201:
189:
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1518:
3015:
3027:
1530:
2977:
2375:
3003:
170:
Of the 40 million spores exposed to the stratosphere, only 267 spores (or 0.0007%) remained viable. Extrapolating this, no viable spores would remain if flight samples had an additional 150 minutes of Sun exposure in the stratosphere (630 min total time). The survivors showed three single nucleotide
157:
The 80-pound gondola features four doors that rotate to expose up to 10 experimental samples each for 8 hours. To terminate the flight, an explosive charge detonated, tearing a hole in the balloon. E-MIST and other science payloads attached to the balloon's gondola were returned to the surface under
174:
Even after cleaning, spacecraft leaving Earth still carry microorganisms on board that are embedded within surfaces, instruments, electronics, and other inaccessible areas that cannot be readily cleaned and are not exposed to direct sunlight, so there is a concern about the few survivors, which may
166:
After 8 hours exposure in the stratosphere (31 km above sea level), 99.9% of the entire population was destroyed. According to the researchers, "most terrestrial bacteria would be inactivated within the first on Mars if contaminated spacecraft surfaces receive direct sunlight."
122:
Beyond investigating viability alone, concerns of whether microorganisms can survive deep space conditions and potentially be transported to other planets, such as Mars, has long been a concern to scientists. To further this understanding, it is necessary to determine if there is a
171:(base pair) substitutions compared to unexposed controls kept on the ground. These three coding regions are associated with bacterial sporulation and metabolism. A similar observation was recorded on SAFR-032 samples that were exposed outside the International Space Station.
158:
a parachute, where waiting researchers recovered the biological samples for analysis. Major payload components were a lithium-ion battery, an ultraviolet (UV) radiometer, humidity and temperatures sensors, and a flight computer.
175:
be pushed in evolutionarily consequential directions. The researchers suggest that ultraviolet-C lamps (UVC LED arrays) could be embedded in lander spacecraft hardware to help sterilize their interior.
92:. Moreover, measuring the endurance of spore-forming bacteria that were previously isolated from spacecraft assembly facilities, may help predict their survival on the surface of Mars and enhance
2286:
1806:
1796:
54:(~31 km above sea level) and monitored the ability of the microorganisms to survive in extreme Martian-like conditions such as low pressure, dryness, cold, and
530:
1711:
2136:
2323:
1816:
1731:
2234:
418:(PDF). C. L. Khodadad, and Phillip R. Maloney. Astrobiology Science Conference (2015). Publisher: Universities Space Research Association (USRA).
61:
A test flight of the balloon and gondola was launched from New Mexico on 24 August 2014. A second, longer flight, took place on 10 October 2015.
1567:
848:
149:(strain SAFR-032), a resilient radiation-tolerant spore-forming bacteria isolated from a clean room environment in a NASA spacecraft assembly.
2224:
987:
972:
3047:
2009:
1801:
1786:
703:
1776:
1201:
788:
131:
could provide valuable insight into the functional effects on surviving microorganisms. For instance, this approach could help identify
500:
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2413:
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1781:
1706:
1446:
1441:
308:. Khodadad Christina L., Wong Gregory M., James Leandro M., Thakrar Prital J., Lane Michael A., Catechis John A., and Smith David J..
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763:
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557:
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2074:
1886:
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334:
Smith, David J. (21 October 2013). "Microbes in the Upper
Atmosphere and Unique Opportunities for Astrobiology Research".
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85:
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444:
99:
The environmental conditions in the upper atmosphere resemble the surface conditions of Mars, especially in the
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843:
592:
550:
55:
306:
Stratosphere
Conditions Inactivate Bacterial Endospores from a Mars Spacecraft Assembly Facility
72:
of every major biological lineage have been detected in Earth's upper atmosphere. If microbial
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2833:
2799:
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2623:
2618:
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2523:
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2004:
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351:
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145:
116:
81:
77:
42:
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1994:
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878:
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773:
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678:
663:
638:
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347:
127:(genetic) adaptation that occurs with survival in this extreme environment. Analysis of
3019:
2566:
2530:
2080:
1676:
1615:
1590:
1411:
733:
688:
643:
268:
382:
Smith, David J.; Thakrar, Prital J.; Bharrat, Anthony E.; Dokos, Adam G.; et al.
3041:
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2724:
2714:
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1521:
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838:
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69:
33:
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1701:
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1605:
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1576:
1480:
1475:
1416:
1348:
1328:
992:
748:
693:
633:
230:
220:
100:
47:
1906:
384:"A Balloon-Based Payload for Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere (E-MIST)"
2838:
2057:
1947:
1666:
1656:
1225:
1220:
683:
136:
108:
3014:
2945:
2930:
2848:
2581:
2034:
1721:
1333:
1318:
653:
583:
235:
140:
89:
73:
2940:
2771:
2729:
2641:
2535:
2171:
2028:
1989:
1967:
1856:
1485:
1421:
1055:
918:
112:
104:
363:
355:
317:
2449:
2426:
2391:
2229:
2219:
2151:
1942:
1916:
1891:
1495:
1207:
1188:
1060:
501:
Stowaway
Bacteria Could Be Even More Contagious in Space Than We Thought
2879:
2843:
2479:
2085:
1911:
1017:
698:
2925:
2680:
2328:
1901:
1871:
1861:
1821:
743:
124:
84:
is achievable, independent of Earth's surface, then the search for
2853:
2244:
2116:
51:
519:
2191:
566:
273:
132:
37:
29:
2395:
1549:
1545:
539:
472:"Ballooning experiment to study bacteria on the edge of space"
128:
143:, and core metabolic proteins. The microorganism tested was
267:
Figliozzi, Gianine M.; Walter, Daryl (25 September 2015).
46:
bacteria and their spores by helium-filled balloon to the
2287:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
535:
445:"NASA's E-MIST Experiment Soars in Earth's Atmosphere"
2991:
428:
416:
2892:
2872:
2824:
2713:
2704:
2656:
2549:
2487:
2473:
2433:
2272:
2205:
2104:
2066:
2050:
2018:
1935:
1844:
1835:
1745:
1649:
1583:
1434:
1385:
1367:
1311:
1302:
1282:
1266:
1187:
1139:
1092:
1083:
1041:
829:
722:
624:
591:
582:
36:could survive conditions like those on the planet
1807:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1797:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
107:—that exhibits extreme cold, low pressure,
1732:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
520:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility - NASA/JPL
496:
494:
492:
430:(PDF). C. L. Khodadad, and Phillip R. Maloney.
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
291:
88:on other worlds should be broadened to include
103:—10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) above
2407:
1561:
551:
531:National Center for Biotechnology Information
8:
1712:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
377:
375:
373:
329:
327:
325:
470:Figliozzi, Gianine M. (25 September 2015).
22:Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere
2710:
2484:
2414:
2400:
2392:
2137:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
1841:
1568:
1554:
1546:
1308:
1089:
588:
558:
544:
536:
2324:European Astrobiology Network Association
1817:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2998:
2235:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
259:
2225:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
7:
2976:
2374:
1802:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
1787:Habitability of neutron star systems
432:Astrobiology Science Conference 2015
1777:Habitability of binary star systems
449:NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center
2339:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
1782:Habitability of natural satellites
1707:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
206:E-MIST study - scientific balloon.
194:E-MIST study - preparing hardware.
14:
2319:Center for Life Detection Science
2240:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
1792:Habitability of red dwarf systems
32:study to determine if a specific
3025:
3013:
3001:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2344:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
2177:Life Investigation For Enceladus
1697:Extraterrestrial sample curation
1528:
1517:
1516:
199:
187:
2664:Bacterial cellular morphologies
2282:Astrobiology Society of Britain
2157:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
1812:Habitable zone for complex life
2167:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
312:. April 2017, 17(4): 337-350.
1:
2215:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1767:Extraterrestrial liquid water
391:Gravitational Spaqce Research
2349:Spanish Astrobiology Center
1757:Circumstellar habitable zone
973:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
226:Interplanetary contamination
3048:Astrobiology space missions
2334:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1407:Inspiration Mars Foundation
3084:
2907:Bacteria (classifications)
2629:Primary nutritional groups
2182:Mars sample return mission
1442:Artificial objects on Mars
135:associated with repairing
3068:Microorganisms and humans
2961:
2357:
2260:Terrestrial Planet Finder
1682:Earliest known life forms
1511:
1459:List of films set on Mars
1274:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
1071:Classical albedo features
573:
3053:Biological contamination
2783:Bacterial outer membrane
2292:Breakthrough Initiatives
1377:List of missions to Mars
40:. The study transported
1953:Mars Science Laboratory
1772:Galactic habitable zone
1535:Solar System portal
2778:Gram-negative bacteria
2757:Gram-positive bacteria
2132:Enceladus Life Finder
2112:Breakthrough Enceladus
1636:Planetary oceanography
1149:Solar eclipses on Mars
1008:"Swiss cheese" feature
864:Concentric crater fill
3058:Extraterrestrial life
2633:Substrate preference
2307:Breakthrough Starshot
1907:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
1827:Superhabitable planet
1692:Extraterrestrial life
526:Tersicoccus phoenicis
356:10.1089/ast.2013.1074
318:10.1089/ast.2016.1549
269:"Hitchhiking to Mars"
247:Tersicoccus phoenicis
16:NASA research program
2614:Microbial metabolism
2314:Carl Sagan Institute
2302:Breakthrough Message
2142:Enceladus Orbilander
1877:Biosatellite program
1727:Planetary protection
1611:Evolutionary biology
1601:Atmospheric sciences
1349:Permanent settlement
241:Planetary protection
94:planetary protection
2864:Non-motile bacteria
2460:Pathogenic bacteria
2297:Breakthrough Listen
1491:Timekeeping on Mars
1168:Planetary transits
1153:Satellite transits
1066:Observation history
914:Lobate debris apron
451:. 22 September 2014
348:2013AsBio..13..981S
2793:Lipopolysaccharide
2127:Enceladus Explorer
503:. Peter Dockrill,
137:damage to the cell
56:ionizing radiation
2989:
2988:
2888:
2887:
2834:Bacterial capsule
2800:Periplasmic space
2767:Lipoteichoic acid
2652:
2651:
2624:Microbial ecology
2619:Nitrogen fixation
2389:
2388:
2268:
2267:
2092:Rosalind Franklin
2005:Trace Gas Orbiter
1662:Allan Hills 84001
1641:Planetary science
1543:
1542:
1496:Sol (day on Mars)
1464:Martian scientist
1447:Memorials on Mars
1430:
1429:
1401:The Case for Mars
1298:
1297:
1079:
1078:
1013:Terrain softening
978:Ring mold craters
946:North Polar Basin
869:Dark slope streak
714:Vastitas Borealis
611:Dust devil tracks
117:solar irradiation
3075:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2917:Former groupings
2711:
2562:Human microbiome
2485:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2364:
1842:
1737:Yamato meteorite
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1394:The Mars Project
1309:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1090:
951:Ocean hypothesis
801:Outflow channels
589:
560:
553:
546:
537:
508:
507:. 22 April 2017.
498:
487:
486:
484:
482:
467:
461:
460:
458:
456:
441:
435:
425:
419:
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
388:
379:
368:
367:
331:
320:
303:
286:
285:
283:
281:
264:
203:
191:
146:Bacillus pumilus
43:Bacillus pumilus
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2957:
2912:Bacterial phyla
2896:
2884:
2868:
2826:
2820:
2811:Arabinogalactan
2716:
2700:
2648:
2545:
2489:
2477:
2469:
2455:Lysogenic cycle
2436:
2429:
2420:
2390:
2385:
2353:
2274:
2264:
2207:
2201:
2162:Icebreaker Life
2100:
2062:
2046:
2020:
2014:
1931:
1837:
1831:
1748:
1741:
1645:
1621:Geomicrobiology
1579:
1574:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1507:
1501:Darian calendar
1426:
1381:
1363:
1294:
1278:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1183:
1135:
1129:Voltaire crater
1107:Stickney crater
1075:
1037:
879:Fretted terrain
825:
725:
718:
679:Sinus Meridiani
664:Planum Australe
639:Cerberus (Mars)
620:
578:
576:Outline of Mars
569:
564:
516:
511:
499:
490:
480:
478:
469:
468:
464:
454:
452:
443:
442:
438:
426:
422:
414:
410:
400:
398:
386:
381:
380:
371:
342:(10): 981–990.
333:
332:
323:
304:
289:
279:
277:
266:
265:
261:
257:
252:
216:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
204:
196:
195:
192:
181:
164:
155:
86:habitable zones
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2669:cell structure
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2642:Saccharophilic
2639:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Microaerophile
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
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2447:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Northern Light
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2206:Cancelled and
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2083:
2081:Europa Clipper
2078:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Drake equation
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Exoplanetology
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1591:Astrochemistry
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1540:
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754:Chaos terrain
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669:Planum Boreum
667:
665:
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659:Olympia Undae
657:
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649:Eridania Lake
647:
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523:
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518:
517:
513:
506:
505:Science Alert
502:
497:
495:
493:
489:
477:
473:
466:
463:
450:
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440:
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429:
424:
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115:, and higher
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
64:
62:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:microorganism
31:
27:
23:
19:
3032:Solar System
2951:Mendosicutes
2936:Gracilicutes
2916:
2816:Mycolic acid
2806:Mycobacteria
2804:
2776:
2755:
2691:Coccobacilli
2591:in pregnancy
2557:Extremophile
2541:Aerotolerant
2475:Biochemistry
2437:microbiology
2423:Microbiology
2378:
2366:
2275:and programs
2273:Institutions
2091:
2073:
2051:Heliocentric
2039:
2027:
1995:
1982:
1974:Perseverance
1973:
1958:
1881:
1762:Earth analog
1749:habitability
1717:Ocean planet
1687:Earth analog
1672:Biosignature
1631:Paleontology
1626:Microbiology
1606:Biochemistry
1596:Astrophysics
1577:Astrobiology
1481:Life on Mars
1476:Flag of Mars
1417:Mars Society
1399:
1392:
1359:Terraforming
1354:Colonization
1124:Swift crater
966:polar wander
694:Terra Sabaea
634:Arabia Terra
525:
504:
481:29 September
479:. Retrieved
475:
465:
455:29 September
453:. Retrieved
448:
439:
431:
423:
411:
401:29 September
399:. Retrieved
394:
390:
339:
336:Astrobiology
335:
310:Astrobiology
309:
280:29 September
278:. Retrieved
272:
262:
245:
231:Life on Mars
221:Extremophile
173:
169:
165:
156:
144:
121:
101:stratosphere
98:
96:procedures.
68:
60:
48:stratosphere
41:
25:
21:
20:
18:
2839:Slime layer
2519:Facultative
2507:Facultative
2208:undeveloped
2058:BioSentinel
1948:Fobos-Grunt
1845:Earth orbit
1667:Biomolecule
1657:Abiogenesis
1650:Main topics
1584:Disciplines
1304:Exploration
1226:5261 Eureka
894:Groundwater
859:Composition
684:Tempe Terra
674:Quadrangles
601:Circulation
109:desiccation
90:atmospheres
82:replication
3042:Categories
2946:Mollicutes
2941:Firmicutes
2931:Prokaryota
2849:Glycocalyx
2674:plasticity
2637:Lipophilic
2490:preference
2465:Resistance
2255:Red Dragon
2035:OSIRIS-REx
2019:Comets and
1722:Panspermia
961:Polar caps
941:Mud cracks
924:Meteorites
909:Lava tubes
844:Carbonates
779:Labyrinthi
654:Iani Chaos
593:Atmosphere
255:References
236:Panspermia
139:envelope,
74:metabolism
3008:Astronomy
2899:evolution
2873:Composite
2772:Endospore
2730:Cell wall
2706:Structure
2597:Placental
2536:Nanaerobe
2514:Anaerobic
2445:Infection
2172:Laplace-P
2075:Dragonfly
2029:Hayabusa2
2021:asteroids
1990:Tianwen-1
1968:Mars 2020
1959:Curiosity
1892:Eu:CROPIS
1747:Planetary
1486:Sub-Earth
1469:Mythology
1422:Mars race
1189:Asteroids
1085:Astronomy
1056:Hesperian
1051:Amazonian
1023:Volcanism
998:Spherules
919:Marsquake
874:Dichotomy
789:by height
784:Mountains
584:Geography
434:. (2015).
113:oxidation
105:sea level
2971:Category
2894:Taxonomy
2827:envelope
2717:envelope
2607:Salivary
2524:Obligate
2502:Obligate
2450:Exotoxin
2427:Bacteria
2368:Category
2230:Kazachok
2220:Beagle 3
2152:ExoLance
2105:Proposed
1943:Beagle 2
1917:OREOcube
1897:EXOSTACK
1838:missions
1522:Category
1386:Advocacy
1369:Missions
1312:Concepts
1141:Transits
1112:Monolith
1061:Noachian
1033:Yardangs
929:on Earth
889:Glaciers
734:"Canals"
726:features
724:Physical
476:Phys Org
364:24106911
214:See also
65:Overview
3020:Biology
2994:Portals
2981:Commons
2880:Biofilm
2859:Fimbria
2844:S-layer
2825:Outside
2686:Bacilli
2602:Uterine
2587:Vaginal
2497:Aerobic
2480:ecology
2435:Medical
2380:Commons
2197:Trident
2187:Oceanus
2086:ExoMars
2067:Planned
2041:Rosetta
1996:Zhurong
1984:Phoenix
1922:Tanpopo
1912:O/OREOS
1857:BIOCORE
1454:Fiction
1435:Related
1329:Landing
1324:Orbiter
1283:General
1252:2007 NS
1242:1999 UJ
1232:1998 VF
1221:Trojans
1208:2007 WD
1197:Impacts
1177:Mercury
1043:History
1003:Surface
934:on Mars
899:Gullies
884:Geysers
831:Geology
821:Gravity
816:Valleys
769:Gullies
759:Craters
749:Catenae
744:Canyons
699:Tharsis
644:Cydonia
626:Regions
616:Methane
606:Climate
529:at the
344:Bibcode
179:Gallery
162:Results
153:Gondola
125:genomic
28:) is a
2926:Monera
2696:Spiral
2488:Oxygen
2329:MERMOZ
2122:CAESAR
2010:Viking
1927:VEGGIE
1902:EXPOSE
1882:E-MIST
1872:BIOPAN
1862:Biolab
1822:Tholin
1526:
1515:
1267:Comets
1162:Deimos
1157:Phobos
1119:Deimos
1102:Phobos
806:Plains
774:Mensae
764:Fossae
362:
141:genome
78:growth
26:E-MIST
2854:Pilus
2808:only:
2788:Porin
2780:only:
2759:only:
2681:Cocci
2657:Shape
2577:Mouth
2550:Other
2245:MELOS
2117:BRUIE
2094:rover
1998:rover
1976:rover
1961:rover
1836:Space
1334:Rover
1319:Flyby
1290:Orbit
1172:Earth
1094:Moons
1028:Water
904:Lakes
854:Color
704:Undae
387:(PDF)
133:genes
80:, or
52:Earth
2897:and
2715:Cell
2582:Skin
2572:Lung
2478:and
2192:THEO
1936:Mars
1867:Bion
993:Soil
738:list
567:Mars
483:2015
457:2015
403:2015
360:PMID
282:2015
274:NASA
38:Mars
30:NASA
2749:DAP
2744:NAG
2739:NAM
2567:Gut
1887:ERA
1852:BIO
397:(2)
352:doi
314:doi
129:RNA
50:of
3044::
2919::
2732::
2425::
1234:31
491:^
474:.
447:.
393:.
389:.
372:^
358:.
350:.
340:13
338:.
324:^
290:^
271:.
119:.
111:,
76:,
58:.
2996::
2593:)
2589:(
2415:e
2408:t
2401:v
1569:e
1562:t
1555:v
1254:2
1244:7
1211:5
740:)
736:(
559:e
552:t
545:v
485:.
459:.
405:.
395:2
366:.
354::
346::
316::
284:.
24:(
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