127:
Fernseh-Tagung in ZĂĽrich" (international television conference in ZĂĽrich) described their work in
September 1938. A few months later, Professor J.L.H. Jonker, who had a leading role in the development of the EF50, published an internal Philips Research Technical Note, Titled: "New radio Tube Constructions". Jonker's role was confirmed decades later by Th. P. Tromp, head of radio-valve manufacturing and production: "Prof. Dr. Jonker (head of development lab of electronic valves in the mid-thirties) was the originator of the EF50. This development started as early as 1934–1935. It was, indeed, developed in view of possible television application."
219:), great efforts were made to secure a continuing supply as the risk of Holland being overrun increased. Mullard in England did not have the ability to manufacture the special glass base, for example. Just before Germany invaded Holland, a truckload of 25,000 complete EF50s and many more of their special bases were successfully sent to England. The entire EF50 production line was hurriedly relocated to Britain. On 13 May, the day before the Germans flattened Rotterdam in 1940, members of the Philips family escaped together with the Dutch government on the British
135:
gas evacuation tube, used during the final steps of construction. They developed a way to weld the tube into the base plate instead of the top of the tube, but this left the tube projecting from the bottom, where it could be easily snapped off. The solution to this was a metal shell that was fit onto the bottom of the tube at the end of construction, covering the evacuation tube while allowing the connection pins to project through holes. This was known as "the metal trouser".
131:
serious problem. Thinner wires would solve this problem, but these proved difficult to connect to in the socket, and the tubes tended to disconnect when jolted. The solution was to use bent pins, which exited the bottom of the tube and were then bent through a 90 degree arc toward the center of the tube's base. These were used with a special socket; when pressed in and rotated slightly, the pins locked into place.
17:
198:
suitable for external mounting on an aircraft, demanded that short wavelengths be used, and the team had already selected 200 MHz as the basic operational frequency. Like the earlier EMI model, the Pye receiver was then adapted from the BBC 45 MHz standard to 200 MHz by adding a single
87:
techniques, which had been highly automated by the 1920s. In a standard light bulb of the era, the tungsten filament was supported on two metal rods, which were fastened together by inserting them into a glass tube and then heating the glass and squeezing it flat with the rods inside. The resulting
134:
With this problem solved, the team then turned to consider whether the top control grid connection could be eliminated, as it had been in the RCA acorns. This was easy enough to do electrically, but
Philips had already taken to using the metal cap on the electrode as a convenient place to hide the
126:
Philips had been working from 1934 to 1935 on an alternative that would solve the problems of the other base designs, in a system that could be produced cheaply and in large quantities. A presentation by M.J.O. Strutt from the tube development group at
Philips Research at the first "Internationale
118:
continued experiments with all-glass tubes and introduced their "acorn" (or "door knob") tubes late in 1934. These were essentially two half-tubes that were assembled separately, carefully folded together, and then sealed along the centerline. Despite using low-cost materials and construction, the
91:
For vacuum tube use, little was changed, with the various internal components supported on rods which passed through the pinch. As tubes grew in complexity, the number of leads also grew. Since light bulb sizes were standardized, all of these had to pass through the same pinch, which placed them
130:
Their first attempts faced problems due to the mechanical loads of the connection pins. If they used leads that were strong enough to be pushed into a conventional socket, these were large enough that the holes in the glass plate greatly reduced the plate's physical strength, and cracking was a
159:. With some tweaking from Baden John Edwards and Donald Jackson from Pye (for example the metal shield), the final EF50 pentode was produced and used in Pye's 45 MHz TRF design, and created a receiver able to receive transmissions at up to five times the distance than the competition.
179:
was developing a receiver that was small and light enough to be used on aircraft. Their original design was based on a television chassis from EMI using RCA acorn valves. Only one set was available and almost lost in an accident, so Bowen was eager to find additional receivers.
150:
television transmitter. In particular, they wanted to be able to receive these transmissions at their
Cambridge factories. They initially turned to their subsidiaries, Cathodeon and Hi-Vac, but they were not capable of producing much of an improvement. They turned to
191:, mentioned these surplus chassis to Bowen and suggested he try them. Bowen contacted Pye and found that "scores and scores" of completed chassis were available. When tested, they were found to completely outperform the EMI model.
113:
Through the early 1930s, a number of companies experimented with metal tubes, using a variety of sealing methods. These worked well, but tended to be rather large and were never able to be successfully mass-produced at low cost.
100:
leads to a metal button at the top of the tube rather than the bottom, but this made construction much more complex, as well as making connections in radio sets more difficult as they could no longer be on a single
146:, a leading British electronics firm of the time, had pioneered television receiver design, and in the late 1930s, wanted to market receivers that would allow reception further and further from the single
314:(their version named 63SPT) in the United Kingdom as well as Mullard (who were effectively using the Philips production line after it was moved from Holland). Versions were also made in Canada by
88:
support was known as the "glass pinch". The pinch was then inserted into a larger glass envelope, the bulb itself, welded, and then fit with a metal cap for the electrical connections.
708:
199:
step-down stage in front of an otherwise unmodified Pye chassis. The resulting "Pye strip" became the basis for many UK radar designs of the era, including
183:
When the war began in the summer of 1939, all work on civilian television was suspended. This left Pye with many completed chassis and no way to sell them.
1758:
1582:
1223:
96:, which limited the tube's ability to work at high frequencies. To address this, to some degree at least, it became somewhat common to attach the
554:
2041:
1140:
921:
701:
904:
800:
1044:
771:
1751:
1092:
891:
66:-socket device with short internal wires to nine short chromium-iron pins. The short wiring was key to making it suitable for
2036:
694:
325:
British military (Ministry of
Aircraft Production Specification) and U.S. JAN type numbers assigned to the EF50 include:
1123:
875:
927:
864:
1744:
1587:
1134:
319:
315:
2098:
2051:
1341:
1055:
898:
783:
1208:
1900:
1350:
1060:
916:
569:
1361:
1081:
880:
2031:
1530:
1097:
962:
938:
229:, taking with them a small wooden box containing the industrial diamonds that were to be used to make the
184:
2093:
1930:
1599:
1551:
1372:
1188:
1103:
1034:
870:
33:
381:
Valves of similar characteristics were produced with different bases, for example, the later EF42 and
2067:
2046:
2026:
1965:
1905:
1831:
1673:
1417:
1312:
1086:
979:
833:
794:
725:
717:
1990:
1879:
1781:
1393:
1301:
1193:
1029:
1006:
307:
230:
176:
67:
1698:
1558:
1266:
1233:
1049:
933:
911:
188:
2000:
1985:
1693:
1614:
1505:
1457:
1286:
1213:
1175:
550:
223:
55:, and great efforts were made to secure a continuing supply of the device as Holland fell in
1950:
1890:
1409:
1356:
1218:
1183:
822:
147:
51:
designs. Initially used in television receivers, it quickly gained a vital role in
British
1811:
1806:
1686:
1619:
1472:
1203:
1113:
957:
516:
491:
1970:
1945:
1661:
1442:
1432:
1198:
1001:
645:
195:
2087:
2010:
2005:
1895:
1816:
1786:
1723:
1546:
1462:
1281:
1108:
1076:
102:
47:
technology, departing from construction techniques that were largely unchanged from
1975:
1869:
1801:
1796:
1604:
1592:
1480:
1447:
1276:
1261:
844:
828:
97:
56:
669:
581:
2072:
1980:
1839:
1791:
1767:
1646:
1388:
1337:
1243:
1228:
1011:
973:
682:
447:
382:
311:
172:
93:
63:
44:
25:
603:
1995:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1854:
1718:
1708:
1641:
1515:
1485:
1452:
1427:
1422:
1399:
1271:
1251:
1129:
991:
968:
854:
756:
751:
746:
204:
120:
84:
48:
425:
1960:
1955:
1935:
1681:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1437:
1317:
1151:
1146:
1071:
996:
220:
200:
156:
624:
167:
While Pye was working on their television systems, the top secret work on
1940:
1920:
1859:
1703:
1651:
1631:
1609:
1495:
1490:
1378:
1367:
1296:
1066:
469:
401:
143:
686:
1874:
1864:
1563:
1500:
1322:
1307:
1161:
1118:
766:
152:
40:
36:
215:
Because the EF50 had to come from
Holland, yet was vital for the RDF (
1885:
1849:
1844:
1821:
1636:
1327:
1291:
1256:
816:
788:
761:
736:
1736:
1713:
1624:
1383:
1156:
949:
811:
806:
216:
168:
52:
1656:
1039:
985:
886:
839:
777:
1740:
690:
123:
introduced the "Stahlröhre" (~steel tube) with its own issues.
16:
115:
306:
To meet great wartime demand, the EF50 was also made by
92:
increasingly close to each other. This led to increased
233:
needed to make the fine tungsten wires in the valves.
187:, who had been the thesis advisor for both Bowen and
2060:
2019:
1830:
1774:
1672:
1572:
1539:
1471:
1408:
1336:
1242:
1174:
1020:
948:
853:
735:
724:
194:Operational requirements, mostly the size of the
604:"The EF50, the Tube that helped to Win the War"
470:"The EF50, the tube that helped to win the War"
402:"The EF50, the Tube that helped to Win the War"
119:manual assembly led to high costs. In Germany,
1752:
702:
8:
1759:
1745:
1737:
732:
709:
695:
687:
155:, who turned to their Philips managers in
43:. It was a landmark in the development of
426:"The Famous EF50 of WW2 by Keith Thrower"
420:
418:
175:. As part of this research, a team under
517:"The secret radar valve the EF50 Part 2"
492:"The Secret Radar Valve the EF50 Part 1"
240:
15:
540:
538:
536:
393:
7:
1141:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
651:. TABLE I. 9 August 1946. p. 34
370:The tube was also assigned the GPO (
83:Early vacuum tubes were built using
922:Programmable unijunction transistor
448:"letter of Th. P. Tromp to Mr Bell"
823:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
14:
801:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
378:type number, VT-250, and CV1578.
1045:Heterostructure barrier varactor
772:Chemical field-effect transistor
545:Bowen, Edward G (January 1998).
1093:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
549:. CRC Press. pp. 77, 231.
32:is an early all-glass wideband
1:
1124:Silicon controlled rectifier
986:Organic light-emitting diode
876:Diffused junction transistor
318:and in the United States by
928:Static induction transistor
865:Bipolar junction transistor
817:MOS field-effect transistor
789:Fin field-effect transistor
332:(Army Receiving Pentode 35)
2115:
1135:Static induction thyristor
646:"1946 CV Register – A 316"
320:Sylvania Electric Products
316:Rogers Vacuum Tube Company
1882:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
1304:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
1056:Hybrid integrated circuit
899:Light-emitting transistor
171:was being carried out at
1901:Backward-wave oscillator
1351:Backward-wave oscillator
1061:Light emitting capacitor
917:Point-contact transistor
887:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
310:(with the name Z90) and
1362:Crossed-field amplifier
881:Field-effect transistor
683:Mullard EF50 data sheet
265:Grid-anode capacitance:
139:Television requirements
79:Early tube construction
1775:Theoretical principles
1531:Voltage-regulator tube
1098:MOS integrated circuit
963:Constant-current diode
939:Unijunction transistor
259:6.3 V/0.3 A
185:Edward Victor Appleton
21:
1931:Inductive output tube
1600:Electrolytic detector
1373:Inductive output tube
1189:Low-dropout regulator
1104:Organic semiconductor
1035:Printed circuit board
871:Darlington transistor
718:Electronic components
383:9-pin miniature (B9A)
19:
2073:List of tube sockets
2068:List of vacuum tubes
1906:Beam deflection tube
1418:Beam deflection tube
1087:Metal-oxide varistor
980:Light-emitting diode
834:Thin-film transistor
795:Floating-gate MOSFET
338:(Original A.M. Name)
39:designed in 1938 by
1991:Traveling-wave tube
1782:Thermionic emission
1394:Traveling-wave tube
1194:Switching regulator
1030:Printed electronics
1007:Step recovery diode
784:Depletion-load NMOS
446:Th.P.Tromp (1979).
211:Flight from Holland
177:Edward George Bowen
68:Very High Frequency
62:The EF50 tube is a
1699:Crystal oscillator
1559:Variable capacitor
1234:Switched capacitor
1176:Voltage regulators
1050:Integrated circuit
934:Tetrode transistor
912:Pentode transistor
905:Organic LET (OLET)
892:Organic FET (OFET)
670:Radio Museum, EF50
22:
2081:
2080:
2020:Numbering systems
2001:Video camera tube
1986:Talaria projector
1768:Thermionic valves
1734:
1733:
1694:Ceramic resonator
1506:Mercury-arc valve
1458:Video camera tube
1410:Cathode-ray tubes
1170:
1169:
778:Complementary MOS
556:978-0-7503-0586-0
299:
298:
279:6.5 mA/V @ I
275:Transconductance:
2106:
2099:Philips products
1891:Cathode-ray tube
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1588:electrical power
1473:Gas-filled tubes
1357:Cavity magnetron
1184:Linear regulator
733:
711:
704:
697:
688:
672:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
650:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
602:Dekker, Ronald.
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
578:
572:
567:
561:
560:
542:
531:
530:
528:
526:
521:
515:Dicker, Graham.
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
496:
490:Dicker, Graham.
487:
481:
480:
478:
476:
468:Dekker, Ronald.
465:
459:
458:
456:
454:
443:
437:
436:
434:
432:
422:
413:
412:
410:
408:
398:
241:
148:Alexandra Palace
24:In the field of
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2056:
2042:Mullard–Philips
2015:
1966:Photomultiplier
1826:
1807:Suppressor grid
1770:
1765:
1735:
1730:
1668:
1583:audio and video
1568:
1535:
1467:
1404:
1332:
1313:Photomultiplier
1238:
1166:
1114:Quantum circuit
1022:
1016:
958:Avalanche diode
944:
856:
849:
738:
727:
720:
715:
680:
675:
668:
664:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:
639:
629:
627:
623:
622:
618:
608:
606:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
579:
575:
570:Pye 45MHz strip
568:
564:
557:
544:
543:
534:
524:
522:
519:
514:
513:
509:
499:
497:
494:
489:
488:
484:
474:
472:
467:
466:
462:
452:
450:
445:
444:
440:
430:
428:
424:
423:
416:
406:
404:
400:
399:
395:
391:
304:
294:
290:
286:
282:
239:
237:Characteristics
213:
196:dipole antennas
165:
141:
111:
109:VHF experiments
81:
76:
12:
11:
5:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Selectron tube
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:Wollaston wire
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Selectron tube
1440:
1435:
1433:Magic eye tube
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Schottky diode
999:
994:
989:
983:
977:
971:
966:
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
936:
931:
925:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
896:
895:
894:
889:
878:
873:
868:
861:
859:
851:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
831:
826:
820:
814:
809:
804:
798:
792:
786:
781:
775:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
741:
730:
722:
721:
716:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
679:
676:
674:
673:
662:
637:
616:
594:
573:
562:
555:
532:
507:
482:
460:
438:
414:
392:
390:
387:
368:
367:
366:(Air Ministry)
361:
351:
345:
339:
333:
303:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:=250 V, V
288:
284:
283:=10 mA, I
280:
277:
271:
270:
269:0.007 pF
267:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
238:
235:
212:
209:
164:
161:
140:
137:
110:
107:
80:
77:
75:
72:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Marconi-Osram
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2011:Fleming valve
2009:
2007:
2006:Williams tube
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Glowing anode
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Work function
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1725:
1724:mercury relay
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1648:
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1640:
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1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
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1580:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:Potentiometer
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1463:Williams tube
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
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1398:
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1377:
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1371:
1369:
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1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
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1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
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1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Fleming valve
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
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1207:
1205:
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1200:
1197:
1195:
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1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
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1179:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Photodetector
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Memtransistor
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
947:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
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918:
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900:
897:
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890:
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869:
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860:
858:
852:
846:
843:
841:
838:
835:
832:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
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808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
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768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:Semiconductor
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
677:
671:
666:
663:
647:
641:
638:
626:
620:
617:
605:
598:
595:
583:
577:
574:
571:
566:
563:
558:
552:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
518:
511:
508:
493:
486:
483:
471:
464:
461:
449:
442:
439:
427:
421:
419:
415:
403:
397:
394:
388:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Marconi-Osram
301:
287:=3 mA, V
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
246:
243:
242:
236:
234:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
210:
208:
206:
202:
197:
192:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
173:Bawdsey Manor
170:
162:
160:
158:
154:
149:
145:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
117:
108:
106:
104:
103:circuit board
99:
95:
89:
86:
78:
73:
71:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
34:remote cutoff
31:
27:
18:
2094:Vacuum tubes
1976:Storage tube
1870:Beam tetrode
1802:Control grid
1797:Space charge
1481:Cold cathode
1448:Storage tube
1338:Vacuum tubes
1287:Neutron tube
1262:Beam tetrode
1244:Vacuum tubes
829:Power MOSFET
681:
665:
653:. Retrieved
640:
628:. Retrieved
619:
607:. Retrieved
597:
585:. Retrieved
576:
565:
546:
523:. Retrieved
510:
498:. Retrieved
485:
473:. Retrieved
463:
451:. Retrieved
441:
429:. Retrieved
405:. Retrieved
396:
380:
375:
371:
369:
363:
357:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
324:
305:
295:=250 V
274:
264:
254:
244:
225:
214:
193:
182:
166:
142:
133:
129:
125:
112:
98:control grid
90:
82:
64:9-pin Loctal
61:
57:World War II
29:
23:
1981:Sutton tube
1792:Hot cathode
1647:Transformer
1389:Sutton tube
1229:Charge pump
1082:Memory cell
1012:Zener diode
974:Laser diode
857:transistors
739:transistors
344:(from 1943)
302:Equivalents
94:capacitance
70:(VHF) use.
45:vacuum tube
26:electronics
2088:Categories
1996:Trochotron
1926:Iconoscope
1916:Compactron
1911:Charactron
1855:Acorn tube
1719:reed relay
1709:Parametron
1642:Thermistor
1620:resettable
1579:Connector
1540:Adjustable
1516:Nixie tube
1486:Crossatron
1453:Trochotron
1428:Iconoscope
1423:Charactron
1400:X-ray tube
1272:Compactron
1252:Acorn tube
1209:Buck–boost
1130:Solaristor
992:Photodiode
969:Gunn diode
965:(CLD, CRD)
747:Transistor
625:"Base B9G"
547:Radar Days
389:References
205:ASV Mk. II
189:Harold Pye
163:Radar uses
121:Telefunken
85:light bulb
49:light bulb
1961:Phototube
1956:Monoscope
1951:Magnetron
1946:Magic eye
1936:Kinescope
1880:Pentagrid
1682:Capacitor
1526:Trigatron
1521:Thyratron
1511:Neon lamp
1438:Monoscope
1318:Phototube
1302:Pentagrid
1267:Barretter
1152:Trancitor
1147:Thyristor
1072:Memristor
997:PIN diode
774:(ChemFET)
358:ZC/10E/92
221:destroyer
201:AI Mk. IV
157:Eindhoven
2061:Examples
1941:Klystron
1921:Eidophor
1896:Additron
1860:Nuvistor
1704:Inductor
1674:Reactive
1652:Varistor
1632:Resistor
1610:Antifuse
1496:Ignitron
1491:Dekatron
1379:Klystron
1368:Gyrotron
1297:Nuvistor
1214:Split-pi
1100:(MOS IC)
1067:Memistor
825:(MuGFET)
819:(MOSFET)
791:(FinFET)
678:See also
144:Pye Ltd.
2052:Russian
1875:Pentode
1865:Tetrode
1605:Ferrite
1573:Passive
1564:Varicap
1552:digital
1501:Krytron
1323:Tetrode
1308:Pentode
1162:Varicap
1143:(3D IC)
1119:RF CMOS
1023:devices
797:(FGMOS)
728:devices
255:Heater:
226:Windsor
153:Mullard
74:History
41:Philips
37:pentode
1886:Nonode
1850:Triode
1845:Audion
1822:Getter
1637:Switch
1328:Triode
1292:Nonode
1257:Audion
1137:(SITh)
1021:Other
988:(OLED)
950:Diodes
901:(LET)
883:(FET)
855:Other
803:(IGBT)
780:(CMOS)
767:BioFET
762:BiCMOS
655:7 June
630:7 June
609:25 May
587:25 May
582:"EF50"
553:
525:25 May
500:25 May
475:25 May
453:22 May
431:22 May
407:22 May
385:EF80.
376:VT-207
364:10E/92
360:(Army)
354:ZC1051
350:(Army)
348:ZA3058
342:CV1091
312:Cossor
28:, the
2032:RETMA
1840:Diode
1832:Types
1812:Anode
1714:Relay
1687:types
1625:eFUSE
1396:(TWT)
1384:Maser
1375:(IOT)
1364:(CFA)
1353:(BWO)
1277:Diode
1224:SEPIC
1204:Boost
1157:TRIAC
1126:(SCR)
1089:(MOV)
1063:(LEC)
982:(LED)
941:(UJT)
930:(SIT)
924:(PUT)
867:(BJT)
836:(TFT)
812:LDMOS
807:ISFET
649:(PDF)
520:(PDF)
495:(PDF)
330:ARP35
245:Base:
217:radar
169:radar
53:radar
1657:Wire
1615:Fuse
1199:Buck
1052:(IC)
1040:DIAC
976:(LD)
845:UMOS
840:VMOS
757:PMOS
752:NMOS
737:MOS
657:2014
632:2014
611:2014
589:2014
551:ISBN
527:2014
502:2014
477:2014
455:2014
433:2014
409:2014
336:VR91
249:B9G
231:dies
224:HMS
203:and
30:EF50
20:EF50
2047:JIS
2027:RMA
1219:Ćuk
356:or
116:RCA
2090::
1593:RF
1342:RF
535:^
417:^
372:PO
322:.
293:g2
285:g2
207:.
105:.
59:.
1760:e
1753:t
1746:v
1344:)
1340:(
710:e
703:t
696:v
659:.
634:.
613:.
591:.
559:.
529:.
504:.
479:.
457:.
435:.
411:.
374:)
289:a
281:a
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
