372:. The union leading the strike was a splinter from FORA IX and called itself anarchist, though its links to FORA V were tenuous. On January 7, 1919, a shootout between strikers and police, troops, and firemen killed five. The police and troops then attacked the 200,000 workers at the funeral procession on killing at least thirty-nine and injuring many more. After the events of January 7, the FORA V immediately called for a general strike, but the work stoppage that followed was more of a result of the workers' outrage over the killings than of the anarchists' call. The general strike took place on January 11 to 12, but then subsided. Once again, the police, the military, and right-wing groups reacted with pogroms in working-class neighborhoods. Right-wing militants created the
345:
resolution which reversed its commitment to anarchist communism was passed, paving the way for the CORA unions to join. Only a minority in the FORA rejected this move. After the congress, this minority started a breakaway federation under the name FORA V, referring to the fifth congress, which the resolution for anarcho-communism was passed at. While the FORA IX had somewhere between 100,000 and 120,000 members, the anarchist FORA V had 10,000 at the most, though both figures are considered unreliable. The FORA V was strongest in the interior of the country, where most of the workers were native
Argentines.
194:
disagreed with the revolutionary syndicalists over the question of the unions' role after a revolution. While the anarcho-communists viewed labor unions as a by-product of capitalist society, which would have to be dissolved with the establishment of an anarchist society, the syndicalists viewed their unions' democratic structure as a model for the society they envisioned and wanted the unions to be the basis of such a new society. A series of strikes, many of them instigated by the anarchists, followed in 1905.
30:
2303:
521:, it replaced the old mainstream labor ideologies (including anarchism, socialism and communism), which never again regained their old importance among the working class. FORA, the traditional anarchist union, was closed as a result of this. In 1952, following the imprisonment and torture of several FORA members, anarchists of all factions launched a campaign to inform the public of this situation. After the
2291:
123:, in turn claimed organizations forced those working within them to become reformists and give up their revolutionary stance. Until his departure in 1889, Malatesta helped bridge this gap and minimize the tensions and rivalries between the two wings, but after he left, they broke out once again. The pro-organizers were strengthened in 1891 by the arrivals of the Spanish anarchist
62:
329:, passed as a reaction to the Falcón assassination, allowed the government to deny any foreigner who committed crimes punishable under Argentine law entry into the country, prohibited the entry of anarchists, banned groups disseminating anarchist propaganda, and granted local authorities the power to prohibit any public meetings which subversive ideas could be expressed at.
104:
281:(CORA), the successor of the General Workers' Union, however, pushed for confrontation and the anarchists were forced to follow suit. They threatened to call for a general strike on May 25, the day of the anniversary festivities. Therefore, the government once again declared martial law on May 13. Police arrested the editors of
148:
333:
517:(especially the socialist ones) became Peronist, and anarchist unions - which had already suffered a significant decline during the previous decade - lost all of their remaining strength. The anarchist representation in the labor movement became minimal. When Peronism became the mainstream ideology of the Argentine
348:
With the start of World War I in 1914, the conditions for the anarchist movement became even more unfavorable. The falling of wages and a net migration back to Europe created poor premises for any kind of labor activism and the anarchist FORA V struggled to adapt to this. After a railworkers' strike
289:
and FORA leaders. Meanwhile, right-wing militant youths attacked union offices and workers' clubs while the police ignored or even encouraged them. Because of this, the general strike was moved to May 18, but it was suppressed by the police and the right-wing militants. 1910 also saw the sentencing
484:
published a manifesto called "Eighteen Months of
Military Terror" about the repression they had endured. In this year the second Regional Anarchist Conference was held in Rosario - the first having taken place in Buenos Aires in 1922. It had been planned by anarchists imprisoned under Uriburu. The
344:
as advocated by the anarchists. Striving for labor unity, the CORA set up a fusion committee with some non-affiliated unions to push for a merger with the FORA. The majority of the FORA agreed, calling for the CORA to abolish itself and enter the FORA. At the April 1915 FORA congress, its ninth, a
197:
During this period the anarchist movement experienced rapid growth. 50 to 70% of the males in the working class were disenfranchised, because they were not native
Argentines. Hence the legal political framework was not an option for them and anarchism gained appeal. The movement's strength and its
193:
in 1904. In 1905, at the FORA's fifth congress, its adherence to anarchism was formalized. In a resolution, it declared that it should "inculcate in the workers the economic and philosophical principles of anarchocommunism". This resolution became the basic policy for the following years. The FORA
405:, reacted by executing some 1,500 people. Because of the remoteness of the region, the events did not become known in Buenos Aires at first. Once they did, the anarchist movement started a campaign against the "killer of Patagonia", as they called Varela. This led the
214:
163:(FOA), was founded. Although its founding principles were influenced by Paraire and Gori, it was at first a joint project with the socialists. In 1902, the first general strike in Argentine history took place. It led to the passing of the
77:
in either 1871 or 1872, but at first it was explicitly part of neither the
International's anarchist nor its Marxist wing. By 1879, there were several sections in Argentina, with anarchists in control of all of them. In 1876, adherents of
238:
organized by FORA. Several workers were killed. The anarchists responded by declaring a general strike leading the government to shut down the workers' centers and arrest 2,000 people. This strike lasted nine days. As the Chief of Police
251:
killed him and his secretary by throwing a bomb at the car they were in on
November 13. An unprecedented repression against the anarchist movement ensued. Martial law was declared and remained in place until January 1910. The offices of
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engaged in expropriations affiliated with the criminal world to fund the social revolution, publishing, and political prisoners. Expropriative anarchism peaked in the late 1920s and was suppressed after the 1930 military coup.
93:
581:. Although it shares the name with an anarchist organization from the 1930s, it's not considered as a continuation of it. Its public appearances emphasize the comeback of a "committed social anarchism."
297:
reports that in
Argentina "Among the workers that came from Europe in the 2 first decades of the century, there was curiously some stirnerian individualists influenced by the philosophy of
541:
The FACA became the
Argentine Libertarian Federation (FLA) in 1955, but like its predecessor organization was never able to gain a mass following. In 1985, the FLA replaced its newspaper
53:. The movement's theories were a hybrid of European anarchist thought and local elements, just as it consisted demographically of both European immigrant workers and native Argentines.
376:. The Jewish inhabitants of the workers' quarters especially became the victims of the attacks. In all, somewhere between 100 and 700 people died and around 4,000 were injured. The
277:, was founded in March, and the FORA planned protests against the Residence Law, but was somewhat hesitant as it scented a lack of militancy among workers. The moderate syndicalist
139:
under the title "Labor
Organization" advocating a dual organization concept: a militant labor federation for economic, and a genuinely anarchist organization for political matters.
267:
Although martial law was lifted in
January 1910, this year also saw the next major clash between the government and the anarchists. 1910 was the hundredth anniversary of the
325:
The events of 1909 and 1910 left the
Argentine anarchists fatigued. The movement's growth stalled as a result of state repression and the country's economic problems. The
189:(UGT), thus leaving the hegemony in the FOA to the anarchists. They renamed the union as Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA) as a sign of the organization's
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Meanwhile, the moderate syndicalist CORA grew in size as a result of its pragmatic approach, which included participating in negotiations with employers in place of
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of Simón Radowitzky. As a minor, he could not be sentenced to death, so he was condemned to life in Ushuaia. He would be pardoned and released from prison in 1930.
167:, which gave the government the power to deport "subversive foreigners". This law was used to expel hundreds of anarchists, while a great number of them fled to
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1590:
496:, which broke out in 1936, was an important topic for the Argentine anarchists. Various anarchists left to fight in the war and the FACA's official newspaper
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119:, wing advocating workers' organizations, deeming them the natural weapon for the anarchist struggle. The opponents of organizations, both communist and
2328:
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broke out in October 1917, the anarchists called for a futile general strike and received little support from the FORA IX. A meat-packers' strike in
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were arrested or killed within a year of Uriburu's ascension to power. Deciding it had become impossible to distribute the paper, the publishers of
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further perpetuated the decline of Argentine anarchism. From around 1920 on, the anarchists' influence in the trade unions was rather minor.
186:
84:
1975:
1804:
561:
In 2010, the Anarchist-Communist Federation of Argentina (FACA) was established by 3 groups: the Columna Libertaria Joaquin Penina from
1370:
Thompson, Ruth (1985). "The Limitations of Ideology in the Early Argentine Labour Movement: Anarchism in the Trade Unions, 1890—1920".
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45:. It was strongest between 1890 and the start of a series of military governments in 1930. During this period, it was dominated by
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The movement's decline continued nevertheless. It was intensified by both strife within the movement and government persecution.
160:
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1944:
1819:
1407:
Thompson, Ruth (1990), "Argentine Syndicalism: Reformism before Revolution", in van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.),
2005:
1435:"El vegetarianismo en la prensa anarquista rioplatense [Vegetarianism in the anarchist press of the Río de la Plata]"
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were raided and its machinery destroyed, as were the workers' centers. Within 48 hours thousands were arrested, many sent to
185:, the name under it which exists to this day. In the same year, the moderate wing of the FOA left the federation to form the
1506:
Woodcock, George (1986). "Various Traditions: Anarchism in Latin America, Northern Europe, Britain, and the United States".
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relationship to the state is demonstrated by the events on May 1, 1904. 70,000 anarchist workers marched in the streets of
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in the 1920s saw an increase in bombings and expropriations, though denounced by other anarchist leaders. Anarchists like
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573:. Its main fronts of public social struggles were the unionized and the unemployed worker movements. Its ideology was
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of 1810, which led to Argentine independence. Anarchist agitation was on the rise, a new anarchist daily newspaper,
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2079:
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207:
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During this time the Argentine anarchist movement was split over the question of organization. There was a, mostly
688:"Inmigración e ideología anarquista. Protesta agitativa contrainstitucional y gráfica contestataria (1879 – 1940)"
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congress set up a regional committee for anarchist co-ordination, which eventually led to the founding of the
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While the City Sleeps: A History of Pistoleros, Policemen, and the Crime Beat in Buenos Aires Before Perón
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was in Argentina from 1885 to 1889. With his help, the first anarchist trade union was started in 1887:
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VII Jornadas de Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
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that overthrew Perón in 1955, anarchist periodicals reappeared openly once again, among them
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In December 1918, a strike broke out at the Vasena metalworks in the Buenos Aires suburbs of
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Simon, S. Fanny (February 1946). "Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism in South America".
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601:
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17:
301:, that saw syndicalism as a potential enemy of anarchist ideology. They established...
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became the first anarchist newspaper in the country. The well-known Italian anarchist
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533:. However, Argentine anarchism could never recover as a movement with popular roots.
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42:
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in 1898. In 1897, the proponents of trade unions also founded the weekly newspaper
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1180:/ Rock, historia y experiencias durante un 1º de Mayo anarquista en la plaza López
831:
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897:
1297:
627:
578:
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210:'s government, the demonstration ended in the death of Juan Ocampo, a teenager.
128:
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Paradoxes of Utopia: Anarchist Culture and Politics in Buenos Aires, 1890–1910
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The first Argentine anarchist groups appeared in the 1870s. A section of the
1325:
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456:(USA) in 1922, went underground immediately. A number of distributors of
452:. The anarchist FORA, the sole FORA since the FORA IX was renamed as the
147:
1362:
569:, and the Columna Libertaria Buenaventura Durruti from the west of the
562:
481:
385:
350:
257:
227:
199:
172:
1568:
1270:
Morse, Chuck (2009). "Anarchism, Argentina". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).
558:-based Columna Libertaria Joaquin Penina celebrated May Day in 2008.
94:
Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistencia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos
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1250:
Colombo, Eduardo (1971), "Anarchism in Argentina and Uruguay", in
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331:
212:
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102:
60:
28:
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ceased making it and disseminated an underground newspaper named
1483:. Translated by Morse, Chuck. Edinburgh; Oakland, CA: AK Press.
244:
2137:
1572:
82:'s ideals founded the Center for Workers' Propaganda. In 1879,
1161:/ Jóvenes anarquistas revivirán el primer acto del 1º de Mayo
1055:(in Spanish). Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch. p. XLIII.
902:(in Spanish). Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch. p. CLVII.
565:, the Columna Libertaria Errico Malatesta from the city of
1306:
Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe
1549:
Santiago Juan-Navarro's article on Pierre Quiroule's work
1272:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
1130:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
317:, that defined itself as 'Publicación individualista'".
1508:
Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements
1409:
Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective
1264:, Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, pp. 211–244
448:
starting a series of military governments known as the
721:
719:
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1553:
Website of the FLA (Argentine Libertarian Federation)
135:. In 1900, Paraire published a series of articles in
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2042:
2021:
1953:
1772:
1649:
1606:
860:
858:
264:. Non-Argentine activists were generally deported.
309:, to the number of 20. In 1911 there appeared, in
206:' total population was of 900,000). Proscribed by
1565:scans of periodicals housed in the FLA's archive.
710:El anarquismo y el movimiento obrero en Argentina
175:only to reenter the country afterwards. In 1903,
875:
873:
413:to assassinate the colonel on January 23, 1923.
1274:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–5.
468:instead. After martial law was lifted in 1932,
1510:(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
2149:
1584:
1411:, Aldershot: Scolar Press, pp. 167–183,
243:was widely blamed for the killing, the young
8:
2268:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
502:published special editions dedicated to it.
401:led by anarchists. The army, led by Colonel
357:led by the anarchists was defeated in 1918.
1341:(1). Durham: Duke University Press: 38–59.
996:. University of California Press. pp.
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662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
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2142:
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1591:
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1302:"The Uniqueness of Anarchism in Argentina"
1098:The revolutionary left in Spain, 1914-1923
827:"Después de anoche, sólo me queda Marlene"
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1100:. Stanford University Press. p. 28.
279:Argentine Regional Workers' Confederation
966:
954:
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785:
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73:was founded in the Argentine capital of
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1335:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1312:(1). Tel Aviv: University of Tel Aviv.
1083:
1032:
1020:
978:
864:
849:
809:
797:
749:
725:
638:
487:Argentine Anarcho-Communist Federation
930:
879:
773:
737:
645:
596:List of anarchist movements by region
509:came to power. With the emergence of
7:
674:
545:with a new political journal called
436:Infamous Decade and Perón government
1560:cited in the Anarchist Encyclopedia
1199:Valverde, Eduardo (30 April 2011).
1096:Meaker, Gerald H. (November 1974).
305:that in 1912 came to, according to
96:. In 1890, another anarchist organ
41:was the strongest such movement in
33:Anarchist demonstration around 1900
25:
1541:History of Anarchism in Argentina
1372:Journal of Latin American Studies
1224:Stampella, Sebastián (May 2011).
444:came to power in Argentina via a
2329:Political movements in Argentina
2301:
2289:
1433:Stavisky, Sebastián (May 2023).
1280:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0040
1138:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0040
613:December 2001 riots in Argentina
143:FORA founding and radicalization
1128:(ed.). "Anarchism, Argentina".
1052:El Anarquismo en América Latina
899:El Anarquismo en América Latina
393:From 1920 to 1922, there was a
336:FORA demonstration around 1915
293:Argentine anarchist historian
1:
1547:The Anarchist City of America
1201:"Herederos de Joaquín Penina"
591:Category:Argentine anarchists
161:Argentine Workers' Federation
1439:Revista de Historia Regional
1232:(in Spanish). Archived from
1209:(in Spanish). Archived from
157:national labor confederation
39:Argentine anarchist movement
454:Argentine Syndicates' Union
226:In 1909, police fired on a
155:In 1901, Argentina's first
2350:
2164:Anarchism in South America
374:Argentine Patriotic League
1384:10.1017/S0022216X00004041
1226:"Rosario Sin Dios ni Amo"
222:Major clashes with police
100:started its publication.
686:Moroziuk, Lidia (2007).
537:More recent developments
127:in 1891 and the Italian
121:individualist anarchists
2110:Individualist anarchism
575:revolutionary socialist
472:, the anarchist weekly
18:Expropriative anarchism
2324:Anarchism in Argentina
1805:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1479:Suriano, Juan (2010).
1452:10.19137/qs.v27i2.6336
992:Caimari, Lila (2017).
608:Socialism in Argentina
440:On September 6, 1931,
419:The rise of Argentine
390:
337:
218:
187:General Workers' Union
152:
112:
66:
34:
1047:Cappelletti, Ángel J.
894:Cappelletti, Ángel J.
708:Oved, Iaacov (1978).
476:, and FORA unions in
388:
335:
327:Law of Social Defense
230:demonstration in the
216:
150:
107:The first edition of
106:
64:
32:
2334:Anarchism by country
571:Greater Buenos Aires
429:Severino Di Giovanni
411:Kurt Gustav Wilckens
389:Kurt Gustav Wilckens
51:anarcho-syndicalists
47:anarchist communists
1600:Anarchism by region
505:In 1946, President
117:communist anarchist
71:First International
1976:Dominican Republic
1185:2012-03-07 at the
1166:2009-05-08 at the
1086:, pp. 221–222
1023:, pp. 220–221
981:, pp. 219–220
969:, pp. 175–176
945:, pp. 173–174
852:, pp. 218–219
788:, pp. 168–169
728:, pp. 215–216
442:José Félix Uriburu
391:
338:
219:
177:La Protesta Humana
153:
137:La Protesta Humana
133:La Protesta Humana
113:
109:La Protesta Humana
67:
35:
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2276:
2249:other territories
2131:
2130:
1517:978-0-14-022697-3
1490:978-1-84935-006-8
1289:978-1-4051-9807-3
1045:Rama, Carlos M.;
1007:978-0-520-28943-7
892:Rama, Carlos M.;
800:, pp. 217–18
543:Acción Libertaria
531:Acción Libertaria
499:Acción Libertaria
494:Spanish Civil War
313:, the periodical
295:Ángel Cappelletti
16:(Redirected from
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2306:
2305:
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2257:Falkland Islands
2171:Sovereign states
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1236:on 30 July 2011.
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933:, pp. 44–45
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643:
513:, more and more
489:(FACA) in 1935.
395:peasant uprising
262:Tierra del Fuego
249:Simón Radowitzky
217:Simón Radowitzky
191:internationalism
90:Errico Malatesta
65:Errico Malatesta
21:
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2017:
1949:
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1543:from R.A. Forum
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1426:Further reading
1419:
1406:
1369:
1347:10.2307/2507692
1332:
1296:
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1261:Anarchism Today
1252:Apter, David E.
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1187:Wayback Machine
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957:, p. 174
956:
955:Thompson 1990
951:
948:
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943:Thompson 1990
939:
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867:, p. 219
866:
861:
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812:, p. 227
811:
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786:Thompson 1990
782:
779:
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764:, p. 168
763:
762:Thompson 1990
758:
755:
752:, p. 216
751:
746:
743:
739:
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727:
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712:. p. 22.
711:
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548:El Libertario
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403:Héctor Varela
400:
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370:Nueva Pompeya
363:
360:
358:
356:
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342:direct action
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165:Residence Law
162:
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122:
118:
110:
105:
101:
99:
98:El perseguido
95:
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81:
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72:
63:
56:
54:
52:
48:
44:
43:South America
40:
31:
27:
19:
2245:Dependencies
2178:
2049:
1636:South Africa
1507:
1480:
1466:
1442:
1438:
1408:
1378:(1): 81–99.
1375:
1371:
1338:
1334:
1309:
1305:
1298:Oved, Yaacov
1271:
1259:
1244:Bibliography
1234:the original
1230:Cruz del Sur
1229:
1219:
1211:the original
1204:
1194:
1189:, La Capital
1175:
1170:, La Capital
1156:
1129:
1122:Morse, Chuck
1116:
1097:
1091:
1084:Colombo 1971
1079:
1051:
1040:
1033:Colombo 1971
1028:
1021:Colombo 1971
1016:
993:
986:
979:Colombo 1971
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
898:
887:
882:, p. 44
865:Colombo 1971
850:Colombo 1971
845:
837:Buenos Aires
830:
817:
810:Colombo 1971
805:
798:Colombo 1971
793:
781:
776:, p. 42
769:
757:
750:Colombo 1971
745:
740:, p. 39
733:
726:Colombo 1971
709:
703:
694:
681:
648:, p. 38
641:
600:
567:Buenos Aires
560:
553:
546:
542:
540:
530:
526:
523:violent coup
515:labor unions
504:
497:
491:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
439:
420:
418:
415:
392:
377:
367:
361:
347:
339:
324:
314:
292:
286:
282:
272:
266:
253:
241:Ramón Falcón
236:Buenos Aires
225:
204:Buenos Aires
196:
180:
176:
154:
136:
132:
114:
108:
97:
83:
75:Buenos Aires
68:
38:
36:
26:
2034:New Zealand
2011:Puerto Rico
1981:El Salvador
1930:Switzerland
1885:Netherlands
1739:Philippines
1445:(2): 1–17.
1256:Joll, James
628:Hotel Bauen
527:La Protesta
474:La Antorcha
470:La Protesta
462:La Protesta
458:La Protesta
446:coup d'état
307:Max Nettlau
283:La Protesta
254:La Protesta
232:Plaza Lorea
182:La Protesta
151:Pietro Gori
129:Pietro Gori
57:Early years
2318:Categories
1966:Costa Rica
1684:East Timor
1667:Bangladesh
1662:Azerbaijan
1206:La Capital
1062:9802761168
931:Simon 1946
909:9802761168
880:Simon 1946
774:Simon 1946
738:Simon 1946
646:Simon 1946
634:References
507:Juan Perón
409:anarchist
355:Avellaneda
321:FORA split
287:La Batalla
274:La Batalla
260:prison in
247:anarchist
169:Montevideo
2308:Argentina
2296:Anarchism
2234:Venezuela
2179:Argentina
2100:Venezuela
2050:Argentina
2029:Australia
1996:Nicaragua
1986:Guatemala
1744:Singapore
1704:Indonesia
1677:Hong Kong
1526:489971695
1499:461279230
1472:165033088
1461:0329-2665
1400:154931932
1392:0022-216X
1355:0018-2168
1318:0792-7061
1071:925976471
918:925976471
832:Página/12
675:Oved 1997
579:specifism
421:pistolero
407:Tolstoyan
399:Patagonia
364:and 1920s
299:Nietzsche
2224:Suriname
2214:Paraguay
2199:Colombia
2085:Paraguay
2070:Colombia
1900:Portugal
1810:Bulgaria
1734:Mongolia
1729:Malaysia
1326:25122634
1300:(1997).
1258:(eds.),
1183:Archived
1164:Archived
1124:(2009).
1049:(1990).
896:(1990).
618:FaSinPat
585:See also
511:Peronism
478:Santa Fe
466:Rebelión
315:El Único
2282:Portals
2229:Uruguay
2204:Ecuador
2184:Bolivia
2095:Uruguay
2075:Ecuador
2055:Bolivia
2022:Oceania
1940:Ukraine
1905:Romania
1865:Ireland
1860:Iceland
1855:Hungary
1845:Germany
1835:Finland
1830:Estonia
1825:Denmark
1815:Croatia
1800:Belgium
1795:Belarus
1790:Austria
1785:Andorra
1780:Albania
1764:Vietnam
1694:Georgia
1657:Armenia
1641:Tunisia
1631:Nigeria
1626:Morocco
1616:Algeria
1363:2507692
1132:: 104.
563:Rosario
556:Rosario
482:Rosario
351:Berisso
258:Ushuaia
228:May Day
200:La Boca
173:Uruguay
80:Bakunin
2209:Guyana
2189:Brazil
2118:Europe
2060:Brazil
2001:Panama
1991:Mexico
1961:Canada
1935:Turkey
1925:Sweden
1915:Serbia
1910:Russia
1895:Poland
1890:Norway
1880:Monaco
1875:Latvia
1850:Greece
1840:France
1773:Europe
1759:Turkey
1754:Taiwan
1714:Israel
1608:Africa
1524:
1514:
1497:
1487:
1470:
1459:
1415:
1398:
1390:
1361:
1353:
1324:
1316:
1286:
1144:
1104:
1069:
1059:
1004:
916:
906:
245:Jewish
159:, the
111:, 1897
2194:Chile
2065:Chile
1920:Spain
1870:Italy
1749:Syria
1724:Korea
1719:Japan
1699:India
1689:Egypt
1672:China
1621:Egypt
1465:EBSCO
1396:S2CID
1359:JSTOR
998:38–39
691:(PDF)
311:Colón
2219:Peru
2090:Peru
1971:Cuba
1709:Iran
1650:Asia
1522:OCLC
1512:ISBN
1495:OCLC
1485:ISBN
1467:host
1457:ISSN
1413:ISBN
1388:ISSN
1351:ISSN
1322:OCLC
1314:ISSN
1284:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1067:OCLC
1057:ISBN
1002:ISBN
914:OCLC
904:ISBN
577:and
554:The
529:and
492:The
480:and
427:and
353:and
285:and
208:Roca
49:and
37:The
2247:and
1558:FLA
1447:doi
1380:doi
1343:doi
1276:doi
1134:doi
397:in
234:in
171:in
2320::
1520:.
1493:.
1463:.
1455:.
1443:27
1437:.
1394:.
1386:.
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1374:.
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1349:.
1339:26
1337:.
1320:.
1308:.
1304:.
1282:.
1254:;
1228:.
1203:.
1140:.
1065:.
1000:.
990:*
912:.
872:^
857:^
829:.
718:^
693:.
653:^
551:.
2284::
2157:e
2150:t
2143:v
1592:e
1585:t
1578:v
1528:.
1501:.
1474:.
1449::
1402:.
1382::
1365:.
1345::
1328:.
1310:8
1292:.
1278::
1266:.
1150:.
1136::
1110:.
1073:.
1010:.
920:.
839:.
697:.
202:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
