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the nose (abduction); vertical, either elevation or depression; and torsional, movements that bring the top of the eye toward the nose (intorsion) or away from the nose (extorsion). Horizontal movement is controlled entirely by the medial and lateral recti muscles; the medial rectus muscle is responsible for adduction, the lateral rectus muscle for abduction. Vertical movement requires the coordinated action of the superior and inferior recti muscles, as well as the oblique muscles. The relative contribution of the recti and oblique groups depends on the horizontal position of the eye. In the primary position (eyes straight ahead), both of these groups contribute to vertical movement. Elevation is due to the action of the superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles, while depression is due to the action of the inferior rectus and superior oblique muscles. When the eye is abducted, the recti muscles are the prime vertical movers. Elevation is due to the action of the superior rectus, and depression is due to the action of the inferior rectus. When the eye is adducted, the oblique muscles are the prime vertical movers. Elevation is due to the action of the inferior oblique muscle, while depression is due to the action of the superior oblique muscle. The oblique muscles are also primarily responsible for torsional movement.
725:, and covers about 2 degrees of visual angle in people. To get a clear view of the world, the brain must turn the eyes so that the image of the object of regard falls on the fovea. Eye movement is thus very important for visual perception, and any failure can lead to serious visual disabilities. To see a quick demonstration of this fact, try the following experiment: hold your hand up, about one foot (30 cm) in front of your nose. Keep your head still, and shake your hand from side to side, slowly at first, and then faster and faster. At first you will be able to see your fingers quite clearly. But as the frequency of shaking passes about
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edges, can affect the guidance of eye movements. However, the top-down factors of scenes have a greater impact in where eyes fixate. Areas containing more meaningful features, or areas where colour aids the discrimination of objects, can influence eye movements. Images which are related to previous images shown can also have an effect. Eye movements can also be guided towards items when they are heard verbally at the same time as seeing them. Cross-culturally, it has been found that
Westerners have an inclination to concentrate on focal objects in a scene, whereas East Asians attend more to contextual information.
813:), and the focus of the eyes on a point (fixations). Several factors can influence eye movement in scene viewing, including the task and knowledge of the viewer (top-down factors), and the properties of the image being viewed (bottom-up factors). Typically, when presented with a scene, viewers demonstrate short fixation durations and long saccade amplitudes in the earlier phases of viewing an image. This is followed by longer fixations and shorter saccades in the latter phases of scene viewing processing. It has also been found that eye movement behaviour in scene viewing differs with levels of
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729:, the fingers will become a blur. Now, keep your hand still, and shake your head (up and down or left and right). No matter how fast you shake your head, the image of your fingers remains clear. This demonstrates that the brain can move the eyes opposite to head motion much better than it can follow, or pursue, a hand movement. When your pursuit system fails to keep up with the moving hand, images slip on the retina and you see a blurred hand.
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appear to be similar to that in language reading, since in both activities the eyes move over the page in fixations and saccades, picking up and processing coded meanings. However, music is nonlinguistic and involves a strict and continuous time constraint on an output that is generated by a continuous stream of coded instructions.
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Where eye movements fixate is affected by both bottom-up and top-down factors. Even an initial glimpse of a scene has an influence on subsequent eye movements. In bottom-up factors, the local contrast or prominence of features in an image, such as a large contrast in luminance or a greater density of
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Eye movement in music reading is the scanning of a musical score by a musician's eyes. This usually occurs as the music is read during performance, although musicians sometimes scan music silently to study it, and sometimes perform from memory without score. Eye movement in music reading may at first
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When reading, the eye moves continuously along a line of text, but makes short rapid movements (saccades) intermingled with short stops (fixations). There is considerable variability in fixations (the point at which a saccade jumps to) and saccades between readers and even for the same person reading
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of muscles control eye movement: the lateral and medial recti muscles, the superior and inferior recti muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. These muscles are responsible for movement of the eye along three different axes: horizontal, either toward the nose (adduction) or away from
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The visual system in the brain is too slow to process that information if the images are slipping across the retina at more than a few degrees per second. Thus, to be able to see while we are moving, the brain must compensate for the motion of the head by turning the eyes. Another specialisation of
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even when fixated at one point. The reason for this movement is related to the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells. It appears that a constant visual stimulus can make the photoreceptors or the ganglion cells become unresponsive; on the other hand a changing stimulus will not. So the eye movement
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are the rapid movement of eyes that is used while scanning a visual scene. In our subjective impression, the eyes do not move smoothly across the printed page during reading. Instead, they make short and rapid movements called saccades. During each saccade the eyes move as fast as they can and the
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Average fixation durations last for about 330 ms, although there is a large variability in this approximation. This variability is mostly due to the properties of an image and in the task being carried out, which impact both bottom-up and top-down processing. The masking of an image and other
839:, during fixations (factors which affect bottom-up processing), have been found to increase the length of fixation durations. However, an enhancement of the image with these factors also increases fixation durations. Factors which affect top-down processing (e.g.
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speed cannot be consciously controlled in between the fixations. Each movement is worth a few minutes of arc, at regular intervals about three to four per second. One of the main uses for saccades is to scan a greater area with the high-resolution
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muscle (along with four other eye muscles – superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and the striated muscle of levator palpebrae superioris), and when this muscle is non-functional (as in oculomotor palsy) the eye
523:
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Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer
Associates; 2001. The Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles. Available from:
141:. This is corroborated by removal of the frontal lobe. In this case, the reflexes (such as reflex shifting the eyes to a moving light) are intact, though the voluntary control is obliterated.
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Mannan S.; Ruddock K.; Wooding D. (1996). "The relationship between the locations of spatial features and those of fixations made during visual examination of briefly presented images".
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Henderson J.; Olejarczyk J.; Luke S.; Schmidt J. (2014). "Eye movement control during scene viewing: Immediate degradation and enhancement effects of spatial frequency filtering".
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refers to the visual processing of information presented in scenes. A core aspect of studies in this area is the division of eye movements into the rapid movement of the eyes (
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In addition to the movement of muscles, numerous areas in the brain contribute to involuntary and voluntary eye movement. These include providing the conscious perception of
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is the movement of both eyes to make sure that the image of the object being looked at falls on the corresponding spot on both retinas. This type of movement helps in the
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Heinen SJ, Liu M (September–October 1997). "Single-neuron activity in the dorsomedial frontal cortex during smooth-pursuit eye movements to predictable target motion".
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muscles. The muscles cause movement of the eyeball by pulling the eyeball towards the muscle when contracting and by letting it go when relaxing. For example, the
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Henderson J.; Nuthmann A.; Luke S. (2013). "Eye
Movement Control During Scene Viewing: Immediate Effects of Scene Luminance on Fixation Durations".
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acting around joints. The movement of the eye is slightly different in that the eyes are not rigidly attached to anything, but are held in the
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John
Findlay Saccadic eye movement programming: sensory and attentional factors, Psychological Research (March 2009), 73 (2), pg. 127–135
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Henderson J.; Weeks Jr.; Hollingworth A. (1999). "The
Effects of Semantic Consistency on Eye Movements During Complex Scene Viewing".
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is the movement the eyes make while tracking an object's movement, so that its moving image can remain maintained on the
1061:). Excyclotorsion may also be used to describe the condition or state of the eye when a patient has a cranial nerve IV (
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461:
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Castelhano M.; Henderson J. (2007). "Initial Scene
Representations Facilitate Eye Movement Guidance in Visual Search".
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is an eye movement involving both eyes moving synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction. Examples include:
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http://www.utdol.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=neuro_op/2892&selectedTitle=1~150&source=search_result
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constantly changes the stimuli that fall on the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells, making the image clearer.
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Itti L.; Koch C. (2000). "A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention".
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Staub A.; Abbott M.; Bogartz R. (2012). "Linguistically guided anticipatory eye movements in scene viewing".
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Westheimer, Gerald; McKee, Suzanne P. (July 1975). "Visual acuity in the presence of retinal-image motion".
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Pierrot-Deseilligny, Charles; Milea, D.; Muri, R. M. (2004). "Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex".
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Primates and many other vertebrates use three types of voluntary eye movement to track objects of interest:
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visual system in many vertebrate animals is the development of a small area of the retina with a very high
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1030:). Incyclotorsion may also be used to describe one part of the condition of the eye when a patient has an
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1431:"Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987
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Schematic demonstrating the actions and cranial nerve innervation (in subscript) of extraocular muscles.
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817:- fixation durations are thought to shorten and saccade amplitudes lengthen with an increase in age.
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Amano K.; Foster D. (2014). "Influence of local scene color on fixation position in visual search".
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1676:"Visual Fixation Durations and Saccade Amplitudes: Shifting Relationship in a Variety of Conditions"
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Carlson and Heth (2010). Psychology the
Science of Behaviour 4e. Pearson Education Canada. Page 140
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side of the eyeball. When it contracts, the eyeball moves so that the pupil looks outwards. The
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is a term applied to the outward, torsional (rotational) movement of the eye, mediated by the
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is a term applied to the inward, torsional (rotational) movement of the eye, mediated by the
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137:. These types of movements appear to be initiated by a small cortical region in the brain's
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744:(humans, mammals, reptiles, birds), the movement of different body parts is controlled by
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The brain exerts ultimate control over both voluntary and involuntary eye movement. Three
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1607:"Artificial intelligence can predict your personality ... simply by tracking your eyes"
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Robinson FR, Fuchs AF (2001). "The role of the cerebellum in voluntary eye movements".
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2210:"Eye movements during scene viewing: Evidence for mixed control of fixation durations"
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Abdelhady, Ahmed; Patel, Bhupendra C.; Aslam, Sanah; Al Aboud, Daifallah M. (2023),
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The brain must point both eyes accurately enough that the object of regard falls on
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Software system for simulating eye motility disorders and their surgical correction
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muscle of the eye. The inferior oblique muscle is innervated by cranial nerve III (
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muscle of the eye. The superior oblique muscle is innervated by cranial nerve IV (
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1956:
1932:"The Contributions of Image Content and Behavioural Relevancy to Overt Attention"
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the involvement of one or both eyes; involving one eye they may be classified as
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2466:, which shows changes in eye movements for any given muscle or nerve impairment.
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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carry signals from the brain to control the extraocular muscles. These are the
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An example of eye movement over a photograph over the span of just two seconds.
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Henderson J (2003). "Human gaze control during real-world scene perception".
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The eyes are the visual organs of the human body, and move using a system of
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1848:"Modeling the role of salience in the allocation of overt visual attention"
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Check ligament (e.g. Brown's syndrome, or
Superior tendon sheath syndrome)
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Tehovnik EJ, Sommer MA, Chou IH, Slocum WM, Schiller PH (April 2000).
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Department of
Otolaryngology – Queen's University at Kingston, Canada
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
843:) have been found to both increase and decrease fixation durations.
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Pannasch S.; Helmert J.; Roth K.; Herbold A.-K.; Walter H. (2008).
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fibers to the brain, where they are interpreted as vision in the
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2294:"Asymmetrical control of fixation durations in scene viewing"
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visual objects of interests. A special type of eye movement,
2106:"Cultural variation in eye movement during scene perception"
51:
movement of the eyes. Eye movements are used by a number of
114:, senses light. These specialised cells convert light into
1264:"The control of voluntary eye movements: new perspectives"
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The following terms may be used to describe eye movement:
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The eyes are never completely at rest: they make frequent
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Eye movement can be classified according to two systems:
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Dextrocycloversion – top of the eye rotates to the right
2389:
Wehner R (2005). "Sensory physiology: Brainless eyes".
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Laevocycloversion – top of the eye rotates to the left
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facilitate eye movement. These muscles arise from the
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1443:"Anatomy, Head and Neck: Eye Superior Oblique Muscle"
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Maldevelopment (e.g. Hypertrophy, atrophy/dystrophy)
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396:, which controls the majority of the muscles, the
2321:20.500.11820/226a90e0-144c-4f39-afcc-92fc78506657
934:Excess fat behind globe (e.g. thyroid conditions)
1930:Onat S.; Açik A.; Schumann F.; König P. (2014).
1707:Helo A.; Pannasch S.; Sirri L.; Rämä P. (2014).
857:Patients with eye movement disorders may report
235:moves the eye downwards and inwards whereas the
1449:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1533:Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach.
2485:
1374:"Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates"
1006:Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
694:showed a relationship between eye moment and
8:
2447:Oculomotor Control – Nystagmus and Dizziness
1475:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10793/
611:. Gaze-stabilising movement may include the
1991:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
1846:Parkhurst D. J.; Law K.; Niebur E. (2002).
766:Sherrington's law of reciprocal innervation
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2478:
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376:, and the lateral rectus, supplied by the
110:, a specialised type of tissue containing
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2010:
1965:
1955:
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1633:Journal of the Optical Society of America
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2441:eMedicine – Extraocular Muscles, Actions
215:causes the eyeball to look inwards; the
118:signals. These signals travel along the
2104:Chua H.; Boland J.; Nisbett R. (2002).
1211:
1102:Deorsumversion / depression / down gaze
734:corresponding points of the two retinas
241:
1108:Dextrodepression / gaze down and right
686:of the eye. Research conducted by the
593:, if moving in the same direction, or
544:Paramedian pontine reticular formation
231:attach at angles to the eyeball. The
7:
1199:Computer processing of body language
1114:Laevodepression / gaze down and left
835:degradations, such as a decrease in
239:moves the eye upwards and outwards.
1105:Dextroelevation / gaze up and right
1099:Sursumversion / elevation / up gaze
1069:. The trochlear nerve supplies the
597:, if moving in opposite directions.
1535:Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann;1989.
619:, and gaze-shifting mechanisms as
25:
2214:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1546:"Motility & Binocular Vision"
1111:Laevoelevation / gaze up and left
1038:(cranial nerve III) supplies the
761:Hering's law of equal innervation
2743:
2208:Henderson J.; Pierce G. (2008).
1680:Journal of Eye Movement Research
1233:10.1097/00019052-200402000-00005
368:The muscles are supplied by the
340:
324:
308:
292:
276:
260:
244:
219:downwards and outwards, and the
172:(eye cavity), and attach to the
2292:Walshe R.; Nuthmann A. (2014).
2454:Fixation Movements of the Eyes
1500:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.981
1194:Progressive supranuclear palsy
1149:Dissociated vertical deviation
565:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1:
1865:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00250-4
1817:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00163-7
1585:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1393:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00092-2
1047:; i.e. twists/rotates inward.
953:Congenital fourth nerve palsy
807:Eye movement in scene viewing
793:Eye movement in music reading
688:University of South Australia
550:Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
470:medial superior temporal area
2357:10.1080/13506285.2014.897662
2311:10.1016/j.visres.2014.03.012
2157:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2083:10.1080/13506285.2012.715599
1957:10.1371/journal.pone.0093254
1726:10.1016/j.visres.2014.08.006
1221:Current Opinion in Neurology
983:Sixth (abducent) nerve palsy
963:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
462:Lateral intraparietal cortex
736:to avoid the perception of
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2179:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.006
2056:10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.210
1772:10.1037/0096-1523.33.4.753
1262:Krauzlis RJ (April 2005).
1128:
1093:Dextroversion / right gaze
1003:
992:
790:
783:a single passage of text.
775:
721:. This area is called the
709:
663:
574:
452:dorsomedial frontal cortex
223:upwards and outwards. The
176:. The six muscles are the
153:
2741:
2464:An eye movement simulator
1351:10.1017/s0952523800011597
1159:Gaze-contingency paradigm
869:or cosmetic blemish from
168:(annulus of Zinn) in the
87:) to fixate, inspect and
2781:Ascending and Descending
1293:10.1177/1073858404271196
1096:Laevoversion / left gaze
690:in partnership with the
448:supplementary eye fields
419:, as well as areas that
2123:10.1073/pnas.0506162102
2021:10.1364/josaa.31.00a254
1909:10.1163/156856896x00123
1551:7 February 2006 at the
1071:superior oblique muscle
778:Eye movement in reading
712:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
706:Vestibulo-ocular system
700:artificial intelligence
692:University of Stuttgart
672:fixational eye movement
613:vestibulo-ocular reflex
589:, and both eyes either
559:VI cranial nerve nuclei
402:superior oblique muscle
333:inferior oblique muscle
317:superior oblique muscle
237:inferior oblique muscle
233:superior oblique muscle
229:inferior oblique muscle
225:superior oblique muscle
1653:10.1364/josa.65.000847
1131:anatomical terminology
1032:oculomotor nerve palsy
915:Muscle diseases (e.g.
909:Scarring secondary to
357:
301:superior rectus muscle
285:inferior rectus muscle
133:, vergence shifts and
37:
1144:Convergence micropsia
815:cognitive development
575:Further information:
408:, which controls the
400:, which controls the
355:
253:lateral rectus muscle
166:common tendinous ring
35:
2815:Accidental viewpoint
2227:10.3758/pbr.15.3.566
1801:(10–12): 1489–1506.
1079:Harada-Ito procedure
702:could then predict.
532:cranial nerve nuclei
466:middle temporal area
269:medial rectus muscle
27:Movement of the eyes
2720:Vertical–horizontal
2403:2005Natur.435..157W
2116:(35): 12629–12633.
2003:2014JOSAA..31A.254A
1948:2014PLoSO...993254O
1693:10.16910/jemr.2.2.4
1645:1975JOSA...65..847W
1139:Accommodation (eye)
754:extraocular muscles
518:reticular formation
508:Superior colliculus
421:facilitate tracking
162:extraocular muscles
156:Extraocular muscles
2820:Auditory illusions
2615:Impossible trident
1587:(2003)26, page 446
1271:The Neuroscientist
1129:This article uses
947:Selected disorders
924:Orbital anomalies
830:Temporal variation
696:personality traits
617:optokinetic reflex
504:– Pretectal nuclei
440:frontal eye fields
362:antagonistic pairs
358:
93:rapid eye movement
38:
2843:
2842:
2835:Temporal illusion
2830:Tactile illusions
2800:(2015 photograph)
2501:Optical illusions
2397:(7039): 157–159.
1583:Wayne S. Murray.
1488:Annu Rev Neurosci
917:Myasthenia gravis
911:alignment surgery
900:Muscle anomalies
821:Spatial variation
632:Vergence movement
625:pursuit movements
577:Gaze (physiology)
555:Vestibular nuclei
444:medial eye fields
16:(Redirected from
2863:
2747:
2700:Schroeder stairs
2675:Peripheral drift
2670:Penrose triangle
2494:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2430:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2351:(3–4): 486–502.
2345:Visual Cognition
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2263:10.1037/a0031224
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2172:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2071:Visual Cognition
2066:
2060:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2014:
1997:(4): A254–A261.
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1559:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1404:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1311:. Archived from
1286:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1216:
1059:oculomotor nerve
1055:inferior oblique
1040:inferior oblique
1036:oculomotor nerve
1024:superior oblique
1000:In psychotherapy
973:Ophthalmoparesis
929:rhabdomyosarcoma
746:striated muscles
646:Pursuit movement
640:depth perception
605:gaze-stabilizing
394:oculomotor nerve
370:oculomotor nerve
344:
331:Eye movement of
328:
315:Eye movement of
312:
299:Eye movement of
296:
283:Eye movement of
280:
267:Eye movement of
264:
251:Eye movement of
248:
201:superior oblique
95:, occurs during
21:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2803:
2753:Popular culture
2748:
2739:
2710:Spinning dancer
2530:Ambiguous image
2508:
2498:
2437:
2411:10.1038/435157a
2388:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2298:Vision Research
2291:
2290:
2286:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2170:10.1.1.545.5406
2163:(11): 498–504.
2154:
2153:
2149:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2012:10.1.1.708.7682
1988:
1987:
1983:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1852:Vision Research
1845:
1844:
1840:
1808:10.1.1.501.1921
1795:Vision Research
1792:
1791:
1787:
1763:10.1.1.703.1791
1747:
1746:
1742:
1713:Vision Research
1706:
1705:
1701:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1562:
1553:Wayback Machine
1543:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1387:(2–3): 413–48.
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1318:on 17 July 2006
1315:
1284:10.1.1.135.8577
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1134:
1127:
1063:trochlear nerve
1028:trochlear nerve
1013:
1008:
1002:
997:
991:
949:
880:
854:
849:
832:
823:
804:
795:
789:
780:
774:
714:
708:
668:
662:
579:
573:
514:Premotor nuclei
431:Cerebral cortex
398:trochlear nerve
386:
374:trochlear nerve
348:
345:
336:
335:, superior view
329:
320:
319:, superior view
313:
304:
303:, superior view
297:
288:
287:, superior view
281:
272:
271:, superior view
265:
256:
255:, superior view
249:
221:superior rectus
217:inferior rectus
158:
152:
147:
116:electrochemical
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2792:(1961 drawing)
2785:
2784:(1960 drawing)
2777:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Shepard tables
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Penrose stairs
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Checker shadow
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Autostereogram
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2435:External links
2433:
2432:
2431:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2335:
2284:
2257:(2): 318–322.
2241:
2220:(3): 566–573.
2200:
2147:
2096:
2077:(8): 922–946.
2061:
2034:
1981:
1922:
1903:(3): 165–188.
1897:Spatial Vision
1887:
1858:(1): 107–123.
1838:
1785:
1756:(4): 753–763.
1740:
1699:
1666:
1623:
1598:
1589:
1576:
1560:
1537:
1521:
1478:
1466:
1433:
1424:
1364:
1329:
1254:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1051:Excyclotorsion
1048:
1020:Incyclotorsion
1012:
1009:
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
995:Vision therapy
993:Main article:
990:
989:Vision therapy
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
958:Duane syndrome
955:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
922:
921:
920:
913:
907:
904:
898:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
883:Innervational
879:
876:
875:
874:
853:
850:
848:
845:
831:
828:
822:
819:
803:
800:
791:Main article:
788:
785:
776:Main article:
773:
770:
769:
768:
763:
710:Main article:
707:
704:
664:Main article:
661:
658:
650:smooth pursuit
629:
628:
598:
572:
569:
568:
567:
562:
561:
560:
557:
552:
547:
536:
535:
534:
528:
527:
526:
511:
505:
502:Pretectal area
494:
493:
492:
487:
486:
485:
484:
483:
476:Occipital lobe
473:
455:
410:lateral rectus
406:abducens nerve
390:cranial nerves
385:
382:
378:abducens nerve
350:
349:
346:
339:
337:
330:
323:
321:
314:
307:
305:
298:
291:
289:
282:
275:
273:
266:
259:
257:
250:
243:
205:lateral rectus
154:Main article:
151:
148:
146:
143:
131:smooth pursuit
112:photoreceptors
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2868:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Fraser spiral
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:(4): e93254.
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:(7): 847–50.
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:(5): 853–65.
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1277:(2): 124–37.
1276:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Ocular tremor
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Listing's law
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
999:
996:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
939:
937:Bone fracture
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
923:
918:
914:
912:
908:
905:
902:
901:
899:
894:
891:
888:
885:
884:
882:
881:
877:
872:
868:
867:visual acuity
864:
860:
856:
855:
851:
846:
844:
842:
838:
829:
827:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
802:Scene viewing
801:
799:
794:
787:Music reading
786:
784:
779:
771:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:double vision
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
719:visual acuity
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
673:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:gaze-shifting
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
582:
578:
570:
566:
563:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
521:
519:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
491:
488:
482:
481:Visual cortex
479:
478:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Parietal lobe
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
363:
354:
347:Anterior view
343:
338:
334:
327:
322:
318:
311:
306:
302:
295:
290:
286:
279:
274:
270:
263:
258:
254:
247:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:medial rectus
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:recti muscles
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
157:
149:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
124:visual cortex
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:includes the
42:
34:
30:
19:
18:Eye movements
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2766:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
2764:
2630:Lilac chaser
2600:Gravity hill
2446:
2394:
2390:
2373:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2047:
2043:
2037:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1611:ScienceDaily
1610:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1556:
1540:
1532:
1531:Kanski, JJ.
1494:: 981–1004.
1491:
1487:
1481:
1469:
1458:, retrieved
1446:
1436:
1427:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1342:
1339:Vis Neurosci
1338:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1274:
1270:
1257:
1227:(1): 17–25.
1224:
1220:
1214:
1169:Microsaccade
1154:Eye tracking
1085:
1075:excyclotorts
1074:
1050:
1045:incyclotorts
1044:
1019:
1014:
927:Tumor (e.g.
906:Malinsertion
886:Supranuclear
873:of the eyes.
833:
824:
805:
796:
781:
731:
715:
677:
669:
645:
644:
642:of objects.
631:
630:
608:
604:
580:
436:Frontal lobe
414:
387:
384:Neuroanatomy
367:
359:
159:
139:frontal lobe
128:
101:
41:Eye movement
40:
39:
29:
2776:(1864 book)
2680:Poggendorff
2655:Oppel-Kundt
2650:Necker cube
2645:MĂĽller-Lyer
2620:Irradiation
2050:: 210–228.
1686:(2): 1–19.
1557:EyeWeb.org.
1460:10 December
1402:10161/11752
1322:18 February
1011:Terminology
742:vertebrates
636:convergence
120:optic nerve
104:six muscles
49:involuntary
2773:Spectropia
2690:Rubin vase
2640:McCollough
2635:Mach bands
2585:Ehrenstein
2580:Ebbinghaus
2545:Barberpole
2520:Afterimage
1544:Awwad, S.
1447:StatPearls
1206:References
1189:Strabismus
1179:Orthoptist
978:Opsoclonus
740:. In most
601:fixational
571:Physiology
490:Cerebellum
404:, and the
207:is on the
195:, and the
2825:Illusions
2797:The dress
2789:Waterfall
2590:Flash lag
2570:Cornsweet
2555:Café wall
2535:Ames room
2513:Illusions
2365:145540524
2304:: 38–46.
2165:CiteSeerX
2007:CiteSeerX
1803:CiteSeerX
1758:CiteSeerX
1719:: 83–91.
1381:Brain Res
1279:CiteSeerX
1184:Oculesics
968:Nystagmus
863:nystagmus
847:Disorders
837:luminance
97:REM sleep
53:organisms
45:voluntary
2850:Category
2575:Delboeuf
2525:Ambigram
2419:15889076
2330:24726565
2271:23276111
2236:18567256
2187:14585447
2142:16116075
2091:40478177
2029:24695179
1976:24736751
1936:PLOS One
1882:11780536
1874:11804636
1825:10788654
1780:17683226
1735:25152319
1616:2 August
1549:Archived
1516:14413503
1508:11520925
1455:30725837
1411:10760550
1301:15746381
1249:18569409
1241:15090873
1125:See also
859:diplopia
852:Symptoms
841:blurring
811:saccades
698:, which
679:Saccades
660:Saccades
621:saccades
595:vergence
530:III, IV
497:Midbrain
412:muscle.
197:inferior
190:superior
186:inferior
135:saccades
57:primates
2808:Related
2735:Zöllner
2725:White's
2660:Orbison
2625:Jastrow
2427:4408533
2399:Bibcode
2279:2417324
2195:3117689
2133:1194960
1999:Bibcode
1967:3988016
1944:Bibcode
1917:9061830
1661:1142031
1641:Bibcode
1419:4467996
1359:9364724
1309:1439113
1086:version
895:Synapse
889:Nuclear
865:, poor
772:Reading
752:by six
666:Saccade
591:version
587:duction
516:in the
464:(LIP),
450:(SEF),
446:(MEF),
442:(FEF),
209:lateral
178:lateral
174:eyeball
150:Muscles
145:Anatomy
85:octopus
61:rodents
2760:Op art
2715:Ternus
2695:Sander
2610:Hering
2550:Bezold
2425:
2417:
2391:Nature
2363:
2328:
2277:
2269:
2234:
2193:
2185:
2167:
2140:
2130:
2089:
2027:
2009:
1974:
1964:
1915:
1880:
1872:
1833:192077
1831:
1823:
1805:
1778:
1760:
1733:
1659:
1514:
1506:
1453:
1417:
1409:
1357:
1307:
1299:
1281:
1247:
1239:
1034:. The
871:squint
546:(PMRF)
520:(PMN)
468:(MT),
454:(DMFC)
427:Brain
417:vision
360:Three
182:medial
108:retina
106:. The
55:(e.g.
2730:Wundt
2685:Ponzo
2565:Chubb
2423:S2CID
2361:S2CID
2275:S2CID
2191:S2CID
2087:S2CID
1878:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1512:S2CID
1415:S2CID
1377:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1305:S2CID
1267:(PDF)
1245:S2CID
1067:palsy
892:Nerve
878:Cause
750:orbit
723:fovea
684:fovea
654:fovea
607:, or
524:riMLF
472:(MST)
170:orbit
89:track
81:crabs
69:birds
65:flies
2605:Grid
2505:list
2415:PMID
2326:PMID
2267:PMID
2232:PMID
2183:PMID
2138:PMID
2025:PMID
1972:PMID
1913:PMID
1870:PMID
1821:PMID
1776:PMID
1731:PMID
1657:PMID
1618:2018
1504:PMID
1462:2023
1451:PMID
1407:PMID
1355:PMID
1324:2006
1297:PMID
1237:PMID
727:1 Hz
623:and
615:and
539:Pons
510:(SC)
227:and
199:and
188:and
160:Six
77:cats
73:fish
2856:Eye
2407:doi
2395:435
2377:1.
2353:doi
2316:hdl
2306:doi
2302:100
2259:doi
2222:doi
2175:doi
2128:PMC
2118:doi
2114:102
2079:doi
2052:doi
2017:doi
1962:PMC
1952:doi
1905:doi
1860:doi
1813:doi
1768:doi
1721:doi
1717:103
1688:doi
1649:doi
1496:doi
1397:hdl
1389:doi
1347:doi
1289:doi
1229:doi
648:or
634:or
47:or
2852::
2421:.
2413:.
2405:.
2393:.
2359:.
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2324:.
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2112:.
2108:.
2085:.
2075:20
2073:.
2048:25
2046:.
2023:.
2015:.
2005:.
1995:31
1993:.
1970:.
1960:.
1950:.
1938:.
1934:.
1911:.
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1899:.
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