qafih (1989), vol. 2, pp. 714–715 979:

He forced (?) them to go out into a parched land, the

597:

visited the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a in 1763 during a

1574: 1572: 1570: 972:

He commanded to destroy the synagogues which were in

516:

Jewish Children in the Jewish Quarter of Sana'a, 1901

283:

And I shall bring them into the land of their enemies

3136:"Politics and Poetry in the Works of Shalom Shabazī" 5424: 5397: 5282: 5235: 5171: 5093: 5064: 5057: 5050: 4967: 4888: 4809: 4754: 4732: 4682: 4632: 4596: 4589: 4539: 4495: 4459: 4423: 4274: 4252: 4216: 4187: 4178: 3995: 3850: 3843: 3780: 3649: 3496: 3461: 3454: 3383: 3348: 3293: 3266: 3259: 1922:& v. Wissman (1934), vol. 40, pp. 133-134; 141. 697:), the numerical value of which letters adds up to 3979:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 2969:. Vol. 1–2. London: Oxford University Press. 2313:, pages רמו-רפו (pp. 254–294 in PDF) (Hebrew) 2834:Zion – A Quarterly for Research in Jewish History 2147: 2145: 1886:(1958), pp. 246-286; Qafiḥ (1989), vol. 2, p. 716 1758:(1958), pp. 246-286; Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 706 391:died, and there was a famine and many died. Then 1987: 1985: 1728:Tobi (1986), pp. 44-47 (based on MS. #1, Hebrew) 1460:, on Wednesday, the 17th day of the lunar month 1383:(1958), pp. 246–286; Qafih (1989) vol. 2, p. 714 1991:Hasid (1976), p. 51, s.v. אזיל דמעותי כמטר יזלו 1222:Yemenite Jewry: Origins, Culture and Literature 844:"Tidings have reached us on the second day of 818:In the following poem of the subgenre known as 635:(The Synagogue of the Sages) was turned into a 561: 381: 279: 130:of al-Ghirās, who is also known by the epithet 5323:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 2841:. Jerusalem: The Historical Society of Israel. 2338:(1928), "History of Rabbi Sholem al-Shabazi", 761:And I shall send a faintness into their hearts 3229: 1999: 1997: 1831: 1829: 1480:(p. 270 in PDF); Qafiḥ (1989), vol. 2, p. 713 439:, and when they came to the verse that says: 27:Expulsion of Yemenite Jews to Mawza 1679–1680 8: 2166: 2164: 2096:In accordance with a verse in Ezekiel 12:4, 1492:(1958), p. רסג; Qafiḥ (1989), vol. 2, p. 714 1395:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 714 (end); 1312:Jewish Domestic Architecture in San'a, Yemen 1116:– the plain wherein is the cistern known as 754:Who will raise up Jacob, for he is too small 110:With the rise to power of the Qāsimīd Imām, 2083:(ed. Dr. L. Blau), vol. 7, Budapest 1923; ( 1683:. Plate 20, by W. Angus, after H. Salt 1805 1303:, Salisbury, N.C.: Documentary Publications 5421: 5232: 5168: 5090: 5061: 5054: 4964: 4885: 4806: 4751: 4729: 4679: 4629: 4593: 4536: 4492: 4456: 4420: 4271: 4249: 4213: 4184: 3992: 3847: 3777: 3498:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 3493: 3458: 3380: 3290: 3263: 3236: 3222: 3214: 2956:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2873:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2781:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2747:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2713:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2581:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2359:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1501:Tobi (1986), p. 42, note 68. According to 1253:(1). Cambridge University Press: 111–128. 1092:, and which has already been quoted above) 2989:. London: World of Islam Festival Trust. 2852:Questions & Responsa 'Pe'ulath Ṣadīq' 1850:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, pp. 706-707 1224:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 217:Jewish mother and daughter in Yemen, 1949 142:, a place along the African coast of the 34:Silversmith Meysha Abyadh in Sana'a, 1937 3318:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 327:Moosa (Muza) in 1805, from a drawing by 5520:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 1346: 1199:Enactments in wake of exile (1680–1690) 866:) were obedient, and they assembled in 2949: 2866: 2774: 2740: 2706: 2574: 2422: 2352: 2209:), based on a teaching found in Rabbi 2170:Levi Nahum (1975), Introduction, p. 18 2070:Another appellation for Shalom Shabazi 862:All of the inhabitants of 'Uzal (i.e. 5187:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 2695:(in Hebrew) (1 ed.). Jerusalem. 2639:Halikhot Teiman (Jewish Life in Sana) 2626:(Habshush's work originally entitled 2496:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yosef Hasid. 2188:Subeiri (1976–1992), vol. 3, p. 297; 181:'. On the 2nd day of the lunar month 7: 5339:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 4929:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 2763:(in German). Vol. 40. Hamburg. 2409:Arabia Infelix or the Turks in Yamen 1581:(1958); Qafih (1989), vol. 2, p. 714 1129: 667:, the son of him who rose to power, 2533:(in German). Zürich: Manesse-Verl. 1838:(1958); Qafih (1989) vol. 2, p. 706 1104:, even our teacher and Rabbi, Mori 694: 367:Two Jewish Elders from Sana'a, 1904 268:Yemenite Jew blows the shofar, 1947 55: 2561:A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen 2461:(1983). Menahem Ben-Sasson (ed.). 2373:Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden 822:(poetic tale), composed mostly in 25: 5331:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 5080:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 5073:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 2509:Levi Nahum, Yehudah, ed. (1975). 2395:(in German), Berlin: S. Calvary, 2311:Sefunot, Volume 2, Jerusalem 1958 663:, is the sun of guidance / even 525:), or what later became known as 5307:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 5208:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 5130:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 260:Evacuation of the Jews of Dhurān 5426:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 4525:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 3326:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 2987:San'a'; An Arabian Islamic City 2896:The Complete 'Tiklal 'Eṣ Ḥayyim 2894:(1979b). Shimon Tzalach (ed.). 2109:An allusion to Genesis 15:1-21. 1124:among them and the Exilarch.)" 839:Poem: "Tidings Have Reached Us" 771:Testimonies preserved in poetry 711:A List of the Mosques of Ṣan'ā' 5116:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 4945:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 3955:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 2759:; v. Wissman, Hermann (1934). 2391:(1902), "Die Juden in Yemen", 411:, and of Bible codices and of 1: 5363:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 5032:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 3190:. Leiden: Leiden University. 2130:(1866), vol. 1, pp. 100a-100b 2118:An allusion to Genesis 25:27. 1794:& Lewcock (1983), p. 82; 792:Poem: "I Shall Shed My Tears" 375:(who is known by the acronym 42:Yemenite Jews of Sana'a, 1907 5595:People from Taiz Governorate 5315:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 5222:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 5000:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 3432:Massacres at London and York 3152:10.1080/13537121.2014.889893 2081:Hazofeh – Quartalis Hebraica 1289:Lavon, Yaakov (ed.) (1997). 1153:German-Jewish ethnographer, 927:) in the fruitful orchard." 4763:Night of the Murdered Poets 3047:Siddur Kenesseth Ha-Gedolah 1648:Ratzaby (1972), pp. 203-207 1167:), written with Babylonian 936:. The poem is written as a 103:The port and waterfront of 5616: 5580:17th-century Yemeni people 5194:Davidka Square bus bombing 4905:Antwerp summer camp attack 4779:Shafrir synagogue shooting 4482:Operation Harvest Festival 3591:Massacre of the Assumption 3174:, Rehovot: E'ele BeTamar, 2761:Landeskundliche Ergebnisse 2673:Ketavim (Collected Papers) 2492:Hasid, Yosef, ed. (1976). 915:The Book of the Law (i.e. 717:b. Muhammad), in the year 185:, in the year 1090 of the 5260:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 5215:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 5137:Hebrew University bombing 4858:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 4818:Avivim school bus bombing 4741:Menarsha synagogue attack 4705:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 3146:(2). Routledge: 240–255. 1259:10.1017/S036400940500005X 1047:In 1859, Lithuanian Jew, 1042: 622:Fate of the Old Synagogue 407:and several books of the 209:Unexpected turn of events 5387:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 5371:Poway synagogue shooting 5268:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 5102:Ghriba synagogue bombing 5024:Island of Peace massacre 4475:Kielce cemetery massacre 2831:(1972). "Galut Mawzaʻ". 2793:(1961). "Galut Mawzaʻ". 2729:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem. 2641:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: 2465:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: 2342:(in Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1679:(pub. 1809), Vol. 2, by 1235:Gaimani, Aharon (2005). 1060:Jacob Saphir's Testimony 1043:Jacob Saphir's Testimony 154:The Jewish community in 4921:Vienna synagogue attack 4897:Paris synagogue bombing 4141:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 2938:(in Hebrew). Budapest. 2407:Bury, G. Wyman (1915). 2323:(registration required) 1770:, 1982, p. 81, note 48. 1220:Ahroni, Reuben (1986). 1169:supralinear punctuation 173:), without recompense. 5244:Beersheba bus bombings 4850:Kiryat Shmona massacre 4771:Scorpion Pass massacre 4468:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 3899:Second Kishinev pogrom 3639:Portuguese Inquisition 3283:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 3017:The Jews of Arab Lands 2985:; Lewcock, R. (1983). 2965:Sassoon, D.S. (1932). 1814:(1982), p. 80, note 44 1719:(1989), vol. 2, p. 716 1666:Ratzaby (1972), p. 207 1536:Shaḥrith shel Shabbath 1534:(1979b), vol. 1, s.v. 1439:Tobi (1999), pp. 77-79 828:Waṣalnā hātif al-alḥān 768: 703: 618: 591: 517: 505: 368: 331: 298: 269: 218: 107: 43: 35: 5585:Antisemitism in Yemen 5570:Jewish Yemeni history 5144:Rishon LeZion bombing 4866:Coastal Road massacre 3867:First Kishinev pogrom 3658:Chmielnicki massacres 3567:Schaffhausen Massacre 3486:Armleder persecutions 3440:Rintfleisch massacres 1864:David Solomon Sassoon 1617:(1928); Reprinted in 1362:Ratzaby (1961), p. 79 942:Ibda' birrub al-'arsh 742: 657: 616: 515: 366: 326: 267: 216: 112:al-Mutawakkil Isma'il 102: 41: 33: 5590:17th-century Judaism 5379:Jersey City shooting 5252:Ashdod Port bombings 4834:Lod Airport massacre 4795:Purge of Polish Jews 4719:Kfar Etzion massacre 4225:Częstochowa massacre 3986:1920 Nebi Musa riots 3806:Fourth Odessa pogrom 3762:Second Odessa pogrom 2244:Iggereth Ha-Besoroth 1209:Iggereth Ha-Besoroth 1134:before the expulsion 740:), written in 1710: 348:elsewhere in Yemen. 189:(corresponding with 5201:Café Hillel bombing 4569:Tripolitania pogrom 4367:Kamianets-Podilskyi 3891:Fifth Odessa pogrom 3829:1898 Algerian riots 3770:Third Odessa pogrom 3714:First Odessa pogrom 3599:Spanish Inquisition 3575:Moroccan revolution 3455:14th – 19th century 3385:Rhineland massacres 2587:(reprinted in 1970) 1959:(1954), pp. 10-11 ( 1935:(1990), pp. 156-158 1898:(1992), pp. 416-418 1782:Bury (1915), p. 80. 1597:, vol. 2 (part 4), 1522:(1934) pp. 281–282. 1353:Tobi (2018), p. 135 1318:. pp. 25, 59. 1155:Shelomo Dov Goitein 900:(Heb. Gush Ḥalab). 387:CE) the king named 5560:Expulsions of Jews 5299:Burgas bus bombing 4984:Crown Heights riot 4937:Ras Burqa massacre 4648:Haifa Oil Refinery 4504:Ardeatine massacre 4439:Dzyatlava massacre 3859:Częstochowa pogrom 3470:Shepherds' Crusade 3275:Alexandrian pogrom 3260:1st – 13th century 2268:Haḥayim wehashalom 1823:Tobi (1986), p. 77 1592:Responsa of Rabbi 1454:al-Murshid al-kāfi 1232:, pp. 121–135 1144:seven benedictions 940:and is entitled, ' 619: 518: 405:scrolls of the Law 369: 359:Historical records 332: 270: 219: 191:Gregorian calendar 108: 44: 36: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5514: 5513: 5355:Halamish stabbing 5347:Tel Aviv shooting 5278: 5277: 5231: 5230: 5167: 5166: 5123:Passover massacre 5089: 5088: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5008:Beit Lid massacre 4963: 4962: 4884: 4883: 4874:Nahariya massacre 4805: 4804: 4750: 4749: 4728: 4727: 4678: 4677: 4641:Fajja bus attacks 4628: 4627: 4585: 4584: 4535: 4534: 4491: 4490: 4455: 4454: 4419: 4418: 4270: 4269: 4248: 4247: 4212: 4211: 4196:Tiberias massacre 4125:Constantine riots 4072: 4071: 3997:Russian Civil War 3839: 3838: 3815: 3814: 3551:Brussels massacre 3545: 3544: 3450: 3449: 3418: 3417: 3344: 3343: 3334:Battle of Khaybar 3310:Bar Kokhba revolt 3168:Tobi, Yosef Yuval 3108:. Leiden: Brill. 2805:Ben-Zvi Institute 2643:Ben-Zvi Institute 2606:Ben-Zvi Institute 2467:Ben-Zvi Institute 2211:Nathan ben Jehiel 1947:(1988), pp. 10-11 1931:van Koningsveld, 1619:Zechor le'Avraham 1450:Tanḥum ben Joseph 1408:Tobi (2014), p. 6 1316:Hebrew University 1099: 1094: 925:Moringa peregrina 765: 758: 633:Kenisat al-'Ulamā 603:Hermann Burchardt 599:Danish expedition 568:, returning from 492: 483: 445: 434: 314: 295: 291: 287: 16:(Redirected from 5607: 5531: 5528:Dagestan attacks 5523: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5422: 5417: 5414:Beersheba attack 5409: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5233: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5169: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5091: 5082: 5075: 5062: 5055: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4976:Cairo bus attack 4965: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4908: 4900: 4886: 4877: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4842:Ma'alot massacre 4837: 4829: 4821: 4807: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4752: 4743: 4730: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4630: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4594: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4555:Topoľčany pogrom 4550: 4548:Deutsch Schützen 4537: 4528: 4520: 4518:Sărmașu massacre 4513: 4506: 4493: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4457: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4432:Dünamünde Action 4421: 4412: 4404: 4397: 4395:Kaunas (October) 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4272: 4263: 4250: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4214: 4205: 4198: 4185: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4081: 4078:Zavirtcha pogrom 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3958: 3950: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3910: 3907:Białystok pogrom 3902: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3862: 3848: 3832: 3824: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3778: 3773: 3765: 3757: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3698:Algiers massacre 3693: 3685: 3682:Massacre of Uman 3677: 3669: 3661: 3642: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3554: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3494: 3489: 3481: 3473: 3459: 3443: 3435: 3427: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3381: 3376: 3373:Granada massacre 3368: 3360: 3357:Córdoba massacre 3337: 3329: 3321: 3313: 3305: 3302:The Great Revolt 3291: 3286: 3278: 3264: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3182: 3163: 3127: 3097: 3058: 3038: 3008: 2978: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2927: 2907: 2878: 2872: 2864: 2842: 2829:Ratzaby, Yehudah 2824: 2791:Ratzaby, Yehudah 2786: 2780: 2772: 2752: 2746: 2738: 2718: 2712: 2704: 2684: 2664: 2625: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2552: 2522: 2505: 2488: 2454: 2434: 2428: 2420: 2403: 2384: 2364: 2358: 2350: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2260:Tiklāl Etz Ḥayim 2250:(1979), vol. 3, 2227:Shaliach Tzibbur 2203: 2197: 2192:(1979), vol. 3, 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2159: 2154:(1979), vol. 3, 2149: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059:Khabt of al-Baqr 2050: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1992: 1989: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1862:(1983), p. 162. 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1798:(1859), p. 112; 1789: 1783: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1612: 1606: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1565: 1545: 1539: 1529: 1523: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1476:(1958), vol. 2, 1471: 1465: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1327: 1286: 1106:Sālim al-Shabazi 1097: 1086: 763: 756: 701:1091 = 1680 CE). 696: 593:German explorer 490: 481: 443: 432: 386: 312: 293: 289: 285: 57: 21: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5242: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4913:Antwerp bombing 4911: 4903: 4895: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4840: 4832: 4826:Munich massacre 4824: 4816: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4746: 4739: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4531: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4266: 4259: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4174: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4117:Campbell pogrom 4115: 4109:Hebron massacre 4107: 4099: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3897: 3889: 3881: 3875:Zablotov pogrom 3873: 3865: 3857: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3754:Damascus affair 3752: 3744: 3736: 3728: 3720: 3712: 3704: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3656: 3645: 3637: 3629: 3621: 3615:Lisbon massacre 3613: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3468: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3379: 3371: 3363: 3355: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3316: 3308: 3300: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3255: 3242: 3212: 3198: 3185: 3166: 3130: 3116: 3100: 3086: 3070: 3041: 3027: 3011: 2997: 2981: 2964: 2948: 2930: 2910: 2890: 2865: 2845: 2827: 2789: 2773: 2755: 2739: 2721: 2705: 2687: 2667: 2653: 2633: 2590: 2573: 2555: 2541: 2525: 2508: 2491: 2477: 2457: 2437: 2421: 2406: 2387: 2367: 2351: 2334: 2330: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2270:(Even Haʻezer, 2204: 2200: 2196:# 252 (p. 153). 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2057:and the other, 2055:Khabt of Darʻān 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2012:An allusion to 2011: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1802:(1979), p. 322. 1790: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1613: 1609: 1594:David ibn Zimra 1589: 1585: 1577: 1568: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1526: 1505:, the title of 1500: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1472: 1468: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1328:(see Appendix: 1306: 1242: 1217: 1215:Further reading 1201: 1136: 1127: 1126: 1062: 1061: 1045: 1040: 1039: 983:and al-Mahjam. 951: 950: 930: 929: 841: 840: 816: 815: 794: 793: 773: 624: 595:Carsten Niebuhr 510: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 459: 455: 451: 433:(Lev. 26:3-ff.) 384: 361: 321: 262: 211: 197:to God's name. 152: 149: 97: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575:Jewish martyrs 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5151:Matzuva attack 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5095: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5016:Purim massacre 5012: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4971: 4969: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953:Purim stabbing 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4787:Tripoli pogrom 4783: 4775: 4767: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4712:Cairo bombings 4708: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4511:Luduș massacre 4507: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4446:Sarny massacre 4442: 4435: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4261:Dorohoi pogrom 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4232:Dynów massacre 4228: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4153: 4149:Przytyk pogrom 4145: 4137: 4133:Thrace pogroms 4129: 4121: 4113: 4105: 4101:Safed massacre 4097: 4082: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3915:Siedlce pogrom 3911: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3879: 3871: 3863: 3854: 3852: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3785: 3782:Russian Empire 3775: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3750: 3742: 3738:Safed massacre 3734: 3726: 3718: 3710: 3702: 3694: 3690:Tétouan pogrom 3686: 3678: 3670: 3666:Safed massacre 3662: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3627: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3595: 3587: 3583:Cordoba pogrom 3579: 3571: 3563: 3555: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3478:Navarre pogrom 3474: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3388: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3322: 3314: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3294:Jewish revolts 3288: 3287: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3210: 3196: 3183: 3164: 3140:Israel Affairs 3128: 3114: 3098: 3084: 3068: 3043:Subeiri, Yosef 3039: 3025: 3013:Stillman, N.A. 3009: 2995: 2979: 2962: 2928: 2908: 2888: 2843: 2825: 2787: 2753: 2719: 2685: 2665: 2651: 2631: 2588: 2557:Playfair, R.L. 2553: 2539: 2523: 2506: 2489: 2475: 2455: 2435: 2404: 2385: 2365: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2300:External links 2298: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2215:Sefer Ha-Arukh 2198: 2181: 2172: 2160: 2158:# 252 (p. 153) 2141: 2132: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2089: 2072: 2063: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1965: 1949: 1937: 1924: 1912: 1910:(1902), p. 338 1900: 1888: 1876: 1852: 1840: 1825: 1816: 1804: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1607: 1583: 1566: 1564:(1990), p. 23. 1540: 1524: 1494: 1482: 1466: 1441: 1432: 1420: 1410: 1401: 1385: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1308:Rathjens, Carl 1304: 1297:Playfair, R.L. 1294: 1287: 1240: 1233: 1216: 1213: 1200: 1197: 1135: 1130:References to 1128: 1090:Shalom Shabazi 1063: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1044: 1041: 952: 948: 947: 946: 894:Garden of Eden 842: 838: 837: 836: 832:Shalom Shabazi 795: 791: 790: 789: 772: 769: 757:(Amos 7: 2, 5) 649:Masjid al-Jalā 641:Masjid al-Jalā 623: 620: 509: 506: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 360: 357: 353:Hayim Hibshush 320: 317: 261: 258: 210: 207: 187:Hijri calendar 151: 148: 128:Al-Mahdi Ahmad 96: 93: 68:al-Mahdi Ahmad 26: 24: 18:Exile of Mawza 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5612: 5601: 5600:Death marches 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5555:Yemenite Jews 5553: 5552: 5550: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5477:Netiv HaAsara 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5442:Ein HaShlosha 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291:Itamar attack 5288: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5159: 5158:Hebron ambush 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5109:Hadera attack 5106: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4562:Kraków pogrom 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4410: 4409:The Holocaust 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388:Švenčionėliai 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4304:Kaunas (June) 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4240: 4239:Silc massacre 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4204: 4203:Kristallnacht 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4086:Oradea pogrom 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:Kielce pogrom 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923:Shiraz pogrom 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730:Hebron pogrom 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:Hep-Hep riots 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623:Hebron pogrom 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3115:9789004112650 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3085:965-223-624-1 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3045:(1976–1992). 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3026:9780827601161 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996:9780905035048 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2932:Sassoon, D.S. 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912:Saphir, Jacob 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837:(in Hebrew). 2836: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2803:. Jerusalem: 2802: 2799:(in Hebrew). 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727:Sa'arat Teman 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693:Sa'arat Teman 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2652:965-17-0137-4 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2604:. Jerusalem: 2603: 2600:(in Hebrew). 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540:9783717581925 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2476:965-235-011-7 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:Goitein, S.D. 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389:Burchardt, H. 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:Brauer, Erich 2366: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:Al-Naddaf, A. 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Shulḥan Arukh 2261: 2257: 2256:Shulḥan Arukh 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2235:Shulḥan Arukh 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:Rosh Hashanah 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Rosh Hashanah 2202: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:Published in 1672: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427:Tobi (2014), 1424: 1421: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1399:(1988), p. 11 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1230:9780253368072 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:B'ir al-ʻAzāb 1111: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 982: 977: 975: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 945: 943: 939: 935: 928: 926: 920: 918: 913: 910: 905: 901: 899: 895: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 869: 865: 860: 857: 853: 849: 848: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 814: 811: 810: 806: 804: 800: 788: 786: 785: 780: 779: 770: 767: 762: 755: 751: 748:1,990 of the 747: 741: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 702: 700: 692: 688: 687: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 621: 615: 611: 609: 608:Carl Rathjens 604: 600: 596: 590: 588: 584: 580: 575: 571: 567: 560: 558: 552: 550: 544: 542: 538: 537: 532: 531:Qāʻ al-ʻUlufi 528: 527:Qāʻ al-Yahud 524: 514: 507: 504: 502: 497: 495: 489: 486: 485: 442: 438: 431: 430: 423: 421: 420: 414: 410: 406: 401: 398: 394: 390: 380: 378: 374: 365: 358: 356: 354: 349: 346: 341: 337: 330: 325: 318: 316: 310: 306: 305: 297: 284: 278: 276: 273:community of 266: 259: 257: 255: 254:Bayt al-Ḥāḍir 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 215: 208: 206: 204: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 174: 172: 168: 167:resh methivta 164: 163: 157: 147: 145: 141: 135: 133: 129: 125: 122: 117: 113: 106: 101: 94: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:Jews of Yemen 61: 53: 49: 40: 32: 19: 5406:Israel riots 5398:2020–present 5051:21st century 4992:AMIA bombing 4576:Cairo pogrom 4157:Brest pogrom 3947:Skver pogrom 3844:20th century 3821:Corfu pogrom 3722:Tzfat pogrom 3673: 3631:Safed pogrom 3607:Arles pogrom 3559:1391 pogroms 3424:Ham massacre 3365:Fez massacre 3187: 3171: 3143: 3139: 3105: 3075: 3072:Tobi, Joseph 3046: 3016: 2986: 2983:Serjeant, R. 2966: 2935: 2915: 2895: 2851: 2838: 2832: 2800: 2794: 2760: 2757:Rathjens, C. 2726: 2723:Qorah, Amram 2692: 2689:Qorah, Amram 2672: 2669:Qafiḥ, Yosef 2638: 2635:Qafiḥ, Yosef 2628:Dofi Hazeman 2627: 2601: 2595: 2592:Qafih, Yosef 2560: 2530: 2510: 2493: 2462: 2442: 2439:Gavra, Moshe 2408: 2393:Ost und West 2392: 2372: 2339: 2328:Bibliography 2287: 2279: 2276:Ḥayei Shalom 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239:Even Haʻezer 2238: 2234: 2226: 2201: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2155: 2135: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2097: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2008: 1976: 1968: 1952: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1819: 1807: 1787: 1763: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1712: 1707:(1931), p. 6 1700: 1688: 1676: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1618: 1610: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1561: 1556: 1543: 1535: 1527: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1503:Erich Brauer 1497: 1485: 1469: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1423: 1413: 1404: 1388: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1334:S.D. Goitein 1329: 1311: 1300: 1290: 1250: 1244: 1236: 1221: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1098:(Isa. 13:21) 1087: 1064: 1052: 1049:Jacob Saphir 1046: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 978: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 941: 937: 934:Judeo-Arabic 931: 924: 921: 914: 906: 902: 890: 886: 882: 873: 872: 861: 845: 843: 827: 824:Judeo-Arabic 819: 817: 812: 808: 807: 796: 782: 777: 774: 764:(Lev. 26:36) 760: 753: 750:Seleucid Era 745: 743: 737: 735: 730: 723:Qāʻ al-Yahud 722: 710: 704: 685: 680: 676: 658: 652: 648: 644: 640: 632: 625: 592: 562: 557:Dofi Hazeman 556: 553: 548: 545: 541:Bi'r alʻAzab 540: 534: 530: 526: 523:Qāʻ al-simaʻ 522: 519: 498: 493: 487: 482:(Lev. 26:41) 464: 447: 444:(Lev. 26:41) 440: 427: 424: 417: 402: 382: 373:Yiḥyah Salaḥ 370: 350: 333: 308: 302: 299: 290:(Isa. 52:11) 286:(Lev. 26:41) 282: 280: 271: 251: 220: 202: 199: 175: 170: 166: 160: 153: 136: 131: 126: 109: 75: 60:ğalūt mawzaʻ 59: 47: 45: 4755:1950s–1960s 4527:(1944–1945) 4411:(1941–1945) 4160: [ 4089: [ 3999:(1918–1920) 3971:Lwów pogrom 3939:Lwów pogrom 3883:Kiev pogrom 3784:(1881–1884) 3674:Mawza Exile 3660:(1648–1657) 3500:(1348–1350) 3488:(1336–1339) 3434:(1189–1190) 3132:Tobi, Yosef 3102:Tobi, Yosef 2527:Niebuhr, C. 2292:settlement. 2221:-prayer of 1293:, Jerusalem 1179:), with a 1173:Mo'ed Ḳaṭan 1077:), between 874:Ṣafī al-Din 707:Amram Qorah 639:and called 606:1934, when 429:Beḥuḳḳothai 313:(Lam. 4:22) 294:(Isa. 64:5) 132:Ṣafī al-Din 116:Shabbathian 48:Mawza Exile 5549:Categories 4612:Kunmadaras 4021:Justingrad 3529:Strasbourg 3197:9071220079 3180:1041776317 3035:1014811251 2916:Iben Safir 2563:. Bombay. 2411:. London. 1681:Henry Salt 1603:Ismaelites 1341:References 1246:AJS Review 1164:Seder Moed 1053:Iben Safir 809:Original: 659:Our king, 329:Henry Salt 304:anno mundi 95:Background 5283:2010–2019 5236:2004–2009 5058:2000–2009 4590:1946–1999 4311:Szczuczyn 4283:Bucharest 4180:1938–1945 4056:Proskurov 4014:Radomyshl 3931:The Tritl 3851:1900–1937 3650:1600–1899 3462:1300–1599 3349:1000–1299 3328:(614–617) 3320:(351–352) 3312:(132–136) 3245:Massacres 3206:925664356 3160:154704054 3124:906777608 3065:875035308 3055:233372872 3005:263716970 2975:912964204 2952:cite book 2924:459358148 2904:122866057 2892:Saleh, Y. 2885:122773689 2869:cite book 2861:122773689 2847:Saleh, Y. 2821:124058139 2813:0582-3943 2777:cite book 2743:cite book 2735:233096108 2709:cite book 2701:233330667 2622:124058139 2614:0582-3943 2577:cite book 2569:252670244 2549:722315398 2502:868758141 2451:754753878 2425:cite book 2417:316139568 2381:906301173 2348:794909655 2280:responsum 2272:responsum 2262:that the 2252:responsum 2194:responsum 2156:responsum 1961:pp. 23-24 1908:Burchardt 1615:Al-Naddaf 1599:responsum 1283:162969294 1267:0364-0094 1148:al-Jowzah 1102:kabbalist 727:panegyric 647:) of the 508:Aftermath 448:oyyaveihe 413:Midrashic 338:, in the 56:גלות מוזע 5470:Nahal Oz 5463:Kissufim 5456:Kfar Aza 5180:Istanbul 4374:Babi Yar 4339:Jedwabne 3746:Allahdad 3336:(628 CE) 3251:against 3134:(2014). 3104:(1999). 3094:17378558 3074:(1986). 3015:(1979). 2944:19182661 2934:(1931). 2914:(1866). 2849:(1979). 2769:29891171 2725:(1988). 2691:(1954). 2681:61623627 2671:(1989). 2661:79469100 2637:(1982). 2559:(1859). 2529:(1992). 2519:19198821 2485:41272020 2441:(2010). 2371:(1934). 2355:citation 1963:in PDF) 1920:Rathjens 1800:Stillman 1796:Playfair 1792:Serjeant 1478:page רסב 1324:48323774 1310:(1957). 1299:(1978). 1205:Alsheikh 1140:Maharitz 909:al-Mahdi 898:Gischala 878:al-Mahdi 852:Al-Mahdi 715:al-Qasim 669:al-Qasim 661:al-Mahdi 579:Kawkaban 465:= אויביה 437:Reproofs 397:al-Yāfaʻ 377:Maharitz 239:al-Mahdi 203:en route 195:sanctity 121:Muhammad 5505:Yakhini 5373:(2019) 4698:Djerada 4691:Tripoli 4619:Miskolc 4402:Rumbula 4360:Tykocin 4290:Antwerp 4151:(1936) 4035:Zviahel 3304:(66–73) 3249:pogroms 2796:Sefunot 2597:Sefunot 2401:7397944 2340:Ḥoveret 2014:Ishmael 1896:Niebuhr 1872:Sassoon 1860:Goitein 1705:Sassoon 1458:Ḥamidah 1275:4131811 1192:in situ 1159:Mishnah 1110:al-Qaʻa 587:Cohenim 389:Isma'il 144:Red Sea 88:Khawlan 84:al-Jawf 5565:Edicts 5530:(2024) 5522:(2023) 5484:Nir Oz 5435:Be'eri 5416:(2022) 5408:(2021) 5389:(2019) 5381:(2019) 5365:(2018) 5357:(2017) 5349:(2016) 5341:(2015) 5333:(2014) 5325:(2014) 5317:(2014) 5309:(2012) 5301:(2012) 5293:(2011) 5270:(2008) 5262:(2006) 5254:(2004) 5246:(2004) 5034:(1997) 5026:(1997) 5018:(1996) 5010:(1995) 5002:(1994) 4994:(1994) 4986:(1991) 4978:(1990) 4955:(1989) 4947:(1986) 4939:(1985) 4931:(1982) 4923:(1981) 4915:(1981) 4907:(1980) 4899:(1980) 4876:(1979) 4868:(1978) 4860:(1975) 4852:(1974) 4844:(1974) 4836:(1972) 4828:(1972) 4820:(1970) 4797:(1968) 4789:(1967) 4781:(1956) 4773:(1954) 4765:(1952) 4669:Manama 4662:Aleppo 4605:Kielce 4381:Odessa 4353:Ponary 4346:Farhud 4332:Wąsosz 4170:(1937) 4143:(1936) 4135:(1934) 4127:(1934) 4119:(1931) 4111:(1929) 4103:(1929) 4095:(1927) 4080:(1921) 4049:Fastov 3973:(1918) 3965:(1918) 3957:(1917) 3949:(1917) 3941:(1914) 3933:(1912) 3925:(1910) 3917:(1906) 3909:(1906) 3901:(1905) 3893:(1905) 3885:(1905) 3877:(1903) 3869:(1903) 3861:(1902) 3831:(1898) 3823:(1891) 3799:Warsaw 3772:(1871) 3764:(1859) 3756:(1840) 3748:(1839) 3740:(1838) 3732:(1834) 3724:(1834) 3716:(1821) 3708:(1819) 3700:(1805) 3692:(1790) 3684:(1768) 3676:(1679) 3668:(1660) 3641:(1536) 3633:(1517) 3625:(1517) 3617:(1506) 3609:(1484) 3601:(1478) 3593:(1474) 3585:(1473) 3577:(1465) 3569:(1401) 3561:(1391) 3553:(1370) 3536:Zurich 3522:Speyer 3508:Erfurt 3480:(1328) 3472:(1320) 3442:(1298) 3426:(1143) 3409:Mainz 3402:Speyer 3387:(1096) 3375:(1066) 3367:(1033) 3359:(1013) 3204: 3194: 3178: 3158: 3122: 3112: 3092: 3082: 3063: 3053: 3033: 3023: 3003: 2993: 2973: 2942: 2922: 2902: 2883: 2859: 2819: 2811: 2767: 2733: 2699: 2679: 2659: 2649: 2620: 2612: 2567: 2547: 2537: 2517: 2500: 2483: 2473: 2449: 2415: 2399: 2379: 2346: 2319:, via 2231:Mussaf 2219:Mussaf 2128:Saphir 1977:Siddur 1933:et al. 1868:Ḥazmaq 1562:et al. 1553:Sana'a 1520:Brauer 1462:Teveth 1322: 1281: 1273: 1265: 1228: 1187:shuruk 1182:shuraq 1177:ishūth 1132:Sana'a 1075:Sana'a 1071:Tihama 981:Tihama 974:Sana'a 938:nashid 876:(i.e. 868:Dhamar 864:Ṣan'ā' 856:Sana'a 803:Dhamar 799:Ṣan'ā' 784:nashid 738:Siddur 705:Rabbi 691:Arabic 681:ghānim 673:Ṣan'ā' 653:al-juṣ 637:mosque 583:Ṣan'ā' 574:Tihama 570:Mawzaʻ 566:Tihama 549:ghiyār 419:Gemara 409:Talmud 385: 371:Rabbi 351:Rabbi 345:`Amran 340:Tihama 319:Mawzaʻ 275:Hebron 243:Tihama 235:Ta'izz 223:Dhamar 171:al-māl 156:Sana'a 150:Sana'a 140:Zeilaʻ 86:, and 52:Hebrew 5498:Re'im 5491:Nirim 5449:Holit 4968:1990s 4889:1980s 4810:1970s 4297:Gabès 4168:] 4093:] 4042:Pinsk 4028:Skver 3515:Basel 3395:Worms 3267:1–999 3156:S2CID 2321:JSTOR 2248:Saleh 2190:Saleh 2152:Saleh 1973:Qorah 1957:Qorah 1945:Qorah 1884:Qafih 1848:Qafih 1836:Qafih 1812:Qafih 1768:Qafih 1756:Qafih 1717:Qafih 1693:Qafiḥ 1579:Qafih 1549:Qafih 1532:Saleh 1516:ğizya 1490:Qafih 1474:Qafih 1397:Qorah 1393:Qafih 1381:Qafiḥ 1332:- by 1279:S2CID 1271:JSTOR 1118:ʻAzāb 1079:Mocha 917:Torah 847:Rajab 820:qiṣṣa 778:Diwān 731:supra 686:Ghānm 677:bi'ah 665:Aḥmad 645:ṭiraz 536:Waqf 501:Nagid 460:yikan 393:Aḥmad 336:Mocha 309:ended 247:Mocha 227:Yarim 183:Rajab 179:Zeila 105:Zeila 72:Mawza 5172:2003 5094:2002 5065:2001 4733:1949 4683:1948 4655:Aden 4633:1947 4597:1946 4540:1945 4496:1944 4460:1943 4424:1942 4325:Lviv 4318:Iași 4275:1941 4253:1940 4217:1939 4188:1938 4063:Kiev 4007:Lida 3792:Kiev 3285:(66) 3277:(38) 3253:Jews 3202:OCLC 3192:ISBN 3176:OCLC 3120:OCLC 3110:ISBN 3090:OCLC 3080:ISBN 3061:OCLC 3051:OCLC 3031:OCLC 3021:ISBN 3001:OCLC 2991:ISBN 2971:OCLC 2958:link 2940:OCLC 2920:OCLC 2900:OCLC 2881:OCLC 2875:link 2857:OCLC 2817:OCLC 2809:ISSN 2783:link 2765:OCLC 2749:link 2731:OCLC 2715:link 2697:OCLC 2677:OCLC 2657:OCLC 2647:ISBN 2618:OCLC 2610:ISSN 2583:link 2565:OCLC 2545:OCLC 2535:ISBN 2515:OCLC 2498:OCLC 2481:OCLC 2471:ISBN 2447:OCLC 2431:link 2413:OCLC 2397:OCLC 2377:OCLC 2361:link 2344:OCLC 2085:ibid 1557:anno 1511:nasi 1507:nasi 1429:p. 7 1418:378. 1320:OCLC 1263:ISSN 1226:ISBN 1122:Nasi 1083:Aden 1081:and 746:anno 719:A.H. 699:A.H. 695:غانم 683:"; 629:Waqf 494:wzaʻ 233:and 162:nasi 80:Nihm 76:viz. 46:The 3247:or 3148:doi 2246:in 2213:'s 1452:'s 1448:In 1255:doi 1195:." 1067:sic 689:= ( 655:): 484:, 477:יכנ 231:Ibb 229:, ' 5551:: 4166:pl 4164:; 4162:de 4091:hu 3200:. 3154:. 3144:20 3142:. 3138:. 3118:. 3088:. 3029:. 2999:. 2954:}} 2950:{{ 2871:}} 2867:{{ 2839:37 2815:. 2807:. 2779:}} 2775:{{ 2745:}} 2741:{{ 2711:}} 2707:{{ 2655:. 2645:. 2616:. 2608:. 2579:}} 2575:{{ 2543:. 2479:. 2469:. 2427:}} 2423:{{ 2357:}} 2353:{{ 2163:^ 2144:^ 1996:^ 1984:^ 1828:^ 1775:^ 1569:^ 1277:. 1269:. 1261:. 1251:29 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