Exxon Valdez oil spill - Knowledge (XXG)

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site-visitation during an 'Annual Marine Drill' that the Port of Valdez was not prepared to "efficiently respond to a major spill event". In the letter, he stated that " appears that the Vikoma boom and/or deployment vessels used may not be adequate to handle the harsh environmental conditions of Port Valdez". Because Prince William Sound contained many rocky coves where the oil was collected, the decision was made to displace it with high-pressure hot water. However, this also displaced and destroyed the microbial populations on the shoreline; many of these organisms (e.g.

379: 822:, claiming that the state had interfered with Exxon's attempts to clean up the spill by refusing to approve the use of dispersant chemicals until the night of the 26th. The State of Alaska disputed this claim, stating that there was a long-standing agreement to allow the use of dispersants to clean up spills, thus Exxon did not require permission to use them, and that, in fact, Exxon had not had enough dispersant on hand to effectively handle a spill of the size created by 3989: 811: 763: 5123: 4746: 5118: 45: 602: 4228: 451:

vessel into the traffic lanes. At the same time, the lookout reported that the Bligh Reef light appeared far off the starboard bow at 45 degrees – this was problematic given that the light should have been off the port side. Cousins ordered a course change as the ship was in danger. Captain Hazelwood was phoned by Cousins, but before their conversation could finish, the ship grounded. At 12:04

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awarded later, and the Seattle Seven's share could have been as high as $ 750 million if the damages award had held. Other plaintiffs have objected to this secret arrangement, and when it came to light, Judge Holland ruled that Exxon should have told the jury at the start that an agreement had already been made, so the jury would know exactly how much Exxon would have to pay.

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Berta Gardner is urging Alaskan politicians to demand that the US government force ExxonMobil to pay the final $ 92 million (£57 million) still owed from the court settlement. The major part of the money would be spent to finish cleaning up oiled beaches and attempting to restore the crippled herring population.

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the symptoms being reported in the Gulf states are the same ones that hit workers in Alaska. And just like then, people with their backs against the wall financially are flocking to the take jobs with the cleanup... I'm feeling like BP is forcing them into this situation where BP holds all the cards,

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for the disaster's effect on the Alaskan seafood industry. The agreement granted $ 63.75 million to the Seattle Seven, but stipulated that the seafood companies would have to repay almost all of any punitive damages awarded in other civil proceedings. The $ 5 billion in punitive damages was

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As of December 15, 2009, Exxon had paid the entire $ 507.5 million in punitive damages, including lawsuit costs, plus interest, which were further distributed to thousands of plaintiffs. This amount was one-tenth of the original punitive damages, Exxon remained hugely profitable, the process of

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Exxon filed claims in October 1990 against the Coast Guard, asking to be reimbursed for cleanup costs and damages awarded to plaintiffs in any lawsuits filed by the State of Alaska or the federal government against Exxon. The company claimed that the Coast Guard was "wholly or partially responsible"

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Forget the drunken skipper fable. As to Captain Joe Hazelwood, he was below decks, sleeping off his bender. At the helm, the third mate may never have collided with Bligh Reef had he looked at his RAYCAS radar. But the radar was not turned on. In fact, the tanker's radar was left broken and disabled

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was transformed into an emergency base and media outlet. The local villagers had to cope with a tripling of their population from 80 to 250. When asked how they felt about the situation, a village councilor noted that they were too shocked and busy to be depressed; others emphasized the human costs

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Exxon's official position was that punitive damages greater than $ 25 million were not justified because the spill resulted from an accident, and because Exxon spent an estimated $ 2 billion cleaning up the spill and a further $ 1 billion to settle related civil and criminal charges.

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Exxon appealed again. On May 23, 2007, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals denied ExxonMobil's request for a third hearing and let stand its ruling that Exxon owed $ 2.5 billion in punitive damages. Exxon then appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. On February 27, 2008, the

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In 2009, Captain Hazelwood offered a "heartfelt apology" to the people of Alaska, suggesting he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster: "The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts, but that's not the sexy story and that's not the easy story," he said. Hazelwood said he

909:. Exxon's actions were deemed "worse than negligent but less than malicious." The punitive damages were further reduced to an amount of $ 507.5 million. The Court's ruling was that maritime punitive damages should not exceed the compensatory damages, supported by a precedent dating from 1818. 793:

scientists reported that some species seem to have recovered, with the sea otter the latest creature to return to pre-spill numbers. Scientists who have monitored the spill area for the last 25 years report that concern remains for one of two pods of local orca whales, with fears that one pod may

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scientist who analyses the remaining oil along the coastline states that it remains among rocks and between tide marks. "The oil mixes with seawater and forms an emulsion...Left out, the surface crusts over but the inside still has the consistency of mayonnaise – or mousse." Alaska state senator

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Carried by its own momentum, the ship ended up perched on its middle on a pinnacle of rock. 8 out of 11 cargo holds were punctured. 5.8 million gallons of oil drained from the ship within 3 hours and 15 minutes. 30 minutes after numerous attempts to dislodge the ship under her own power, Captain

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Lloyd LeCain Jr. However, due to the long hours that the second mate had worked, Cousins was reluctant to wake him, and remained on duty. Cousins was the only officer on the bridge for most of the night, in violation of company policy. At around midnight on March 24 Cousins began to maneuver the

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to escort every loaded tanker from Valdez out through Prince William Sound to Hinchinbrook Entrance. As the plan evolved in the 1990s, one of the two routine tugboats was replaced with a 210-foot (64 m) Escort Response Vehicle (ERV). Tankers at Valdez are no longer single-hulled. Congress

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Attorneys for the plaintiffs contended that Exxon bore responsibility for the accident because the company "put a drunk in charge of a tanker in Prince William Sound." Exxon recovered a significant portion of clean-up and legal expenses through insurance claims associated with the grounding of

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mixture, was applied to the slick by a private company on March 24 with a helicopter, but the helicopter missed the target area. Scientific data on its toxicity were either thin or incomplete. In addition, public acceptance of new, widespread chemical treatment was lacking. Landowners, fishing

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Though the clean-up effort was diligent it failed to contain the majority of the oil that had spilled and that has been blamed heavily upon Exxon. On November 26, 1984 Ronald A. Kreizenbeck (Director, Alaska Operations Office) informed the Coast Guard that the EPA suspected, due to a recent

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Investigation of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska: Oversight Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Offshore Energy Resources of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session

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The ship docked at the Valdez Marine Terminal at 11:30 p.m. on March 22, 1989. Loading of crude oil was completed late in the day on the 23rd. The tanker left the terminal at 9:12 p.m., March 23, 1989 (the deck log shows that it was clear of the dock at

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Although the volume of oil has declined considerably, with oil remaining only about 0.14–0.28% of the original spilled volume, studies suggest that the area of oiled beach has changed little since 1992. A study by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA in

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eventually die out. Federal scientists estimate that between 16,000 and 21,000 US gallons (61 to 79 m) of oil remains on beaches in Prince William Sound and up to 450 miles (725 km) away. Some of the oil does not appear to have biodegraded at all. A

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tended to clog the equipment. Despite civilian insistence for a complete cleanup, only 10% of total oil was actually completely cleaned. Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster and John Devens, the mayor of

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Captain Hazelwood, who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night, was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef. Exxon blamed Hazelwood for the grounding of the tanker, but he accused the corporation of making him a

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released. Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and made existing response plans especially hard to implement. The region is a

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are toxic for salmon and herring eggs. Species as diverse as sea otters, harlequin ducks, and orcas suffered immediate and long-term losses. Oiled mussel beds and other tidal shoreline habitats may take up to 30 years to recover.

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Beginning three days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. In this photograph, pooled black oil is shown stranded in the

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payment was drawn out over decades, and long term damage continues and is not funded by Exxon. Hence, the Exxon spill is often cited as shorthand for corporate responsibility for societal damage not being enforced adequately.

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to take heed. Anchorage lawyer Dennis Mestas found that this was true for 6,722 of 11,000 worker files he was able to inspect, despite access to the records being controlled by Exxon. Exxon denied this in a statement to

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permission to leave regular shipping lanes to avoid ice. They also reiterated the claim that the Coast Guard had delayed cleanup by refusing to give permission to immediately use chemical dispersants on the spill.

681:, said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis. More than 11,000 Alaska residents, along with some Exxon employees, worked throughout the region to try to restore the environment. 589:) through various conventions. The rules were ratified by member countries and, under International Ship Management rules, the ships are being operated with a common objective of "safer ships and cleaner oceans." 1096:

of leaving children unattended while their parents worked to clean up. Many Alaska Natives were worried that too much time was spent on the fishery and not enough on the land that supports subsistence hunting.

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After 20 years, there is no evidence suggesting that either cleanup workers or the residents of the communities affected by the Valdez spill have had any adverse health effects as a result of the spill or its

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The remaining oil lasting far longer than anticipated has resulted in more long-term losses of species than had been expected. Laboratory experiments found that at levels as low as one part per billion,

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Gregory Cousins were accompanied by a single tug for the passage through the Valdez Narrows – a journey of about 7 miles. The pilot left the bridge shortly after the vessel left the narrows, at 11:24

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was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m) were spilled into the

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Hazelwood radioed the Coast Guard informing them of the grounding. For more than 45 minutes after the grounding, the captain attempted to maneuver free of the reef despite being informed by

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reported that the pilot had left. The third mate advised traffic control and decided to deviate from the predetermined traffic lane to avoid small icebergs; a common occurrence since the

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After more appeals, in December 2006 the damages award was cut to $ 2.5 billion. The court of appeals cited recent Supreme Court rulings relative to limits on punitive damages.

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In April 1998, the company argued in a legal action against the federal government that the ship should be allowed back into Alaskan waters. Exxon claimed OPA was effectively a

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p.m. At this point, the captain was called to the bridge. Cousins helped the pilot disembark from the vessel, leaving the captain as the only officer on the bridge. At 11:25

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denied concerns over the remaining oil, stating that they anticipated the remaining fraction would not cause long-term ecological impacts. According to the conclusions of

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Both long-term and short-term effects of the oil spill have been studied. Immediate effects include the deaths of between 100,000 and 250,000 seabirds, at least 2,800

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Beginning 3 days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain.

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is indeed a respiratory irritant that can be acutely toxic, animal studies did not find it to be mutagenic, and no studies suggest it to be a human carcinogen.

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by detecting the radar reflector placed on the next rock inland from Bligh Reef for the purpose of keeping ships on course. This cause was brought forward by

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groups, and conservation organizations questioned the use of chemicals on hundreds of miles of shoreline when other alternatives might have been available."

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a.m., accompanied by what the helmsman and Cousins described as "a bumpy ride" and "six very sharp jolts" respectively, the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef.

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Peterson, Charles H.; Rice, Stanley D.; Short, Jeffrey W.; et al. (December 19, 2003). "Long-Term Ecosystem Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill".

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are grocery shopping when the announcer informs everyone of a "spill in the seafood section", represented by a giant oil tanker labeled "Noxxon Valdez".

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Short, Jeffrey W.; et al. (2004). "Estimate of Oil Persisting on the Beaches of Prince William Sound 12 Years after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill".

2241:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 21st Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008 943: 1068:

According to several studies funded by the state of Alaska, the spill had both short-term and long-term economic effects. These included the loss of

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has decried the ruling as "another in a line of cases where this Supreme Court has misconstrued congressional intent to benefit large corporations."

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is the flagship of the movie's villain, "The Deacon," the leader of a band of scavenging raiders. In the ship is a portrait of their patron saint,

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negligent discharge of oil. 21 witnesses testified that he did not appear to be under the influence of alcohol around the time of the accident.

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that Jesse's friend Badger, who had been caught in a drug deal with their methamphetamine and placed under arrest, is going to spill like the

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Resources, United States Congress House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Offshore Energy (1989).

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of oil. At the time, both scientific advice and public pressure was to clean everything, but since then, a much greater understanding of

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design, providing an additional layer between the oil tanks and the ocean. While a double hull would likely not have prevented the

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December 15, 2009 Exxon has now paid to the EQSF all monies owed in the EVOS litigation pursuant to the punitive damages judgment

1618: 5165: 1518: 1230: 1159: 947: 772: 689:) are the basis of the coastal marine food chain, and others (e.g., certain bacteria and fungi) are capable of facilitating the 5145: 4423: 3677: 3394: 3001: 1571: 1362: 1307: 1206: 5190: 5185: 4192: 3907: 3840: 3120: 3098: 2830: 347: 3336: 2367:"Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Birds: Comparisons of Pre- and Post-Spill Surveys in Prince William Sound, Alaska" 3483: 3447: 2855: 1427: 838:

Also, in 1991, Exxon made a quiet, separate financial settlement of damages with a group of seafood producers known as the

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As of 2012, the indirect and long-term sublethal effects of oil on shorebirds had been measured in relatively few studies.

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found this practice was widespread throughout the industry, prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry.

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Nine years after the disaster, evidence of negative oil spill effects on marine birds was found in the following species:

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1994, Victor Goldberg, The Journal of Legal Studies, Recovery for Economic Loss Following the Exxon ‘Valdez’ Oil Spill"

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During the first few days of the spill, heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound.

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In 1991, following the collapse of populations of local marine species (particularly clams, herring, and seals), the

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for more than a year before the disaster, and Exxon management knew it. It was just too expensive to fix and operate.

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Ships were not informed that the previous practice of the Coast Guard tracking ships out to Bligh Reef had ceased.

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for the spill, because they had granted mariners' licenses to the crew of the Valdez, and because they had given

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Nine Years After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Effects on Marine Bird Populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska

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as cleanup workers struggling to scrub the oil off of animals and rocks on a beach in Prince William Sound.

864:. To protect itself in case the judgment was affirmed, Exxon obtained a $ 4.8 billion credit line from 2305: 2039:. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. June 1993. pp. 61–87. Archived from 5046: 4710: 4705: 4357: 4067: 4040: 1197: 378: 242: 238: 212: 157: 4759: 3284: 1572:"Twenty-Five Years After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: NOAA's Scientific Support, Monitoring, and Research" 4983: 4976: 4695: 4649: 4614: 4468: 4458: 4443: 4175: 3882: 1482: 1004:, left the harbor after $ 30 million of repairs. In 1993, owned by SeaRiver Maritime, it was named 984:

disaster, a Coast Guard study estimated that it would have cut the amount of oil spilled by 60 percent.

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Irons, David B.; Kendall, Steven J.; Erickson, Wallace P.; McDonald, Lyman L.; Lance, Brian K. (2000).

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ruling in a similar case. Holland increased the punitive damages to $ 4.5 billion, plus interest.

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calved such icebergs nearby. The vessel was placed on a due south course and set on autopilot. At 11:47

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The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload.

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so that they would not have to hold as much money in reserve against the risk of Exxon's default.

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landing craft anchored ashore as numerous personnel position hoses during oil clean-up efforts on

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Coast Guard vessel inspections in Valdez were not performed, and the number of staff was reduced.

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The oil industry promised, but never installed, state-of-the-art iceberg monitoring equipment.

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processes has developed, due somewhat in part to the opportunity presented for study by the

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NTSB safety recommendation to address crew management deficiencies at Exxon and in industry

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wrote a song called "Iron Mike" about the oil spill. The song is written in the style of a

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was towed to San Diego, arriving on July 10. Repairs began on July 30. Approximately 1,600

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was sailing outside the normal sea lane to avoid small icebergs thought to be in the area.

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for distribution to schools. Critics said the video misrepresented the clean-up process.

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James Kunkel that the vessel was not structurally sound without the reef supporting it.

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Murphy, Stephen M.; Day, Robert H.; Wiens, John A.; Parker, Keith R. (May 1, 1997).

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would use similar techniques to minimize liability and de-emphasize health impacts:

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Third Mate Cousins had been on duty for 6 hours and was scheduled to be relieved by

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reported on studies concluding that many oil spill cleanup workers involved in the

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summarized the event and made many recommendations, including that neither Exxon,

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course entitled "Software System Safety" by Professor Nancy G. Leveson, included:

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Center for Disease Control

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From T-2 to Supertanker: Development of the Oil Tanker, 1940–2000, Revised

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Workers using high-pressure, hot-water washing to clean an oiled shoreline

4817: 3789:"Hear George Salazar Sing "Iron Mike" From Jonathan Larson Project Album" 2141:"Public Health Statement for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol Acetate" 686: 626: 506: 301: 216: 3590:""Sad Is Too Mild a Word": Press Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill" 1511:"Exxon Valdez changed the oil industry forever – but new threats emerge" 1076:", which is the value to the public of a pristine Prince William Sound. 1000:) of steel were removed and replaced. In June 1990, the tanker, renamed 407:

p.m.), loaded with 53,094,510 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of crude oil.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill

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Short, Jeffrey W.; et al. (January 19, 2007). "Slightly Weathered

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Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division (September 1992).

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response had subsequently become sick, and warned those exposed to the

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Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident:

350: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 305: 289: 2484: 2435: 4949: 4310: 3564:"Native Alaskans Still Reeling 25 Years After Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill" 3482:. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. August 1990. Archived from 1084: 819: 642: 586: 573:

Lack of available equipment and personnel hampered the spill cleanup.

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Henkel, Jessica R.; Sigel, Bryan J.; Taylor, Caz M. (July 1, 2012).

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more than 10 million US gallons (240,000 bbl) (or 37,000

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Environmental activists and State officials became concerned that

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Oil Persists in Gulf of Alaska Beach Sediments after 16 Years".

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The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill May 1989 – A Report to the President

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On March 24, 2014, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the spill,

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Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd

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Lee, Douglas B. (August 1989). "Tragedy in Alaska Waters".

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Carson, Richard; Hanemann, W. Michael (December 18, 1992).

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spill is the second largest in U.S. waters, after the 2010

2071:"Oil Spill Facts – Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council" 1581:. Seattle: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 443:

p.m. the vessel left the traffic lane's eastern boundary.

4491:

Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Aceh

818:

In October 1989, Exxon filed a suit against the State of

3628:"Critics call Valdez cleanup a warning for Gulf workers" 3515:. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Archived from 3446:. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Archived from 2086:"Corexit: An Oil Spill Solution Worse Than the Problem?" 1916:"Court Rewards Exxon for Valdez Oil Spill – Greg Palast" 1434:. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Archived from 3651:"How Exxon's "Video for Students" Deals in Distortions" 1678:

Tragedy, Arctic Refuge, America's Coasts Still at Risk"

664:

Mechanical cleanup was started shortly afterward using

505:

Exxon Shipping Company failed to properly maintain the

976:

OPA also set a schedule for the gradual phase-in of a

1598: 1596: 521:

and is not presented in the official accident report.

4533:

People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.

2231:"Scuba Techniques Used to Assess the Effects of the 4967: 4806: 4724: 4688: 4597: 4542: 4478: 4406: 4340: 4288: 4242: 4235: 4206: 4163: 4156: 3996: 3946: 3676:Thomas, Pierre; Weiser, Benjamin (April 13, 1996). 2831:"$ 4.5 Billion Award Set For Spill of Exxon Valdez" 2581:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. May 17, 2006 637:, was identified as "one of the agents that caused 194: 168: 163: 153: 139: 134: 116: 79: 65: 34: 3053:Bandurka, Andrew; Sloane, Simon (March 10, 2005). 2624: 1240:, contained an oil spill plotline that echoes the 3588:Daley, Patrick; O'Neill, Dan (December 1, 1991). 3370:Oceans: Environmental Issues, Global Perspectives 3123:. Exxon Qualified Settlement Fund. Archived from 3004:. Leahy.senate.gov. June 25, 2008. Archived from 2763:"Exxon Valdez case still twisting through courts" 2618: 2616: 2972: 2970: 1041:enacted legislation requiring all tankers to be 766:Wildlife was severely affected by the oil spill. 4078:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 3844:. Vol. 176, no. 2. pp. 260–263. 3281:Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 1368:Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill 1131: 1118: 1032:In the aftermath of the spill, Alaska governor 728:, and an unknown number of salmon and herring. 543: 487:Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the 2579:"Exxon Valdez oil spill still a threat: study" 1387:"Properties of Prudhoe Bay (2004) (ESTS #679)" 875:Meanwhile, Exxon appealed the ruling, and the 4786: 4134: 3915: 186:(260,000 bbl; 41,000 m) (or 37,000 8: 2214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1975: 1973: 1961: 1959: 1650:. Greenpeace. March 24, 2004. Archived from 1396:. Government of Canada. 2004. Archived from 593:felt Alaskans always gave him a fair shake. 3029:"Punitive damages appealed in Valdez spill" 2710:"Exxon Sues Alaska, Charging Cleanup Delay" 2520: 2518: 2471:(4). American Chemical Society: 1245–1250. 1797: 1795: 1457: 1455: 1453: 227:on March 24, 1989. The spill occurred when 4793: 4779: 4771: 4239: 4160: 4141: 4127: 4119: 3922: 3908: 3900: 3310:"Exxon Valdez Is Barred From Alaska Sound" 3250:Federal Wildlife and Related Laws Handbook 1644:"Exxon Valdez disaster – 15 years of lies" 1276:. It was first professionally recorded by 31: 4801:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989 3477:Oil Spill on the Alaska Tourism Industry" 2661: 2382: 366:Learn how and when to remove this message 1706:. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. 2021 1134:and BP is letting these workers get sick 1036:issued an executive order requiring two 809: 5206:Maritime incidents in the United States 5151:1989 controversies in the United States 3095:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 2915:. CNN. Associated Press. Archived from 1803:"Ten years after but who was to blame?" 1765: 1763: 1730:Implications for Safe Marine Transport" 1428:"Questions and Answers about the Spill" 1378: 1143:In 1992, Exxon released a video titled 5196:March 1989 events in the United States 3304: 3302: 3190: 3180: 2633:from the original on January 12, 2022. 2464:Environmental Science & Technology 2416:Environmental Science & Technology 2347: 2337: 2252: 2207: 2037:Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council 1822: 1820: 1491: 1480: 814:Bald eagles rescued from the oil spill 219:in the spring of 1989 and occurred in 4515:ExxonMobil climate change controversy 3653:. The Textbook Letter. Archived from 3337:"Double-hull tankers face slow going" 3246:"Oil Pollution Act of 1990 – Summary" 2229:SC Jewett; TA Dean; M Hoberg (2001). 1938:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1422: 1420: 1418: 1394:Environment and Climate Change Canada 1351:Dead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster 1297:, dramatized the oil spill disaster. 1290:Dead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster 1020:. In August 2012, she was beached at 7: 4755: 3649:D. Michael Fry (November 19, 1992). 3473:"An Assessment of the Impact of the 2803:Lanchester, John (January 7, 2009). 2172:Corporate Social Responsibility News 894:Supreme Court heard oral arguments. 856:jury awarded $ 287 million for 509:Collision Avoidance System (RAYCAS) 348:adding citations to reliable sources 5156:1989 disasters in the United States 4073:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 3761:"Remaking history with Gump sequel" 3163:The National Response Team (1989). 2092:. Participant Media. Archived from 1603:Graham, Sarah (December 19, 2003). 1145:Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spill 942:A 1989 report by the Coast Guard's 657:spill". It is now known that while 579:International Maritime Organization 5221:Transportation disasters in Alaska 4521:Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation 3731:"Joseph Hazelwood memorialized in 3729:Wells, Jeffrey (August 25, 1995). 3606:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02330.x 3085:"Exxon Corporation 1993 Form 10-K" 2989:Supreme Court of the United States 2938:Savage, David G. (June 26, 2008). 2907:Staff writer (February 27, 2008). 2793:, CV-89-00095-HRH (9th Cir. 2006). 2623:Walters, Joanna (March 23, 2014). 1890:"Hazelwood cleared on most counts" 1579:Office of Response and Restoration 1287:The 1992 made-for-television film 933:Political consequences and reforms 388:a few hours after it was grounded. 253:, 6 mi (9.7 km) west of 27:1989 industrial disaster in Alaska 25: 4510:Longford, Victoria gas plant fire 3509:"Economic Impacts of Spilled Oil" 3252:. August 18, 1990. Archived from 2880:Staff writer (October 29, 2007). 2829:Liptak, Adam (January 29, 2004). 1749:. NOAA. p. 7. Archived from 1509:Leahy, Stephen (March 22, 2019). 1180:aired a pointed sketch featuring 877:9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 633:formulation used during cleanup, 5121: 5116: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4226: 3987: 3964:Department of Alaska (1867–1884) 3939: 3815:Breaking Bad - Saul Meets Walter 3759:Hiaasen, Rob (August 12, 1995). 3703:Nealon, Kevin (April 15, 1989). 3097:. March 11, 1994. Archived from 3027:Egelko, Bob (January 28, 2006). 2761:Erb, George (November 3, 2000). 2204:U.S. Government Printing Office. 1940:. pp. 18–20. Archived from 1231:Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home 1063:Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection 948:Alyeska Pipeline Service Company 773:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 324: 43: 5216:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 5211:Oil spills in the United States 3974:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959) 3892:ExxonMobil updates and news on 3787:Gordon, David (April 4, 2019). 3678:"Reputed 'Manifesto' Recovered" 2084:Kirby, David (April 22, 2013). 1929:Leveson, Nancy G. (July 2005). 1540:Brandon Keim (March 24, 2009). 1363:Martin County coal slurry spill 1201:episode, "Rocko's Happy Sack", 1174:Several weeks after the spill, 868:, who created the first modern 550:Other factors, according to an 335:needs additional citations for 3969:District of Alaska (1884–1912) 3368:Fargo Balliett, James (2014). 1914:Palast, Greg (June 25, 2008). 958:In response to the spill, the 308:. The oil, extracted from the 257:at 12:04 a.m. The tanker 1: 4655:Sable Offshore Energy Project 3979:Recent history (1959–present) 2239:Cold Water Diving for Science 1827:Meyer, Bill (March 5, 2009). 1805:. Greg Palast. March 21, 1999 1772:Practices that relate to the 1735:. State of Alaska. p. 7. 1265:and accidentally crashes it. 944:U.S. National Response Center 198:1,300 mi (2,100 km) 5226:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System 4464:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System 3335:Kizzia, Tom (May 13, 1999). 3208:McDonnell, Janet A. (1992). 2768:Puget Sound Business Journal 1990: 1979: 1965: 1091:in the area. The village of 806:Litigation and cleanup costs 629:, the main component of the 411:retired to his cabin at 9:25 5176:Chugach Census Area, Alaska 4497:Allison v. ExxonMobil Corp. 3959:Russian America (1733–1867) 3705:"Joseph Hazelwood Sketches" 3283:(Fall 2000). Archived from 3059:Holman Fenwick & Willan 1300:In season 2, episode 8, of 1282:The Jonathan Larson Project 1109:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 1079:The economy of the city of 1016:, then in 2011 renamed her 5247: 5201:Maritime incidents in 1989 4620:Hebron-Ben Nevis oil field 4610:East-Prinovozemelsky field 4555:2010 Port Arthur oil spill 4306:Magnolia Petroleum Company 2002:Spyrou, Andrew G. (2017). 1605:"Environmental Effects of 1065:. It has since recovered. 1055:Chugach Alaska Corporation 1049:Economic and Native impact 911:Senate Judiciary Committee 597:Clean-up and major effects 581:introducing comprehensive 577:This disaster resulted in 5171:1989 industrial disasters 5111: 4740: 4635:Kizomba deepwater project 4550:2010 ExxonMobil oil spill 4527:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 4486:Overview of controversies 4434:Exxon Building (New York) 4224: 4051:Aleutian Islands campaign 3985: 3937: 3880:Oil Spill Trustee Council 3372:. Routledge. p. 51. 2882:"Supreme Court to review 2259:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1726:"Spill, the wreck of the 1059:Alaska Native Corporation 964:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 954:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 879:ordered the trial judge, 860:and $ 5 billion for 621:According to a report by 61: 42: 5086:October (unknown date): 4605:Colony Shale Oil Project 4560:2013 Mayflower oil spill 4004:Russian-American Company 3594:Journal of Communication 3393:Loshbaugh, Doug (2000). 2680:10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.10 2663:10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.10 2316:10.1093/condor/102.4.723 1931:"Software System Safety" 1704:"Valdez Marine Terminal" 1570:Shigenaka, Gary (2014). 409:Captain Joseph Hazelwood 283:, in terms of volume of 269:over the next few days. 5166:1989 in the environment 4630:Kearl Oil Sands Project 4036:Alaska boundary dispute 3885:April 22, 2015, at the 3395:"School of Hard Knocks" 3033:San Francisco Chronicle 2549:10.1126/science.1084282 1609:Spill Still Being Felt" 1546:Spill Is All Around Us" 609:Chemical dispersant, a 5146:Exxon Valdez oil spill 4711:Mobil Showcase Network 4706:ExxonMobil Electrofrac 4041:1925 serum run to Nome 3121:"News and Information" 2909:"High Court may lower 2237:. In SC Jewett (ed.). 1490:Cite journal requires 1150:In December 1994, the 1136: 1123: 960:United States Congress 815: 767: 606: 548: 480: 471: 389: 239:Exxon Shipping Company 213:environmental disaster 158:Exxon Shipping Company 122:; 35 years ago 18:Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 5191:ExxonMobil oil spills 5186:Environment of Alaska 4888:June (unknown date): 4696:History of ExxonMobil 4650:Prudhoe Bay Oil Field 4615:Goose Creek Oil Field 4469:Upper Zakum oil field 4459:Port Stanvac Refinery 4444:Imperial Oil Building 3489:on September 28, 2021 3453:on September 28, 2021 3407:on September 27, 2007 2046:on September 28, 2021 1747:"Exxon Valdez Photos" 866:J.P. Morgan & Co. 813: 765: 604: 477: 469: 381: 310:Prudhoe Bay Oil Field 245:, California, struck 164:Spill characteristics 4598:Oil & gas fields 4573:Greenpoint oil spill 4414:Baton Rouge Refinery 4316:Superior Oil Company 4260:ExxonMobil Australia 4103:History of Fairbanks 4091:History of Anchorage 4063:Alaska Statehood Act 3739:Entertainment Weekly 3657:on December 10, 2014 3342:Anchorage Daily News 3256:on November 18, 2007 2991: June 25, 2008). 2949:articles.latimes.com 2178:on February 22, 2008 1654:on February 15, 2008 1438:on February 24, 2012 1432:History of the Spill 397:Prince William Sound 344:improve this article 247:Prince William Sound 225:Prince William Sound 215:that made worldwide 101:60.8400°N 146.8625°W 70:Prince William Sound 5231:Petroleum in Alaska 5181:Disasters in Alaska 4378:John D. Rockefeller 4368:Samuel J. Palmisano 4326:Standard Vacuum Oil 3841:National Geographic 3709:Saturday Night Live 3682:The Washington Post 3349:on February 3, 2008 3008:on January 31, 2009 2805:"Books: Outsmarted" 2541:2003Sci...302.2082P 2535:(5653): 2082–2086. 2477:2007EnST...41.1245S 2428:2004EnST...38...19S 2069:Oil Spill Trustee. 1944:on November 8, 2010 1614:Scientific American 1515:National Geographic 1261:, Gump commandeers 1198:Rocko's Modern Life 1177:Saturday Night Live 1070:recreational sports 1002:Exxon Mediterranean 907:maritime common law 870:credit default swap 712:, approximately 12 419:William Murphy and 120:March 24, 1989 97: / 4732:Universe of Energy 4625:Hibernia oil field 4454:Nanticoke Refinery 4321:Vacuum Oil Company 4265:ExxonMobil Nigeria 3947:Timeline of Alaska 3316:. November 2, 2002 3314:The New York Times 3275:Carrigan, Alison. 3127:on August 26, 2013 2835:The New York Times 2716:. October 25, 1989 2116:"TOXNET HAS MOVED" 1888:(March 23, 1990). 1859:(March 23, 1990). 1857:Rempel, William C. 1753:on July 14, 2005. 1332:List of oil spills 1170:In popular culture 1028:Alaska regulations 1024:, and dismantled. 938:Coast Guard report 816: 768: 607: 585:prevention rules ( 481: 472: 390: 195:Shoreline impacted 106:60.8400; -146.8625 5133: 5132: 4860:K-278 Komsomolets 4768: 4767: 4645:Pembina oil field 4424:Billings Refinery 4383:Walter V. Shipley 4363:James R. Houghton 4358:William W. George 4336: 4335: 4275:SeaRiver Maritime 4222: 4221: 4116: 4115: 3997:Topics and events 3931:History of Alaska 3766:The Baltimore Sun 3287:on April 29, 2005 2742:. October 2, 1990 2609:. March 24, 2014. 2485:10.1021/es0620033 2436:10.1021/es0348694 1865:Los Angeles Times 1788:on June 11, 2010. 1621:on March 29, 2006 1521:on March 25, 2019 1345:Ixtoc I oil spill 1338:Deepwater Horizon 1212:In the 1995 film 1156:Burson-Marsteller 1006:S/R Mediterranean 971:bill of attainder 749:pigeon guillemots 376: 375: 368: 279:Deepwater Horizon 202: 201: 143:Grounding of the 16:(Redirected from 5238: 5125: 5120: 5104: 5093: 5082: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5028:turret explosion 5015: 5000: 4989: 4960: 4936: 4925: 4915: 4905: 4895: 4884: 4874: 4863: 4853: 4843: 4833: 4822: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4772: 4758: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4701:Esso Motor Hotel 4680:West Qurna Field 4580:Atlantic Empress 4419:Baytown Refinery 4388:Walter C. Teagle 4296:Creole Petroleum 4240: 4230: 4161: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4120: 3991: 3990: 3943: 3942: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3901: 3861: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3519:on June 30, 2007 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3403:. Archived from 3390: 3384: 3383: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3345:. 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Leahy 862:punitive damages 697:and facilitated 583:marine pollution 541:stated in 2008: 454: 442: 437:Columbia Glacier 430: 426: 414: 406: 371: 364: 360: 357: 351: 328: 320: 255:Tatitlek, Alaska 178: 177: 130: 128: 123: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 47: 32: 21: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5107: 5096: 5085: 5074: 5064: 5054: 5044: 5034: 5018: 5003: 4992: 4974: 4968:Other incidents 4963: 4939: 4928: 4918: 4908: 4898: 4887: 4877: 4866: 4856: 4846: 4836: 4825: 4815: 4802: 4799: 4769: 4764: 4736: 4720: 4684: 4593: 4538: 4474: 4439:Fawley Refinery 4402: 4332: 4284: 4231: 4218: 4202: 4152: 4147: 4117: 4112: 4068:1964 earthquake 4009:Alaska Purchase 3992: 3988: 3983: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3887:Wayback Machine 3868: 3837: 3834: 3832:Further reading 3829: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3214: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2954:Tribune Company 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2856:"490 F.3d 1066" 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2384:10.2307/1369936 2364: 2363: 2359: 2346: 2336: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2279:: Ten years on" 2273: 2272: 2268: 2255:cite conference 2251: 2244: 2242: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2166:Baker, Mallen. 2165: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2120:www.nlm.nih.gov 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1894:Washington Post 1884: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1837:. Cleveland, OH 1826: 1825: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1648:Greenpeace News 1642: 1641: 1637: 1624: 1622: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1489: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1328: 1270:Jonathan Larson 1172: 1141: 1074:existence value 1051: 1030: 1018:Oriental Nicety 1014:Dong Fang Ocean 1008:, then in 2005 956: 940: 935: 846:In the case of 808: 659:2-butoxyethanol 635:2-butoxyethanol 599: 452: 440: 428: 424: 412: 404: 372: 361: 355: 352: 341: 329: 318: 175: 173: 126: 124: 121: 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 57: 56:on May 11, 1989 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:1989 in Alaska 5158: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5094: 5083: 5072: 5062: 5052: 5042: 5032: 5016: 5001: 4990: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4940:Unknown date: 4937: 4926: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4885: 4875: 4864: 4854: 4844: 4834: 4823: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4570: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Larry Faulkner 4350: 4348:Michael Boskin 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4255:Exxon Neftegas 4252: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3874: 3867: 3866:External links 3864: 3863: 3862: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3805: 3779: 3751: 3721: 3695: 3668: 3641: 3619: 3580: 3555: 3530: 3500: 3464: 3427: 3418: 3385: 3378: 3360: 3327: 3298: 3267: 3237: 3224:978-1410222534 3223: 3200: 3191:|website= 3155: 3141: 3112: 3076: 3045: 3019: 2993: 2979:Exxon v. Baker 2966: 2930: 2899: 2872: 2847: 2821: 2809:The New Yorker 2795: 2790:Exxon v. Baker 2781: 2753: 2740:New York Times 2727: 2714:New York Times 2701: 2656:(7): 676–685. 2636: 2612: 2592: 2570: 2514: 2449: 2406: 2377:(2): 299–313. 2357: 2348:|journal= 2296: 2266: 2221: 2189: 2158: 2132: 2107: 2096:on May 5, 2016 2076: 2057: 2021: 2014: 1994: 1983: 1969: 1955: 1921: 1906: 1877: 1848: 1816: 1791: 1759: 1738: 1717: 1695: 1665: 1635: 1592: 1562: 1532: 1501: 1492:|journal= 1449: 1414: 1403:on May 7, 2017 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1293:, produced by 1280:for the album 1278:George Salazar 1247:In the second 1171: 1168: 1140: 1137: 1050: 1047: 1029: 1026: 955: 952: 939: 936: 934: 931: 881:Russel Holland 858:actual damages 849:Exxon v. Baker 807: 804: 691:biodegradation 651:nervous system 598: 595: 575: 574: 571: 568: 562: 559: 523: 522: 503: 500: 374: 373: 332: 330: 323: 317: 314: 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 141: 137: 136: 132: 131: 118: 114: 113: 81: 77: 76: 67: 63: 62: 59: 58: 48: 40: 39: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5243: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840:Bahía Paraíso 4835: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4716:Power Players 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Tern oilfield 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4588:Esso Brussels 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479:Controversies 4477: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429:Milford Haven 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Rex Tillerson 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014:Gold Rush era 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3794: 3793:Theater Mania 3790: 3783: 3780: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3722: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3684:. p. A01 3683: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3465: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3400:Juneau Empire 3396: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3379:9781317463665 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3184: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2900: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2297: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2147:. August 1998 2146: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2015:9781462002344 2011: 2008:. iUniverse. 2007: 2006: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991:Leveson, p.19 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980:Leveson, p.18 1976: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1966:Leveson, p.20 1962: 1960: 1956: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1721: 1718: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1551: 1550:Wired Science 1547: 1545: 1536: 1533: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1484: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1316:Jesse Pinkman 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1259:Winston Groom 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1244:oil spill. 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1205:and his dog, 1204: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154:assassinated 1153: 1148: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1043:double-hulled 1039: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Mediterranean 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 985: 983: 979: 974: 972: 967: 965: 961: 953: 951: 949: 945: 937: 932: 930: 926: 924: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 897: 891: 888: 886: 885:Supreme Court 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850: 844: 841: 840:Seattle Seven 836: 833: 827: 825: 821: 812: 805: 803: 800: 797: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 774: 764: 760: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 682: 680: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 616: 612: 603: 596: 594: 590: 588: 584: 580: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556: 555: 553: 547: 542: 540: 535: 533: 529: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 501: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 484: 476: 468: 464: 462: 456: 449: 444: 438: 434: 422: 418: 410: 400: 398: 394: 387: 386: 380: 370: 367: 359: 349: 345: 339: 338: 333:This section 331: 327: 322: 321: 315: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 282: 280: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 208: 197: 193: 189: 188:metric tonnes 185: 181: 171: 167: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 133: 119: 115: 110: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 30: 19: 5099: 5089: 5079:Pennsylvania 5078: 5067: 5058:Ross Revenge 5057: 5047: 5038:Maxim Gorkiy 5037: 5022: 5011: 5007:Exxon Valdez 5005: 4996: 4985: 4978: 4956: 4948: 4943: 4932: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4891: 4879: 4870: 4859: 4849: 4839: 4829: 4818: 4689:Other topics 4675:Tuapse field 4665:Tengiz Field 4587: 4579: 4566:Exxon Valdez 4565: 4564: 4531: 4519: 4502: 4495: 4398:Darren Woods 4270:Imperial Oil 4236:Subsidiaries 4108:Other topics 4084:Exxon Valdez 4083: 4082: 4056:Project Hula 4046:World War II 3893: 3878:Exxon Valdez 3877: 3839: 3821:February 22, 3819:, retrieved 3814: 3808: 3796:. 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