134:. For other weapon systems without practical limitations on warhead diameter, a less expensive copper liner (8.960 g/cm) of double the diameter can be used instead. An EFP with a tantalum liner can typically penetrate steel armor of a thickness equal to its diameter – or half that amount with a copper liner instead. By contrast, a conventional shaped charge can penetrate armor up to six times its diameter in thickness, depending on its design and liner material.
146:
angles. Upon detonation, the liner fragments along these intersections to form up to dozens of small, generally spheroidal projectiles, producing an effect similar to that of a shotgun. The pattern of impacts on a target can be finely controlled based on the design of the liner and the manner in which the explosive charge is detonated. A nuclear-driven MEFP was apparently proposed by a member of the
772:
252:
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92:
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The charges are generally cylindrical, fabricated from commonly available metal pipe, with the forward end closed by a concave copper or steel disk-shaped liner to create a shaped charge. Explosive is loaded behind the metal liner to fill the pipe. Upon detonation, the explosive projects the liner to
141:
that can be fired in different arrangements causing different types of waveform in the explosive, resulting in either a long-rod penetrator, an aerodynamic slug projectile, or multiple high-velocity fragments. A less sophisticated approach for changing the formation of an EFP is the use of wire mesh
145:
In addition to single-penetrator EFPs (also called single EFPs or SEFPs), there are EFP warheads whose liners are designed to produce more than one penetrator; these are known as multiple EFPs, or MEFPs. The liner of an MEFP generally comprises a number of dimples that intersect each other at sharp
118:
An EFP operates on the same principle, but its liner is designed to form a distinct projectile that will maintain its shape, permitting it to penetrate armor at greater distance. The dish-shaped liner of an EFP can generate a number of distinct projectile forms, depending on the shape of the plate
357:
In
Northern Ireland similar devices have been discovered that were developed by dissident Republican groups for intended use against the police. In Northern Ireland, the weapon was first used in March 2014 when a PSNI Land Rover was targeted as it travelled along the Falls Road in west Belfast. A
346:
Non-circular explosively formed penetrators can be formed based on modifications to the liner construction. For instance, U.S. patents 6606951 and 4649828 are non-circular in design. US6606951B1 is designed to launch multiple asymmetric explosively forged penetrators horizontally in 360 degrees.
70:
effectively, from a much greater standoff range than standard shaped charges, which are more limited by standoff distance. As the name suggests, the effect of the explosive charge is to deform a metal plate into a slug or rod shape and accelerate it toward a target. They were first developed as
376:
on to an asteroid and detonated. The explosion created a copper explosively formed penetrator, which hit the asteroid with a velocity of 2 km/s. The crater created by the impact was a target for further observations by the onboard instruments. The shaped charge consisted of 4.5 kg of
31:
165:
Extensive research is going on in the zone between jetting charges and EFPs, which combines the advantages of both types, resulting in very long stretched-rod EFPs for short-to-medium distances (because of the lack of aerostability) with improved penetration capability.
314:
Often mounted on crash barriers at window level, they are placed along roadsides at choke points where vehicles must slow down, such as intersections and junctions. This gives the operator time to judge the moment to fire, when the vehicle is moving more slowly.
114:
metal able to penetrate thick armor and knock out vehicles. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that the jet of metal loses effectiveness the further it travels, as it breaks up into disconnected particles that drift out of alignment.
302:
The effects of traditional explosions like blast-forces and metal fragments seldom disable armored vehicles, but the explosively formed solid copper penetrator is quite lethal—even to the new generation of
1135:
1012:
Saiki, Takanao; Sawada, Hirotaka; Okamoto, Chisato; Yano, Hajime; Takagi, Yasuhiko; Akahoshi, Yasuhiro; Yoshikawa, Makoto (2013). "Small carry-on impactor of
Hayabusa2 mission".
354:
or modified platter charge. This design can be further modified to be similar to US4649828A with multiple cut and bent steel bars lined side by side instead of a singular liner.
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84:
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An EFP's penetration is more strongly affected by the density of its liner metal compared to a conventional shaped charge. At 16.654 g/cm,
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334:, or via a pair of ordinary cell phones. EFPs can be deployed singly, in pairs, or in arrays, depending on the
155:
493:"DoD Directive 2000.19E, "Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (JIEDDO)", February 14, 2006"
331:
35:
1065:, Joseph Carleone (ed.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series (V-155), Published by AIAA, 1993,
358:
police car was destroyed by an EFP detonated by a command wire in
Strabane, Co Tyrone on 18 November 2022.
83:
304:
227:
bullet, among the most devastating projectiles on the battlefield, weighs less than two ounces and has a
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72:
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In addition, a simplified EFP (SIM-EFP) can be made using a rectangular liner, similar to a
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US4649828A is designed to form several clothespin shaped EFPs, increasing hit probability.
908:
799:
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Explosively
Produced Flechettes; JASON report 66-121, Institute for Defense Analysis, 1966
228:
1025:
460:
1120:
522:
327:
308:
75:
by
American oil companies in the 1930s, and were deployed as weapons in World War II.
1109:
592:"There was a two-year learning curve ... and a lot of people died in those two years"
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in front of the liner, which causes the liner to fragment into multiple penetrators.
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EFPs have been adopted as warheads in a number of weapon systems, including the
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generally has a conical metal liner that is forced by an explosive blast into a
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368:
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126:
is preferable in delivery systems that have limitations in size, like the
131:
123:
95:
727:"The truck the Pentagon wants and the firm that makes it - USATODAY.com"
209:
174:
461:"The Shaped Charge Concept, Part III. Applications of Shaped Charges"
410:
335:
260:
219:
An EFP eight inches in diameter threw a seven-pound copper slug at
190:
170:
127:
91:
1052:, W.P. Walters, J.A. Zukas, John Wiley & Sons Inc., June 1989,
987:"New IRA claims responsibility for Strabane mortar attack on PSNI"
961:"New IRA claims responsibility for Strabane mortar attack on PSNI"
395:
250:
90:
82:
67:
29:
378:
757:"The precision-made mine that has 'killed 17 British troops'"
679:"POLITICS: U.S. Military Ignored Evidence of Iraqi-Made EFPs"
909:"Dungannon man Patrick Carty charged over 'Iraq-style IED'"
519:"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory description of an EFP"
275:, for example in the 1989 assassination of German banker
372:
carried a small carry-on impactor. It was dropped off
263:
shape on top becomes an explosively formed penetrator.
98:
showing the face of its explosively formed penetrator
27:
Shaped charge designed to penetrate armor effectively
755:Correspondent, Sean Rayment, Defence (2006-06-24).
552:
U.S. Patent 5540156: Selectable effects EFP warhead
187:
648:"Superbomb Mystery: The Herrhausen Assassination"
542:ng.pdf, on the web, US military testing of SOFDK
432:"The Most Lethal Weapon Americans Faced in Iraq"
217:
137:Some sophisticated EFP warheads have multiple
183:M303 Special Operations Forces demolition kit
8:
1096:Photo of a Canadian "Mach 6 aerodynamic EFP"
1136:Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
466:. U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory.
342:Non-circular explosively formed penetrators
79:Difference from conventional shaped charges
805:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
307:vehicles (which are made to withstand an
287:in the 1990s. They saw widespread use in
1101:Video of EFP trying to take out a Humvee
822:"Bounding anti-tank/anti-vehicle weapon"
572:Interview with Dr. Richard Blankenbecler
851:"Explosively forged penetrator warhead"
422:
880:"How to build your own armour killers"
795:
785:
658:from the original on January 18, 2009
459:William P. Walters (1 October 1990).
259:in Iraq. When activated, the concave
7:
939:"Derry bomb was 'Iraq style mortar'"
919:from the original on January 2, 2019
604:from the original on 4 December 2016
154:. A related device was the proposed
119:and how the explosive is detonated.
247:Use in improvised explosive devices
677:Gareth Porter (October 25, 2008).
473:from the original on 28 April 2017
223:6, or 2,000 meters per second. (A
25:
703:Robert Bryce (January 22, 2007).
646:Hambling, David (July 29, 2008).
590:Atkinson, Rick (1 October 2007).
199:Low Cost Autonomous Attack System
381:and a 2.5 kg copper liner.
197:top-attack artillery round, the
1078:, David Finkel, Picador, 2009,
1034:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.11.010
890:from the original on 2020-02-18
861:from the original on 2020-02-29
832:from the original on 2020-02-29
775:from the original on 2020-07-09
737:from the original on 2012-06-26
705:"Surge of danger for US troops"
442:from the original on 2018-01-04
1050:Fundamentals of Shaped Charges
1:
627:"The Imminent Spread of EFPs"
52:explosively formed projectile
44:explosively formed penetrator
34:Formation of an EFP warhead.
18:Explosively formed projectile
1131:Improvised explosive devices
945:. 2012-12-07. Archived from
413:(landmine which uses an EFP)
318:Detonation is controlled by
295:against coalition vehicles.
269:improvised explosive devices
257:improvised explosive device
1152:
430:Ismay, John (2013-10-18),
330:, or remote arming with a
231:of 900 meters per second.)
177:air bombs (with the Skeet
130:, which is delivered by a
1063:Tactical Missile Warheads
152:ballistic missile defense
391:High-explosive anti-tank
328:TV or IR remote controls
156:nuclear pulse propulsion
731:usatoday30.usatoday.com
332:passive infrared sensor
267:EFPs have been used in
62:, is a special type of
401:Misnay–Schardin effect
264:
244:
99:
88:
66:designed to penetrate
39:
915:. February 13, 2012.
254:
150:in 1966 for terminal
94:
86:
60:self-forging fragment
33:
499:on February 15, 2007
352:linear shaped charge
73:oil well perforators
56:self-forging warhead
50:), also known as an
38:Research Laboratory.
1026:2013AcAau..84..227S
993:. November 25, 2022
967:. November 25, 2022
826:patents.google.com/
761:The Daily Telegraph
597:The Washington Post
311:), and many tanks.
299:form a projectile.
279:(attributed to the
239:The Washington Post
87:Formation of an EFP
855:patents.google.com
798:has generic name (
632:2020-01-03 at the
577:2011-09-12 at the
436:The New York Times
336:tactical situation
293:insurgents in Iraq
265:
100:
89:
40:
1084:978-0-312-43002-3
1076:The Good Soldiers
1014:Acta Astronautica
884:privat.bahnhof.se
820:Klein, Arnold S.
362:Asteroid impactor
277:Alfred Herrhausen
213:anti-ship missile
206:anti-tank missile
193:submunition, the
16:(Redirected from
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102:A conventional
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997:November 25,
995:. Retrieved
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969:. Retrieved
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947:the original
942:
933:
921:. Retrieved
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739:. Retrieved
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687:. Retrieved
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527:. Retrieved
523:the original
513:
503:February 13,
501:. Retrieved
497:the original
487:
475:. Retrieved
454:
444:, retrieved
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377:plasticized
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1020:: 227–236.
796:|last=
662:November 5,
608:24 December
225:.50-caliber
179:submunition
148:JASON group
1126:Explosives
1116:Ammunition
1110:Categories
991:Irish News
965:Irish News
894:2020-02-29
865:2020-02-29
836:2020-02-29
779:2020-07-09
741:2020-07-09
689:2008-11-05
529:2006-03-29
446:2018-03-26
418:References
208:, and the
139:detonators
788:cite news
769:0307-1235
374:Hayabusa2
369:Hayabusa2
285:Hezbollah
283:) and by
195:SMArt 155
158:unit for
923:June 20,
917:Archived
913:BBC News
888:Archived
859:Archived
830:Archived
773:Archived
735:Archived
656:Archived
630:Archived
623:Stratfor
602:Archived
575:Archived
477:26 March
468:Archived
440:archived
385:See also
271:against
234:—
132:howitzer
124:tantalum
96:MPB mine
1022:Bibcode
210:NASM-SR
181:), the
175:BLU-108
110:jet of
58:, or a
1082:
1069:
1056:
767:
411:TMRP-6
261:copper
203:TOW-2B
201:, the
191:SADARM
189:, the
185:, the
171:CBU-97
128:SADARM
1121:Bombs
709:Salon
652:Wired
471:(PDF)
464:(PDF)
396:MAHEM
320:cable
68:armor
1080:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1054:ISBN
999:2022
973:2022
925:2018
807:link
800:help
765:ISSN
664:2008
610:2010
505:2007
479:2018
289:IEDs
221:Mach
173:and
54:, a
36:USAF
1030:doi
379:HMX
291:by
255:An
48:EFP
42:An
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1018:84
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