Extratropical cyclone - Knowledge (XXG)

1148: 38: 6156: 1730: 1005:, or at a preferred quadrant of an upper-level jet streak, where upper level divergence is best. The stronger the upper level divergence over the cyclone, the deeper the cyclone can become. Hurricane-force extratropical cyclones are most likely to form in the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans in the months of December and January. On 14 and 15 December 1986, an extratropical cyclone near Iceland deepened to below 920 millibars (27 inHg), which is a pressure equivalent to a 1840: 683: 1621: 877: 1022: 6170: 1435: 1229: 1418:"). This most often results in a merging of the two low pressure systems into a single extratropical cyclone, or can less commonly result in a mere change of direction of either one or both of the cyclones. The precise results of such interactions depend on factors such as the size of the two cyclones, their strength, their distance from each other, and the prevailing atmospheric conditions around them. 1364: 1167:). Near this center, the pressure gradient force (from the pressure at the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the Coriolis force must be in an approximate balance for the cyclone to avoid collapsing in on itself as a result of the difference in pressure. The central pressure of the cyclone will lower with increasing maturity, while outside of the cyclone, the 6503: 5112: 1119: 4520: 1220:; thus, they are sometimes called "cold-core lows". Various charts can be examined to check the characteristics of a cold-core system with height, such as the 700 millibars (20.67 inHg) chart, which is at about 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) altitude. Cyclone phase diagrams are used to tell whether a cyclone is tropical, subtropical, or extratropical. 1044:

baroclinic system. Due to this, the size of the system will usually appear to increase, while the core weakens. However, after transition is complete, the storm may re-strengthen due to baroclinic energy, depending on the environmental conditions surrounding the system. The cyclone will also distort in shape, becoming less symmetric with time.

806: 1427: 1608:), extratropical cyclones (so-called atmospheric transients) acts as a mechanism in converting potential energy that is created by pole to equator temperature gradients to eddy kinetic energy. In the process, the pole-equator temperature gradient is reduced (i.e. energy is transported poleward to warm up the higher latitudes). 1406:

are quite normal, and will generally result in a weakening of the cyclone, the weakening of the anticyclone, a diversion of the cyclone towards the anticyclone's periphery, or a combination of all three to some extent depending on the precise conditions. It is also common for an extratropical cyclone

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Extratropical cyclones are generally driven, or "steered", by deep westerly winds in a general west to east motion across both the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth. This general motion of atmospheric flow is known as "zonal". Where this general trend is the main steering influence of an

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or loses its central convection while maintaining its forward speed or accelerating. The XT scale corresponds to the Dvorak scale and is applied in the same way, except that "XT" is used instead of "T" to indicate that the system is undergoing extratropical transition. Also, the XT technique is only

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The existence of such transients are also closely related to the formation of the Icelandic and Aleutian Low — the two most prominent general circulation features in the mid- to sub-polar northern latitudes. The two lows are formed by both the transport of kinetic energy and the latent heating

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oft—or "trowal" for short—will be caused by strong southerly winds on its eastern periphery rotating aloft around its northeast, and ultimately into its northwestern periphery (also known as the warm conveyor belt), forcing a surface trough to continue into the cold sector on a similar curve to the

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A second competing theory for extratropical cyclone development over the oceans is the Shapiro–Keyser model, developed in 1990. Its main differences with the Norwegian Cyclone Model are the fracture of the cold front, treating warm-type occlusions and warm fronts as the same, and allowing the cold

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and reaching a barotropically cold environment. It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries. This theory still retains merit, as it is a good description for extratropical cyclones over continental landmasses.

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Extratropical cyclones slant back into colder air masses and strengthen with height, sometimes exceeding 30,000 feet (approximately 9 km) in depth. Above the surface of the earth, the air temperature near the center of the cyclone is increasingly colder than the surrounding environment.

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for the process of extratropical transition to begin. During this process, a cyclone in extratropical transition (known across the eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans as the post-tropical stage), will invariably form or connect with nearby fronts and/or troughs consistent with a

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is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability. On rare occasions, an extratropical cyclone can transform into a tropical cyclone if it reaches an area of ocean with warmer waters and an environment with less vertical wind shear. An example of this happening is in the

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field experiment of the late 1980s, which produced observations of intense marine cyclones that indicated an anomalously warm low-level thermal structure, secluded (or surrounded) by a bent-back warm front and a coincident chevron-shaped band of intense surface winds. The

1317:. The most intense warm seclusions often attain pressures less than 950 millibars (28.05 inHg) with a definitive lower to mid-level warm core structure. A warm seclusion, the result of a baroclinic lifecycle, occurs at latitudes well poleward of the tropics. 1134:

The windfield of an extratropical cyclone constricts with distance in relation to surface level pressure, with the lowest pressure being found near the center, and the highest winds typically just on the cold/poleward side of warm fronts, occlusions, and

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to fail; the loss of convection results in unrealistically low estimates using the Dvorak technique. The system combines aspects of the Dvorak technique, used for estimating tropical cyclone intensity, and the Hebert-Poteat technique, used for estimating

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to the warm front. This model was based on oceanic cyclones and their frontal structure, as seen in surface observations and in previous projects which used aircraft to determine the vertical structure of fronts across the northwest Atlantic.

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is highest. The area poleward and west of the cold and warm fronts connected to extratropical cyclones is known as the cold sector, while the area equatorward and east of its associated cold and warm fronts is known as the warm sector.

1207:-like shape of the mid-tropospheric cloudiness that accompanies the feature. It can also be the focus of locally heavy precipitation, with thunderstorms possible if the atmosphere along the trowal is unstable enough for convection. 1356: 885: 810: 1526:" deepened to 953 millibars (28.14 inHg) with a highest recorded wind of 220 km/h (140 mph), resulting in the loss of 19 lives, 15 million trees, widespread damage to homes and an estimated economic cost of 2887:"Monsoon depressions, monsoon gyres, midget tropical cyclones, TUTT cells, and high intensity after recurvature: Lessons learned from the use of Dvorak's techniques in the world's most prolific tropical-cyclone basin" 1591:

An emerging topic is the co-occurrence of wind and precipitation extremes, so-called compound extreme events, induced by extratropical cyclones. Such compound events account for 3–5% of the total number of cyclones.

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Robert E. Hart; Clark Evans; Jenni L. Evans (February 2006). "Synoptic composites of the extratropical transition lifecycle of North Atlantic tropical cyclones: Factors determining post-transition evolution".

916:, there are an average of 37 cyclones in existence during any 6-hour period. A separate study in the Northern Hemisphere suggests that approximately 234 significant extratropical cyclones form each winter. 958:

in the low-level wind field. Low-level convergence and upper-level divergence imply upward motion within the column, making cyclones cloudy. As the cyclone strengthens, the cold front sweeps towards the

1336:. Climatologically, the Northern Hemisphere sees warm seclusions during the cold season months, while the Southern Hemisphere may see a strong cyclone event such as this during all times of the year. 3029: 3878: 3189: 1537:

Although most tropical cyclones that become extratropical quickly dissipate or are absorbed by another weather system, they can still retain winds of hurricane or gale force. In 1954,

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used once extratropical transition begins; the Dvorak technique is still used if the system begins dissipating without transition. Once the cyclone has completed transition and become

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often transform into extratropical cyclones at the end of their tropical existence, usually between 30° and 40° latitude, where there is sufficient forcing from upper-level troughs or

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Anthony R. Lupo; Phillip J. Smith (February 1998). "The Interactions between a Midlatitude Blocking Anticyclone and Synoptic-Scale Cyclones That Occurred during the Summer Season".

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cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the

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at surface level (the weight of the air column) is reduced. The lowered pressure strengthens the cyclone (a low pressure system). The lowered pressure acts to draw in air, creating

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During extratropical transition, the cyclone begins to tilt back into the colder airmass with height, and the cyclone's primary energy source converts from the release of latent

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In all tropical basins, except the Northern Indian Ocean, the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone may result in reintensification into a warm seclusion. For example,

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of 15–30 km/h (10–20 mph), or they can be dangerous with torrential rain and winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), and so they are sometimes referred to as

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A hurricane-force extratropical cyclone in the north Atlantic in January 2016 with a distinct eye-like feature, caused by a warm seclusion. This system would later undergo

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is about average. In most extratropical cyclones, the part of the cold front ahead of the cyclone will develop into a warm front, giving the frontal zone (as drawn on

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marked a pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg), with the possibility of a pressure between 912–913 mbar (26.9–27.0 inHg), lower than the Braer Storm.

2826: 2772: 2458: 1175:) a wave-like shape. Due to their appearance on satellite images, extratropical cyclones can also be referred to as frontal waves early in their life cycle. In the 3064: 6992: 5601: 1082:

uses the extratropical transition (XT) technique to subjectively estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones becoming extratropical based on visible and infrared

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and high winds. When significant directional wind shear exists in the atmosphere ahead of a cold front in the presence of a strong upper-level jet stream,

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B. Ziv; P. Alpert (December 2003). "Theoretical and Applied Climatology — Rotation of mid-latitude binary cyclones: a potential vorticity approach".

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Jenni L. Evans; Robert E. Hart (May 2003). "Objective indicators of the life cycle evolution of extratropical transition for Atlantic tropical cyclones".

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When the general flow pattern buckles from a zonal pattern to the meridional pattern, a slower movement in a north or southward direction is more likely.

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began to lose tropical characteristics while still sporting Category 3-force winds (and became fully extratropical as a Category 1 storm).

849:" or "lows". Terms like frontal cyclone, frontal depression, frontal low, extratropical low, non-tropical low and hybrid low are often used as well. 5885: 3928: 3882: 3373: 1414:

in the atmosphere), the two may combine to become a binary cyclone, where the vortices of the two cyclones rotate around each other (known as the "

1075:. The process known as "tropical transition" involves the usually slow development of an extratropically cold core vortex into a tropical cyclone. 1013:, the average pressure for cyclones is 980 millibars (28.94 inHg) during the winter, and 1,000 millibars (29.53 inHg) during the summer. 1749: 908:

were detected between 1979 and 2018 based on reanalysis data. A study of extratropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere shows that between the

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or extratropical transition. In a climatology study with two different cyclone algorithms, a total of 49,745–72,931 extratropical cyclones in the

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caused $ 27.115 billion in damages and 232 fatalities, the most damaging flood in European since at least 1985. In late December 1999, Cyclones

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a nor'easter caused at least 286 deaths in the Northeastern United States, one of the deadliest nor'easters on record. 62 years later in

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article notes at least five other extratropical cyclones in the Southern Ocean with a pressure under 915 mbar (27.0 inHg).

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if a tropical cyclone has intruded into the mid latitudes. Weather forecasters and the general public often describe them simply as "

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Of the two theories on extratropical cyclone structure and life cycle, the older is the Norwegian Cyclone Model, developed during

997:. These bombs rapidly drop in pressure to below 980 millibars (28.94 inHg) under favorable conditions such as near a natural 892:

Extratropical cyclones form anywhere within the extratropical regions of the Earth (usually between 30° and 60° latitude from the

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An upper-level jet streak. DIV areas are regions of divergence aloft, which will lead to surface convergence and aid cyclogenesis.

4524: 1673: 599: 1347:(2014) each re-intensified into a strong baroclinic system and achieved warm seclusion status at maturity (or lowest pressure). 7159: 6194: 5906: 5865: 4803: 3094: 1938: 1777: 1147: 37: 5899: 1959: 1726:

caused 140 deaths combined and over $ 23 billion in damages in Central Europe, the costliest European windstorms in history.

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There are two models of cyclone development and life cycles in common use: the Norwegian model and the Shapiro–Keyser model.

1156: 1006: 4318: 3905: 2994: 1302:, largely observed cyclones at the tail end of their lifecycle and used the term occlusion to identify the decaying stages. 3319: 3271: 1932:"Synoptic Composites of the Extratropical Transition Lifecycle of North Atlantic TCs as Defined Within Cyclone Phase Space" 3702: 1825: 1612:(the energy released when water phase changed from vapor to liquid during precipitation) from the mid- latitude cyclones. 1569: 1367:

A February 24, 2007 radar image of a large extratropical cyclonic storm system at its peak over the central United States.

497: 7058: 5667: 2819:"The Dvorak Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimation Technique: A Satellite-Based Method that Has Endured for over 30 Years" 7074: 6648: 6532: 6430: 5804: 5683: 5257: 5141: 5039: 4684: 3072: 1646: 1299: 1079: 6985: 6669: 6571: 6402: 6010: 5992: 5594: 5278: 5180: 5011: 2955: 2934: 2913: 1684: 1460: 4410: 1905: 1788: 7053: 5662: 4219: 1522:

Explosive development of extratropical cyclones can be sudden. The storm known in Great Britain and Ireland as the "

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image of typical extratropical cyclones over the ocean. Note the maximum winds are on the outside of the occlusion.

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late in their life cycle, when the distribution of heat around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with its radius.

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Changes in direction of this nature are most commonly observed as a result of a cyclone's interaction with other

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Holton, James R. 1992 An introduction to dynamic meteorology / James R. Holton Academic Press, San Diego :

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A warm seclusion is the mature phase of the extratropical cyclone life cycle. This was conceptualized after the

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ensues. The divergence causes air to rush out from the top of the air column. As mass in the column is reduced,

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Where an extratropical cyclone encounters another extratropical cyclone (or almost any other kind of cyclonic

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can fall very rapidly when there are strong upper level forces on the system. When pressures fall more than 1

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known as a jet streak. The favorable quadrants are usually at the right rear and left front quadrants, where

829:" applies to numerous types of low pressure areas, one of which is the extratropical cyclone. The descriptor 6620: 6585: 6578: 6491: 6074: 5779: 5229: 5194: 5187: 5100: 4145:

Blake, Eric S; Kimberlain, Todd B; Berg, Robert J; Cangialosi, John P; Beven II, John L (12 February 2013).

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releases are important for their development and intensification, most warm seclusion events occur over the

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Extratropical cyclones have been responsible for some of the most damaging floods in European history. The

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Extratropical cyclones form along linear bands of temperature/dew point gradient with significant vertical

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patterns feature strong, amplified troughs and ridges, generally with more northerly and southerly flow.

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formation is possible. Although tornadoes can form anywhere on Earth, the greatest number occur in the

1402:. A strong and stationary anticyclone can effectively block the path of an extratropical cyclone. Such 7013: 5622: 4052: 3249: 2746: 1672:

The most intense extratropical cyclone across the North Pacific Ocean occurred in November 2014, when

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due to the presence of significant atmospheric moisture and strong upper level divergence, leading to

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as the poleward portion of the cold front overtakes a section of the warm front, forcing a tongue, or

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S. K. Gulev; O. Zolina; S. Grigoriev (2001). "Winter Storms in the Northern Hemisphere (1958–1999)".

2049: 2000: 1799: 1795:, a winter storm caused $ 8.5 billion in damages and 106 deaths across the United States and Canada. 1768:

were all large, violent, and deadly tornado outbreaks related to extratropical cyclones. Similarly,

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In summer, extratropical cyclones are generally weak, but some of the systems can cause significant

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developing over the United States, starting late on October 25 and running through October 27, 2010.

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in the north Atlantic after completing its transition to an extratropical cyclone from a hurricane

979:, of warm air aloft. Eventually, the cyclone will become barotropically cold and begin to weaken. 6454: 6336: 6231: 5823: 5063: 4945: 4840: 4715: 4679: 4594: 4584: 3804: 3484: 2861: 2799: 2661: 2612: 2555: 2506: 2357: 2110: 1644:

estimated a pressure of 900.7 mbar (26.60 inHg) and a subsequent analysis published in

1483:, winter, and spring, the atmosphere over continents can be cold enough through the depth of the 1456: 1072: 994: 744: 303: 281: 188: 149: 3772:

Odell, Luke; Knippertz, Peter; Pickering, Steven; Parkes, Ben; Roberts, Alexander (April 2013).

3097:. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Archived from 1359:

A zonal flow regime. Note the dominant west-to-east flow as shown in the 500 hPa height pattern.

993:) per hour, the process is called explosive cyclogenesis, and the cyclone can be described as a 876: 1471:

on the northwest periphery of the surface low can be a region of heavy precipitation, frequent

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Extratropical cyclones spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, just like tropical cyclones.

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in December 1986 reached a minimum pressure of at least 916 mbar (27.0 inHg). The

1415: 1310: 1262:. In this theory, cyclones develop as they move up and along a frontal boundary, eventually 1217: 1087: 1032: 955: 786: 782: 697: 411: 298: 210: 53: 4245: 3164: 2973: 833:

signifies that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside the tropics and in the middle

6890: 6785: 6764: 6722: 6477: 6315: 5499: 5394: 5373: 5331: 5086: 4924: 4725: 2322:"A cyclone statistics for the Arctic based on European Centre re-analysis data (Abstract)" 2321: 2184: 1820:. 1,159 out of the 1,309 on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest typhoons in 1741: 1558: 1538: 1512: 1380: 1160: 990: 604: 379: 82: 6967: 5576: 3687:

Linear Stationary Wave Simulations of the Time-Mean Climatological Flow, Paul J. Valdes,

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in Northern China left 184 dead, 130 missing, and caused over $ 4.96 billion in damages.

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Squall lines, or solid bands of strong thunderstorms, can form ahead of cold fronts and

1479:. Cyclones tend to move along a predictable path at a moderate rate of progress. During 1434: 6848: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6743: 6729: 6715: 6690: 6683: 6354: 6052: 5457: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5352: 5338: 5324: 5299: 5292: 4963: 3857: 3293: 1927: 1845: 1817: 1719: 1637: 1577: 1542: 1527: 1263: 1113: 972: 861: 778: 687: 594: 428: 42: 4146: 3676: 3600: 3599:

Richard J. Pasch; Eric S. Blake; Hugh D. Cobb III & David P Roberts (2006-01-12).

3503: 2386:"A climatology of extratropical transition of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic" 2128:

Carlyle H. Wash; Stacey H. Heikkinen; Chi-Sann Liou; Wendell A. Nuss (February 1990).

1228: 17: 7153: 7018: 6813: 6771: 6757: 6564: 6392: 6361: 5977: 5931: 5627: 5422: 5380: 5366: 5173: 5001: 4970: 4720: 4664: 4171: 3808: 3688: 2803: 2361: 2114: 1853: 1769: 1692: 1601: 1306: 1277: 1176: 1101: 1056: 794: 550: 504: 450: 399: 286: 31: 3488: 3098: 2865: 2665: 1680:

reached a record low pressure of 920 mbar (27 inHg). In October 2021, the

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These characteristics are the direct opposite of those found in their counterparts,

6953: 6946: 6932: 6925: 6911: 6869: 6855: 6841: 6820: 6382: 6322: 6256: 6064: 5982: 5941: 5562: 5555: 5541: 5534: 5520: 5478: 5464: 5450: 5429: 4991: 4931: 4865: 4388: 3225:"Determining Midlatitude Cyclone Structure and Evolution from the Upper-Level Flow" 2616: 2559: 2510: 1989:"Global analysis of cyclone-induced compound precipitation and wind extreme events" 1863: 1516: 1508: 1472: 1407:

to strengthen as the blocking anticyclone or ridge weakens in these circumstances.

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occluded front. The trowal creates the portion of an occluded cyclone known as its

1010: 935: 925: 897: 760: 440: 364: 195: 1963: 1804: 1691:, peaking with a pressure of 942 mbar (27.8 inHg). One of the strongest 1363: 4322: 4270: 4079: 4051:

Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W.; Pińskwar, Iwona; Brakenridge, G. Robert (January 2013).

3929:"Bomb cyclone: What it is, where the term came from and why it's not a hurricane" 3731:

Lin, Peiyi; Zhong, Rui; Yang, Qinghua; Clem, Kyle R.; Chen, Dake (28 July 2023).

3005: 2681:"Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part I: Diagnostic Criteria and Composite Analysis" 1159:

in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to the

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processes. The low pressure system eventually loses its warm core and becomes a

1052: 1002: 853: 740: 589: 477: 472: 435: 384: 315: 261: 217: 205: 154: 6502: 5111: 2013: 1988: 7079: 6127: 6117: 6096: 6057: 5769: 5688: 4705: 4659: 4624: 3574: 3472: 1960:"Chapter 3: Cyclone Paradigms and Extratropical Transition Conceptualizations" 1873: 1835: 1464: 1373: 1314: 1136: 1118: 1086:. Loss of central convection in transitioning tropical cyclones can cause the 1040: 986: 964: 947: 931: 865: 584: 567: 509: 457: 320: 256: 251: 244: 171: 166: 124: 112: 3480: 3437: 2454: 2353: 2163: 2071: 2022: 1313:), significant pressure falls, hurricane-force winds, and moderate to strong 1095:

intensity. The technique is applied when a tropical cyclone interacts with a

7134: 7023: 6261: 6091: 6047: 6027: 5743: 5632: 4870: 4786: 4781: 4773: 4629: 4124:"Christmas 20 years ago: Storms Lothar and Martin wreak havoc across Europe" 3906:"Bering Sea Superstorm Among the Strongest Extratropical Cyclones on Record" 2794: 2767: 2038:"Variability of Southern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclone Behavior, 1958–97" 1858: 1715: 1662: 1657:

In the North Atlantic Ocean, the most intense extratropical cyclone was the

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in the United States, because downsloped winds off the north–south oriented

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is often extensive. In mature extratropical cyclones, an area known as the

4519: 4102:"Looking Back, Looking Forward: Anatol, Lothar and Martin Ten Years Later" 2705: 2680: 2345: 2106: 1549:, which evolved from the remains of Typhoon Freda, caused heavy damage in 6397: 6273: 6186: 6112: 6005: 6000: 5006: 4882: 4196: 3757: 3732: 1699:, in which a cyclone reached a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg). 1581: 1122: 857: 834: 764: 374: 6241: 6069: 5845: 4850: 4744: 4561: 4319:"NOAA's Top U.S. Weather, Water and Climate Events of the 20th Century" 3549: 3142: 2768:"The TT Problem — Forecasting the Tropical Transition of Cyclones" 2526:"A Cyclone Phase Space Derived from Thermal Wind and Thermal Asymmetry" 2296:"Great weather events — A record-breaking Atlantic weather system" 1813: 1504: 968: 960: 893: 826: 768: 748: 540: 418: 406: 354: 337: 308: 266: 229: 176: 105: 61: 3653:(in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. July 25, 2016. Archived from 3627:(in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. July 25, 2016. Archived from 3548:. National Severe Storms Laboratory (NOAA). 2002-03-13. Archived from 3428: 2608: 1898:"ESCI 241 – Meteorology; Lesson 16 – Extratropical Cyclones" 1748:. Over 100 people were killed and $ 65 billion in damages, the second 1650:

estimated a pressure of 899.91 mbar (26.574 inHg). The same

1355: 884: 4492:(in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. 25 July 2016. Archived from 4466:(in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. 23 July 2016. Archived from 3800: 2270:

Joseph M. Sienkiewicz; Joan M. Von Ahn; G. M. McFadden (2005-07-18).

1752:

at the time. Other extratropical cyclones have been related to major

1688: 1550: 1480: 1411: 976: 342: 330: 325: 92: 87: 77: 70: 963:

and moves around the back of the cyclone. Meanwhile, its associated

1426: 6236: 4845: 4589: 3879:"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-11-08T06:00:00Z" 1728: 1619: 1565: 1425: 1362: 1354: 1325: 1227: 1146: 1117: 1020: 883: 875: 804: 789:, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and 545: 482: 144: 137: 36: 967:

progresses more slowly, as the cooler air ahead of the system is

2747:"Cyclogenesis and Tropical Transition in decaying frontal zones" 1744:

transitioned into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of the

1573: 1500: 1452: 1333: 1329: 1321: 971:, and therefore more difficult to dislodge. Later, the cyclones 756: 752: 562: 462: 445: 423: 349: 6426: 6190: 5035: 4799: 4534: 4321:. National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 3502:

Joan Von Ahn; Joe Sienkiewicz; Greggory McFadden (April 2005).

3195:. University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology. Archived from 3881:. Japan Meteorological Agency. 8 November 2014. Archived from 2630:

Mark P. Guishard; Jenni L. Evans; Robert E. Hart (July 2009).

880:

Approximate areas of extratropical cyclone formation worldwide

557: 934:, and are thus classified as baroclinic cyclones. Initially, 3227:. Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies 1576:-force sustained winds, but it caused devastating floods in 856:, because they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint 4220:"Storm Summary Number 11 For Central U.S. Heavy Rain Event" 3733:"A Record-Breaking Cyclone Over the Southern Ocean in 2022" 3701:

Hewson, Tim; Day, Jonathan; Hersbach, Hans (January 2023).

3691:, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1989 46:16, 2509–2527 3420:

10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0502:TIBAMB>2.0.CO;2

2551:

10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0585:ACPSDF>2.0.CO;2

2503:

10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0909:OIOTLC>2.0.CO;2

2411:

10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0546:ACOTET>2.0.CO;2

2155:

10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<0375:ARCEDG>2.0.CO;2

2063:

10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0550:VOSHEC>2.0.CO;2

751:

are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild

2256:

10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2

1515:, which can form a dry line, aid their development at any 747:, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical 1451:

Extratropical cyclones can bring little rain and surface

4369:. Newspapers.com. Pasadena Independent. 15 December 1960 1430:

Preferred region of snowfall in an extratropical cyclone

4244:

Corfidi, Stephen F.; Levit, Jason J.; Weiss, Steven J.

2766:

Christopher A. Davis; Lance F. Bosart (November 2004).

2428:. Canadian Hurricane Center. 2003-07-10. Archived from 1710:

killed over 2,500 and destroyed 3,000 houses. In 2002,

1328:; they may impact coastal nations with hurricane force 1182:

In the northern hemisphere, once a cyclone occludes, a

837:

of Earth between 30° and 60° latitude. They are termed

30:"Wave cyclone" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4028:. Natural Disaster Networking Platform. Archived from 3952:"STORM SUMMARY NUMBER 5 FOR EASTERN U.S. WINTER STORM" 3243: 3241: 2894:

26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology

4436:第２版,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) , 百科事典マイペディア,デジタル大辞泉プラス,世界大百科事典 . 1632:

The most intense extratropical cyclone on record was

1163:(this manner of rotation is generally referred to as 4177:(Report). National Hurricane Center. 26 January 2018 3709:. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 3703:"The deepest extratropical cyclone of modern times?" 3320:"Stormy Weather Is Hurricane Cristobal Petering Out" 3292:

Richard J. Pasch; Eric S. Blake (February 8, 2006).

3145:. Florida State University Department of Meteorology 3123:. Florida State University Department of Meteorology 1891: 1889: 7122: 7101: 7092: 7067: 7036: 7006: 6977: 6707: 6556: 6510: 6462: 6415: 6375: 6346: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6224: 6105: 6035: 6026: 5991: 5968: 5959: 5924: 5875: 5813: 5798: 5760: 5731: 5710: 5701: 5676: 5645: 5615: 5586: 5316: 5165: 5119: 5071: 5024: 4984: 4955: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4833: 4772: 4763: 4752: 4743: 4698: 4652: 4643: 4577: 3677:

https://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/els032/91040568.html

3218: 3216: 3143:"Cyclone phase evolution: Analyses & Forecasts" 2632:"Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part II: Climatology" 3904:Wiltgen, Nick; Erdman, Jonatha (9 November 2014). 3299:(Report). Miami Florida: National Hurricane Center 2745:Michelle L. Stewart; M. A. Bourassa (2006-04-25). 2571: 2569: 2227:Frederick Sanders; John R. Gyakum (October 1980). 1642:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 1628:, the most intense extratropical cyclone on record 3376:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from 3350:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from 2950: 2948: 2929: 2927: 2320:Brümmer B.; Thiemann S.; Kirchgässner A. (2000). 1798:In September 1954, the extratropical remnants of 1155:The wind flow around an extratropical cyclone is 4391:. National Centers for Environmental Information 4199:. National Centers for Environmental Information 4026:"System Explanation of Floods in Central Europe" 3601:"Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Wilma" 3121:"Cyclone Phase Analysis and Forecast: Help Page" 2384:Robert E. Hart; Jenni L. Evans (February 2001). 1179:, an old name for such a system is "warm wave". 904:and 71,289–74,229 extratropical cyclones in the 852:Extratropical cyclones are classified mainly as 41:A powerful extratropical cyclone over the North 4172:Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated 3030:"The Atmosphere in motion: Pressure & mass" 2827:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2773:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2459:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1309:-like features at their center (reminiscent of 6993:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe 5602:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe 4389:"Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters" 4271:"April 11th 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak" 3170:. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (NOAA) 2722:"A Fifty year History of Subtropical Cyclones" 2679:Jenni L. Evans; Mark P. Guishard (July 2009). 2130:"A Rapid Cyclogenesis Event during GALE IOP 9" 1733:The extratropical cyclone responsible for the 942:near a favorable quadrant of a maximum in the 6438: 6202: 5047: 4811: 4546: 4246:"The Super Outbreak: Outbreak of the Century" 4000:"The flood of 1953 - Rescue and consequences" 1568:overland because of torrential rainfall. The 705: 8: 3318:Fontaine, Andie Sophia (September 1, 2014). 3252:. American Meteorological Society Conference 3223:David M. Schultz; Heini Werli (2001-01-05). 2229:"Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the "Bomb"" 2185:"Bomb cyclones ravage northwestern Atlantic" 1784:were responsible for over 300 deaths each. 4367:"East Thaws Out From Freeze; 286 Left Dead" 4345:"Superstorm of 1993 "Storm of the Century"" 4147:Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012 3095:"Mid-Latitude Cyclones: Vertical Structure" 7098: 6445: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6304: 6297: 6288: 6209: 6195: 6187: 6032: 5965: 5810: 5707: 5054: 5040: 5032: 5028: 4913: 4906: 4897: 4818: 4804: 4796: 4769: 4760: 4749: 4649: 4553: 4539: 4531: 3831:"A New North Atlantic Low Pressure Record" 2379: 2377: 2036:Ian Simmonds; Kevin Keay (February 2000). 1276:front to progress through the warm sector 938:, or low pressure formation, occurs along 712: 698: 48: 4066:(1). Hydrological Sciences Journal: 1–7. 3756: 3546:"Tornadoes: Nature's Most Violent Storms" 3427: 2847: 2793: 2704: 2655: 2598: 2549: 2476: 2474: 2409: 2254: 2153: 2061: 2012: 1372:extratropical cyclone, it is known as a " 771:. These types of cyclones are defined as 5886:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone 4295:National Weather Service. Archived from 3294:Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Maria 2272:"Hurricane Force Extratropical Cyclones" 1433: 1051:(from thunderstorms near the center) to 841:if they form within those latitudes, or 3274:. JeffMasters' Blog on Wunderground.Com 2727:. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 1987:Messmer, Martina; Ian Simmonds (2021). 1885: 1580:, resulting in at least 184 deaths and 1545:as a strong Category 3 storm. The 60: 3726: 3724: 1130:Surface pressure and wind distribution 3978:"Freak storm dissipates over England" 3504:"Mariners Weather Log, Vol 49, No. 1" 3372:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). 3346:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). 2205:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). 1305:Warm seclusions may have cloud-free, 7: 4635:Tropical cyclones and climate change 3527:. University of Illinois. 1999-09-02 3250:"Warm seclusion cyclone climatology" 2976:. University of Illinois. 1999-09-02 2817:Velden, C.; et al. (Aug 2006). 1982: 1980: 1640:in October 2022. An analysis by the 7059:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms 5859:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone 5852:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone 5785:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone 5668:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms 4152:(Report). National Hurricane Center 4053:"Large floods in Europe, 1985–2009" 3453:Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2326:Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 1626:October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone 1104:, the technique is no longer used. 797:, about the center of the cyclone. 5947:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex 5893:Australian region tropical cyclone 3858:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1987.tb06919.x 3606:. National Hurricane Center (NOAA) 3506:. Voluntary Observing Ship Program 2974:"WW2010 - Pressure Gradient Force" 1667:West German Meteorological Service 1442:approaching southeastern Australia 25: 4293:"On Mar 12 in weather history..." 3927:Zaffino, Matt (27 October 2021). 3165:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual" 2298:. U.K. Met Office. Archived from 2209:. American Meteorological Society 1706:killed over 8,000 people and the 6501: 6168: 6154: 5110: 4518: 4411:"洞爺丸台風昭和29年（1954年）９月24日～９月27日" 1900:. Department of Earth Sciences, 1838: 681: 5907:South Atlantic tropical cyclone 5866:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone 4100:Tatge, Yörn (9 December 2009). 1939:American Meteorological Society 1596:Climate and general circulation 785:of the Earth. In contrast with 7054:Continental North Asian storms 5900:South Pacific tropical cyclone 5663:Continental North Asian storms 2277:. American Meteorology Society 1588:4.96 billion) of damage. 1: 4218:Mike Soltow (25 April 2011). 4060:Hydrological Sciences Journal 4002:. Deltawerken. Archived from 3829:Burt, S. D. (February 1987). 3190:"The Norwegian Cyclone Model" 2524:Robert E. Hart (April 2003). 2426:"Glossary of Hurricane Terms" 1570:July 2016 North China cyclone 6593:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962 6533:Moray Firth fishing disaster 6161:Tropical cyclones portal 5202:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962 5142:Moray Firth fishing disaster 4685:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge 4080:10.1080/02626667.2012.745082 3737:Geophysical Research Letters 3188:Shaye Johnson (2001-09-25). 3163:David M. Roth (2005-12-15). 3141:Robert Harthi (2006-10-04). 3071:. 2003-08-04. Archived from 3039:. 2006-04-26. Archived from 2720:David M. Roth (2002-02-15). 2183:Jack Williams (2005-05-20). 1993:Weather and Climate Extremes 1652:Geophysical Research Letters 1647:Geophysical Research Letters 1463:that is associated with the 1300:Bergen School of Meteorology 1080:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 6986:List of European windstorms 6403:Pacific Northwest windstorm 6011:Mesoscale convective vortex 5993:Mesoscale convective system 5595:List of European windstorms 5012:Pacific Northwest windstorm 3774:"The Braer storm revisited" 3270:Jeff Masters (2006-02-14). 3248:Ryan N. Maue (2006-04-25). 1958:Ryan N. Maue (2004-12-07). 1756:. The tornado outbreaks of 1685:Pacific Northwest windstorm 1600:In the classic analysis by 609:Severe weather terminology 71:Temperate and polar seasons 7176: 4347:. National Weather Service 4273:. National Weather Service 3119:Robert Hart (2003-02-18). 3093:Andrea Lang (2006-04-20). 2995:"The Atmosphere in Motion" 2455:"Glossary of NHC Terms: P" 2014:10.1016/j.wace.2021.100324 1750:costliest tropical cyclone 1746:Northeastern United States 1687:occurred off the coast of 1547:Columbus Day Storm of 1962 1541:became extratropical over 1251: 1111: 1026:Hurricane Cristobal (2014) 923: 793:along broad lines, called 29: 7109:Australian east coast low 6649:1992 New Year's Day Storm 6499: 6422: 6148: 5775:Australian east coast Low 5718:Australian east coast low 5258:1992 New Year's Day Storm 5108: 5031: 4795: 4251:. Storm Prediction Center 4224:Weather Prediction Center 3571:"The Great Storm of 1987" 3473:10.1007/s00704-003-0011-x 2451:National Hurricane Center 6677:Boxing Day Storm of 1998 6670:Christmas Eve storm 1997 5286:Boxing Day Storm of 1998 5279:Christmas Eve storm 1997 4615:Annular tropical cyclone 2885:Lander, Mark A. (2004). 1017:Extratropical transition 819:an extratropical cyclone 6905:Friederike (David) 2018 6898:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018 6621:December 1981 windstorm 6579:North Sea flood of 1953 6492:Christmas Flood of 1717 6075:Multiple-vortex tornado 5514:Friederike (David) 2018 5507:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018 5230:December 1981 windstorm 5188:North Sea flood of 1953 5101:Christmas Flood of 1717 4197:"Storm Events Database" 3950:Kong (4 January 2018). 3525:"WW2010 - Squall Lines" 3325:The Reykjavík Grapevine 2956:"JTWC TN 97/002 Page 2" 2935:"JTWC TN 97/002 Page 8" 2914:"JTWC TN 97/002 Page 1" 2795:10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1657 1902:Millersville University 1708:North Sea flood of 1953 1459:in Europe. The band of 1296:Norwegian Cyclone Model 1254:Norwegian cyclone model 1248:Norwegian cyclone model 1141:pressure gradient force 1068:sea surface temperature 7160:Extratropical cyclones 7130:Southern Ocean cyclone 6218:Extratropical cyclones 6016:Line echo wave pattern 5970:Mesoscale ocean eddies 5739:Southern Ocean cyclone 4827:Extratropical cyclones 4620:Bar (tropical cyclone) 4610:Central dense overcast 4525:Extratropical cyclones 3400:Monthly Weather Review 3002:University of Aberdeen 2858:10.1175/BAMS-87-9-1195 2685:Monthly Weather Review 2657:10.1175/2008JCLI2346.1 2579:Monthly Weather Review 2530:Monthly Weather Review 2483:Monthly Weather Review 2234:Monthly Weather Review 2134:Monthly Weather Review 1896:DeCaria (2005-12-07). 1869:Explosive cyclogenesis 1737: 1629: 1443: 1431: 1368: 1360: 1298:, as developed by the 1241: 1152: 1126: 1049:heat from condensation 1029: 889: 881: 843:post-tropical cyclones 822: 773:large scale (synoptic) 739:which, along with the 725:Extratropical cyclones 670:Tropical cyclone terms 46: 18:Extratropical cyclones 6779:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 6642:Burns' Day storm 1990 6526:Night of the Big Wind 6247:Post-tropical cyclone 5388:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 5251:Burns' Day storm 1990 5135:Night of the Big Wind 4856:Post-tropical cyclone 4605:Rapid intensification 3954:. Wea. Archived from 3908:. The Weather Channel 3037:Ohio State University 2706:10.1175/2009MWR2468.1 2346:10.1007/s007030070006 2107:10.1007/s003820000145 1732: 1676:partially related to 1623: 1437: 1429: 1366: 1358: 1234:tropical cyclogenesis 1231: 1150: 1121: 1024: 944:upper level jetstream 887: 879: 839:mid-latitude cyclones 817:This animation shows 816: 729:mid-latitude cyclones 277:Extratropical cyclone 201:Air-mass thunderstorm 40: 6614:Gale of January 1976 6175:Tornadoes portal 6085:Anticyclonic tornado 6053:Low-topped supercell 5831:Cape Verde hurricane 5223:Gale of January 1976 4527:at Wikimedia Commons 4490:"西南部分地区洪涝灾害致80余万人受灾" 4464:"华北东北黄淮强降雨致289人死亡失踪" 4438:"洞爺丸台風(とうやまるたいふう)とは" 3758:10.1029/2023GL104012 3651:"西南部分地区洪涝灾害致80余万人受灾" 3625:"华北东北黄淮强降雨致289人死亡失踪" 3069:St. Louis University 1584:33.19 billion ( 1388:low pressure systems 1271:Shapiro–Keyser model 1173:surface weather maps 1007:category 5 hurricane 999:temperature gradient 983:Atmospheric pressure 952:atmospheric pressure 637:Weather modification 235:Anticyclonic tornado 7094:Southern Hemisphere 7049:Western Disturbance 6863:Thomas (Doris) 2017 6635:Great storm of 1987 6600:1968 Scotland storm 6540:Tay Bridge disaster 6519:Great Storm of 1824 6485:Great Storm of 1703 6455:European windstorms 6284:Northern Hemisphere 5877:Southern Hemisphere 5815:Northern Hemisphere 5703:Southern Hemisphere 5658:Western Disturbance 5472:Thomas (Doris) 2017 5244:Great storm of 1987 5209:1968 Scotland storm 5149:Tay Bridge disaster 5128:Great Storm of 1824 5094:Great Storm of 1703 5064:European windstorms 4893:Northern Hemisphere 4711:South Atlantic High 4699:Southern Hemisphere 4675:North American High 4653:Northern Hemisphere 4072:2013HydSJ..58....1K 3850:1987Wthr...42...53B 3793:2013Wthr...68..105O 3749:2023GeoRL..5004012L 3465:2003ThApC..76..189Z 3412:1998MWRv..126..502L 3065:"What is a TROWAL?" 2840:2006BAMS...87.1195V 2786:2004BAMS...85.1657D 2697:2009MWRv..137.2065E 2648:2009JCli...22.3574G 2591:2006MWRv..134..553H 2542:2003MWRv..131..585H 2495:2003MWRv..131..909E 2402:2001JCli...14..546H 2338:2000MAP....75..233B 2247:1980MWRv..108.1589S 2146:1990MWRv..118..375W 2099:2001ClDy...17..795G 2054:2000JCli...13..550S 2005:2021WCE....3200324M 1735:2011 Super Outbreak 1704:Great storm of 1703 1606:Lorenz energy cycle 1534:2.3 billion). 1524:Great Storm of 1987 1487:to cause snowfall. 1345:Hurricane Cristobal 1093:subtropical cyclone 906:Southern Hemisphere 902:Northern Hemisphere 745:high-pressure areas 727:, sometimes called 632:Weather forecasting 468:Rain and snow mixed 294:Subtropical cyclone 6232:Anticyclonic storm 5824:Atlantic hurricane 5780:Lake Huron cyclone 4841:Anticyclonic storm 4716:South Pacific High 4680:North Pacific High 4595:High-pressure area 4585:Anticyclonic storm 4415:www.data.jma.go.jp 4299:on 1 February 2014 3885:on 8 November 2014 2636:Journal of Climate 2390:Journal of Climate 2042:Journal of Climate 1738: 1630: 1530:1.2 billion ( 1444: 1432: 1369: 1361: 1242: 1211:Vertical structure 1169:sea-level pressure 1153: 1127: 1073:1991 Perfect Storm 1030: 896:), either through 890: 882: 864:. They can become 823: 781:that occur in the 737:low-pressure areas 688:Weather portal 304:Atlantic hurricane 282:European windstorm 189:Volcanic lightning 150:Cumulonimbus cloud 47: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7088: 7087: 7032: 7031: 7002: 7001: 6547:Eyemouth disaster 6463:14th-18th century 6411: 6410: 6371: 6370: 6252:Low-pressure area 6184: 6183: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6080:Satellite tornado 5955: 5954: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5840:Pacific hurricane 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5697: 5696: 5641: 5640: 5611: 5610: 5156:Eyemouth disaster 5072:14th-18th century 5020: 5019: 4980: 4979: 4861:Low-pressure area 4739: 4738: 4731:Subtropical ridge 4690:Subtropical ridge 4600:Low-pressure area 4570:Centers of action 4523:Media related to 4325:on 15 August 2000 3958:on 5 January 2018 3374:"Meridional Flow" 2780:(11): 1657–1662. 2642:(13): 3574–3594. 2609:10.1175/MWR3082.1 1754:tornado outbreaks 1740:In October 2012, 1404:blocking patterns 1374:zonal flow regime 1311:tropical cyclones 1224:Cyclone evolution 1218:tropical cyclones 1084:satellite imagery 1062:The peak time of 1033:Tropical cyclones 814: 787:tropical cyclones 722: 721: 16:(Redirected from 7167: 7114:Black nor'easter 7099: 7095: 7014:Black Sea storms 6995: 6988: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6656:Braer Storm 1993 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6505: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6424: 6420: 6364: 6357: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6305: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6188: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6033: 5966: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5878: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5842: 5833: 5826: 5816: 5811: 5723:Black nor'easter 5708: 5704: 5623:Black Sea storms 5604: 5597: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5265:Braer Storm 1993 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5114: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5033: 5029: 4973: 4966: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4914: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4797: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4706:South Polar High 4660:North Polar High 4650: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4532: 4522: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4057: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3801:10.1002/wea.2097 3778: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3698: 3692: 3689:Brian J. Hoskins 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3657:on July 25, 2016 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3631:on July 25, 2016 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3577:. Archived from 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3459:(3–4): 189–202. 3448: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3106: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3004:. Archived from 2999: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2958:. Archived from 2952: 2943: 2942: 2937:. Archived from 2931: 2922: 2921: 2916:. Archived from 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2851: 2834:(9): 1195–1210. 2823: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2797: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2691:(7): 2065–2080. 2676: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2602: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2332:(3–4): 233–250. 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2157: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2087:Climate Dynamics 2082: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2016: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1962:. Archived from 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1904:. Archived from 1893: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1824:. In July 2016, 1822:Japanese history 1712:floods in Europe 1416:Fujiwhara effect 1157:counterclockwise 1097:frontal boundary 1088:Dvorak technique 1057:cold-core system 815: 783:middle latitudes 714: 707: 700: 686: 685: 299:Tropical cyclone 211:Dry thunderstorm 106:Tropical seasons 49: 21: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7139: 7118: 7093: 7084: 7063: 7028: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6506: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6478:Burchardi flood 6476: 6471:Grote Mandrenke 6469: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6407: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6342: 6335: 6330:Great basin low 6328: 6321: 6316:Alberta clipper 6314: 6292: 6283: 6278: 6220: 6215: 6185: 6180: 6169: 6167: 6155: 6153: 6132: 6101: 6022: 5987: 5951: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5838: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5802: 5794: 5748: 5727: 5702: 5693: 5672: 5637: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5115: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5087:Burchardi flood 5085: 5080:Grote Mandrenke 5078: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5016: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4951: 4944: 4939:Great basin low 4937: 4930: 4925:Alberta clipper 4923: 4901: 4892: 4887: 4829: 4824: 4791: 4787:South Polar low 4782:North Polar low 4764: 4753: 4735: 4726:Australian High 4694: 4639: 4573: 4559: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4496:on 25 July 2016 4488: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4470:on 25 July 2016 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4032:on 4 March 2008 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3008: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2849:10.1.1.669.3855 2821: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2600:10.1.1.488.5251 2575: 2574: 2567: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2463: 2461: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2093:(10): 795–809. 2084: 2083: 2079: 2035: 2034: 2030: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1934: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1909: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1742:Hurricane Sandy 1618: 1616:Historic storms 1598: 1559:Hurricane Wilma 1539:Hurricane Hazel 1513:Rocky Mountains 1493: 1449: 1424: 1381:Meridional flow 1353: 1341:Hurricane Maria 1332:and torrential 1320:As latent heat 1287: 1273: 1256: 1250: 1226: 1213: 1161:Coriolis effect 1132: 1116: 1110: 1019: 928: 922: 874: 805: 803: 779:weather systems 718: 680: 675: 674: 650: 642: 641: 500: 490: 489: 402: 392: 391: 380:Ground blizzard 140: 130: 129: 108: 98: 97: 73: 35: 28: 27:Type of cyclone 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7173: 7171: 7163: 7162: 7152: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6835:Christina 2014 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6607:Quimburga 1972 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6355:Panhandle hook 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6164: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6039: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5444:Christina 2014 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5216:Quimburga 1972 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4964:Panhandle hook 4959: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4755:Synoptic scale 4747: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4568:of the world ( 4560: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4514: 4513:External links 4511: 4508: 4507: 4481: 4455: 4428: 4402: 4380: 4358: 4336: 4310: 4284: 4262: 4236: 4210: 4188: 4163: 4137: 4115: 4092: 4043: 4017: 3991: 3969: 3942: 3919: 3896: 3870: 3821: 3787:(4): 105–111. 3764: 3720: 3693: 3680: 3668: 3642: 3616: 3591: 3562: 3537: 3516: 3494: 3443: 3406:(2): 502–515. 3390: 3364: 3338: 3310: 3284: 3262: 3237: 3212: 3180: 3155: 3133: 3111: 3085: 3056: 3021: 2986: 2965: 2962:on 2012-02-08. 2944: 2941:on 2012-02-08. 2923: 2920:on 2012-02-08. 2905: 2877: 2809: 2758: 2737: 2712: 2671: 2622: 2585:(2): 553–578. 2565: 2536:(4): 585–616. 2516: 2489:(5): 909–925. 2470: 2453:(2011-07-11). 2442: 2417: 2396:(4): 546–564. 2373: 2312: 2287: 2262: 2219: 2197: 2175: 2140:(2): 234–257. 2120: 2077: 2048:(3): 550–561. 2028: 1976: 1950: 1918: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1846:Weather portal 1833: 1830: 1818:Tsugaru Strait 1714:caused by two 1638:Southern Ocean 1617: 1614: 1597: 1594: 1578:mainland China 1572:never brought 1543:North Carolina 1492: 1491:Severe weather 1489: 1448: 1445: 1440:east coast low 1423: 1420: 1352: 1349: 1286: 1285:Warm seclusion 1283: 1272: 1269: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1238:Hurricane Alex 1225: 1222: 1212: 1209: 1131: 1128: 1114:Weather fronts 1109: 1106: 1018: 1015: 924:Main article: 921: 918: 914:70th parallels 873: 870: 802: 799: 795:weather fronts 720: 719: 717: 716: 709: 702: 694: 691: 690: 677: 676: 673: 672: 667: 662: 660:Climate change 657: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 629: 628: 627: 626: 625: 620: 615: 607: 602: 595:Severe weather 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 571: 570: 565: 555: 554: 553: 543: 538: 537: 536: 531: 526: 521: 513: 512: 507: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 460: 455: 454: 453: 443: 438: 433: 432: 431: 429:Megacryometeor 421: 416: 415: 414: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 362: 357: 352: 347: 346: 345: 335: 334: 333: 328: 318: 313: 312: 311: 306: 296: 291: 290: 289: 284: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 248: 247: 242: 237: 227: 226: 225: 215: 214: 213: 208: 203: 193: 192: 191: 181: 180: 179: 174: 169: 159: 158: 157: 152: 141: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 122: 121: 120: 109: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 74: 69: 68: 65: 64: 58: 57: 43:Atlantic Ocean 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7172: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7091: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019:Icelandic Low 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6363: 6362:November gale 6359: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6293:North America 6290: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5978:Catalina eddy 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Cold-core low 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5628:Icelandic Low 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4971:November gale 4968: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4902:North America 4899: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4765:Surface-based 4762: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Kalahari High 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Siberian High 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4444:(in Japanese) 4443: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4417:(in Japanese) 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4006:on 6 May 2019 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3581:on 2007-04-02 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3552:on 2006-10-26 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3380:on 2006-10-26 3379: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3354:on 2007-03-13 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3273: 3272:"Blizzicanes" 3266: 3263: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3202:on 2006-09-01 3198: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3101:on 2006-09-03 3100: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3075:on 2006-09-16 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3046:on 2006-09-05 3042: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3011:on 2013-09-07 3007: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2432:on 2006-10-02 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2302:on 2008-07-07 2301: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2208: 2201: 2198: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1966:on 2008-05-10 1965: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1940: 1933: 1929: 1926:Robert Hart; 1922: 1919: 1908:on 2008-02-08 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1800:Typhoon Marie 1796: 1794: 1790: 1789:December 1960 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778:November 1950 1775: 1771: 1770:winter storms 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1602:Edward Lorenz 1595: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:thunderstorms 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:precipitation 1458: 1454: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278:perpendicular 1270: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1203:, due to the 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1177:United States 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:frontal zones 937: 933: 927: 919: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 886: 878: 871: 869: 867: 863: 862:frontal zones 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:extratropical 828: 820: 800: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 761:thunderstorms 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733:wave cyclones 730: 726: 715: 710: 708: 703: 701: 696: 695: 693: 692: 689: 684: 679: 678: 671: 668: 666: 665:Tornado terms 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 646: 645: 638: 635: 633: 630: 624: 623:United States 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 552: 549: 548: 547: 544: 542: 539: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 515: 514: 511: 508: 506: 505:Air pollution 503: 502: 499: 494: 493: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 456: 452: 449: 448: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 430: 427: 426: 425: 422: 420: 417: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400:Precipitation 396: 395: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 322: 319: 317: 314: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 300: 297: 295: 292: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 231: 228: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 134: 133: 126: 123: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 102: 101: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 72: 67: 66: 63: 59: 55: 51: 50: 45:in March 2022 44: 39: 33: 32:Tropical wave 19: 6891:Herwart 2017 6884:Ophelia 2017 6807:St Jude 2013 6786:Joachim 2011 6765:Xynthia 2010 6723:Jeanett 2002 6708:21st century 6628:Charley 1986 6565:Ulysses 1903 6557:20th century 6511:19th century 6388:Hatteras low 6383:Aleutian Low 6323:Colorado low 6257:Weather bomb 6217: 6166: 6152: 6065:Funnel cloud 5983:Haida Eddies 5942:Polar vortex 5500:Herwart 2017 5493:Ophelia 2017 5416:St Jude 2013 5395:Joachim 2011 5374:Xynthia 2010 5332:Jeanett 2002 5317:21st century 5237:Charley 1986 5174:Ulysses 1903 5166:20th century 5120:19th century 4997:Hatteras low 4992:Aleutian Low 4932:Colorado low 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