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the feasible successor and the successors. Routes in the topology table are marked as "passive" or "active". Passive indicates that EIGRP has determined the path for the specific route and has finished processing. Active indicates that EIGRP is still trying to calculate the best path for the specific route. Routes in the topology table are not usable by the router until they are inserted into the routing table. The topology table is never used by the
1016:
metric is a 24-bit value while EIGRP uses a 32-bit value to express this metric. By multiplying a 24-bit value with the factor of 256 (effectively bit-shifting it 8 bits to the left), the value is extended into 32 bits, and vice versa. This way, redistributing information between EIGRP and IGRP involves simply dividing or multiplying the metric value by a factor of 256, which is done automatically.
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condition. However, such neighbors do not provide the shortest path to a destination, therefore, not using them does not present any significant impairment of the network functionality. These neighbors will be re-evaluated for possible usage if the router transitions to Active state for that destination.
149:
Topology Table: The topology table stores routes that it has learned from neighbor routing tables. Unlike a routing table, the topology table does not store all routes, but only routes that have been determined by EIGRP. The topology table also records the metrics for each of the listed EIGRP routes,
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The feasible successor effectively provides a backup route in the case that existing successors become unavailable. Also, when performing unequal-cost load-balancing (balancing the network traffic in inverse proportion to the cost of the routes), the feasible successors are used as next hops in the
449:
Number of routers a packet passes through when routing to a remote network, used to limit the EIGRP AS. EIGRP maintains a hop count for every route, however, the hop count is not used in metric calculation. It is only verified against a predefined maximum on an EIGRP router (by default it is set to
1004:
On Cisco routers, the interface bandwidth is a configurable static parameter expressed in kilobits per second (setting this only affects metric calculation and not actual line bandwidth). Dividing a value of 10 kbit/s (i.e. 10 Gbit/s) by the interface bandwidth statement value yields a result
1118:
It is important to realize that this condition is a sufficient, not a necessary, condition. That means that neighbors which satisfy this condition are guaranteed to be on a loop-free path to some destination, however, there may be also other neighbors on a loop-free path which do not satisfy this
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when the router received replies to all queries it has sent to its neighbors. Notice that if a successor stops satisfying the feasibility condition but there is at least one feasible successor available, the router will promote a feasible successor with the lowest total distance (the distance as
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A feasible successor provides a working route to the same destination, although with a higher distance. At any time, a router can send a packet to a destination marked "Passive" through any of its successors or feasible successors without alerting them in the first place, and this packet will be
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uses the same basic formula for computing the overall metric, the only difference is that in IGRP, the formula does not contain the scaling factor of 256. In fact, this scaling factor was introduced as a simple means to facilitate backward compatility between EIGRP and IGRP: In IGRP, the overall
166:
and can then be used to forward traffic. If the network changes (for example, a physical link fails or is disconnected), the path will become unavailable. EIGRP is designed to detect these changes and will attempt to find a new path to the destination. The old path that is no longer available is
53:
as a proprietary protocol, available only on Cisco routers. In 2013, Cisco permitted other vendors to freely implement a limited version of EIGRP with some of its associated features such as High
Availability (HA), while withholding other EIGRP features such as EIGRP stub, needed for DMVPN and
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is used to denote only those routes which provide a loop-free path but which are not successors (i.e. they do not provide the least distance). From this point of view, for a reachable destination, there is always at least one successor, however, there might not be any feasible successors.
397:
Router1# show ip eigrp topology 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 IP-EIGRP topology entry for 10.0.0.1/32 State is
Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 40640000 Routing Descriptor Blocks: 10.0.0.1 (Serial0/0/0), from 10.0.0.1, Send flag is 0x0 Composite metric is
1127:
EIGRP features load balancing on paths with different costs. A multiplier, called variance, is used to determine which paths to include into load balancing. The variance is set to 1 by default, which means load balancing on equal cost paths. The maximum variance is 128. The minimum
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when a change is made, but will only transmit the changes that have been made since the routing table was last updated. EIGRP does not send its routing table periodically, but will only send routing table data when an actual change has occurred. This behavior is more inline with
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Cisco
Systems now classifies EIGRP as a distance vector routing protocol, but it is normally said to be a hybrid routing protocol. While EIGRP is an advanced routing protocol that combines many of the features of both link-state and distance-vector routing protocols, EIGRP's
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The feasibility condition is a sufficient condition for loop freedom in EIGRP-routed network. It is used to select the successors and feasible successors that are guaranteed to be on a loop-free route to a destination. Its simplified formulation is strikingly simple:
1051:
By default, the total count of successors and feasible successors for a destination stored in the routing table is limited to four. This limit can be changed in the range from 1 to 6. In more recent versions of Cisco IOS (e.g. 12.4), this range is between 1 and 16.
398:(40640000/128256), Route is Internal Vector metric: Minimum bandwidth is 64 Kbit Total delay is 25000 microseconds Reliability is 255/255 Load is 197/255 Minimum MTU is 576 Hop count is 2
320:. EIGRP determines the value of the path using five metrics: bandwidth, load, delay, reliability and MTU. EIGRP uses five different messages to communicate with its neighbor routers – Hello, Update, Query, Reply, and Acknowledgement.
371:
contains many features which make it more of a distance vector routing protocol than a link-state routing protocol. Despite this, EIGRP contains many differences from most other distance-vector routing protocols, including:
1005:
that is used in the weighted formula. The interface delay is a configurable static parameter expressed in tens of microseconds. EIGRP takes this value directly without scaling into the weighted formula. However, various
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protocol is unable to design the network by
Unequal Path Cost Load Balancing. Regarding the Unequal Path Cost Load Balancing function on industry usage, the network design can be flexible with the traffic management.
909:
463:
By default, only total delay and minimum bandwidth are considered when EIGRP is started on a router, but an administrator can enable or disable all the K values as needed to consider the other Vector metrics.
459:
The composite routing metric calculation uses five parameters, so-called K values, K1 through K5. These act as multipliers or modifiers in the composite metric calculation. K1 is not equal to
Bandwidth, etc.
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146:
that have a direct physical connection with this router. Routers that are connected to this router indirectly, through another router, are not recorded in this table as they are not considered neighbors.
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Router# configure terminal Router(config)# router eigrp 1 Router (config-router)# network 10.201.96.0 0.0.15.255 Router (config-router)# no auto-summary Router (config-router)# exit
350:(RTP) to ensure that EIGRP router updates are delivered to all neighbors completely. The Reliable Transport Protocol also contains other mechanisms to maximize efficiency and support
1456:
Albrightson, R., Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J., & Boyle, J. (1994, May). EIGRP a fast routing protocol based on distance vectors. In Proc. Network ID/Interop (Vol. 94, pp. 136-147).
959:
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If, for a destination, a neighbor router advertises a distance that is strictly lower than our feasible distance, then this neighbor lies on a loop-free route to this destination.
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commands display the interface delay in microseconds. Therefore, if given a delay value in microseconds, it must first be divided by 10 before using it in the weighted formula.
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If, for a destination, a neighbor router tells us that it is closer to the destination than we have ever been, then this neighbor lies on a loop-free route to this destination.
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to identify traffic. Rather, EIGRP is designed to work on top of Layer 3 (i.e. the IP protocol). Since EIGRP does not use TCP for communication, it implements Cisco's
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may result. Cisco routers running EIGRP will not form an EIGRP adjacency and will complain about K-values mismatch until these values are identical on these routers.
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that contains rules by which traffic is forwarded in a network. If the router does not contain a valid path to the destination, the traffic is discarded. EIGRP is a
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100 and can be changed to any value between 1 and 255). Routes having a hop count higher than the maximum will be advertised as unreachable by an EIGRP router.
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to forward traffic. Routes in the topology table will not be inserted into the routing table if they are active, are a feasible successor, or have a higher
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running EIGRP is connected to another router also running EIGRP, information is exchanged between the two routers. They form a relationship, known as an
1507:
187:. The entire routing table is exchanged between both routers at this time. After the exchange has completed, only differential changes are sent.
1529:"Cisco Nexus 9000 Series NX-OS Unicast Routing Configuration Guide, Release 6.x - Configuring EIGRP [Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches]"
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EIGRP associates six different vector metrics with each route and considers only four of the vector metrics in computing the
Composite metric:
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and there are no feasible successors identified for that destination (i.e. no backup routes are available). The destination changes back from
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reported by the feasible successor plus the cost of the link to this neighbor) to a new successor and the destination will remain in the
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removed from the routing table. Unlike most distance vector routing protocols, EIGRP does not transmit all the data in the router's
85:
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of a route is multiplied by the variance value. Each path with a metric that is smaller than the result is used in load balancing.
316:) to improve the efficiency of the protocol and to help prevent calculation errors when attempting to determine the best path to a
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38:
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Periodically checks if a route is available, and propagates routing changes to neighboring routers if any changes have occurred.
1068:. A passive state is a state when the router has identified the successor(s) for the destination. The destination changes to
89:
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in 2016, which did not advance to
Internet Standards Track level, and allowed Cisco to retain control of the EIGRP protocol.
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For the purposes of comparing routes, these are combined together in a weighted formula to produce a single overall metric:
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of 90. EIGRP routing information, that has come from an EIGRP-enabled router outside the autonomous system, has a default
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EIGRP routing information, exchanged to a router from another router within the same autonomous system, has a default
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1160:. EIGRP was developed 20 years ago, yet it is still one of the primary Cisco routing protocols due to its purported
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in an effort to assist companies whose networks operate in a multi-vendor environment. The protocol is described in
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the use of diffusing computations to involve the affected part of the network into computing a new shortest path.
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A feasible successor for a particular destination is a next hop router that is guaranteed not to be a part of a
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large-scale campus deployment. Information needed for implementation was published with informational status as
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EIGRP is often considered a hybrid protocol because it also sends link state updates when link states change.
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1418:
CCIE Practical
Studies, Volume I | Chapter 11. Hybrid: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
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Obviously, these constants must be set to the same value on all routers in an EIGRP system, or permanent
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Thus, every successor is also a feasible successor. However, in most references about EIGRP the term
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715:) can be set by the user to produce varying behaviors. An important and unintuitive fact is that if
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on classful boundaries, which would otherwise result in routing loops in discontiguous networks.
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protocol by which routers automatically share route information. This eases the workload on a
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Minimum
Bandwidth (in kilobits per second) along the path from router to destination network.
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Sends topology changes, rather than sending the entire routing table when a route is changed.
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81:, reducing the workload on the router and the amount of data that needs to be transmitted.
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Internetworking
Technology Handbook: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
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the use of explicit hello packets to discover and maintain adjacencies between routers.
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hard to set up between different vendors' routers when the protocol is used. Even
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delivered properly. Feasible successors are also recorded in the topology table.
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to be set to 1, and the rest to zero, effectively reducing the above formula to
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Delay, in 10s of microseconds, along the path from router to destination network
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in this example indicates a subnetwork with a maximum of 4094 hosts—it is the
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How Does Unequal Cost Path Load Balancing (Variance) Work in IGRP and EIGRP
1391:
Troubleshooting IP Routing Protocols (CCIE Professional Development Series)
1467:"What is 10.0.0.1 IP Address ? and How to login into 10.0.0.1 ?"
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With the functionality of the Unequal Path Cost Load Balancing on EIGRP,
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The ability to use different authentication passwords at different times.
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Cisco released details of the proprietary EIGRP routing protocol in an
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17:
904:{\displaystyle ({\text{Bandwidth}}_{E}+{\text{Delay}}_{E})\cdot 256}
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Information in the topology table may be inserted into the router's
88:(IGRP) in 1993. One of the major reasons for this was the change to
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Comparative Analysis of Link State and Hybrid Routing Protocols
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Wide Metrics
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the use of a feasibility condition to select a loop-free path.
241:
212:
1262:"Why Is Cisco Bothering with "Open" EIGRP? - Packet Pushers"
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A destination in the topology table can be marked either as
788:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {K_{5}}{K_{4}+{\text{Reliability}}}}}
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the use of a reliable protocol to transport routing updates.
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for example does not support unequal cost load balancing.
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decisions and configuration. The protocol was designed by
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state when the current successor no longer satisfies the
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Neighbor Table: The neighbor table keeps a record of the
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Example of setting up EIGRP on a Cisco IOS router for a
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Backwards compatibility with the IGRP routing protocols.
134:, EIGRP uses the following tables to store information:
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1311:, Global Knowledge Training LLC, 2013, archived from
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Number in range 1 to 255; 255 being the most reliable
354:. EIGRP uses 224.0.0.10 as its multicast address and
176:, thus EIGRP is mostly considered a hybrid protocol.
73:. Unlike other well known routing protocols, such as
1222:"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)"
69:to share routes with other routers within the same
1662:CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide
1198:and it seems to be generally unsupported by other
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929:configuration values with following calculations:
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1427:. InformIT (2008-06-13). Retrieved on 2014-05-30.
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1048:routing table for the load-balanced destination.
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1179:but they leave out several core details in the
123:who does not have to configure changes to the
413:Number in range 1 to 255; 255 being saturated
8:
1508:"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol"
1028:. This condition is verified by testing the
441:(MTU) (never used in the metric calculation)
342:(UDP). This means that EIGRP does not use a
304:EIGRP is a distance vector & Link State
1604:Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
1228:. Archived from the original on 2013-02-21
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31:Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
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198:EIGRP supports the following features:
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1194:As of 2022 EIGRP has alpha support in
954:{\displaystyle {\text{Bandwidth}}_{E}}
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7:
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219:authentication between two routers.
1577:"EIGRP — FRR latest documentation"
1175:Cisco has stated that EIGRP is an
989:{\displaystyle {\text{Delay}}_{E}}
390:EIGRP composite and vector metrics
25:
1338:. Cisco. Retrieved on 2014-05-30.
651:{\displaystyle {\bigg }\cdot 256}
334:EIGRP does not operate using the
86:Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
1436:Ashraf, Muhammad Irfan, et al. "
1363:What is Administrative Distance?
1123:Unequal Path Cost Load Balancing
362:Distance vector routing protocol
206:on parallel links between sites.
99:, which IGRP could not support.
39:distance-vector routing protocol
1477:from the original on 2018-03-03
1497:Cisco. Retrieved on 2017-03-24
892:
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1:
1696:, rfc number not yet assigned
1365:, retrieved 14 September 2013
1260:Burke, Anthony (2013-01-31).
796:is not used (i.e. taken as 1)
661:where the various constants (
336:Transmission Control Protocol
1718:. Cisco Systems. 2005-08-10.
174:link-state routing protocols
1394:. Cisco Press. 2002-05-07.
921:EIGRP scales the interface
348:Reliable Transport Protocol
312:(DUAL) (based on work from
289:command prevents automatic
1754:
1378:. Packet Life. 2009-01-17.
1308:Cisco Training White Paper
310:diffusing update algorithm
250:protocol-dependent modules
1291:, retrieved 14 March 2014
1245:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
742:is set to zero, the term
439:Maximum Transmission Unit
1056:Active and passive state
158:than an equivalent path.
1716:"Introduction to EIGRP"
1693:EIGRP Information Draft
1183:definition which makes
1168:in comparison to other
329:administrative distance
325:administrative distance
156:administrative distance
1361:Cisco Systems (2013),
1349:"EIGRP Messages Types"
1287:Cisco Systems (2012),
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340:User Datagram Protocol
1666:Indianapolis, Indiana
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1645:Introduction to EIGRP
1471:10.0.0.0.1 Consortium
1336:Introduction to EIGRP
1093:Feasibility condition
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848:{\displaystyle K_{3}}
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821:{\displaystyle K_{1}}
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735:{\displaystyle K_{5}}
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708:{\displaystyle K_{5}}
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681:{\displaystyle K_{1}}
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248:, through the use of
121:network administrator
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961:= 10 / Value of the
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1648:, Document ID 13669
1607:, Document ID 16406
1108:or in other words,
801:The default is for
291:route summarization
285:255.255.240.0. The
130:In addition to the
84:EIGRP replaced the
79:incremental updates
77:, EIGRP only sends
65:EIGRP is used on a
1664:(Sixth ed.),
1581:docs.frrouting.org
1443:2013-11-09 at the
1423:2014-04-26 at the
1315:on 15 October 2013
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1000:interface command
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273:. The 0.0.15.255
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234:Internet Protocol
97:Internet Protocol
71:autonomous system
37:) is an advanced
27:Internet protocol
16:(Redirected from
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356:protocol number
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287:no auto-summary
271:private network
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117:dynamic routing
105:
45:for automating
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1709:External links
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1690:(2013-02-18),
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1642:(2005-08-10),
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1601:(2005-09-09),
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1473:. 2018-03-02.
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1376:"RTP in EIGRP"
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369:DUAL algorithm
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318:remote network
308:that uses the
301:
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232:processes for
228:Runs separate
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93:IPv4 addresses
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437:Minimum path
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169:routing table
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164:routing table
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132:routing table
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51:Cisco Systems
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19:
1698:, retrieved
1692:
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1650:, retrieved
1644:
1629:, retrieved
1624:
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1603:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
1571:
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1556:
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1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1502:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
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1384:
1370:
1357:
1343:
1319:17 September
1317:, retrieved
1313:the original
1307:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
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1230:. Retrieved
1225:
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202:Support for
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140:IP addresses
129:
106:
83:
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34:
30:
29:
1553:"FRRouting"
1189:Cisco NX-OS
1166:scalability
778:Reliability
629:Reliability
426:Reliability
418:Total Delay
344:port number
283:subnet mask
107:Almost all
1727:Categories
1700:2013-02-18
1652:2024-01-22
1631:2008-04-27
1611:2008-04-27
1586:2022-09-02
1562:2022-09-02
1538:2022-09-02
1514:2017-09-02
1481:2018-03-03
1271:2022-09-02
1232:2022-09-02
1206:References
127:manually.
111:contain a
1196:FRRouting
1170:protocols
1162:usability
963:bandwidth
942:Bandwidth
923:Bandwidth
896:⋅
868:Bandwidth
643:⋅
599:⋅
577:⋅
553:−
538:Bandwidth
533:⋅
507:Bandwidth
502:⋅
446:Hop Count
402:Bandwidth
246:AppleTalk
185:adjacency
90:classless
1622:(n.d.),
1475:Archived
1441:Archived
1421:Archived
1241:cite web
688:through
331:of 170.
275:wildcard
194:Features
103:Overview
1510:. CISCO
1089:state.
1087:passive
1082:passive
1062:passive
281:of the
252:(PDMs).
230:routing
179:When a
144:routers
109:routers
95:in the
47:routing
1676:
1398:
1156:
1130:metric
1078:active
1070:active
1066:active
236:(IP),
181:router
152:router
67:router
58:
1533:Cisco
1226:Cisco
998:delay
977:Delay
927:Delay
883:Delay
582:Delay
217:SHA-2
35:EIGRP
18:EIGRP
1674:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1321:2013
1247:link
1164:and
1158:7868
1137:OSPF
1013:IGRP
1007:show
925:and
828:and
557:Load
410:Load
358:88.
244:and
238:IPv6
215:and
60:7868
1181:RFC
1154:RFC
1150:RFC
1080:to
1064:or
899:256
646:256
550:256
434:MTU
242:IPX
213:MD5
142:of
75:RIP
56:RFC
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1672:,
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