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813:(1878–1881) as a reaction to prevent further territories with Albanian populations from being awarded to Serbia and Montenegro. Amidst these events, during spring/summer 1879, multiple violent and predatory raids were conducted into Serbia by groups of Albanian refugees into former areas of residence, at times with the acquiescence of Ottoman authorities. In the aftermath of the war and expulsions, British diplomatic pressure for some time was applied to Serbia to allow the Albanian refugees to go and return to their homes, though it later subsided. The Ottoman Empire was lukewarm about returning refugees to Serbia as the refugees were seen as integral in demographically strengthening the Muslim element in its remaining territories such as Kosovo vilayet still under its sovereignty.
887:
men frozen to death". The journalist
Manojlo Đorđević argued for peaceful reconciliation with the Albanians and condemned the policies undertaken by the Serbian state. In later years there were retrospective views regarding these events. Prior to the Balkan wars, Kosovo Serb community leader Janjićije Popović stated that the wars of 1876–1878 "tripled" the hatred of Turks and Albanians, especially that of the refugee population toward the Serbs by committing acts of violence against them. Belgrade Professor of Law Živojin Perić stated in 1900 that conciliatory treatment toward the Albanians by Serbia in allowing them to remain could have prevented such hostility and possibly gained Albanian sympathies. Scholar
3780:
473:
3836:
3788:
521:
505:
3844:
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54:
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685:. The Albanian neighbourhood in Niš was burned. Serbian forces continued their southwest advance entering the valleys of Kosanica, Pusta Reka and Jablanica. Serbian forces in the Morava valley continued to head for Vranje, with the intention of then turning west and entering Kosovo proper. The Serbian advance in the southwest was slow, due to the hilly terrain and much resistance by local Albanians who were defending their villages and also sheltering in the nearby
3852:
701:(southwest of Grdelica). After Grdelica was taken, Serbian forces took Vranje. Local Muslims had left with their belongings prior to Serbian forces reaching the town, and other Muslims of the countryside experienced tensions with Serbian neighbours who fought against and eventually evicted them from the area. Albanian refugees defended the Veternica canyon, before retreating toward the Goljak mountains. Albanians who lived nearby in the
3820:
3812:
817:
3804:
599:
590:
733:
724:
765:
Niš, but they left after murders occurred and their property was sold off at low values. In 1879, some
Albanian refugees from the Leskovac region complained in a petition that their properties and Muslim buildings had been demolished and could no longer return. According to Gëzim Alpion, from 1879 to 1880, over 300,000 Albanians were expelled from the
488:
886:
Josif H. Kostić, a local school headmaster from
Leskovac witnessing the flight of refugees during winter 1877 noted that many of them had fled their homes with meagre clothing and that from the "Grdelica gorge and as far as Vranje and Kumanovo, you could see the abandoned corpses of children, and old
869:
and Vranja Valley were ruthlessly driven forth from their homesteads by the
Servians". Gould also noted that the refugees were "wandering about in a starving condition" and was instrumental for a time in applying British diplomatic pressure on Serbia to allow the refugees to return home. On the other
759:
or new areas. Due to depopulation and economic considerations some small numbers of
Albanians were allowed to stay and return though not to their previous settlements and instead were designated concentrated village clusters in the Toplica, Masurica and Jablanica areas. Of those only in the Jablanica
397:
since the late Middle Ages. Albanians in the region were
Orthodox Christians, were in contact with Slavic populations and as such many also bore Orthodox Slavic names such as in the village Arbanas, the name of the inhabitants were: Stojan, Dajin, Dane Stojan, Mati Marko, Andrija Marko, Dimsha Marko,
665:
mountain range. Ottoman forces attempted to counterattack through the
Toplica valley and relieve the siege at Niš, which turned the area into a battlefield and stranded Albanian refugees in nearby mountains. With Niš eventually taken, the refugees of the Toplica valley were unable to return to their
267:
valley where their descendants live today. Serbs from Lab moved to Serbia during and after the first round of hostilities in 1876, while incoming
Albanian refugees thereafter 1878 repopulated their villages. Albanian refugees also settled alongside the north-eastern Ottoman-Serbian border, in urban
785:
Western diplomats reporting in 1878 placed the number of refugee families at 60,000 families in
Macedonia, with 60-70,000 refugees from Serbia spread out within the vilayet of Kosovo. The Ottoman governor of the Vilayet of Kosovo estimated in 1881 the refugees number to be around 65,000 with some
764:
have small numbers of
Albanians and their descendants remained. This was due to a local Ottoman Albanian commander Shahid Pasha from the Jablanica area negotiating on good terms with Prince Milan and thereby guaranteeing their presence. Some other Albanians such as merchants attempted to remain in
557:
statistics and gives a higher figure of 200,000 for the total Albanian population of the area. Other Albanian researchers like Emin Pllana, Skënder Rizaj and Turkish historian Bilal Şimşir place the number of Albanian refugees from the region as numbering between 60–70,000 in the vilayet of Kosovo
989:
from the city of Niš and so on. Within Serbia today though the Serbian-Ottoman wars of 1876–1878 are mentioned within school books, the Albanian population's expulsion by the Serbian army is omitted. This has limited Serbian students' knowledge of the events that led to bad relations amongst both
781:
region, sizeable numbers of Albanian refugees were resettled in other parts of northern Kosovo alongside the new Ottoman-Serbian border. Most Albanian refugees were resettled in over 30 large rural settlements in central and southeastern Kosovo. Many refugees were also spread out and resettled in
3449:
Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878–1941 [Citizens until revoked. Jews and Muslims as partners of alterity in the Rumanian and Serb nation code. Ethnonational concepts of
575:
also maintain. That number was accepted by Serbian historiography and remained unquestioned for almost a century. Drawing upon Serbian archive and travelers documents historian Miloš Jagodić believes that the number of Albanians and Muslims that left Serbia was "much larger", agreeing with Đorđe
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villages. Other Serbian forces then headed south into the Morava valley and toward Leskovac. The majority of urban Muslims fled, taking most of their belongings before the Serbian army arrived. The Serbian army also took Pirot and the Turks fled to Kosovo, Macedonia and some went toward Thrace.
3448:
660:
mountain range, leaving cattle and other property behind. Some Albanians returned and submitted to Serbian authorities, while others fled to Kuršumlija. Advancing Serbian forces heading to Kuršumlija also came across resisting Albanian refugees spread out in the surrounding mountain ranges and
437:
valleys and adjoining semi-mountainous interior was inhabited by compact Muslim Albanian population while Serbs in those areas lived near the river mouths and mountain slopes and both peoples inhabited other regions of the South Morava river basin. The Muslim population of most of the area was
3504:
769:. The only other Muslim population permitted to remain were the Muslim Romani who in 1910 numbered 14,335 in all of Serbia with 6,089 located in Vranje. Most remaining Albanians were forced to leave in subsequent years for the Ottoman Empire and Kosovo in particular. Serbs from the
802:. Tensions within the Kosovo vilayet between Albanian refugees and local Albanians arose over resources, as the Ottoman Empire found it difficult to accommodate to their needs and meager conditions. These refugees also became a strong opposition group to governance by the Sultan.
620:
There were multiple reasons held by the Serbian government for the expulsions. Serbian authorities intended to expel the Muslim population, as they were deemed unreliable and undesirable that needed to be substituted with other inhabitants. Retaliation for attitudes held toward
915:'s political and economic spheres. They have also established local associations that document and aim to preserve their regional Albanian culture of origin. Many can also be identified by their surname which following Albanian custom is often the place of origin. For example:
271:
Ottoman authorities had difficulties accommodating to the needs of the refugees and they were hostile to the local Serbian population committing revenge attacks. The expulsion of the Albanian population from these regions was done in a manner that today could be classed as
903:, who advocated similar measures due to their success. The regions vacated by Albanians were soon repopulated by Serbs from central and eastern Serbia and some Montenegrins who settled along the border with Kosovo. Today, the descendants of these Albanian refugees (
655:
lines of communication for Ottoman forces. After besieging Niš, Serbian forces headed south-west into the Toplica valley to prevent a counterattack by Ottoman forces. Prokuplje was taken on the third day of the war and local Albanians fled their homes toward the
3034:
Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Nish to Kosovo (1878–1878)".
853:
districts that overall contributed to their miserable state. Jelinek also noted the refugees hostility to Kosovo Serbs, as they committed acts of violence against them. In the latter part of 1878 and complaining to Lord Salisbury regarding the expulsions, the
629:
wanted a homogeneous country, without Muslims and with a reliable population in the area. Ristić viewed Albanian populated territories as strategically important and representing a future base to expand into Ottoman Kosovo and Macedonia. General
3537:
E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
3349:
E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: Të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
1498:
548:
gives the figure of 131,000 Muslims in 1876, with only 12,000 remaining in 1882. Whereas historian Noel Malcolm gives the figure for the Albanian population of the area as numbering around 110,000. Albanian historians such as the late
472:
650:
Hostilities broke out on 15 December 1877, after a Russian request for Serbia to enter the conflict. The Serbian military crossed the border in two directions. The first objective was to capture Niš and the second to break the
254:
On the eve of conflict between Serbia and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial, at times compact and mainly rural Albanian population alongside some urban Turks (some of Albanian heritage) lived with Serbs within the
336:. These populations resettled in Shkodër city and its environs. A smaller Albanian population formed of the wealthy elite voluntarily left and resettled in Shkodër after Ulcinj's incorporation into Montenegro in 1880.
3369:
566:
asserts that over 100,000 Albanians were expelled from regions in Serbia and Montenegro. According to some Albanian scholars, 200,000 people were expelled and Hakif Bajrami claims that 350,000 people were expelled.
638:", as an Albanian minority was viewed as a possible security concern. Supporting Protić's views for expulsion of the Muslim population, including Albanians, were most of the senior Serbian army officers and Prince
877:
in the Kosovo vilayet Ivan Yastrebov advised the local Ottoman governor Nazif Pasha to prevent the return of refugees to Serbia as their presence within the Kosovo area would strengthen the local Muslim element.
661:
refusing to surrender. Many personal belongings such as wagons were strewn and left behind in the woods. Kuršumlija was taken soon after Prokuplje, while Albanian refugees had reached the southern slopes of the
504:
709:
refused to carry out orders from Belgrade to deport these Albanians by offering his resignation. Ottoman sources state that Serbian forces during the war destroyed mosques in Vranje, Leskovac and Prokuplje.
3489:
Dëbimi i Shqiptarëve nga Sanxhaku i Nishit dhe vendosja e tyre në Kosovë:(1877/1878-1912)[The expulsion of the Albanians from Sanjak of Nish and their resettlement in Kosovo: (1877/1878-1912)]
520:
259:. Throughout the course of the war, the Albanian population depending on the area reacted differently to incoming Serbian forces by either offering resistance or fleeing toward nearby mountains and
3288:
Dëbimi i Shqiptarëve nga Sanxhaku i Nishit dhe vendosja e tyre në Kosovë:(1877/1878-1912)[The expulsion of the Albanians from Sanjak of Nish and their resettlement in Kosovo: (1877/1878-1912)
2477:
3759:
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regions. As such, Montenegro's territorial gains were much smaller. Some Slavic Muslims and the Albanian population who lived near the then southern border were expelled from the towns of
689:
and Majdan mountain ranges. Serbian forces took these villages one by one and most remained vacant. Albanian refugees continued to retreat toward Kosovo and their march was halted at the
2866:
3488:
2701:
Geniş, Şerife; Maynard, Kelly Lynne (2009). "Formation of a Diasporic Community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey".
41:
316:. In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war, the Montenegrin army managed to capture certain areas and settlements along the border, while encountering strong resistance from Albanians in
2672:
Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation".
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221:
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3520:
3326:
3954:
3618:
3026:
2645:
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Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)".
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In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Congress of Berlin acknowledged those territorial gains and the area became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, known as
3653:
999:
3764:
1049:
209:
3674:
45:
540:
Estimates vary on the size of the Muslim population within these areas. In his extensive studies of Ottoman population movements, American historian
3396:
Clewing, Konrad (2000), "Mythen und Fakten zur Ethnostruktur in Kosovo-Ein geschichtlicher Über- blick ". In Clewing, Konrad & Jens Reuter (eds).
3133:
Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939".
899:
These events in later years would also serve as a possible Serbian solution to the Albanian question in Kosovo and Macedonia for individuals such as
3198:"The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876–1878"
4089:
4044:
3477:
The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876–1878.
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noted in 1909 that the overall motivation for the expulsion was to "create a pure Serbian nation" through "cleansing" the area of non-Christians.
809:
that contributed to the beginnings of the ongoing Serbian-Albanian conflict in coming decades. The expulsions also triggered the emergence of the
4054:
3505:
Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
1004:
406:
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Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941".
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3648:
4099:
541:
3989:
3425:
2810:
4079:
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3999:
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Popovic, Alexandre (1991). "The Cherkess on Yugoslav Territory (A Supplement to the article "Cherkess" in the Encyclopaedia of Islam)".
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Blumi, Isa (2003). "Contesting the edges of the Ottoman Empire: Rethinking ethnic and sectarian boundaries in the Malësore, 1878–1912".
2315:
3308:
Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912
4004:
3611:
3059:
1741:
1714:
622:
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3398:
1485:
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Formation of a diasporic community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.
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3336:
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3275:
3233:
3114:
3010:
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2918:
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Luković, Miloš (2011). "Development of the Modern Serbian state and abolishment of Ottoman Agrarian relations in the 19th century".
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2508:
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estimated that the number of Albanian refugees from Serbia was about 30,000 a figure which current day Serbian historians such as
393:
etc. shows an Albanian presence in the Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) and in the
4049:
3243:
Tošić, Jelena (2015). "City of the 'calm': Vernacular mobility and genealogies of urbanity in a southeast European borderland".
213:
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Mountains when an armistice was declared. The Serbian army operating in the Morava valley continued south toward two canyons:
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2540:
1034:
3934:
2611:
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312:
On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the
247:
toward Montenegrin forces was followed by the expulsion of their Albanian and Slavic Muslim populations who resettled in
235:
On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the
4059:
3969:
3754:
3521:
Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
3328:
Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
2845:
888:
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Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939
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REGISTRATION OF SETTLEMENTS AND ALBANIAN POPULATION OF KOSOVO According to the Ottoman defters records of XV century
3994:
3051:
The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their historic development from the Middle Ages to the dissolution of Yugoslavia
430:
205:
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and with Turks located in urban centres. Part of the Turks were of Albanian origin. The Muslims in the cities of
263:. Although most of these Albanians were expelled by Serbian forces, a small number were allowed to remain in the
4074:
3939:
936:
287:
572:
362:
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as the victims included civilians. These Albanian refugees and their descendants became known in Albanian as
4069:
3903:
3371:
Méditerranée, Moyen-Orient deux siècles de relations internationales: Recherches en hommage à Jacques Thobie
1029:
838:
382:
313:
236:
167:
3173:
304:). The events of this period led to tense relations and conflict between the Serbian and Albanian peoples.
3705:
3700:
3476:
3197:
940:
479:
410:
201:
154:
3889:
3731:
3695:
3566:). (documentary). Google. About expulsions of Albanians during 1877–1878, its aftermath and legacy. (in
172:
900:
794:. Some of these Albanian refugees were also resettled in other parts of the Ottoman Empire such as the
787:
706:
657:
358:
53:
478:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with pre-1878 borders by the English-German cartographer
216:
ended in defeat and substantial territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire which was formalised at the
3979:
3874:
3736:
3627:
791:
278:
150:
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refugees settled by the Ottomans during the 1860s, near the then border around the environs of Niš.
398:
Luka Gjurko, Nikolla Luka, Pjetri Dimja, Stojan Pjetri, Gjura Marko, Lazar Stepa, Gjura Pejash etc.
17:
3919:
3399:
Der Kosovo-Konflikt. Ursachen-Akteure-Verlauf [The Kosovo conflict. Causes-Players-History]
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527:
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after the area became part of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of the outbreak of a second round of
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Stefanović that the number was 49,000 Albanian refugees out of at least 71,000 Muslims that left.
3899:
3160:
3020:
2966:
2895:
2797:
2747:
2718:
2689:
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2389:
2381:
217:
3286:
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980:
350:
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Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova
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3679:
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3403:
3375:
3354:
3332:
3311:
3292:
3271:
3229:
3182:
3110:
3055:
3006:
2935:
2914:
2872:
2851:
2825:
2658:
2596:
2569:
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2525:
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2483:
2425:
2406:
1737:
1710:
1009:
976:
810:
698:
639:
434:
394:
386:
354:
264:
72:
1731:
458:
were Turkish- and Albanian-speaking; Prokuplje and Kuršumlija were Albanian-speaking. Muslim
3949:
3929:
3252:
3208:
3150:
3142:
3078:
2987:
2958:
2789:
2739:
2710:
2681:
2448:
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1024:
972:
908:
858:
835:
766:
686:
554:
545:
495:
325:
273:
256:
193:
114:
106:
64:
866:
805:
Tensions in the form of revenge attacks also arose by incoming Albanian refugees on local
795:
694:
422:
631:
626:
611:
607:
568:
563:
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estimates the number of Albanian refugees in Kosovo at some 50,000. Albanian sociologist
2777:
773:
region moved to Serbia during and after the war of 1876 and incoming Albanian refugees (
3974:
3959:
3924:
2585:
1019:
871:
855:
439:
414:
260:
229:
177:
76:
865:
Gerald Francis Gould reported that the "peaceful and industrious inhabitants" of the "
4033:
4017:
3984:
3164:
2970:
2811:"Upadi Albanaca u Srbiju 1879. godine [Albanian incursions into Serbia 1879]"
2801:
2751:
2722:
2693:
2468:
2393:
842:
635:
459:
4010:
3426:
Upadi Albanaca u Srbiju 1879. godine [Albanian incursions into Serbia 1879]
985:
806:
682:
559:
3256:
2377:
920:
3265:
3104:
3000:
2949:
McCarthy, Justin (2000). "Muslims in Ottoman Europe: Population from 1800–1912".
2743:
2519:
1704:
494:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions from 1876 with post-1878 borders by
3465:
2620:
874:
778:
770:
669:
Ottoman forces surrendered Niš on 10 January 1878 and most Muslims departed for
598:
589:
463:
239:. In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war that ensued, strong resistance in the towns of
110:
2761:"From Foe to Friend and back. Albanians in Serbian History Textbooks 1918–2000"
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3082:
2962:
2714:
2685:
2452:
2359:"The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics - II: The Case of Kosovo"
2358:
1521:
1519:
928:
761:
390:
268:
areas and in over 30 settlements located in central and south-eastern Kosovo.
248:
3146:
2991:
2793:
816:
799:
634:, who led the Serbian army during the war, did not want Serbia to have "its
550:
366:
329:
240:
197:
94:
3402:. Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. pp. 17–64.
2730:
Gruber, Siegfried (2008). "Household structures in urban Albania in 1918".
510:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with post-1878 borders by the
2292:
841:
reported Muslim refugees arriving into Ottoman Kosovo with occurrences of
3213:
956:
948:
862:
702:
670:
662:
455:
426:
370:
2899:
2385:
3596:
3155:
2460:
850:
846:
732:
723:
674:
526:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with post-1878 borders by
378:
374:
333:
321:
292:
244:
225:
462:
were also present within the wider area. There was also a minority of
417:
in 1877, a notable Muslim population existed in the districts of Niš,
3414:
2760:
912:
690:
678:
451:
317:
297:
68:
443:
2498:
2479:
Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912
1536:
1534:
3002:
Kolonizimi Serb i Kosovës [Serbian colonization of Kosovo]
2778:"The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878"
964:
815:
652:
558:
and 60,000 Muslim or Albanian refugees in Macedonia. Albanologist
447:
418:
402:
320:, and a combined Albanian-Ottoman force in the Podgorica-Spuž and
421:, Vranje, Leskovac, Prokuplje and Kuršumlija. The rural parts of
3415:
The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878
3126:
Rumeli'den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans. Vol I.
3600:
2521:
Ottoman refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World
377:, Arbanashka Brenica, Arbanas, Gjinofc Kulla, Marash, Gjinofc,
2868:
Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1962:
1913:
1911:
1898:
1896:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1762:
1760:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
782:
urban centers that increased their populations substantially.
2500:
Foundations of Modernity: Human Agency and the Imperial State
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
845:
outbreaks and some refugees being abysmally resettled within
3760:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
2591:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p.
911:
population and they are an active and powerful subgroup in
553:
postulate that 110,000 is a conservative estimate based on
2587:
Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History
2422:
The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims
825:
International and local observations/reactions to events
2931:
The dark side of Democracy: Explaining ethnic cleansing
228:
during the geopolitical and territorial decline of the
3225:
Albania's mountain queen: Edith Durham and the Balkans
2562:"Claims to Kosovo: Nationalism and Self-determination"
2545:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1468:
1466:
1464:
42:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
27:
Forced migrations from areas of Serbia and Montenegro
3106:
Realm of the Black Mountain: a history of Montenegro
3092:
Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike)
1409:
286:, a generic word for Muslim refugees (borrowed from
3912:
3860:
3719:
3688:
3662:
3641:
3634:
3175:
Ulje na vodi: Ogledi iz istorije sadašnjosti Srbije
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
160:
146:
120:
100:
90:
82:
60:
34:
2584:
705:region did not resist Serbian forces, and General
2564:. In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.).
820:Ethnic map of Medveđa municipality (2002 census).
3453:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 128 – 138.
3435:Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009). "
2203:
2201:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
3353:. Prishtina: Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës.
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1095:
1093:
1091:
3955:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
2320:Portal Montenegrina: Kulturna Kapija Crna Gora
2173:
2171:
2169:
1439:
1437:
1237:
1235:
1233:
3612:
3486:Uka, Sabit (Prishtina 1995; reprinted 2004).
2188:
2186:
1563:
1561:
1112:
1110:
1108:
777:) repopulated their villages. Apart from the
200:from areas that became incorporated into the
8:
3502:Uka, Sabit (Prishtina 1995; reprinted 2004)
2441:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2231:
2067:
2065:
2063:
1511:Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve
1486:Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve
1472:
1424:
1422:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1189:
1187:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2042:
1675:
3638:
3619:
3605:
3597:
3025:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2243:
1413:
1380:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1099:
625:was also used as a motive. Prime Minister
31:
3940:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
3212:
3154:
2934:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2583:Cohen, Philip J.; Riesman, David (1996).
2255:
2018:
1778:
1252:
1250:
401:Albanians in the Niš region converted to
3245:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
1790:
1603:
1591:
75:(partially in contemporary Montenegro),
2279:
2267:
2192:
2177:
2160:
2107:
2054:
2006:
1985:
1968:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1902:
1875:
1858:
1843:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1766:
1706:Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation
1579:
1567:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1344:
1275:
1241:
1205:
1193:
1178:
1166:
1116:
1082:
1066:
544:regarding the Muslim population of the
468:
3368:Walid, Arbid; Thobie, Jacques (2003).
3018:
2637:
2207:
2148:
2136:
2119:
2095:
2083:
1887:
1663:
1639:
1428:
1298:
1154:
210:their initial expulsion from 1830–1876
190:expulsion of the Albanians (1877–1878)
35:Expulsion of the Albanians (1877–1878)
3765:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
2503:. Vol. 18. New York: Routledge.
2030:
1953:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1651:
1443:
1315:
1224:
1133:
1050:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1830–1876
7:
3541:. Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës.
3109:. London: Cornell University Press.
2871:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
2542:Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo
2339:
2219:
2071:
1627:
1615:
1455:
1361:
1256:
18:Expulsion of the Albanians 1877-1878
4000:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
3654:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
2850:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2847:Kosovo: What everyone needs to know
760:valley centered around the town of
623:Christians within the Ottoman state
212:. These wars, alongside the larger
2674:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
697:(between Vranje and Leskovac) and
25:
3270:. Belgrade: Zavičajno udruženje.
1000:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)
610:, Serbian prime minister (left);
142:200,000–350,000 Albanian refugees
4040:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3675:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3670:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3649:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
2482:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
2424:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2366:The International History Review
731:
722:
597:
588:
519:
503:
487:
471:
222:the wider persecution of Muslims
135:49,000–130,000 Albanian refugees
52:
46:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
3990:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
3267:Gornja Jablanica, Kroz istoriju
2655:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo
2566:Understanding the war in Kosovo
2098:, pp. 44–47, 50–51, 54–60.
1045:Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo
4090:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe
4045:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
2613:The Expulsion of the Albanians
1035:The Expulsion of the Albanians
1:
3750:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
3475:Svirčević, Miroslav (2006). "
3464:Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "
3257:10.1080/14683857.2015.1091182
3172:Stojanović, Dubravka (2010).
2378:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103
2316:"Crnogorci, Gornje Jablanice"
1005:Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)
512:Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
220:. This expulsion was part of
3970:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
3755:Romanian War of Independence
3196:Svirčević, Miroslav (2006).
2865:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
2744:10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.05.002
2568:. London: Psychology Press.
2420:Beachler, Donald W. (2011).
2357:Anscombe, Frederick (2006).
834:In April 1878, Jelinek, the
786:resettled in the Sanjaks of
4100:Forced migrations in Europe
4005:British Occupation of Egypt
3885:Budapest Convention of 1877
3103:Roberts, Elizabeth (2005).
3054:. Cambridge: Harvard CMES.
2657:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
2560:Daskalovski, Židas (2003).
1528:, para. 4, 9, 32–42, 45–61.
1015:Albanian National Awakening
214:Russo-Ottoman War (1877–78)
4116:
4080:Military history of Serbia
4065:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
3995:French conquest of Tunisia
3470:European History Quarterly
3264:Turović, Dobrosav (2002).
3135:European History Quarterly
2759:Janjetović, Zoran (2000).
2619:. Belgrade. Archived from
2180:, pp. 95–96, 97, 101.
1709:. Bloomsbury. p. 18.
206:Principality of Montenegro
4055:Serbian–Albanian conflict
3880:Constantinople Conference
3775:
3745:
3727:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3124:Şimşir, Bilal N. (1968).
3083:10.1080/02634939108400735
2963:10.1080/00905990050002443
2732:The History of the Family
2715:10.1080/00263200903009619
2686:10.1080/13602000903411366
2610:Čubrilović, Vaso (1937).
2524:. London: A&C Black.
2453:10.1017/s0020743803000102
2401:Bataković, Dušan (1992).
757:Novi Krajevi/Novi Oblasti
614:, Serbian general (right)
51:
39:
3935:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
3446:Müller, Dietmar (2005).
3424:Jagodić, Miloš (2004). "
3413:Jagodić, Miloš (1998). "
3147:10.1177/0265691405054219
2992:10.1163/187633009x411485
2824:: 87–107. Archived from
2794:10.4000/balkanologie.265
2232:Cohen & Riesman 1996
1736:. Springer. p. 84.
1473:Geniş & Maynard 2009
1446:, pp. 394–395, 406.
745:and Serbia (1878–1912),
128:30,000 Albanian refugees
4050:Anti-Albanian sentiment
3904:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3222:Tanner, Marcus (2014).
2910:Kosovo: A short history
2809:Jagodić, Miloš (2004).
2776:Jagodić, Miloš (1998).
2293:"Naselja u Pustoj Reci"
2043:Walid & Thobie 2003
1030:Albanians in Montenegro
450:were Turkish-speaking;
438:composed out of ethnic
168:Anti-Albanian sentiment
3711:Kresna–Razlog uprising
3706:Razlovtsi insurrection
3701:April Uprising of 1876
3441:Middle Eastern Studies
3228:. London: I.B.Tauris.
2999:Osmani, Jusuf (2000).
2928:Mann, Michael (2005).
2907:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
2703:Middle Eastern Studies
2653:Elsie, Robert (2010).
2539:Bytyçi, Enver (2015).
2295:. Klub Pustorečana-Niš
1730:Rama, Shinasi (2019).
1703:Alpion, Gëzim (2021).
889:Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević
821:
202:Principality of Serbia
4085:Historical migrations
3890:Treaty of San Stefano
3732:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3696:Stara Zagora Uprising
3331:. Prishtina: Verana.
3310:. Prishtina: Verana.
3291:. Prishtina: Verana.
3128:. Belgeler-Documents.
3048:Pinson, Mark (1996).
2913:. London: Macmillan.
2403:The Kosovo Chronicles
2314:Medojević, Slobodan.
819:
173:Anti-Muslim sentiment
3980:Dual Alliance (1879)
3875:Reichstadt Agreement
3737:Cretan revolt (1878)
3628:Great Eastern Crisis
3374:. Paris: Harmattan.
3346:Uka, Sabit (2004d).
3325:Uka, Sabit (2004c).
3306:Uka, Sabit (2004b).
3285:Uka, Sabit (2004a).
3214:10.2298/BALC0637111S
3071:Central Asian Survey
2951:Nationalities Papers
1364:, pp. 52 53–54.
919:from the village of
741:Serbia (1838–1878),
373:, Arnautski Potok,
198:Albanian populations
192:refers to events of
178:Serbian expansionism
4060:Serbian irredentism
3920:Bulgarian Exarchate
3534:Uka, Sabit (2004).
3518:Uka, Sabit (2004).
2980:East Central Europe
2844:Judah, Tim (2008).
2831:on 17 November 2015
2518:Blumi, Isa (2013).
2497:Blumi, Isa (2012).
2476:Blumi, Isa (2011).
2405:. Belgrade: Plato.
2258:, pp. 155–156.
2210:, pp. 460–461.
2074:, pp. 194–286.
1642:, pp. 189–190.
1475:, pp. 556–557.
1416:, pp. 469–470.
1347:, pp. 228–229.
1301:, pp. 460–461.
1040:Circassian genocide
528:William R. Shepherd
359:Arbanaška Mountain
4095:Serbian war crimes
3900:Congress of Berlin
3635:Wars and conflicts
2626:on 1 December 2016
1582:, pp. 68, 73.
1458:, pp. 244–245
907:) make up part of
822:
707:Jovan Belimarković
536:Population figures
371:Arbanashka Petrila
218:Congress of Berlin
4027:
4026:
3965:League of Prizren
3895:Cyprus Convention
3870:Berlin Memorandum
3773:
3772:
3680:Kumanovo uprising
3565:
3558:"Molla e Kuqe ".
3459:978-3-447-05248-1
3430:Historical Review
3188:978-86-86391-19-3
2818:Historical Review
2602:978-0-89096-760-7
2431:978-0-230-33763-3
2412:978-86-447-0006-7
2222:, pp. 74–75.
2122:, pp. 43–64.
2086:, pp. 48–50.
1690:, pp. XXXII.
1630:, pp. 26–29.
1244:, pp. 87–89.
1010:League of Prizren
909:Kosovo's Albanian
811:League of Prizren
389:, Mandi, Muzace,
349:Toponyms such as
314:Sanjak of İşkodra
308:Sanjak of İşkodra
296:and derived from
237:Sanjak of İşkodra
186:
185:
132:Modern estimates:
73:Sanjak of İşkodra
16:(Redirected from
4107:
3950:Eastern Question
3855:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3639:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3598:
3563:
3538:inheritance]
3450:citizenship]
3385:
3364:
3350:inheritance]
3342:
3321:
3302:
3281:
3260:
3239:
3218:
3216:
3202:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3158:
3129:
3120:
3099:
3086:
3065:
3044:
3030:
3024:
3016:
2995:
2974:
2945:
2924:
2903:
2882:
2861:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2815:
2805:
2772:
2755:
2726:
2697:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2606:
2590:
2579:
2556:
2535:
2514:
2493:
2472:
2435:
2416:
2397:
2363:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:Daskalovski 2003
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1543:, para. 4, 5, 6.
1538:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1319:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1279:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1025:Kosovo Albanians
836:Austro-Hungarian
735:
726:
601:
592:
555:Austro-Hungarian
523:
507:
498:(published 1882)
496:Heinrich Kiepert
491:
475:
274:ethnic cleansing
194:forced migration
155:Montenegrin army
115:forced migration
107:Ethnic cleansing
56:
32:
21:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4075:1870s in Serbia
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
3908:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3741:
3715:
3684:
3658:
3630:
3625:
3555:
3393:
3391:Further reading
3388:
3382:
3367:
3361:
3345:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3305:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3263:
3242:
3236:
3221:
3207:(37): 111–124.
3200:
3195:
3189:
3178:
3171:
3132:
3123:
3117:
3102:
3089:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3037:Studia Albanica
3033:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2977:
2948:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2885:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2813:
2808:
2775:
2758:
2729:
2700:
2671:
2665:
2652:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2582:
2576:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2438:
2432:
2419:
2413:
2400:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2342:, pp. 3–5.
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2244:Čubrilović 1937
2242:
2238:
2234:, pp. 4–5.
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2163:, pp. 2–3.
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:, para. 32, 33.
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:, pp. 208.
1566:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1431:, pp. 142.
1427:
1420:
1414:Stefanović 2005
1412:
1387:
1381:Janjetović 2000
1379:
1368:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1297:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1100:Stojanović 2010
1098:
1089:
1081:
1068:
1063:
1058:
996:
981:Srednji Bučumet
901:Vaso Čubrilović
897:
884:
832:
827:
753:
752:
751:
750:
738:
737:
736:
728:
727:
716:
648:
618:
617:
616:
615:
604:
603:
602:
594:
593:
582:
573:Dušan Bataković
542:Justin McCarthy
538:
531:
524:
515:
508:
499:
492:
483:
480:E.G. Ravenstein
476:
355:Arbanaško Hill
351:Arbanaška River
347:
342:
310:
288:Ottoman Turkish
182:
141:
139:Albanian claim:
136:
134:
129:
127:
103:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Kosovo vilayet
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Pact of Halepa
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:British Cyprus
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Deligrad Event
3922:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3554:
3553:External links
3551:
3550:
3549:
3532:
3516:
3500:
3484:
3473:
3462:
3444:
3433:
3422:
3411:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3343:
3337:
3322:
3316:
3303:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3261:
3251:(3): 391–408.
3240:
3234:
3219:
3193:
3187:
3169:
3141:(3): 465–492.
3130:
3121:
3115:
3100:
3087:
3077:(1/2): 65–79.
3066:
3061:978-0932885098
3060:
3045:
3031:
3011:
2996:
2975:
2946:
2940:
2925:
2919:
2904:
2894:(3): 281–305.
2883:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2841:
2806:
2773:
2756:
2738:(2): 138–151.
2727:
2709:(4): 553–569.
2698:
2680:(4): 455–468.
2669:
2663:
2650:
2607:
2601:
2580:
2574:
2557:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2473:
2447:(2): 237–256.
2436:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2398:
2372:(4): 758–793.
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2306:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2256:Lieberman 2013
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2197:
2195:, p. 104.
2182:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2059:
2047:
2045:, p. 138.
2035:
2033:, p. 129.
2023:
2021:, p. 111.
2019:Svirčević 2006
2011:
1990:
1973:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1892:
1890:, p. 132.
1880:
1863:
1848:
1831:
1829:, para. 3, 17.
1819:
1817:, pp. 96.
1807:
1795:
1793:, p. 761.
1783:
1779:Bataković 1992
1771:
1756:
1743:978-3030051921
1742:
1722:
1716:978-9389812466
1715:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1666:, p. 737.
1656:
1654:, p. 198.
1644:
1632:
1620:
1618:, p. 112.
1608:
1606:, p. 123.
1596:
1594:, pp. 35.
1584:
1572:
1557:
1545:
1530:
1515:
1509:Selami Pulaha
1502:
1490:
1484:Selami Pulaha
1477:
1460:
1448:
1433:
1418:
1385:
1366:
1349:
1320:
1303:
1280:
1261:
1259:, p. 155.
1246:
1229:
1210:
1208:, para. 16–27.
1198:
1196:, p. 298.
1183:
1171:
1159:
1138:
1136:, p. 246.
1121:
1104:
1102:, p. 264.
1087:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:Ottoman Kosovo
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
995:
992:
896:
893:
883:
880:
831:
828:
826:
823:
740:
739:
730:
729:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
715:
712:
647:
644:
606:
605:
596:
595:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
581:
578:
537:
534:
533:
532:
525:
518:
516:
509:
502:
500:
493:
486:
484:
477:
470:
440:Gheg Albanians
415:Ottoman Empire
395:Preševo Valley
346:
343:
341:
338:
309:
306:
261:Ottoman Kosovo
230:Ottoman Empire
208:in 1878 after
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
170:
164:
162:
158:
157:
148:
144:
143:
125:Serbian claim:
122:
118:
117:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
77:Ottoman Empire
67:(now southern
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4112:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4020:
4019:
4018:Anna Karenina
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Brsjak revolt
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Niš Committee
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:International
3859:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:9789951408097
3544:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3530:9789951864527
3527:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3514:9789951864527
3511:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3498:9789951864503
3495:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:9783851293296
3405:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:9782747546287
3377:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3360:9789951408097
3356:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3338:9789951864527
3334:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3317:9789951864527
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3298:9789951864503
3294:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3277:9788675270188
3273:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3235:9781780768199
3231:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3116:9780801446016
3112:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3012:9789951040525
3008:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2941:9780521538541
2937:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2920:9780333666128
2916:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2878:9781442230385
2874:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2857:9780199704040
2853:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2664:9780333666128
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2575:9780714653914
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2552:9781443876681
2548:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2531:9781472515384
2527:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2510:9780415884648
2506:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2489:9780230119086
2485:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2139:, p. 84.
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:, p. 35.
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:Anscombe 2006
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 19.
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:Beachler 2011
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:McCarthy 2000
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:, p. 79.
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:, p. 50.
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:, para. 4, 9.
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1157:, p. 70.
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:, p. 22.
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
892:
890:
881:
879:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:
829:
824:
818:
814:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
796:Samsun region
793:
789:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Sanjak of Niš
763:
758:
748:
744:
734:
725:
713:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
659:
654:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
613:
609:
600:
591:
579:
577:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
552:
547:
546:Sanjak of Niş
543:
535:
529:
522:
517:
513:
506:
501:
497:
490:
485:
481:
474:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
340:Sanjak of Niş
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:Sanjak of Niş
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:Sanjak of Niş
63:
59:
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4016:
4011:Marche slave
4009:
3567:
3559:
3535:
3519:
3503:
3487:
3480:
3469:
3447:
3440:
3429:
3419:Balkanologie
3418:
3397:
3370:
3348:
3327:
3307:
3287:
3266:
3248:
3244:
3224:
3204:
3181:. Peščanik.
3174:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3105:
3095:
3091:
3074:
3070:
3050:
3040:
3036:
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2957:(1): 29–43.
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2867:
2846:
2833:. Retrieved
2826:the original
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2782:Balkanologie
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2765:Balkanologie
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2621:the original
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2323:. Retrieved
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2287:
2282:, p. 2.
2280:Jagodić 2004
2275:
2268:Jagodić 1998
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2193:Jagodić 2004
2178:Jagodić 2004
2161:Jagodić 2004
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2151:, p. 8.
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2108:Jagodić 1998
2103:
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2055:Jagodić 1998
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2038:
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2014:
2007:Jagodić 1998
1986:Jagodić 1998
1969:Jagodić 1998
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1942:Jagodić 1998
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1930:Jagodić 1998
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1918:Jagodić 1998
1903:Jagodić 1998
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1876:Jagodić 1998
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1844:Jagodić 1998
1827:Jagodić 1998
1822:
1815:Jagodić 2004
1810:
1803:Jagodić 1998
1798:
1786:
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1767:Jagodić 1998
1747:. Retrieved
1732:
1725:
1705:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1580:Popovic 1991
1575:
1568:Malcolm 1998
1553:Jagodić 1998
1548:
1541:Jagodić 1998
1526:Jagodić 1998
1505:
1497:ILJAZ REXHA
1493:
1480:
1451:
1345:Malcolm 1998
1276:Jagodić 1998
1242:Turović 2002
1206:Jagodić 1998
1201:
1194:Luković 2011
1179:Jagodić 1998
1174:
1167:Jagodić 1998
1162:
1117:Roberts 2005
1083:Jagodić 1998
984:
968:
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952:
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916:
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885:
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830:Great Powers
807:Kosovo Serbs
804:
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756:
754:
746:
742:
683:Thessalonika
668:
649:
632:Kosta Protić
627:Jovan Ristić
619:
612:Kosta Protić
608:Jovan Ristić
569:Jovan Cvijić
564:Gëzim Alpion
560:Robert Elsie
539:
511:
400:
348:
311:
301:
291:
283:
277:
270:
253:
234:
189:
187:
151:Serbian Army
147:Perpetrators
138:
131:
130:
124:
40:Part of the
29:
3945:Opalchentsi
3642:Montenegrin
3156:2440/124622
2270:, para. 62.
2208:Frantz 2009
2149:Bytyçi 2015
2137:Tanner 2014
2120:Osmani 2000
2110:, para. 30.
2096:Osmani 2000
2084:Osmani 2000
2057:, para. 31.
2009:, para. 26.
1988:, para. 25.
1971:, para. 24.
1944:, para. 23.
1932:, para. 22.
1920:, para. 21.
1905:, para. 20.
1888:Pinson 1996
1878:, para. 19.
1861:, para. 18.
1846:, para. 17.
1769:, para. 33.
1664:Şimşir 1968
1640:Pllana 1985
1555:, para. 11.
1429:Gruber 2008
1299:Frantz 2009
1278:, para. 29.
1155:Müller 2009
1085:, para. 15.
875:vice-consul
779:Llapi river
771:Llapi river
407:hostilities
102:Attack type
4034:Categories
3863:agreements
3524:. Verana.
3508:. Verana.
3492:. Verana.
3472:. 35. (3).
3443:. 45. (4).
2031:Blumi 2011
1954:Judah 2008
1688:Elsie 2010
1652:Rizaj 1981
1444:Tošić 2015
1316:Blumi 2012
1225:Blumi 2013
1134:Blumi 2003
1056:References
941:Mala Plana
792:Yeni Pazar
464:Circassian
431:Pusta Reka
345:Background
282:; plural:
3689:Bulgarian
3481:Balcanica
3205:Balcanica
3165:144497487
3021:cite book
2971:161413963
2888:Český Lid
2802:140637086
2752:144626672
2723:143742189
2694:143499467
2640:cite book
2469:162217114
2394:154724667
2340:Uka 2004d
2220:Uka 2004d
2072:Uka 2004a
1628:Uka 2004a
1616:Mann 2005
1456:Uka 2004b
1362:Uka 2004d
1257:Uka 2004c
1061:Citations
990:peoples.
953:Huruglica
945:Retkoceri
921:Šiljomana
917:Shulemaja
905:Muhaxhirë
800:Black Sea
775:muhaxhirë
714:Aftermath
699:Veternica
646:Expulsion
551:Sabit Uka
435:Jablanica
367:Arbanasce
363:Arbanaška
330:Podgorica
284:Muhaxhirë
265:Jablanica
241:Podgorica
111:expulsion
95:Albanians
86:1877–1878
3913:See also
3568:Albanian
3560:You tube
3421:. 2 (2).
2900:42640413
2630:25 April
2386:40109813
1749:27 March
994:See also
957:Oruglica
949:Retkocer
925:Gjikolli
872:Russia's
867:Toplitza
863:Belgrade
859:Resident
703:Masurica
695:Grdelica
671:Pristina
663:Kopaonik
636:Caucasus
456:Leskovac
427:Kosanica
413:and the
409:between
387:Berišane
279:Muhaxhir
61:Location
3005:. Era.
2461:3879619
2350:Sources
2325:12 July
2299:12 July
986:Nishliu
969:Byçmeti
961:Hergaja
929:Džigolj
882:Serbian
856:British
851:Gjakova
847:Prizren
843:typhoid
798:of the
762:Medveđa
675:Prizren
658:Pasjača
580:Prelude
423:Toplica
391:Mazarać
383:Kastrat
322:Gusinje
302:Muhajir
293:Muhacir
249:Shkodër
226:Balkans
224:in the
121:Victims
3592:Part 6
3588:Part 5
3584:Part 4
3580:Part 3
3576:Part 2
3572:Part 1
3545:
3528:
3512:
3496:
3457:
3406:
3378:
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3335:
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2800:
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2750:
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977:Gornji
937:Velika
933:Pllana
913:Kosovo
895:Legacy
870:hand,
839:consul
691:Goljak
679:Skopje
530:(1923)
514:(1881)
482:(1880)
460:Romani
452:Vranje
411:Serbia
318:Ulcinj
298:Arabic
161:Motive
91:Target
69:Serbia
3720:Greek
3564:video
3483:. 37.
3432:. 51.
3201:(PDF)
3179:(PDF)
3161:S2CID
2967:S2CID
2896:JSTOR
2835:2 May
2829:(PDF)
2814:(PDF)
2798:S2CID
2788:(2).
2748:S2CID
2719:S2CID
2690:S2CID
2624:(PDF)
2617:(PDF)
2465:S2CID
2457:JSTOR
2390:S2CID
2382:JSTOR
2362:(PDF)
1513:p. 13
1488:p. 13
1169:, 11.
973:Donji
971:from
965:Rgaje
963:from
955:from
947:from
935:from
927:from
788:Üsküp
747:right
687:Radan
653:Sofia
640:Milan
448:Pirot
419:Pirot
403:Islam
375:Alban
3902:and
3663:Serb
3543:ISBN
3526:ISBN
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3494:ISBN
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3376:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3272:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3056:ISBN
3027:link
3007:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2837:2016
2659:ISBN
2646:link
2632:2016
2597:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2327:2014
2301:2014
1751:2020
1738:ISBN
1711:ISBN
979:and
939:and
849:and
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