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attitude chosen for this mission and a direction in which the magnetic field was never oriented. The scalar magnetometer's basic accuracy was on the order of 0.5 nT. A period count system converted the magnetometer output frequency to a digital word acceptable to the spacecraft telemetry system. This digital data had a resolution and accuracy of between 0.5 and 1.0 nT in the range 1.5E4 to 6.4E4 nT. Most of the time, noise on the spacecraft resulted in operation of only one sensor at a time. Eight total magnetic field strength measurements were obtained every second.
94:
486:
data-handling, power, communications, command, and attitude-control subsystems to support the instrument module. The base module complete with its subsystems was composed of residual Small
Astronomy Satellite (SAS-C) hardware. The magnetometers were deployed after launch to a position 6 m (20 ft) behind the spacecraft. At this distance, the influence of magnetic materials from the instrument and base module (chiefly from the star cameras) was less than 1
444:. The satellite carried two magnetometers, a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer for determining the strength and direction of magnetic fields, and an ion-vapor/vector magnetometer for determining the magnetic field caused by the vector magnetometer itself. Magsat is considered to be one of the more important Science/Earth-orbiting satellites launched; the data it accumulated is still being used, particularly in linking new satellite data to past observations.
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of 578.40 km (359.40 mi). After reaching orbit, its telescoping boom was extended outward by 6 m (20 ft). Two-star cameras were used to define the position of the spacecraft relative to Earth. The orbit allowed the satellite to map a majority of the Earth's surfaces except the
464:
The Magsat project was a joint NASA/USGS effort to measure near-Earth magnetic fields on a global basis. Objectives included obtaining an accurate description of the Earth's magnetic field, obtaining data for use in the update and refinement of world and regional magnetic charts, compilation of a
638:
The scalar magnetometer had two dual-cell, cesium-vapor sensor heads whose output frequency was proportional to the total magnetic field. With this sensor configuration, only two small diamond-shaped dead zones existed. These lay along the orbit normal (the East-West direction) for the orbit and
534:
rotated underneath. It was kept in a close Earth orbit, with vector magnetometers capable of sensing magnetic fields closer to Earth's surface. The data collected by this satellite allowed a 3D mapping of the Earth's magnetic interior as never seen before. In combination with a later satellite,
647:
The vector magnetometer consisted of three fluxgate sensing elements aligned along orthogonal axes. The output of each vector sensor was converted to a digital word by an analog-to-digital converter. The outputs of all these axes were sampled essentially at the same time. Sixteen vectors were
656:
Magsat was not without problems. One of the biggest is that the motion of a metallic object tends to create a magnetic field. One study after the mission found a nonlinear fluxgate response when exposed to fields greater than 5000 mT. The applied field had to be transverse to the axis of the
485:
The
Explorer 61 was launched into a low, near-polar, orbit by the Scout vehicle. The basic spacecraft was made up of two distinct parts: the instrument module that contained a vector and a scalar magnetometer and their unique supporting gear; and the base module that contained the necessary
2327:
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magnetometer. The design was improved by creating a feedback relay over a spherical design. This was the design used on later spacecraft, as the Ørsted satellite. This configuration magnetometer was also later used on the
648:
measured per second. Each vector measurement had a resolution of better than 1 nT and an absolute accuracy of better than 6 nT rms when referenced to a geocentric coordinate system. The measurement range was ± 6.4E4 nT.
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gave Magsat a capability beyond that of any previous spacecraft. Extended by a telescoping boom, the magnetometers were distanced from the magnetic field created by the satellite and its
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Primdahl, F.; H. Luhr and E. K. Lauridsen, The Effect of Large
Uncompensated Transverse Fields on the Fluxgate Magnetic Sensor Output, Danish Space Research Institute Report 1-92, 1992
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CMOS microprocessor. The RCA 1802 was chosen based on various criteria, including the 1802 CMOS technology being power efficient by two orders of magnitude compared to the
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2117:
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555:(JHU/APL) report, and archival NASA source documentation (Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, July–September 1980, Vol. 1, No. 3), the Magsat spacecraft utilized two
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Acuna, M. H.; MAGSAT – Vector
Magnetometer Absolute Sensor Alignment Determination. September 1981 NASA technical Memorandum 79648 Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
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of the 1802 and lack thereof in the 6800 and 8080, and other 1802-based functioning and features. Software for the project was developed with an in-house
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chips of the CDP 1800 family of circuits were also used, including the CDP 1852 interface circuit and the CDP 1822 1K x 1 RAM, as well as Harris
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microprocessors, compatibility with the existing power supply of the satellite and the low-power requirements of CMOS, the
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Hulot G.; Eymin C.; Langlais B.; Mandea M.; Olsen N. (April 2002). "Small-scale structure of the geodynamo inferred from
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global crustal magnetic anomaly map, and interpretation of that map in terms of geologic/geophysical models of the
211:
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490:. Sixteen complete vector magnetic field measurements and eight scalar measurements were obtained every second.
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539:, it has been an essential component for explaining the current declining state of the Earth's magnetic field.
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424:(United States Geological Survey) spacecraft, launched on 30 October 1979. The mission was to map the
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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bearing 96.80° in a dusk to dawn orbit. The spacecraft was placed in an orbit with a
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Three families of circuits were considered for the computer system design: two
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Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
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836:
578:(RAM) provided the program and working space for the microprocessor. Other
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957:"Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest July–September 1980, Vol. 1, No. 3"
662:
618:
433:
526:
After launch the payload was brought to an orbit of 96.80° facing the
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4259:
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246:
4589:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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325:
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1093:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1064:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1045:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1013:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
981:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
933:"Space Programs – The Microprocessor-Based MAGSAT Command System"
917:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
810:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
745:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3518:
1989:
1615:
1293:
1119:
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 4, PAGES 243–245, 1982
583:
417:
70:
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1148:
527:
825:
MAGSAT — A new satellite to survey the Earth's magnetic field
1106:
Langel R.; Ousley G.; Berbert J.; Murphy J. and Settle M.
460:, data created by satellites with sensitive magnetometers.
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clock speed in a redundant setup. A stored memory of 2.8
671:, which arrived at the planet Jupiter in the 2010s.
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2470:
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2310:
2301:
2228:
2219:
2097:
2056:
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2027:
2020:
2013:
1975:
1968:
1840:
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1180:
827:
1980 IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics 16 (5): 758–760
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135:
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114:
101:
80:
66:
56:
38:
3640:
679:The satellite decayed from orbit on 11 June 1980.
903:NASA AND USGS MAGNETIC DATABASE "ROCKS" THE WORLD
823:Mobley F, Eckard L, Fountain G, and Ousley G. –
498:On 30 October 1979, Magsat was launched from pad
1175:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
837:Vandenberg AFB Launch History. The Space Archive
3644:
3648:
3419:
4585:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
3880:
2989:
1160:
8:
728:"Trajectory: Explorer 61 (Magsat) 1979-094A"
722:
720:
21:
617:-generated 1802 cross-assembler running on
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3024:
2996:
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2974:
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2707:
2623:
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2225:
2053:
2024:
2017:
1972:
1691:
1452:
1443:
1167:
1153:
1145:
760:"History of Vector Magnetometers in Space"
518:of 351.90 km (218.66 mi) and an
92:
20:
793:"Display: Explorer 61 (Magsat) 1979-094A"
787:
785:
783:
781:
716:
16:NASA satellite of the Explorer program
7:
2958:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
3014:List of Explorers Program missions
14:
3840:indicates active current missions
1028:"Experiment: Vector Magnetometer"
996:"Experiment: Scalar Magnetometer"
3772:
1132:
1088:
1059:
1040:
1008:
976:
912:
805:
740:
689:
27:
3852:indicate missions yet to launch
2927:International Lunar Observatory
1738:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
406:Applications Explorer Mission-C
330:578.40 km (359.40 mi)
320:351.90 km (218.66 mi)
48:Applications Explorer Mission-C
104:
33:Explorer 61 (Magsat) satellite
1:
2873:High Resolution Stereo Camera
931:Lew, Ark L. (February 1980).
543:Computers and data processing
157:Applications Explorer Mission
3846:indicates cancelled missions
852:and Magsat satellite data".
4617:Spacecraft launched in 1979
1804:Radiation Budget Instrument
166:Goddard Space Flight Center
4633:
2130:Infrared Space Observatory
553:Applied Physics Laboratory
4579:
3919:
3833:
3770:
3011:
908:15 September 2011 at the
601:microprocessors) and the
504:Vandenberg Air Force Base
370:
363:
354:
285:
281:
264:
260:
197:
193:
175:158 kg (348 lb)
126:
122:
52:
26:
2953:Inertial Stellar Compass
2318:Raman Laser Spectrometer
549:Johns Hopkins University
428:, the satellite had two
402:Magnetic field Satellite
147:Magnetic field Satellite
2948:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2207:Venus Emissivity Mapper
1030:. NASA. 28 October 2021
998:. NASA. 28 October 2021
795:. NASA. 28 October 2021
730:. NASA. 28 October 2021
458:Earth's magnetic fields
210:30 October 1979, 14:16
4607:Geomagnetic satellites
482:
461:
426:Earth's magnetic field
3944:Meteor-Priroda No.2-3
2963:Plasma Wave Subsystem
2074:Multispectral Scanner
1398:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1202:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
625:mainframe computers.
480:
455:
295:Reference system
131:Spacecraft properties
118:7.5 months (achieved)
3903:Orbital launches in
1931:Mars Climate Orbiter
1573:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
1141:at Wikimedia Commons
576:random-access memory
2888:Mars Orbiter Camera
1115:6 June 2011 at the
866:2002Natur.416..620H
643:Vector Magnetometer
634:Scalar Magnetometer
611:radiation hardening
580:integrated circuits
574:with 1 kilobyte of
387:Dynamics Explorer 1
366:Vector Magnetometer
364:Scalar Magnetometer
23:
3190:25 (Injun 4, IE-B)
2866:Imagers/telescopes
2014:Spectrophotometers
1109:The MAGSAT Mission
697:Spaceflight portal
523:geographic poles.
483:
462:
382:Explorer 60 (SAGE)
290:Orbital parameters
4612:Explorers Program
4594:
4593:
3862:
3861:
3829:
3828:
3768:
3767:
3275:42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)
3005:Explorers Program
2971:
2970:
2908:Rosalind Franklin
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2817:Rosalind Franklin
2792:Mass spectrometer
2786:
2785:
2722:Rosalind Franklin
2696:
2695:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2555:
2554:
2463:Triaxial fluxgate
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2322:Rosalind Franklin
2297:
2296:
2221:UV-visible (UVVS)
2215:
2214:
2111:Rosalind Franklin
2049:Visible-IR (VIRS)
2043:
2042:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1964:
1963:
1683:
1682:
1495:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1137:Media related to
860:(6881): 620–623.
675:Atmospheric entry
395:
394:
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3435:
3421:
3025:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2809:(Europa Clipper)
2797:
2758:(on ExoMars TGO)
2708:
2702:Neutral particle
2624:
2617:
2566:
2468:
2454:(Europa Clipper)
2359:
2308:
2226:
2054:
2025:
2018:
1973:
1969:Ultraviolet (UV)
1692:
1688:Infrared-visible
1453:
1444:
1169:
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1155:
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1136:
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828:
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789:
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773:
771:
762:. Archived from
756:
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744:
743:
739:
737:
735:
724:
705:Explorer program
699:
694:
693:
692:
481:Sketch of Magsat
374:Explorer program
316:Perigee altitude
299:Geocentric orbit
202:Start of mission
115:Mission duration
106:
97:
96:
90:
31:
24:
4632:
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4627:
4626:
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4623:
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4621:
4597:
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4595:
4590:
4575:
4566:Gorizont No.13L
4290:Gorizont No.12L
4215:Molniya-3 No.21
3985:Zenit-2M No.131
3939:Molniya-3 No.23
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3414:
3016:
3007:
3002:
2972:
2967:
2936:
2919:
2913:
2892:
2861:
2822:
2782:
2692:
2654:
2612:
2598:
2593:Cassini–Huygens
2580:
2551:
2495:Cassini–Huygens
2482:
2457:
2391:
2340:
2293:
2241:Mariner 6 and 7
2211:
2157:Mariner 6 and 7
2093:
2039:
2021:Long wavelength
2001:
1960:
1889:Mariner 6 and 7
1836:
1765:MESSR and VTIR
1679:
1649:Electra (radio)
1643:Cassini-Huygens
1630:
1433:
1283:Cassini–Huygens
1261:
1189:Cassini–Huygens
1176:
1173:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1117:Wayback Machine
1105:
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1021:
1009:
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966:. NASA Archives
959:
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913:
910:Wayback Machine
901:
897:
874:10.1038/416620a
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769:
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741:
733:
731:
726:
725:
718:
713:
695:
690:
688:
685:
677:
654:
645:
636:
631:
562:running at a 2-
560:microprocessors
547:According to a
545:
496:
475:
450:
391:
390:
384:
377:
365:
326:Apogee altitude
309:Low Earth orbit
256:30 October 1979
253:Entered service
144:Spacecraft type
91:
86:
47:
45:
43:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4630:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4580:
4577:
4576:
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4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:Interkosmos 20
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
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4411:
4406:
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4396:
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4349:
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4339:
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4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
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4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
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4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
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4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
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4030:
4028:Interkosmos 19
4025:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
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3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
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3626:
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3612:
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3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
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3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3470:85–89 (THEMIS)
3466:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:52 (Hawkeye 1)
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:44 (Solrad 10)
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2800:Interplanetary
2794:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2714:
2712:
2711:Interplanetary
2705:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2659:Interplanetary
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2585:Interplanetary
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2487:Interplanetary
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2396:Interplanetary
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2314:
2312:
2311:Interplanetary
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2229:Interplanetary
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2186:Europa Clipper
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2098:Interplanetary
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2028:Interplanetary
2022:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1841:Interplanetary
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
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1753:
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1723:
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1684:
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1680:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1635:Interplanetary
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1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
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1424:
1417:
1412:
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1400:
1395:
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1376:
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1362:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1294:ExoMars lander
1291:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1127:External links
1125:
1122:
1121:
1099:
1079:
1070:
1051:
1019:
987:
948:
923:
895:
840:
829:
816:
777:
766:on 20 May 2012
751:
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707:
701:
700:
684:
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673:
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650:
644:
641:
635:
632:
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627:
593:families (the
544:
541:
495:
492:
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471:
449:
446:
432:. The scalar (
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371:
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269:End of mission
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4537:
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4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Meteor-2 No.7
4509:
4507:
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4143:
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4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
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4111:
4109:
4106:
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4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Meteor-2 No.4
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4024:
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4019:
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3682:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:76 (TERRIERS)
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3333:
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3258:
3256:
3253:
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3250:37 (Solrad 9)
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3236:
3233:
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3215:30 (Solrad 8)
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2739:Venus Express
2736:ASPERA-4 (on
2735:
2732:
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2727:ASPERA-3 (on
2726:
2723:
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2625:
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2620:Ion detectors
2618:
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2609:
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2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
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2546:Venus Express
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2200:
2198:
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2172:
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2167:
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2147:
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2137:
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2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
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2112:
2108:
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2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
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2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
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1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
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1932:
1928:
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1821:
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1814:
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1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1786:(Terra, Aqua)
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1772:
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1501:
1500:DMSP 5D-2/F16
1498:
1496:
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1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
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1466:
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1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
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1418:
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1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:Venus Express
1406:
1404:
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1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
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1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1267:Radio science
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
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1248:
1245:
1243:
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1230:
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1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1183:
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1170:
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1163:
1158:
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1151:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:public domain
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:public domain
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:public domain
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:public domain
997:
991:
988:
984:
983:public domain
965:
964:Johns Hopkins
958:
952:
949:
934:
927:
924:
920:
919:public domain
911:
907:
904:
899:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
841:
838:
833:
830:
826:
820:
817:
813:
812:public domain
794:
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
765:
761:
755:
752:
748:
747:public domain
729:
723:
721:
717:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
687:
682:
680:
674:
672:
670:
669:
664:
660:
651:
649:
642:
640:
633:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Motorola 6800
592:
587:
586:6611A PROMs.
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
542:
540:
538:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
479:
472:
470:
468:
467:Earth's crust
459:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
438:magnetometers
436:) and vector
435:
431:
430:magnetometers
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389: →
388:
383:
380:←
376:
375:
369:
362:
357:
353:
350:93.90 minutes
349:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
100:
95:
89:
85:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
61:Space physics
59:
55:
51:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
4586:
4582:
4491:Molniya-1-45
4478:
4464:Ekran No.17L
4351:
4337:Molniya-1-44
4329:
4145:Gran' No.15L
4125:Molniya-1-43
4112:
4015:
4001:Ekran No.16L
3983:
3849:
3838:Green titles
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3684:82 (CHIPSat)
3628:
3621:
3614:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3265:40 (Injun 5)
3160:S-66A (BE-A)
2918:Astronomical
2907:
2904:MicrOmega-IR
2854:
2847:
2844:(on InSight)
2835:Seismometers
2816:
2775:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2730:Mars Express
2728:
2721:
2685:
2591:
2561:Helium vapor
2544:
2537:
2530:
2493:
2439:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2354:Magnetometer
2333:Perseverance
2332:
2321:
2286:
2279:
2252:
2245:
2161:
2139:
2135:
2110:
1953:
1946:
1922:
1915:
1893:
1850:Schiaparelli
1848:
1847:COMARS+ (on
1762:Kanopus-V-IK
1672:
1664:
1653:
1641:
1426:
1419:
1407:
1390:
1383:
1371:
1364:
1359:Mars Express
1357:
1315:
1298:
1281:
1274:
1194:
1187:
1108:
1102:
1082:
1073:
1054:
1032:. Retrieved
1022:
1000:. Retrieved
990:
968:. Retrieved
963:
951:
939:. Retrieved
926:
898:
857:
853:
843:
832:
819:
797:. Retrieved
768:. Retrieved
764:the original
754:
732:. Retrieved
678:
666:
659:magnetometer
655:
646:
637:
588:
546:
525:
497:
484:
463:
434:Cesium vapor
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
372:
277:11 June 1980
184:Solar panels
162:Manufacturer
139:Explorer LXI
73: /
57:Mission type
18:
4571:Kosmos 1148
4551:Kosmos 1147
4541:Kosmos 1146
4536:Kosmos 1145
4521:Kosmos 1144
4501:Kosmos 1143
4496:Kosmos 1142
4486:Kosmos 1141
4474:Kosmos 1140
4469:Kosmos 1139
4454:Kosmos 1138
4449:Kosmos 1137
4444:Kosmos 1136
4439:Kosmos 1135
4434:Kosmos 1134
4429:Kosmos 1133
4424:Kosmos 1132
4419:Kosmos 1131
4414:Kosmos 1130
4409:Kosmos 1129
4399:Kosmos 1128
4394:Kosmos 1127
4389:Kosmos 1126
4384:Kosmos 1125
4379:Kosmos 1124
4374:Kosmos 1123
4369:Kosmos 1122
4364:Kosmos 1121
4359:Kosmos 1120
4342:Kosmos 1119
4325:Kosmos 1118
4320:Kosmos 1117
4315:Kosmos 1116
4310:Kosmos 1115
4305:Kosmos 1114
4300:Kosmos 1113
4295:Kosmos 1112
4285:Kosmos 1111
4280:Kosmos 1110
4265:Kosmos 1109
4255:Kosmos 1108
4250:Kosmos 1107
4245:Kosmos 1106
4235:Kosmos 1105
4205:Kosmos 1104
4200:Kosmos 1103
4190:Kosmos 1102
4185:Kosmos 1101
4180:Kosmos 1100
4175:Kosmos 1099
4170:Kosmos 1098
4155:Kosmos 1097
4150:Kosmos 1096
4140:Kosmos 1095
4135:Kosmos 1094
4130:Kosmos 1093
4120:Kosmos 1092
4108:Kosmos 1091
4103:Kosmos 1090
4098:Kosmos 1089
4083:Kosmos 1088
4078:Kosmos 1087
4073:Kosmos 1086
4068:Kosmos 1085
4063:Kosmos 1084
4058:Kosmos 1083
4053:Kosmos 1082
4048:Kosmos 1081
4043:Kosmos 1080
4023:Kosmos 1079
4006:Kosmos 1078
3979:Kosmos 1077
3974:Kosmos 1076
3969:Kosmos 1075
3959:Kosmos 1074
3949:Kosmos 1073
3934:Kosmos 1072
3929:Kosmos 1071
3924:Kosmos 1070
3844:Grey titles
3672:79 (HETE-2)
3588:93 (NuSTAR)
3563:81 (RHESSI)
3538:68 (SAMPEX)
3380:61 (Magsat)
3355:56 (ISEE-1)
3245:36 (GEOS-B)
3210:29 (GEOS-A)
2920:instruments
2897:Microscopes
1563:Meteor-M2-1
1552:Meteor-3M-1
1034:22 November
1002:22 November
799:22 November
734:22 November
629:Experiments
603:RCA CDP1802
442:electronics
414:Explorer 61
359:Instruments
336:Inclination
229:Launch site
207:Launch date
172:Launch mass
42:Explorer 61
4601:Categories
4270:Progress 7
4230:Bhaskara 1
4165:Progress 6
4038:Progress 5
3568:83 (GALEX)
3548:73 (TRACE)
3512:HelioSwarm
3463:84 (Swift)
3445:78 (IMAGE)
3330:53 (SAS-C)
3315:50 (IMP-J)
3310:49 (RAE-B)
3305:48 (SAS-B)
3300:47 (IMP-H)
3290:45 (SSS-A)
3280:43 (IMP-I)
3270:41 (IMP-G)
3255:38 (RAE-A)
3240:35 (IMP-E)
3235:34 (IMP-F)
3230:33 (IMP-D)
3220:31 (DME-A)
3205:28 (IMP-C)
3195:26 (EPE-D)
3180:23 (S-55C)
3170:21 (IMP-B)
3150:18 (IMP-A)
3140:16 (S-55B)
3135:15 (EPE-C)
3130:14 (EPE-B)
3125:13 (S-55A)
3120:12 (EPE-A)
3035:Explorer 1
2627:Near-Earth
2569:Near-Earth
2539:Pioneer 11
2471:Near-Earth
2409:Pioneer 10
2362:Near-Earth
2247:Mariner 10
2057:Near-Earth
1976:Near-Earth
1929:PMIRR (on
1917:Pioneer 10
1895:Mariner 10
1817:Sentinel-3
1695:Near-Earth
1586:Sentinel-3
1557:MTVZA-GYa
1520:Kanopus-ST
1469:Sentinel-6
1456:Near-Earth
1439:Radiometer
1289:Europa-UVS
711:References
599:Intel 8080
508:California
473:Spacecraft
274:Decay date
243:Contractor
233:Vandenberg
136:Spacecraft
4583:underline
4556:Soyuz T-1
3789:Proposals
3782:Proposals
3662:72 (SNOE)
3609:97 (IXPE)
3595:94 (IRIS)
3581:91 (IBEX)
3558:75 (WIRE)
3553:74 (SWAS)
3543:70 (FAST)
3491:96 (ICON)
3484:95 (TESS)
3477:92 (WISE)
3450:80 (WMAP)
3440:77 (FUSE)
3428:69 (RXTE)
3410:67 (EUVE)
3405:66 (COBE)
3390:63 (DE-2)
3385:62 (DE-1)
3375:60 (SAGE)
3365:58 (HCMM)
3340:55 (AE-E)
3335:54 (AE-D)
3320:51 (AE-C)
3260:39 (AD-C)
3225:32 (AE-B)
3200:27 (BE-C)
3185:24 (AD-B)
3175:22 (BE-B)
3165:20 (IE-A)
3155:19 (AD-A)
3145:17 (AE-A)
3105:11 (S-15)
3090:9 (S-56A)
3028:1958–1992
2932:MoonLIGHT
2770:Mariner 2
2750:Curiosity
2676:Mariner 2
2613:detectors
2532:MESSENGER
2511:Mariner 2
2423:Voyager 1
2281:Voyager 1
2254:MESSENGER
2163:MESSENGER
2148:(on Juno)
2136:Voyager 1
2079:SCIAMACHY
1948:Voyager 1
1911:2M No.522
1906:2M No.521
1827:Suomi NPP
1655:Mariner 2
1560:Meteor-M2
1547:, MOS-1b)
1448:Microwave
1421:Voyager 1
1379:Pioneer 7
1366:MESSENGER
1323:Mariner 2
568:kilobytes
512:Scout G-1
222:Scout G-1
188:batteries
88:1979-094A
82:COSPAR ID
4546:Satcom 3
4531:OPS 9444
4526:OPS 9443
4459:OPS 1948
4347:Westar 3
4240:OPS 7484
4225:OPS 5390
4220:Soyuz 34
4195:OPS 7164
4160:OPS 6292
4114:Soyuz 33
4093:OPS 6675
4088:OPS 3854
4017:Soyuz 32
3678:INTEGRAL
3574:90 (AIM)
3434:71 (ACE)
3400:65 (CCE)
3395:64 (SME)
3370:59 (ICE)
3360:57 (IUE)
3295:46 (MTS)
3070:7 (S-1A)
3021:Missions
2849:Viking 1
2768:SPS (on
2718:ADRON-RM
2704:detector
2671:ASPERA-4
2666:ASPERA-3
2611:Particle
2374:QuakeSat
2174:E-THEMIS
1937:Venera 9
1779:Meteor-2
1757:ADEOS II
1569:Nimbus 7
1515:GPM Core
1482:ADEOS II
1415:Venera 9
1403:Sakigake
1317:Magellan
1276:Akatsuki
1227:Venera 4
1196:Magellan
1113:Archived
906:Archived
882:11948347
683:See also
665:orbiter
652:Critique
557:RCA 1802
456:Modeled
416:) was a
224:(S-203C)
67:Operator
44:Magsat-A
4587:italics
4480:Unnamed
4331:Unnamed
4210:Ariel 6
4011:Solwind
3996:Hakucho
3964:Ayame 1
3850:Italics
3796:FINESSE
3745:SunRISE
3623:TRACERS
3498:SPHEREx
3065:6 (S-2)
2777:Ulysses
2687:Ulysses
2648:Proba-2
2634:DEMETER
2385:Proba-2
2376:1 and 2
2328:SHERLOC
2118:MA-MISS
1995:Proba-2
1901:Mars 96
1884:Luna 13
1871:InSight
1857:Diviner
1831:NOAA-21
1815:SLSTR (
1740:NOAA-20
1731:AVNIR-2
1674:Rosetta
1626:Zond-PP
1575:Sich-1M
1550:MTVZA (
1510:Envisat
1489:Shizuku
1487:AMSR2 (
1467:AMR-C (
1306:InSight
1300:Galileo
890:4426588
862:Bibcode
663:Jupiter
661:of the
619:IBM 360
530:as the
516:perigee
448:Mission
103:SATCAT
4506:Magsat
4404:HEAO-3
4274:KRT-10
4260:NOAA-6
3954:SCATHA
3912:1980 →
3897:← 1978
3821:ESCAPE
3816:EXCEDE
3706:Hitomi
3694:Suzaku
3657:HETE-1
3350:DADE-B
3345:DADE-A
2910:rover)
2878:HiRISE
2819:rover)
2807:MASPEX
2763:Nozomi
2724:rover)
2506:Magsat
2501:FIELDS
2448:ICEMAG
2403:FIELDS
2324:rover)
2270:SPICAV
2265:SPICAM
2202:SPICAV
2197:SPICAM
2134:IRIS (
1984:EURECA
1810:GCOM-C
1808:SGLI (
1798:EURECA
1791:JERS-1
1581:Seasat
1534:MOPITT
1480:AMSR (
1477:(AQUA)
1475:AMSR-E
1373:Nozomi
1311:Kaguya
1257:WISDOM
1222:MARSIS
1217:SHARAD
1212:SELENE
1207:REASON
1139:Magsat
970:5 June
941:16 May
888:
880:
854:Nature
850:Ørsted
770:8 July
537:Ørsted
520:apogee
494:Launch
398:Magsat
346:Period
340:96.80°
305:Regime
247:Vought
218:Rocket
22:Magsat
4561:CAT-1
3991:AEM-2
3811:ASTRE
3806:OHMIC
3801:Arcus
3732:GUSTO
3726:XRISM
3712:NICER
3700:TWINS
3689:CINDI
3616:PUNCH
3420:MIDEX
3110:S-45A
3075:S-46A
2883:LORRI
2756:FREND
2576:Swarm
2478:Swarm
2335:rover
2303:Raman
2260:NOMAD
2236:Alice
2192:Ralph
2169:MERIS
2146:JIRAM
2113:rover
2105:AKARI
1982:ORI (
1823:VIIRS
1796:ORI (
1789:OPS (
1784:MODIS
1769:MOS-1
1755:GLI (
1736:CERES
1726:AVNIR
1715:Terra
1707:ASTER
1702:AVHRR
1621:WSF-M
1611:SSMIS
1606:SSM/I
1545:MOS-1
1543:MSR (
1538:Terra
1525:MIRAS
1181:Radar
960:(PDF)
936:(PDF)
886:S2CID
572:PROMs
532:Earth
510:on a
500:SLC-5
410:AEM-C
237:SLC-5
180:Power
110:11604
46:AEM-C
39:Names
3905:1979
3759:CASE
3752:EZIE
3719:GOLD
3641:UNEX
3630:COSI
3602:GEMS
3530:SMEX
3519:UVEX
3505:MUSE
3456:FAME
3115:S-55
3095:S-45
3085:S-56
2941:Misc
2842:SEIS
2813:MOMA
2748:(on
2643:DSLP
2641:and
2639:TPMU
2452:PIMS
2450:and
2441:Juno
2380:SGVM
2369:GOES
2184:(on
2182:SUDA
2178:MISE
2138:and
2123:ISEM
2089:TRMM
2069:MOMS
2064:CASE
1990:LYRA
1879:IRIS
1869:(on
1859:(on
1751:ERSS
1746:ERBS
1721:AIRS
1711:MISR
1666:Juno
1616:TRMM
1601:SMOS
1596:SMMR
1591:SMAP
1530:MISR
1505:ERSS
1463:AQUA
1343:6, 7
1036:2021
1004:2021
972:2016
943:2016
878:PMID
801:2021
772:2008
736:2021
668:Juno
607:NMOS
597:and
591:NMOS
584:CMOS
422:USGS
418:NASA
186:and
75:USGS
71:NASA
4353:RTP
3738:AWE
3060:S-1
2746:DAN
2681:SPS
2436:MAG
2275:UVS
2084:TES
2035:ISO
1867:HP3
1861:LRO
1661:MWR
870:doi
858:416
623:370
615:APL
570:in
564:MHz
528:Sun
506:in
502:at
412:or
408:or
212:UTC
153:Bus
105:no.
4603::
3645:MO
3100:10
2526:10
2416:11
2180:,
2176:,
1942:10
1924:11
1829:,
1773:1b
1709:,
1532:,
1392:11
1385:10
1353:10
1252:16
1247:15
1242:10
962:.
884:.
876:.
868:.
856:.
780:^
719:^
551:/
488:mT
469:.
420:/
404:,
235:,
4276:)
4272:(
3888:e
3881:t
3874:v
3649:I
3647:/
3643:/
3080:8
3055:5
3050:4
3045:3
3040:2
2997:e
2990:t
2983:v
2906:(
2856:2
2815:(
2772:)
2752:)
2742:)
2733:)
2720:(
2521:5
2516:4
2444:)
2438:(
2430:2
2337:)
2330:(
2320:(
2288:2
2188:)
2152:M
2142:)
2140:2
1986:)
1955:2
1933:)
1873:)
1863:)
1853:)
1833:)
1825:(
1819:)
1812:)
1800:)
1793:)
1759:)
1742:)
1717:)
1713:(
1669:)
1663:(
1577:)
1554:)
1540:)
1536:(
1491:)
1484:)
1471:)
1428:2
1348:9
1338:5
1333:4
1328:3
1237:9
1232:8
1168:e
1161:t
1154:v
1097:.
1068:.
1049:.
1038:.
1017:.
1006:.
985:.
974:.
945:.
921:.
892:.
872::
864::
814:.
803:.
774:.
749:.
738:.
621:/
400:(
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