37:
350:
species. The fungus has optimal growth at 30 °C but growth is inhibited at 40 °C. Most strains isolated from soil cannot grow at temperatures higher than 30 °C while strains isolated from humans can grow at higher temperatures such as 37 °C of the human body. This adaptation of
307:
produces slow growing colonies that are green black in color. Cultures manifest a combination of mycelial and yeast-like growth forms, however the yeast-like typically predominates. Black aerial mycelium develops on the colony surface that consists of hyphae with swellings at regular intervals.
349:
environments such as dishwashers, steam bath facilities and bathrooms that only provide low levels of nutrients. It has been proposed that the conditions usually found within dishwashers such as high temperature, moisture and alkaline pH can provide an alternative habitat for human pathogenic
533:
also showed some susceptibility to being treated with antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, voriconazole and posaconazole. Amphotericin B used to be the most potent antifungal treatment for severe fungal infections, but due to its strong association with severe side effects such as
308:
Conidia are variable in size and are often formed in clusters at the tip of annellidic conidiogenous cells. The conidia are narrowly ellipsoidal in shape and 2.6–5.9 μm × 1.2–2.5 μm in size. Immature sexual fruiting bodies called
538:, its use is now often replaced with azoles and echinocandins. The use of combinations of surgical excision and pharmacological treatments for severe infections is usually the preferred way to treat diseases caused by this fungus.
452:
being the etiological agent of phaeohyphomycosis in domesticated cats where diagnoses were confirmed by sequencing the fungus' ribosomal RNA. The grains of this fungus are small, black in color and have soft centers. Rare cases of
521:
isolates. However, in vitro susceptibility in comparison to the efficacy of antifungal agents in clinical manifestations of this fungus is currently unknown, that in vitro success may or may not directly correlate clinically.
407:
people and can also have manifestations in healthy people with wounded skin via traumatic implantation. Chronic steroid use has been found to increase the severity of inflammation. There were also cases where infections by
354:
had developed evolutionarily in order to survive on their human hosts. This is a distinguishing factor that helps in determining the pathogenicity of a particular strain. A feature that distinguishes
802:
424:, is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that forms abscess and draining sinuses in more advanced stages. In mycotic mycetoma, vesicles of cyst like structures are formed.
1003:
Zalar, P.; Novak, M.; de Hoog, G.S.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (October 2011). "Dishwashers – A man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens".
1455:
412:
occurred during solid organ transplants. Infections frequently cause inflammation in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues of the skin, causing phaeomycotic cyst,
529:
were clinically treated and cases of phaeohyphomycosis caused by this fungus were completely cured where both cases were remedied by administering itraconazole.
1494:
337:
in nature. This species has world-wide occurrence but are particularly noted in Asia and more commonly in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus
1429:
1197:
Sabbaga, E; Tedesco-Marchesi, LM; Lacaz Cda, S; Cucé, LC; Salebian, A; Heins-Vaccari, EM; Sotto, MN; Valente, NY; Porto, E; Levy Neto, M (1994).
814:
942:
Woo, P. C. Y.; Ngan, A. H. Y.; Tsang, C. C. C.; Ling, I. W. H.; Chan, J. F. W.; Leung, S.-Y.; Yuen, K.-Y.; Lau, S. K. P. (14 November 2012).
1084:
1052:
926:
776:
720:
1545:
665:
848:
283:
on the foot. The nomenclature was based on the fungus' morphological characteristics, hence, it was originally classified as
420:
which is a chronic granulomatous disease in the form of black grains. Mycetoma, a common form of clinical manifestation of
1481:
630:
287:
because of its yeast like shape when grown in culture. It was later reclassified by McGinnis and Padhye in 1977 as
36:
1499:
1555:
1550:
437:
1358:
333:
is commonly found in soil, plants, water, and can also be isolated from decaying wood as this fungus is a
254:
260:
312:
have been reported but their rare occurrence are thought to be due to the lack of mating compatibility.
131:
1509:
1421:
1154:
infection in solid organ transplant recipients: report of two cases and review of the literature".
413:
213:
98:
485:
also have relatively high MICs which indicate that the fungus is fairly resistant to these drugs.
1339:
1179:
1132:
896:
157:
31:
403:
has versatile adaptability and acts as an opportunistic pathogen. Infections are more common in
1460:
1517:
1390:
1331:
1269:
1224:
1171:
1124:
1080:
1048:
1020:
985:
922:
888:
844:
772:
716:
445:
1522:
1323:
1259:
1214:
1163:
1116:
1012:
975:
967:
880:
567:
404:
217:
148:
1103:
Saeedi, Osamah J.; Iyer, Sandhya A.; Mohiuddin, Atif Z.; Hogan, R. Nick (November 2013). "
88:
1416:
1327:
1150:
Lief, M.H.; Caplivski, D.; Bottone, E.J.; Lerner, S.; Vidal, C.; Huprikar, S. (2011). "
980:
943:
535:
486:
78:
1287:
Severo, L.C.; Oliveira, F.M.; Vettorato, G; Londero, A.T. (1999). "Mycetoma caused by
1539:
1167:
1136:
765:
677:
556:"Mycétome a Torula jeanselmei Langeron, 1928 nouveau type de mycétome a grains noirs"
425:
1343:
1219:
1198:
900:
1395:
1183:
510:
502:
494:
490:
429:
360:
1242:
Maeda, H; Shibuya, H; Yamaguchi, Y; Miyoshi, T; Irie, M; Sato, T (December 2008).
572:
555:
1120:
1016:
1486:
1442:
1310:
514:
506:
478:
470:
369:
342:
1381:
482:
417:
346:
334:
280:
209:
191:
68:
1045:
Medical mycology : the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes
767:
Medical mycology : the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes
1403:
454:
433:
377:
179:
108:
48:
1273:
1175:
1128:
1024:
989:
1335:
1228:
892:
1468:
1375:
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1243:
971:
318:
309:
292:
265:
1434:
884:
389:
385:
381:
373:
1447:
1473:
58:
1352:
1408:
1356:
1203:. Report of 3 cases in patients with a kidney transplant]"
448:
with sclerotic round bodies. There have been several cases of
867:
Untereiner, Wendy A. (1995). "Fruiting studies in species of
709:
Biodiversity, pathogenicity and antifungal susceptibility of
279:
was first isolated in 1928 by
Jeanselme from a case of black
839:
De Hoog, G.S.; Guarro, J.; Gene, J.; Figueras, M.J. (2000).
589:
Medical
Mycology. Fungous diseases of men and other mammals
1109:
Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical
Practice
843:(2. ed.). Utrecht: Amer Society for Microbiology.
1207:
Revista do
Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo
1365:
764:
345:rich environments as well as from hot, humid, and
525:Previous cases of black grain mycetoma caused by
268:and may therefore be difficult to differentiate.
1047:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
517:also have favorable antifungal activity against
457:, infection of the cornea, have also identified
1075:Grigoriu, D; Delacrétaz, J; Borelli, D (1987).
862:
860:
912:
910:
469:The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
264:have been reported to have similar annellidic
8:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
625:
623:
621:
560:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
1314:: Successful Treatment with Itraconazole".
1199:"[Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycose due to
1098:
1096:
1353:
1038:
1036:
1034:
758:
756:
754:
752:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
364:which forms very similar colonies is that
20:
1263:
1252:The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
1244:"Feline digital phaeohyphomycosis due to
1218:
979:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
571:
919:Diagnosis and treatment of human Mycoses
917:Hospenthal, D.R.; Rinaldi, M.G. (2007).
771:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
637:. International Mycological Association.
316:is affiliated with the ascomycete genus
834:
832:
546:
811:University of Adelaide Mycology Online
606:comb. n. from mycetoma of the hand".
465:In vitro susceptibility and treatment
7:
1510:26780953-aa8d-45fb-b810-b15418d433ad
1316:International Journal of Dermatology
591:. The C.V. Mosby company, St. Louis.
246:E. jeanselmei var. castellanii
1328:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1995.tb02955.x
151:) McGinnis & A.A.Padhye (1977)
14:
1168:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00552.x
960:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
444:, and it was also isolated from
35:
1220:10.1590/S0036-46651994000200015
921:. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press.
1:
1043:Rippon, John Willard (1988).
763:Rippon, John Willard (1982).
248:. Other species in the genus
1121:10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182993901
1017:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.007
573:10.1051/parasite/1928064385
416:and can occasionally cause
372:. It is able to assimilate
1572:
461:as the etiological agent.
291:after further research on
163:
156:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
871:(Herpotrichiellaceae)".
1546:Fungi described in 1928
954:Exophiala hongkongensis
948:Infections and a Novel
873:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
841:Atlas of clinical fungi
501:is most susceptible to
438:opportunistic infection
341:has been isolated from
944:"Clinical Spectrum of
707:Badali, Hamid (2010).
631:"Exophiala jeanselmei"
604:Phialophora jeanselmei
602:Emmons, C.W. (1945). "
509:. Novel drugs such as
220:have been discovered:
187:Phialophora jeanselmei
608:Archives of Pathology
497:have lower MICs, and
212:fungus in the family
175:Pullularia jeanselmei
1367:Exophiala jeanselmei
1312:Exophiala jeanselmei
1265:10.1292/jvms.70.1395
1246:Exophiala jeanselmei
1152:Exophiala jeanselmei
1105:Exophiala jeanselmei
972:10.1128/JCM.02336-12
805:Exophiala jeanselmei
587:Dodge, C.W. (1935).
554:Langeron, M (1928).
519:Exophiala jeanselmei
436:could arise from an
401:Exophiala jeanselmei
331:Exophiala jeanselmei
314:Exophiala jeanselmei
289:Exophiala jeanselmei
277:Exophiala jeanselmei
255:E. dermatitidis
222:Exophiala jeanselmei
205:Exophiala jeanselmei
141:Exophiala jeanselmei
25:Exophiala jeanselmei
1201:Exophiala jeanselmi
414:chromoblastomycosis
214:Herpotrichiellaceae
99:Herpotrichiellaceae
1156:Transpl Infect Dis
1079:. Toronto: Huber.
885:10.1007/bf00873288
238:E. jeanselmei
230:E. jeanselmei
123:E. jeanselmei
1533:
1532:
1518:Open Tree of Life
1359:Taxon identifiers
1293:Rev Iberoam Micol
817:on 11 August 2014
446:phaeohyphomycosis
405:immunocompromised
285:Torula jeanselmei
261:E. spinifera
201:
200:
195:
183:
171:
167:Torula jeanselmei
16:Species of fungus
1563:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1487:BMSSYS0000006738
1477:
1476:
1464:
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1451:
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1425:
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1307:
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1300:
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1278:
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1267:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1077:Medical mycology
1072:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1011:(10): 997–1007.
1000:
994:
993:
983:
939:
933:
932:
914:
905:
904:
864:
855:
854:
836:
827:
826:
824:
822:
813:. Archived from
798:
783:
782:
770:
760:
727:
726:
711:Cladophialophora
704:
689:
688:
686:
685:
676:. Archived from
662:
639:
638:
627:
616:
615:
599:
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592:
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189:
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40:
39:
21:
1571:
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1309:
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1240:
1236:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1149:
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1144:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1055:
1042:
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1032:
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997:
941:
940:
936:
929:
916:
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866:
865:
858:
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838:
837:
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786:
779:
762:
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723:
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692:
683:
681:
664:
663:
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629:
628:
619:
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600:
596:
586:
585:
581:
553:
552:
548:
544:
467:
398:
328:
301:
274:
170:Langeron (1928)
152:
145:
139:
126:
89:Chaetothyriales
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1556:Fungus species
1553:
1551:Eurotiomycetes
1548:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1514:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1322:(8): 563–566.
1302:
1279:
1258:(12): 1395–7.
1234:
1189:
1142:
1115:(6): 410–412.
1092:
1085:
1060:
1053:
1030:
1005:Fungal Biology
995:
966:(1): 260–267.
934:
927:
906:
856:
849:
828:
801:Ellis, David.
784:
777:
728:
721:
690:
640:
617:
594:
579:
566:(4): 385–403.
545:
543:
540:
536:nephrotoxicity
487:Amphotericin B
477:is very high,
466:
463:
397:
394:
327:
324:
300:
297:
293:conidiogenesis
273:
270:
266:conidiogenesis
199:
198:
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127:
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106:
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101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
79:Eurotiomycetes
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
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1261:
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1253:
1249:
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1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1213:(2): 175–83.
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1169:
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1086:3-456-81557-3
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1056:
1054:9780030142734
1050:
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947:
938:
935:
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928:9781588298225
924:
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829:
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778:0-7216-7586-7
774:
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745:
743:
741:
739:
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733:
729:
724:
722:9789070351809
718:
714:
713:and relatives
710:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
691:
680:on 2015-03-01
679:
675:
674:Doctor Fungus
671:
669:
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557:
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541:
539:
537:
532:
531:E. jeanselmei
528:
527:E. jeanselmei
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:E. jeanselmei
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:E. jeanselmei
472:
464:
462:
460:
459:E. jeanselmei
456:
451:
450:E. jeanselmei
447:
443:
442:E. jeanselmei
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Dissemination
423:
422:E. jeanselmei
419:
415:
411:
410:E. jeanselmei
406:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:E. jeanselmei
363:
362:
357:
356:E. jeanselmei
353:
352:E. jeanselmei
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:
323:
321:
320:
315:
311:
306:
305:E. jeanselmei
298:
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282:
278:
271:
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257:
256:
251:
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234:lecanii-corni
231:
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176:
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144:
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136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
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1200:
1192:
1162:(1): 73–79.
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1112:
1108:
1107:Keratitis".
1104:
1076:
1044:
1008:
1004:
998:
963:
959:
953:
949:
945:
937:
918:
876:
872:
868:
840:
819:. Retrieved
815:the original
810:
804:
766:
712:
708:
682:. Retrieved
678:the original
673:
667:
634:
611:
607:
603:
597:
588:
582:
563:
559:
549:
530:
526:
524:
518:
511:echinocandin
503:itraconazole
498:
495:voriconazole
491:ketoconazole
474:
468:
458:
449:
441:
430:endocarditis
421:
409:
400:
399:
396:Pathogenesis
365:
361:Cladosporium
359:
355:
351:
347:oligotrophic
338:
330:
329:
317:
313:
304:
303:In culture,
302:
288:
284:
276:
275:
259:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:heteromorpha
225:
221:
210:saprotrophic
204:
203:
202:
186:
174:
166:
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
24:
18:
1443:iNaturalist
879:(1): 3–17.
515:caspofungin
507:terbinafine
479:flucytosine
471:fluconazole
370:proteolytic
343:hydrocarbon
190:(Langeron)
178:(Langeron)
1540:Categories
850:9070351439
684:2015-03-15
614:: 364–368.
542:References
483:miconazole
418:eumycetoma
388:, but not
335:saprotroph
299:Morphology
242:jeanselmei
192:C.W.Emmons
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
1289:Exophiala
1137:205659737
952:Species,
950:Exophiala
946:Exophiala
821:7 October
668:Exophiala
455:keratitis
434:arthritis
378:galactose
339:Exophiala
250:Exophiala
218:varieties
180:C.W.Dodge
117:Species:
110:Exophiala
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1469:MycoBank
1461:10645170
1417:Fungorum
1382:Q5420633
1376:Wikidata
1344:32262010
1299:: 57–59.
1274:19122414
1176:20738833
1129:24045832
1025:21944212
990:23152554
901:40143620
869:Capronia
635:MycoBank
319:Capronia
310:ascomata
281:mycetoma
252:such as
158:Synonyms
149:Langeron
95:Family:
45:Domain:
1523:1041470
1435:2598404
1336:7591439
1229:7997796
1184:2769688
981:3536265
893:8526478
390:lactose
386:sucrose
382:maltose
374:glucose
368:is not
326:Ecology
272:History
216:. Four
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1507:NZOR:
1474:314040
1448:357760
1422:314040
1409:EXOPJE
1342:
1334:
1272:
1227:
1182:
1174:
1135:
1127:
1083:
1051:
1023:
988:
978:
925:
899:
891:
847:
775:
719:
493:, and
384:, and
244:, and
194:(1945)
182:(1935)
1456:IRMNG
1396:3DNZ7
1340:S2CID
1180:S2CID
1133:S2CID
897:S2CID
715:. :
358:from
240:var.
232:var.
224:var.
208:is a
59:Fungi
1500:5584
1495:NCBI
1430:GBIF
1404:EPPO
1332:PMID
1270:PMID
1225:PMID
1172:PMID
1125:PMID
1081:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1021:PMID
986:PMID
923:ISBN
889:PMID
845:ISBN
823:2014
773:ISBN
717:ISBN
670:spp"
513:and
505:and
481:and
473:for
432:and
258:and
1482:NBN
1391:CoL
1324:doi
1291:".
1260:doi
1215:doi
1164:doi
1117:doi
1013:doi
1009:115
976:PMC
968:doi
881:doi
568:doi
440:by
1542::
1520::
1497::
1484::
1471::
1458::
1445::
1432::
1419::
1406::
1393::
1378::
1338:.
1330:.
1320:34
1318:.
1297:16
1295:.
1268:.
1256:70
1254:.
1250:.
1223:.
1211:36
1209:.
1205:.
1178:.
1170:.
1160:13
1158:.
1131:.
1123:.
1113:39
1111:.
1095:^
1063:^
1033:^
1019:.
1007:.
984:.
974:.
964:51
962:.
958:.
909:^
895:.
887:.
877:68
875:.
859:^
831:^
809:.
787:^
731:^
693:^
672:.
643:^
633:.
620:^
612:39
610:.
562:.
558:.
489:,
428:,
392:.
380:,
376:,
322:.
295:.
236:,
228:,
1346:.
1326::
1276:.
1262::
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1231:.
1217::
1186:.
1166::
1139:.
1119::
1089:.
1057:.
1027:.
1015::
992:.
970::
956:"
931:.
903:.
883::
853:.
825:.
807:"
803:"
781:.
725:.
687:.
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576:.
570::
564:6
147:(
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