48:
565:
flies have been found to mate shortly after emerging from their host, and the success rate of mating increases when the time before the formation of pairs after emergence is shorter. Both sexes have been observed to show a decline in their ability to produce viable offspring after a certain amount of
426:
The earliest recorded viable eggs in a study were from females 48 to 72 hours old, which had immediately mated after emerging. Even without having mated, newly emerged females have also been documented to be able to oviposit infertile and consequently unviable eggs. The gestation period lasts for an
549:
flies as biocontrol agents in agriculture for certain pests. Where parasitism of the host rarely lets the pest that is chosen as a host live. The study itself looked at the ability of flies to do so either by depositing their eggs into a host described as macro egg laying or on the plant which they
322:
flies are selective when deciding on what host to parasitize. Once a host is selected a female may oviposit her eggs on the surface of the host. Larvae then burrow into the host for the remainder of their development usually killing the host once they emerge during either prepupae or pupae stage of
541:
One experiment observed more experienced flies learning and behaving in a different way than inexperienced flies. Where more experienced flies typically oviposited more eggs onto a host, experienced females were also documented to be able to recognize suitable hosts faster than inexperienced hosts
523:
flies spend time browsing hosts by moving around habitats where they are likely to find hosts, such as in low shrubs and herbs that their hosts feed on. When choosing a host, the flies usually drum their feet on its body to determine if it is an adequate and living host. One experiment found that
455:
typically oviposit on the cuticle of their host, but have also been documented to oviposit on the head capsule, setae, prolegs, and on the abdomen of hosts. Though they prefer to oviposit on live hosts, females were also observed to oviposit on the surface of dead hosts. Larger females were also
352:
and burrowed alone into larger hosts were larger than those that emerged from a smaller host or one that was superparasitized. A study shows that the sex of the emerging flies does not correspond to the host size or superparasitism of the host, though the two factors influence the size of adult
566:
time after emergence. For males, this was on average 14 days, while for females it was after 16 days of emergence. Males have been observed to have the ability to fertilize the eggs of more than one female. Thus, it is the usual case that pairs mate shortly after emerging from the host.
631:
331:
Physical characteristics include having a stigmal plate that is not elevated like their protuberance, as well as a sternopleuron pertaining to the thorax on the lateral side with three bristles. Likewise, behavioral characteristics include their
385:
lasts for 10 days. Larvae emerge from their eggs on the surface of their hosts, after which they burrow into the host for the remainder of their development. Delays in development occur when the host molts. If the host does not
528:
flies respond more strongly to certain characteristics of a host than others, one such characteristic being the movement of the host. The more the host moved, the faster the flies were observed to approach the host. Female
323:
development. Experiments in these flies have suggested that they can learn from experience that influence certain behaviors as suggest them as candidates for biocontrol agents to control certain pests.
353:
flies, and the larger adult flies deposit a larger number of eggs than the smaller ones. Additionally, host larvae activity has a larger impact on parasite oviposition than host larvae size.
1315:
617:(Linn.). A report of the work of destroying the insect in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, together with an account of its history and habits both in Massachusetts and Europe
533:
flies have been found to preferentially oviposit on larger hosts. They have also been found to prefer host caterpillars that are in their late instar stage of development.
501:
has also been noted by one study to be one of the core three parasitoids to account for the mortality of a variety of caterpillars. Some of these hosts, such as the
554:
was one of a couple of flies in the study that could deposit on both the plant and the host, with parasitism having a greater percentage to occur within a host.
1264:
1238:
1251:
451:
fly has been recorded to oviposit on a single host for one study was 65 eggs. Typically, the oviposition period lasts for about 24.8 days.
413:
flies varies. Males typically have an average lifespan of about 29.5 days, while females survive an average of about 38.0 to 40.6 days.
1305:
1320:
939:
Singer, M. S.; Stireman, J. O. (2003). "Does anti-parasitoid defense explain host-plant selection by a polyphagous caterpillar?".
1256:
223:
179:
390:, larvae are able to develop within an average of 6.4 days, as opposed to an average of 12.9 days if the host does molt.
253:
242:
212:
1269:
47:
818:
Butler, G. D.; Bryan, D. E.; Jackson, C. G. (1968-02-01). "Development of the Salt-Marsh
Caterpillar Parasite,
201:
344:, neither sex determination nor sex ratio divergence is related to host size. However, the size of adult
477:
feeds on a variety of hosts. It has been recorded to parasitize the following families of caterpillars:
299:. Within the U.S in the state of Arizona they have been found in both mountainous and agricultural regions.
401:
larvae are able to emerge from any stage (i.e. prepupae and pupae) of their host during their development.
1193:
1030:
Parasitization of the salt-marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acraea. Drury, in the Salt River Valley, Arizona
162:
724:
1225:
1124:
1113:"Spatial and temporal variation in the parasitoid assemblage of an exophytic polyphagous caterpillar"
1069:
948:
693:
503:
1310:
348:
is directly correlated with the size of the host from which the fly emerged. Thus, flies that were
1060:
Stireman, John O. (2002). "Host location and selection cues in a generalist tachinid parasitoid".
859:
Identification of
Parasites of the Douglas-fir Tussock Moth, Based on Adults, Cocoons, and Puparia
587:
340:
typically spend most of their life growing in a host. Unlike other fly species born in a host, in
1150:
1093:
972:
787:
188:
42:
368:
have been found in the mountainous regions as well as agricultural regions of southern
Arizona.
694:"The North American genera of calyptrate Muscidae. Paper IV. Sarcophagidae and Muscidae s. str"
1277:
1142:
1085:
964:
916:
839:
779:
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onto the surface of their host of choice to lay their hard-shelled eggs. On average, a female
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1132:
1077:
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1007:
956:
908:
831:
771:
646:
478:
589:
List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the
British Museum. Part IV
1128:
1073:
952:
725:"The taxonomy of the muscoidean flies, including descriptions of new genera and species"
892:
17:
1299:
1169:
1137:
1112:
1081:
994:
960:
494:
292:
1154:
1097:
791:
490:
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758:
Stireman, John O. (2002-09-01). "Learning in the
Generalist Tachinid Parasitoid
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308:
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284:
271:
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109:
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through a particular diet of plants, as well as surviving through adulthood.
912:
619:. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. pp. 495 pp. + c pp.
482:
79:
59:
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861:. Portland, Oregon: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
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651:
387:
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279:
139:
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moth, have been observed to be able to fight back against parasitism by
1243:
288:
822:
at
Controlled Constant and Variable Temperatures in the Laboratory".
296:
89:
69:
1187:
456:
observed to oviposit a greater number of eggs than smaller females.
364:
is commonly found in the United States and in Canada. In
Arizona,
447:
fly can oviposit about 150 eggs during her lifespan. The most an
1230:
1191:
274:
99:
1170:"Tachinids as good biocontrol agents of agricultural pests"
673:
LeBaron, W. (1871). "Insects injurious to the apple tree".
427:
average of at least 2 days upon emergence from the host.
996:
Certain biological relationships between the parasite
1200:
698:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
592:. London: British Museum. pp. + 689–1172 +
542:and tended to oviposit on live hosts more often.
545:Another experiment looked into the potential of
1111:Stireman, John O.; Singer, Michael S. (2002).
901:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
675:State Ent. RPT. Noxious Beneficial Insects St
581:
579:
8:
891:Adam, David S.; Watson, T. F. (1971-01-15).
1316:Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)
550:feed off of described as micro egg laying.
1188:
31:
1136:
650:
1180:. Global Science Publishing Group, USA.
1062:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
575:
381:On average, the larval development of
1168:Shendage, Nilam; Sathe, T.V. (2016).
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729:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
611:Forbush, E.H.; Fernald, C.H. (1896).
7:
1032:(MS thesis). University of Arizona.
1006:(MS thesis). University of Arizona.
813:
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807:
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291:. They are typically found in the
25:
1138:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.00450.x
1082:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00958.x
961:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.11720.x
46:
762:Walker (Diptera: Tachinidae)".
639:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
824:Journal of Economic Entomology
1:
857:Torgersen, Torolf R. (1997).
336:tendencies. As parasitoids,
993:Adam, David Stuart (1968).
1337:
764:Journal of Insect Behavior
1306:Insects described in 1849
723:Townsend, C.H.T. (1908).
692:Townsend, C.H.T. (1892).
630:Townsend, C.H.T. (1891).
194:
187:
168:
161:
43:Scientific classification
41:
34:
1321:Diptera of North America
1028:Taylor, Edgar A (1952).
357:Distribution and habitat
776:10.1023/A:1020752024329
18:Exorista mella (Walker)
409:The lifespan of adult
1117:Ecological Entomology
913:10.1093/aesa/64.1.146
198:Achaetoneura fernaldi
836:10.1093/jee/61.1.161
504:Apantesis incorrupta
473:and generalist fly,
315:a variety of hosts.
209:Tachina clisiocampae
1129:2002EcoEn..27..588S
1074:2002EEApp.103...23S
953:2003Oikos.100..554S
632:"Two new tachinids"
586:Walker, F. (1849).
439:flies extend their
204:& Fernald, 1896
893:"Adult Biology of
652:10.1155/1891/34809
283:within the family
1293:
1292:
1278:Open Tree of Life
1194:Taxon identifiers
615:Porthetria dispar
311:generalist which
263:
262:
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250:Tachina orgyiarum
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16:(Redirected from
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613:The gypsy moth.
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1002:Estigmene acrea
1000:, and its host
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239:Tachina orgyiae
231:Tachina orgyiae
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1202:Exorista mella
1198:
1197:
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1184:
1183:
1160:
1123:(5): 588–600.
1103:
1043:
1017:
998:Exorista mella
982:
947:(3): 554–562.
926:
907:(1): 146–149.
895:Exorista mella
864:
849:
830:(1): 161–162.
820:Exorista mella
797:
770:(5): 689–706.
760:Exorista mella
745:
715:
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665:
645:(181): 83–85.
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515:Host selection
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267:Exorista mella
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172:Exorista mella
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36:Exorista mella
27:Species of fly
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495:Lasiocampidae
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417:Parental care
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293:United States
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287:of the order
286:
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277:of the genus
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234:LeBaron, 1871
232:
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220:Tachina mella
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163:Binomial name
160:
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154:E. mella
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1068:(1): 23–34.
1065:
1061:
1038:10150/191407
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1012:10150/318219
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736:. Retrieved
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706:. Retrieved
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658:19 September
656:. Retrieved
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594:. Retrieved
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491:Lymantriidae
487:Notodontidae
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35:
29:
681:(2): 13–46.
537:Experiments
471:polyphagous
431:Oviposition
327:Description
313:parasitizes
309:polyphagous
120:Exoristinae
116:Subfamily:
1311:Tachinidae
1300:Categories
708:15 October
596:20 October
570:References
460:Parasitism
441:ovipositor
372:Life cycle
350:oviposited
334:parasitoid
305:parasitoid
285:Tachinidae
130:Exoristini
110:Tachinidae
80:Arthropoda
1217:Q13632253
1147:1365-2311
1090:1570-7458
969:0030-1299
921:0013-8746
844:0022-0493
784:1572-8889
704:: 279–284
483:Noctuidae
479:Arctiidae
405:Longevity
202:Williston
148:Species:
66:Kingdom:
60:Eukaryota
1211:Wikidata
1155:85128848
1098:85571111
977:25681930
792:36686371
563:E. mella
552:E. mella
547:E. mella
531:E. mella
526:E. mella
521:E. mella
509:E. mella
499:E. mella
475:E. mella
453:E. mella
449:E. mella
445:E. mella
437:E. mella
411:E. mella
399:E. mella
383:E. mella
366:E. mella
362:E. mella
346:E. mella
342:E. mella
338:E. mella
320:E. mella
301:E. mella
280:Ezorista
272:tachinid
254:Townsend
243:Townsend
213:Townsend
189:Synonyms
141:Exorista
106:Family:
76:Phylum:
70:Animalia
56:Domain:
1244:5058144
1174:BioLife
1125:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
949:Bibcode
519:Female
435:Female
318:Female
307:fly, a
289:Diptera
182:, 1849)
136:Genus:
126:Tribe:
100:Diptera
96:Order:
90:Insecta
86:Class:
1283:412001
1270:179463
1257:652613
1231:728916
1153:
1145:
1096:
1088:
975:
967:
919:
842:
790:
782:
738:9 June
558:Mating
493:, and
377:Larvae
297:Canada
256:, 1908
245:, 1892
226:, 1849
224:Walker
215:, 1891
180:Walker
1151:S2CID
1094:S2CID
973:JSTOR
941:Oikos
788:S2CID
635:(PDF)
469:As a
465:Hosts
394:Pupae
303:is a
270:is a
1265:NCBI
1252:ITIS
1239:GBIF
1143:ISSN
1086:ISSN
965:ISSN
917:ISSN
840:ISSN
780:ISSN
740:2023
710:2023
660:2023
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