2248:
553:
4806:
2149:
2131:
222:
508:
standards organization to advance the standardization of JavaScript. The first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma
General Assembly in June 1997. Several editions of the language standard have been published since then. The name "ECMAScript" was a compromise between the organizations involved
739:
In 2010, Ecma
International started developing a standards test for Ecma 262 ECMAScript. Test262 is an ECMAScript conformance test suite that can be used to check how closely a JavaScript implementation follows the ECMAScript Specification. The test suite contains thousands of individual tests, each
539:
Ecma's
Technical Committee 39 (TC39) is responsible for the maintenance of ECMAScript. New proposals to the language go through a staged process, with each stage representing the completeness of the proposal's specification. Consensus must be reached within the committee to advance a proposal to the
726:
in which newer versions of JavaScript are used, and a transpiler rewrites the source code so that it is supported by older browsers. Usually, transpilers transpile down to ES3 to maintain compatibility with all versions of browsers. The settings to transpile to a specific version can be configured
731:. Polyfills create new features for older environments that lack them. Polyfills do this at runtime in the interpreter, such as the user's browser or on the server. Instead, transpiling rewrites the ECMA code itself during the build phase of development before it reaches the interpreter.
692:. This means that certain types are assigned implicitly based on the operation being performed. However, there are several quirks in JavaScript's implementation of the conversion of a variable from one type to another. These quirks have been the subject of a talk entitled
740:
of which tests some specific requirement(s) of the ECMAScript specification. The development of Test262 is a project of the Ecma
Technical Committee 39 (TC39). The testing framework and the individual tests are contributed to Ecma by member organizations of TC39.
5475:
4132:
540:
next stage. Proposals that reach stage 4, the final stage, will be included into the next version of the standard. Since the release of version 6 in June 2015, new major versions have been finalized and published every June.
509:
in standardizing the language, especially
Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Eich commented that "ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a
1072:
2193:
5730:
5345:
3644:
704:
ECMAScript is dynamically typed. Thus, a type is associated with a value rather than an expression. ECMAScript supports various ways to test the type of objects, including
5340:
3639:
518:
4842:
3144:
2522:
2160:
2222:
5725:
3366:
2186:
1398:
5699:
4441:
4361:
4152:
4147:
3993:
1428:
4159:
1161:
1503:
ES5 is the baseline for this test suite. The conformance rate for other editions reflects support for new features only, not a comprehensive score.
1198:
2513:
1064:
5149:
4692:
3054:
2179:
2101:
1329:
744:
5450:
4761:
4562:
4085:
3468:
3059:
3029:
1655:
5740:
4835:
4406:
3736:
3533:
2155:
1194:
497:
135:
2857:
758:. The table below shows the conformance rate for current versions of software with respect to the most recent editions of ECMAScript.
1579:
3933:
2957:
1123:
918:
1094:"Netscape and Sun announce JavaScript, the Open, Cross-platform Object Scripting Language for Enterprise Networks and the Internet"
1093:
4497:
3669:
3513:
1608:
1550:
1521:
5595:
4828:
4592:
4587:
4294:
2394:
2227:
2111:
1904:
1335:
924:
5355:
4885:
4386:
3716:
3649:
3229:
2877:
2399:
1368:
638:
206:
198:
5735:
2237:
2137:
1755:
1020:
1007:
723:
598:
158:
4731:
4209:
2506:
2418:
1834:
606:
525:
for security analysis and standardization. "ECMA" stood for "European
Computer Manufacturers Association" until 1994.
286:
202:
174:
45:
411:
114:
5270:
5265:
4967:
4895:
4391:
4299:
4249:
4008:
3341:
3336:
2357:
1817:
1735:
888:
534:
4657:
4602:
4381:
4366:
4346:
3624:
3044:
2540:
2262:
1785:
5620:
4705:
4612:
4401:
4376:
3588:
3583:
2444:
1648:
622:
618:
186:
727:
according to need. Transpiling adds an extra step to the build process and is sometimes done to avoid needing
1482:
676:
statements. Functions are weakly typed and may accept and return any type. Arguments not provided default to
5720:
5260:
4259:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3361:
3346:
3286:
2720:
2715:
2675:
2142:
2096:
1822:
1449:
1390:
522:
504:
and
Netscape announced JavaScript in a press release. In November 1996, Netscape announced a meeting of the
1293:
460:. ECMA-262 specifies only language syntax and the semantics of the core application programming interface (
425:, and it is increasingly being used for server-side applications and services using runtime environments -
323:
4809:
4577:
4567:
3696:
3114:
2695:
2499:
2481:
1939:
1853:
1812:
1775:
1750:
1745:
1420:
817:
728:
602:
594:
53:
49:
1153:
5400:
5290:
4851:
3998:
3861:
3508:
2882:
2730:
2700:
2593:
2583:
2544:
2536:
2347:
2342:
2315:
1183:
418:
1042:
5668:
5635:
5500:
5069:
4756:
4662:
4396:
4371:
4214:
4055:
3493:
3296:
3169:
2952:
2352:
2267:
855:
36:
5600:
4597:
4336:
2277:
2272:
1641:
830:
514:
492:
The ECMAScript specification is a standardized specification of a scripting language developed by
5575:
5555:
4542:
4477:
2817:
2408:
2203:
2106:
2066:
1994:
1876:
1844:
1807:
975:
882:
754:
tests as of
January 2020. ECMAScript specifications through ES7 are well-supported in major
641:, meaning that semicolons that normally terminate a statement in C may be omitted in JavaScript.
505:
407:
313:
261:
229:
162:
69:
1124:"Industry Leaders to Advance Standardization of Netscape's JavaScript at Standards Body Meeting"
3371:
2037:
1693:
1325:
914:
747:) and Microsoft, who both contributed thousands of tests. The Test262 test suite consisted of
637:, allowing JavaScript to support both block scoping and function scoping. JavaScript supports
584:
5225:
4105:
3846:
3174:
2282:
2217:
1866:
965:
501:
395:
337:
256:
1222:
5455:
4715:
4436:
4341:
4095:
4023:
4018:
4013:
3498:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
2232:
1952:
1571:
430:
60:
1131:
2247:
4003:
3751:
3563:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
2750:
2740:
2449:
1957:
1926:
1770:
1101:
850:
826:
434:
422:
103:
41:
1600:
552:
5714:
5678:
5673:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5615:
5610:
5565:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5360:
5335:
5330:
4791:
4766:
4751:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4512:
4457:
4426:
4416:
4279:
4269:
4239:
4234:
4184:
4164:
4142:
4127:
4080:
4045:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3851:
3796:
3771:
3766:
3746:
3619:
3159:
2735:
2598:
2568:
2423:
2012:
1886:
1021:
https://bun.sh/docs#:~:text=or%2C%20more%20formally%2C-,ECMAScript,-)%20is%20just%20a
979:
822:
500:; initially named Mocha, then LiveScript, and finally JavaScript. In December 1995,
5625:
5605:
5325:
5300:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5220:
5215:
5210:
4910:
4652:
4622:
4482:
3826:
3821:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3593:
3538:
3488:
3421:
3376:
3351:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3219:
3184:
3094:
3089:
2917:
2725:
2491:
2465:
2373:
2061:
2032:
1861:
1829:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1710:
1683:
1678:
1542:
1513:
792:
689:
645:
493:
481:
477:
391:
190:
146:
65:
2171:
1319:
908:
722:
Since ES 2015, transpiling JavaScript has become very common. Transpilation is a
5200:
4992:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4627:
4324:
4319:
4314:
3898:
3815:
2787:
2337:
2002:
755:
705:
476:, while valid implementations of JavaScript add their own functionality such as
403:
99:
94:
1628:
Composite score that includes new features from ES7 through next edition drafts
1358:
5410:
5350:
4617:
4229:
3968:
3923:
3659:
3316:
3129:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2972:
2947:
2822:
2578:
2428:
2404:
2042:
1921:
1720:
1688:
717:
588:
383:
241:
142:
5683:
5460:
5395:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5079:
5074:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4746:
4736:
4697:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4507:
4492:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4411:
4356:
4351:
4331:
4309:
4289:
4244:
4224:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4137:
4100:
4090:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4050:
4035:
4030:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3893:
3888:
3836:
3831:
3811:
3781:
3756:
3741:
3711:
3664:
3654:
3634:
3629:
3614:
3609:
3523:
3244:
3239:
3134:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2389:
2007:
1725:
221:
178:
17:
513:." ECMAScript has been formalized through operational semantics by work at
5535:
5109:
5089:
5049:
5004:
4935:
4880:
4421:
4199:
3903:
3731:
3568:
3558:
3543:
3518:
3503:
3478:
3473:
3356:
3331:
3326:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3256:
3251:
3234:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3049:
3034:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2862:
2852:
2745:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2309:
2116:
1899:
1894:
1780:
1715:
399:
154:
5560:
5525:
5515:
5084:
4997:
4710:
4502:
4487:
4284:
4274:
4264:
4040:
3856:
3806:
3701:
3689:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2755:
2710:
2705:
2690:
2685:
2680:
1947:
1914:
1765:
1705:
797:
426:
387:
150:
1297:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5490:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5405:
5365:
5315:
4572:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4219:
4194:
4122:
3978:
3963:
3943:
3938:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3761:
3726:
3573:
3224:
3039:
2603:
2330:
2304:
2086:
2081:
1967:
1881:
1871:
1760:
1698:
621:-style structured programming. Previously, JavaScript only supported
510:
970:
953:
5440:
4060:
1421:"JavaScript data types and data structures – JavaScript | MDN"
1246:
394:. It is best known as a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the
5320:
5310:
5305:
5295:
5205:
5134:
4607:
4582:
4304:
4189:
3841:
3706:
3578:
3553:
3548:
3528:
2902:
2872:
2867:
2588:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2325:
2320:
2071:
1962:
1474:
1453:
993:
5465:
5380:
4977:
4820:
4254:
4117:
4110:
3776:
3721:
3321:
2932:
2470:
2091:
2076:
1909:
194:
4824:
2495:
2175:
1637:
5159:
4741:
4431:
3483:
2288:
1182:
Maffeis, Sergio; Mitchell, John C.; Taly, Ankur (2020-01-03).
547:
461:
182:
1633:
1270:
27:
Specification for
Javascript and other programming languages
1034:
352:
343:
936:
The core JavaScript programming language is based on the
364:
564:
1321:
JavaScript: The
Definitive Guide: The Definitive Guide
358:
355:
346:
370:
367:
361:
5692:
5193:
4858:
4724:
4450:
3602:
2551:
2458:
2437:
2382:
2366:
2297:
2255:
2210:
2054:
2025:
1993:
1979:
1938:
1852:
1843:
1734:
1671:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
382:) is a standard for scripting languages, including
349:
340:
319:
309:
285:
267:
252:
240:
228:
168:
133:
109:
93:
75:
59:
35:
1271:"ECMAScript, TC39, and the History of JavaScript"
1154:"Will there be a suggested file suffix for es4?"
952:Wirfs-Brock, Allen; Eich, Brendan (2020-05-02).
958:Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages
4836:
2507:
2187:
1649:
1391:"Jokes for Nerds: Wat Moments in Programming"
743:Important contributions were made by Google (
8:
994:"Node.js — ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) and beyond"
214:
30:
5731:Programming languages with an ISO standard
4843:
4829:
4821:
2514:
2500:
2492:
2194:
2180:
2172:
2148:
2130:
1849:
1656:
1642:
1634:
1035:"ECMAScriptÂŽ 2022 Language Specification"
760:
29:
5700:International Electrotechnical Commission
1184:"An Operational Semantics for JavaScript"
1065:"JavaScript creator ponders past, future"
969:
629:, but ECMAScript 2015 added the keywords
1452:. Test262.ecmascript.org. Archived from
1008:"Deno joins JavaScript standards effort"
899:
1572:"ECMAScript 2016+ compatibility table"
1324:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 16.
1100:. Netscape. 1995-12-04. Archived from
213:
1601:"ECMAScript Next compatibility table"
1389:Gilbertson, Scott (26 January 2012).
772:
769:
766:
7:
1485:from the original on October 1, 2019
1401:from the original on 23 August 2020
1195:Association for Computing Machinery
1122:Press Release (November 15, 1996).
5726:Object-based programming languages
1543:"ECMAScript 6 compatibility table"
1514:"ECMAScript 5 compatibility table"
1338:from the original on 1 August 2020
913:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 5.
25:
1318:David Flanagan (17 August 2006).
593:The ECMAScript language includes
450:ECMAScript Language Specification
4805:
4804:
2246:
2147:
2129:
954:"JavaScript: The First 20 Years"
551:
441:ECMAScript, ECMA-262, JavaScript
417:ECMAScript is commonly used for
336:
220:
1611:from the original on 2024-01-14
1582:from the original on 2024-01-14
1553:from the original on 2024-04-04
1524:from the original on 2024-01-14
1450:"ECMAScript Language – test262"
1431:from the original on 2017-03-14
1371:from the original on 2019-10-28
1204:from the original on 2020-01-03
1164:from the original on 2020-06-21
1075:from the original on 2014-09-20
1045:from the original on 2020-05-08
927:from the original on 2016-06-10
617:ECMAScript JavaScript supports
2228:Common Language Infrastructure
2112:Asynchronous module definition
1:
762:Scripting engine conformance
718:JavaScript § transpilers
639:automatic semicolon insertion
1296:. ECMAScript. Archived from
1152:Eich, Brendan (2006-10-03).
724:source-to-source compilation
296:; 3 months ago
273:; 27 years ago
121:/publications-and-standards
81:; 27 years ago
5757:
5741:Source-to-source compilers
2358:Holographic Versatile Disc
1130:. Netscape. Archived from
1063:Krill, Paul (2008-06-23).
1033:Guo, Shu-yu (2022-02-14).
940:standard, or ES for short.
889:List of ECMAScript engines
715:
589:JavaScript § Features
582:
535:ECMAScript version history
532:
4800:
2533:
2479:
2263:Advanced Intelligent Tape
2244:
2125:
907:Stefanov, Stoyan (2010).
849:
816:
791:
786:
783:
780:
777:
770:Reference application(s)
613:Imperative and structured
219:
173:
141:
644:Like C-style languages,
406:. It is standardized by
242:Internet media type
215:ECMAScript (file format)
523:Imperial College London
519:Department of Computing
2482:List of Ecma standards
2211:Application interfaces
2161:server-side JavaScript
1605:compat-table.github.io
1576:compat-table.github.io
1547:compat-table.github.io
1518:compat-table.github.io
247:application/ecmascript
2438:Radio link interfaces
2383:Programming languages
2348:Ultra Density Optical
2156:JavaScript frameworks
1425:Developer.mozilla.org
419:client-side scripting
2353:Universal Media Disc
2138:JavaScript libraries
1481:. January 24, 2020.
1365:Destroy All Software
1253:, Ecma International
1229:, Ecma International
1227:Technical Committees
1160:. Mail.mozilla.org.
5736:Scripting languages
2298:File systems (disk)
2256:File systems (tape)
1010:. 14 December 2021.
910:JavaScript Patterns
763:
515:Stanford University
454:ECMAScript Language
230:Filename extensions
216:
117:.ecma-international
76:First appeared
32:
2527:by standard number
2204:Ecma International
2067:Ecma International
1877:Google Web Toolkit
1247:"The TC39 Process"
883:ECMAScript for XML
761:
745:Sputnik test suite
625:using the keyword
563:. You can help by
506:Ecma International
408:Ecma International
314:Scripting language
262:Ecma International
163:Google Apps Script
70:Ecma International
5708:
5707:
4818:
4817:
2541:ISO romanizations
2489:
2488:
2169:
2168:
2038:Douglas Crockford
2021:
2020:
1931:Wakanda Framework
1363:. CodeMash 2012.
1357:Bernhardt, Gary.
1331:978-0-596-55447-7
874:
873:
767:Scripting engine
648:is done with the
585:ECMAScript syntax
581:
580:
402:across different
329:
328:
253:Developed by
212:
211:
95:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
5748:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4822:
4808:
4807:
2528:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2484:(1961 – present)
2283:Linear Tape-Open
2250:
2218:ANSI escape code
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2151:
2150:
2133:
2132:
1850:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
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1620:
1619:
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1616:
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1587:
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1510:
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1501:
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1440:
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1406:
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1380:
1379:
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1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1308:
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1607:. 2024-04-14.
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1549:. 2024-04-14.
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1475:"tc39/test262"
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2545:IEC standards
2542:
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2537:ISO standards
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2424:Minimal BASIC
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2202:Standards of
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2014:
2013:Underscore.js
2011:
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1887:Lively Kernel
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1456:on 2011-05-14
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1300:on 2012-08-02
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1148:
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1134:on 1998-12-03
1133:
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1125:
1118:
1115:
1104:on 2002-06-06
1103:
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1071:. InfoWorld.
1070:
1069:infoworld.com
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823:Google Chrome
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572:February 2017
566:
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559:This section
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169:Influenced by
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34:
19:
5636:27000-series
5570:
5495:
4663:27000 series
4522:
4204:
2412:
2374:Universal 3D
2047:Scott Isaacs
2033:Brendan Eich
1830:JScript .NET
1791:SpiderMonkey
1739:(comparison)
1711:JScript .NET
1679:ActionScript
1664:
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1394:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1359:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1320:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1288:
1278:, retrieved
1274:
1265:
1255:, retrieved
1250:
1241:
1231:, retrieved
1226:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1191:stanford.edu
1190:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1128:Netscape.com
1127:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1098:Netscape.com
1097:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1068:
1058:
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1038:
1028:
1016:
1002:
988:
961:
957:
947:
937:
935:
929:. Retrieved
909:
902:
793:SpiderMonkey
773:Conformance
756:web browsers
742:
738:
721:
703:
693:
690:weakly typed
687:
684:Weakly typed
646:control flow
643:
616:
592:
569:
565:adding to it
560:
538:
511:skin disease
494:Brendan Eich
491:
478:input/output
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
416:
404:web browsers
392:ActionScript
379:
331:
330:
191:CoffeeScript
147:ActionScript
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18:ECMAScript 3
4451:20000–29999
3603:10000–19999
2285:(Ultrium-1)
2152:Comparisons
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1940:Server-side
1854:Client-side
1801:JägerMonkey
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1489:January 29,
1342:11 November
1158:mozilla.org
781:ES6 (2015)
735:Conformance
712:Transpiling
706:duck typing
482:file system
464:), such as
5715:Categories
4230:16949 (TS)
3827:11941 (TR)
2525:standards
2429:Full BASIC
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1986:Cappuccino
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1845:Frameworks
1818:ChakraCore
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1689:JavaScript
1665:ECMAScript
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1586:2024-04-14
1557:2024-04-14
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1460:2013-10-31
1435:2017-02-24
1375:2021-08-18
1304:2009-12-17
1280:2024-08-11
1257:2024-08-11
1233:2024-08-11
1208:2020-01-03
1168:2021-05-05
1138:2013-10-31
1108:2019-11-04
1079:2013-10-31
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931:2016-01-12
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4185:15926 WIP
3549:9592/9593
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1405:22 August
980:219603695
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729:polyfills
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2535:List of
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1980:Multiple
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1609:Archived
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1336:Archived
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1073:Archived
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4956:60870-6
4951:60870-5
4711:29199-2
4583:23094-2
4578:23094-1
4568:23090-3
4437:19794-5
4432:19775-1
4220:16612-2
4210:16355-1
3899:13406-2
3857:12234-2
3625:10118-3
2466:ECMA-35
2390:C++/CLI
2238:OpenXPS
2102:Sputnik
1948:Node.js
1915:qooxdoo
1835:Nashorn
1808:Tamarin
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299: (
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276: (
151:JScript
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4725:30000+
3564:9797-1
3372:8820-5
3317:8501-1
2873:1073-2
2868:1073-1
2552:1–9999
2400:Eiffel
2331:FAT16B
2312:(CDFS)
2305:CD-ROM
2087:JSLint
2082:JSHint
2026:People
1968:AppJet
1891:midori
1882:jQuery
1872:Ext JS
1823:Chakra
1699:asm.js
1479:GitHub
1328:
1275:ui.dev
1223:"TC39"
978:
917:
856:Safari
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207:Scheme
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5679:80000
5674:42010
5669:39075
5664:38500
5659:33001
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5650:29110
5646:27040
5641:27002
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3645:10179
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