1527:
2155:
1488:
174:
791:
2640:
533:. After this visit, Sri Lanka and China agreed that both countries would encourage Chinese companies to participate in the port project and encourage the use of concessional loans from China to finance the project. Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa visited China in February 2007 and the visit resulted in China's decision to fund the port development.
1438:
The first major loan it took on the project came from the
Chinese government's Export-Import Bank, or Exim, for $ 307 million. But to obtain the loan, Sri Lanka was required to accept Beijing's preferred company, China Harbor, as the port's builder, according to a United States Embassy cable from the
473:
Preferential buyers' credits are denominated in U.S. dollars. Although their conditions are concessional, they are not subsidized by tax revenues. The preferential export buyer's credit is generally classified as a commercial loan rather than foreign aid even if the interest rate is very low because
457:
For concessional loans the bank advances a no interest or very low interest rate loan to a developing country government or agency to build a project (e.g. power plant, road, water treatment facility). The term of the concession loan is up to 20 years and a maximum
34:
731:
Exim Bank has a twelve member board of directors. Two are the executives in charge of managing Exim Bank. Six are directors from the agencies that hold shares of Exim Bank. The four "government-ministry directors" come from the
1253:
1320:
454:) are the two main loan products under the preferential loan program. Exim Bank's Sovereign Business Loan Department manages these loans. These two types of loans are a major part of the financing support for the BRI.
2602:
2432:
2404:
2557:
2100:
1194:
1806:
1245:
518:
Beginning in the early 2000s, the Sri Lankan government sought to obtain funding from international creditors to develop
Hambantota. The Sri Lankan government sought funding for the
1914:
1304:
1162:
2582:
1872:
1599:
1282:
804:
279:
1995:
2059:
330:, and water projects) and investment loans for Chinese businesses to establish overseas in the energy, mining and industrial sectors. Another function is to administer
2054:
1890:
20:
1816:
318:
of the government. The focus of the bank is facilitate
Chinese companies' exports. Commercial lending forms the backbone of the bank. Commercial activity includes
2689:
2269:
1985:
1224:
1013:
375:
2468:
1945:
119:
733:
2674:
1959:
1426:
1186:
982:
341:
Exim Bank does not publish figures for overseas loans. However, U.S. officials estimate that it finances more than the total export financing of the
2699:
2379:
1515:
745:
413:
334:
which are no interest or very low interest loans provided as foreign aid by the
Chinese government. Exim is the sole provider of Chinese government
2437:
2384:
1641:
2473:
2314:
2294:
1865:
1579:
466:
building the project). Concessional loans are a form of foreign aid and subsidized by the
Chinese government revenues. They are denominated in
2394:
1383:
1354:
1139:
1048:
2567:
2332:
2324:
2259:
525:
After India declined to fund development of the port, Sri Lanka next sought funding from China. In July 2006, Sri Lankan foreign minister
462:
of 7 years is given. The preferential export buyer's credit is provided to a foreign borrower to purchase
Chinese goods or services (e.g.
2694:
2592:
2664:
2026:
402:
2049:
1155:
834:
2643:
2587:
2537:
1858:
1085:
923:
2090:
298:
to other developing countries, and provide policy financial support so as to promote the export of
Chinese products and services.
2035:
1909:
1699:
1451:
409:
2562:
1493:
2684:
2669:
1923:
1274:
1964:
208:
2021:
1954:
356:(CDB) together signed loans of at least $ 110 billion to other developing country governments and companies, more than the
2416:
2191:
519:
194:
507:
2679:
2389:
1928:
1651:
1508:
741:
1547:
1216:
814:
737:
510:
for upgrading infrastructure, including upgrading an airport, bridge construction, and relocating the country's port.
478:
417:
137:
1980:
1005:
2552:
2399:
1834:
1611:
1949:
2547:
1796:
1563:
1375:
1040:
2704:
2572:
2508:
2498:
2342:
2154:
2011:
1940:
1881:
1069:
915:
368:
2577:
2503:
1918:
412:. As of 2019, its majority owner is Buttonwood Investment Holding Company Ltd. (which is in turn owned by the
503:
efforts. The news follow's India's promise to also support Sri Lanka through the debt restructuring program.
2222:
2085:
1934:
1684:
1631:
1501:
974:
2607:
2299:
2196:
2140:
1839:
1829:
1626:
1584:
1408:
353:
307:
129:
1714:
1636:
287:
2597:
2186:
2612:
2374:
2337:
2181:
1646:
335:
331:
319:
2617:
2542:
2490:
2176:
1704:
1689:
1346:
526:
429:
382:, have complained that Exim Bank doesn't follow the export financing guidelines promulgated by the
2304:
2080:
1674:
1413:
1099:
1091:
929:
536:
In 2023, Exim Bank provided Sri Lanka with an extension on Sri Lankan debt due in 2022 and 2023.
500:
463:
327:
151:
1037:
China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and
Beijing's Alternative World Order
2409:
2095:
1418:
1389:
1379:
1350:
1312:
1135:
1081:
1044:
919:
283:
125:
1771:
1736:
1669:
1616:
1542:
1531:
1073:
809:
233:
951:
2121:
2016:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1726:
1718:
1603:
1571:
838:
348:
315:
405:
to recapitalize Exim Bank, which in turn empowered it to make significant foreign loans.
1487:
173:
2369:
1786:
1761:
1731:
912:
The
Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
395:
374:
Rival export financing institutions that have seen a decline in influence, such as the
364:
323:
1455:
2658:
2227:
2105:
1751:
1621:
1103:
379:
133:
1305:"After India, China gives financing assurances to Sri Lanka for IMF bailout package"
1246:"After India, China gives financing assurances to Sri Lanka for IMF bailout package"
2030:
1694:
1557:
796:
660:
459:
240:
2212:
933:
282:. Established in 1994, the bank was chartered to implement the state policies in
2286:
2264:
1990:
1741:
1679:
772:
306:
The bank is a policy bank and along with other
Chinese policy institutions like
295:
275:
111:
1372:
The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
1066:
Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
2075:
1791:
786:
357:
115:
1422:
1393:
1316:
1187:"Angola looks at refinancing as it faces higher repayments on Chinese loans"
656:
644:
489:
1850:
33:
1095:
2309:
1132:
Normative Readings of the Belt and Road Initiative: Road to New Paradigms
766:
720:
712:
708:
696:
688:
530:
467:
311:
2040:
1975:
1970:
1077:
700:
684:
676:
672:
640:
636:
291:
92:
64:
716:
704:
692:
680:
652:
648:
522:
project form both the United States and India, which both declined.
482:
54:
2433:
Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project
2405:
Sino-Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund
488:
In 2022, the bank signed an agreement with Hong Kong realtor group
2558:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia
2232:
1526:
668:
664:
632:
493:
96:
2532:
2217:
2044:
1275:"Sri Lanka president, China Exim Bank chief discuss debt issues"
1004:
Dyer, Geoff; Anderlini, Jamil; Sender, Henny (17 January 2011).
383:
1854:
1497:
1343:
Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption
2527:
1481:
162:
1370:
Kelegama, Saman (2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
506:
The bank has provided more than $ 1 billion in loans to the
342:
432:
system and administers the Two Preferential Loan Program (
499:
In 2023, the Exim Bank has agreed to support Sri Lanka's
1134:. Springer International Publishing. 2018. p. 119.
367:, Exim Bank is one of the primary financing sources for
2197:
Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar Economic Corridor
835:"Brief Introduction - The Export-Import Bank of China"
1156:"Export Finance Activities by the Chinese Government"
245:
1217:"ESR, China Eximbank close US$ 1 billion infra fund"
326:
fields (roads, power plants, oil and gas pipelines,
2517:
2489:
2482:
2461:
2454:
2425:
2362:
2355:
2323:
2285:
2278:
2252:
2245:
2205:
2169:
2162:
2130:
2114:
2068:
2004:
1902:
1888:
1805:
1713:
1660:
1598:
1570:
1556:
239:
232:
227:
207:
193:
184:
157:
147:
102:
88:
70:
60:
50:
40:
805:China International Development Cooperation Agency
1996:China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway
1991:Uzbekistan-Tajikistan-China International Highway
1454:. The Export Import Bank of China. Archived from
631:There are a total of 21 branches of the bank, in
968:
966:
556:Business Development & Innovation Department
1817:National Administration of Financial Regulation
352:estimates that in 2009 and 2010, Exim Bank and
1986:China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor
568:Planning & Financial Management Department
2573:Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation
1941:Economic corridor in Greater Mekong Subregion
1866:
1509:
449:
443:
433:
213:
199:
8:
2060:International North–South Transport Corridor
1409:"How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port"
474:the purpose is to promote Chinese exports.
26:
1946:China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor
953:What Drives China's Growing Role in Africa?
21:Export–Import Bank of the Republic of China
2583:Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation
2486:
2458:
2359:
2282:
2249:
2166:
1899:
1873:
1859:
1851:
1516:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1118:Handbook on China and Developing Countries
734:National Development and Reform Commission
224:
172:
32:
25:
1960:New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
2380:China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund
1965:Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridor
975:"U.S. Export Financing Challenges China"
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
746:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
414:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
2385:China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund
2055:China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor
1955:China-Laos-Thailand Railway Cooperation
1374:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
826:
595:Department of Special Account Financing
2474:Community of shared future for mankind
2295:Agricultural Development Bank of China
2091:Addis Ababa-Djibouti Economic Corridor
1976:Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park
1971:China-Malaysia Qinzhou Industrial Park
945:
943:
529:met in China with Exim Bank president
485:an undisclosed amount of debt relief.
424:Foreign aid and development assistance
371:(BRI) development projects in Africa.
181:
2690:Chinese companies established in 1994
2395:China-CEE Investment Cooperation Fund
622:Party & League Affairs Department
481:, the bank granted the government of
7:
2608:China-Pacific Island Countries Forum
2568:Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism
2333:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2260:Internationalization of the renminbi
2122:Agua Negra Pass International Tunnel
985:from the original on 13 January 2017
2593:China-Arab States Cooperation Forum
448:) and preferential buyer's credit (
2022:China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line
1197:from the original on April 9, 2022
1006:"China's lending hits new heights"
14:
2588:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
2538:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1016:from the original on 8 March 2016
973:Reddy, Sudeep (12 January 2011).
607:Information Technology Department
580:International Business Department
345:industrialized nations combined.
2675:Development finance institutions
2639:
2638:
2153:
2036:Trans-European Transport Network
1981:Brunei-Guangxi Economic Corridor
1910:China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
1525:
789:
386:and so has an unfair advantage.
2700:Government-owned banks of China
2438:China-Arab states special loans
1924:China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
1429:from the original on 2018-10-16
1407:Abi-Habib, Maria (2018-06-25).
1323:from the original on 2023-01-23
1285:from the original on 2023-01-23
1256:from the original on 2023-01-23
1227:from the original on 2022-12-05
1168:from the original on 2019-08-19
619:Software Development Department
264:The Export–Import Bank of China
185:The Export–Import Bank of China
2137:Transoceanic fiber optic cable
950:Wang, Jian-Ye (October 2007).
267:
246:
214:
200:
1:
2417:China Africa Development Fund
2192:Global Energy Interconnection
2050:China–Belarus Industrial Park
598:Corporate Business Department
562:Shipping Financing Department
559:Corporate Business Department
2390:Russia-China Investment Fund
1950:Laos-China Economic Corridor
601:Concessional Loan Department
592:Economic Research Department
19:Not to be confused with the
2520:(2019 Leading Group report)
2086:Port Sudan-Ethiopia Railway
1700:Shanghai Pudong Development
1548:History of banking in China
815:History of Banking in China
76:; 30 years ago
27:Export–Import Bank of China
2721:
2695:Companies based in Beijing
2553:Caribbean Development Bank
2400:China-LAC Cooperation Fund
1835:List of banks in Hong Kong
1439:time, leaked to WikiLeaks.
1064:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023).
583:Risk Management Department
553:Human Resources Department
442:). The concessional loan (
428:The bank is a part of the
247:Zhōngguó Jìnchūkǒu Yínháng
18:
16:Strategic state-owned bank
2665:Banks established in 1994
2634:
2548:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
2223:China-UAE Industrial Zone
2218:Sino-Oman Industrial Park
2151:
2027:Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway
1929:Eastern Economic Corridor
1825:
1642:Industrial and Commercial
1538:
1376:Stanford University Press
1041:Stanford University Press
757:Tong Zhiguang (1994-1998)
752:Highest-ranking officials
586:Administrative Department
496:infrastructure projects.
450:
444:
434:
403:foreign exchange reserves
257:
223:
189:
31:
2578:Greater Tumen Initiative
2343:SCO Interbank Consortium
2076:Suez Canal Economic Zone
2031:Alyat Free Economic Zone
2012:New Eurasian Land Bridge
1882:Belt and Road Initiative
1580:Agricultural Development
1341:Garlick, Jeremy (2024).
1191:South China Morning Post
1070:Harvard University Press
1039:. Stanford, California:
916:Cornell University Press
577:Legal Affairs Department
540:Organizational structure
401:In 2015, China used its
394:Exim Bank implemented a
369:Belt and Road Initiative
209:Traditional Chinese
2518:Multilateral mechanisms
1935:Two Corridors, One Belt
1915:Trans-Himalayan Network
1895:(2019 Joint Communique)
1161:. European Parliament.
1068:. The Belknap Press of
778:Wu Fulin (2022-present)
464:construction contractor
376:U.S. Export–Import Bank
360:over a similar period.
195:Simplified Chinese
2685:Foreign trade of China
2670:Export credit agencies
2300:China Development Bank
1840:List of banks in Macau
1830:List of banks in China
763:Yang Zilin (1999-2005)
760:Zhou Keren (1998-1999)
408:Exim Bank is entirely
363:Along the CDB and the
354:China Development Bank
308:China Development Bank
130:Deputy Party Secretary
2233:Lekki Free Trade Zone
1035:Murphy, Dawn (2022).
914:. Ithaca and London:
910:Chen, Muyang (2024).
613:Accounting Department
610:Compliance Department
571:Evaluation Department
420:is a minority owner.
2613:World Economic Forum
2375:Green Silk Road Fund
2338:New Development Bank
1797:Xiamen International
1120:. 2015. p. 207.
959:. IMF Working Paper.
742:Ministry of Commerce
565:Onlending Department
545:Internal Departments
2680:Chinese foreign aid
2618:Boao Forum for Asia
2543:Asia-Europe Meeting
2491:Belt and Road Forum
1919:China–Nepal Railway
1452:"Business Branches"
1347:Bloomsbury Academic
979:Wall Street Journal
738:Ministry of Finance
604:Treasury Department
574:Auditing Department
527:Mangala Samaraweera
430:Chinese foreign aid
418:Ministry of Finance
278:of China under the
28:
2563:ASEAN-China (10+1)
2081:Cape to Cairo Road
1414:The New York Times
1303:PTI (2023-01-22).
1193:. March 11, 2022.
1078:10.2307/jj.2915805
934:10.7591/jj.6230186
727:Board of Directors
589:Supervision Office
501:debt restructuring
336:concessional loans
332:concessional loans
152:Financial services
23:located in Taipei.
2652:
2651:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2603:China-CEEC (14+1)
2598:China-CELAC Forum
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2410:China-Brazil Fund
2351:
2350:
2241:
2240:
2187:Digital Silk Road
2163:Linked to the BRI
2149:
2148:
2096:Northern Corridor
1896:
1848:
1847:
1385:978-0-8047-9764-1
1356:978-1-350-25231-8
1141:978-3-319-78017-7
1050:978-1-5036-3009-3
627:Mainland branches
492:and to invest in
398:auction in 1999.
378:through Chairman
316:economic policies
261:
260:
253:
252:
234:Standard Mandarin
180:
179:
2712:
2642:
2641:
2487:
2459:
2360:
2283:
2250:
2167:
2157:
1900:
1894:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1543:Banking in China
1532:Banking in China
1530:
1529:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1482:Official website
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
970:
961:
960:
958:
947:
938:
937:
907:
850:
849:
847:
846:
837:. Archived from
831:
810:Banking in China
799:
794:
793:
792:
550:Executive Office
453:
452:
447:
446:
437:
436:
269:
249:
248:
225:
219:
218:
217:
203:
202:
182:
176:
171:
168:
166:
164:
84:
82:
77:
36:
29:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2705:1994 in Beijing
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2622:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2478:
2442:
2421:
2347:
2319:
2305:China Exim Bank
2274:
2237:
2201:
2182:Space Silk Road
2158:
2145:
2141:Polar Silk Road
2126:
2110:
2064:
2017:Port of Piraeus
2000:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1849:
1844:
1821:
1808:
1801:
1717:
1709:
1662:
1656:
1602:
1594:
1566:
1552:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1430:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1378:. p. 207.
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1088:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1010:Financial Times
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
972:
971:
964:
956:
949:
948:
941:
926:
909:
908:
853:
844:
842:
833:
832:
828:
823:
795:
790:
788:
785:
754:
729:
629:
547:
542:
520:Hambantota Port
516:
426:
392:
349:Financial Times
304:
215:
161:
143:
120:Party Secretary
105:
80:
78:
75:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
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1460:. Retrieved
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1967:(Indonesia)
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1279:EconomyNext
775:(2015-2022)
769:(2005-2015)
477:During the
410:state-owned
296:foreign aid
276:policy bank
112:Hu Xiaolian
42:Native name
2659:Categories
1931:(Thailand)
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1719:commercial
1685:Industrial
1663:commercial
1661:Nationwide
1637:Everbright
1604:commercial
1462:2013-03-25
1433:2022-02-23
1327:2023-01-23
1289:2023-01-23
1260:2023-01-23
1231:2022-12-05
1172:2019-12-01
1096:jj.2915805
1020:11 January
989:11 January
845:2017-04-01
821:References
773:Hu Xiaolin
744:, and the
416:) and the
358:World Bank
116:Chairwoman
104:Key people
2455:Political
2356:Platforms
2246:Financial
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2170:Corridors
1937:(Vietnam)
1787:Shengjing
1647:Merchants
1423:0362-4331
1394:939553543
1317:0971-751X
1309:The Hindu
1104:259402050
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645:Chongqing
514:Sri Lanka
490:ESR Group
272:Exim Bank
165:.eximbank
138:President
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2310:Sinosure
2253:Concepts
2206:Projects
2115:Americas
1891:projects
1772:Shanghai
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1705:Zheshang
1690:Minsheng
1427:Archived
1321:Archived
1283:Archived
1254:Archived
1225:Archived
1201:April 9,
1195:Archived
1163:Archived
1014:Archived
983:Archived
783:See also
767:Li Ruogu
721:Zhejiang
713:Xinjiang
697:Shenzhen
689:Shanghai
531:Li Ruogu
508:Maldives
468:renminbi
440:liangyou
312:Sinosure
284:industry
148:Products
126:Wu Fulin
61:Industry
2279:Banking
2101:LAPSSET
2041:TRACECA
2005:Eurasia
1782:Tianjin
1777:Taizhou
1767:Qingdao
1757:Nanjing
1747:Jiangsu
1727:Beijing
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701:Tianjin
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677:Nanjing
673:Jiangsu
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292:economy
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268:中国进出口银行
216:中國進出口銀行
201:中国进出口银行
158:Website
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79: (
71:Founded
65:Banking
46:中国进出口银行
2462:Policy
2287:Policy
2106:VICMED
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1742:Harbin
1732:Dalian
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483:Angola
451:优惠买方信贷
435:两优贷款业务
294:, and
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2363:Funds
2131:Theme
1792:Taian
1752:Jilin
1715:Urban
1670:Bohai
1622:China
1617:CITIC
1166:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1100:S2CID
1092:JSTOR
957:(PDF)
930:JSTOR
709:Xi'an
669:Hunan
665:Hubei
633:Anhui
494:ASEAN
97:China
2533:APEC
2509:2023
2504:2019
2499:2017
2045:TITR
1903:Asia
1419:ISSN
1390:OCLC
1380:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1313:ISSN
1203:2022
1136:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1022:2017
991:2017
920:ISBN
445:优惠贷款
396:bond
384:OECD
347:The
310:and
167:.gov
81:1994
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2528:G20
1074:doi
169:.cn
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