28:
20:
384:
weaker rule of law, where state and state-connected actors would be able to use the law to spy on their own citizens for political repression and personal gain. There was additional concern that this allow private actors with state connections to gain access to and misuse the power of mass surveillance for their own purposes.
380:, deceiving users into thinking that they were communicating with a server they requested, when, in fact, they would be communicating directly with a government server. The government server could then read and change their messages before passing the possibly modified message on to the intended recipient.
387:
While the main language of that text remains in the final draft, provisions have been made in the text that enable browser vendors to continue to implement security provisions that in practice would make this type of interception difficult to perform without being discovered. Specifically, the final
383:
If passed, EU governments would in principle be able to intercept any information transmitted in encrypted form by those browsers, reading any sensitive or encrypted contents without the user's knowledge, and changing information at will. This was considered particularly concerning in countries with
338:
responsible for creating laws that would allow them to meet the goal of creating an electronic signing system within the EU. The directive also allowed each member state to interpret the law and impose restrictions, thus preventing real interoperability, and leading toward a fragmented scenario. In
329:
The eIDAS Regulation evolved from
Directive 1999/93/EC, which set a goal that EU member states were expected to achieve in regards to electronic signing. Smaller European countries were among the first to start adopting digital signatures and identification, for example the first Estonian digital
143:
It entered into force on 17 September 2014 and applies from 1 July 2016 except for certain articles, which are listed in its
Article 52. All organizations delivering public digital services in an EU member state must recognize electronic identification from all EU member states from September 29,
346:
eIDAS provides a tiered approach of legal value. It requires that no electronic signature can be denied legal effect or admissibility in court solely for not being an advanced or qualified electronic signature. Qualified electronic signatures must be given the same legal effect as handwritten
393:
By way of derogation to paragraph 1 and only in case of substantiated concerns related to breaches of security or loss of integrity of an identified certificate or set of certificates, web-browsers may take precautionary measures in relation to that certificate or set of
186:: eIDAS provides a clear and accessible list of trusted services that may be used within the centralised signing framework. That allows security stakeholders the ability to engage in dialogue about the best technologies and tools for securing digital signatures.
464:
The
European Union Trusted Lists (EUTL) is a public list of over 200 active and legacy Trust Service Providers (TSPs) that are specifically accredited to deliver the highest levels of compliance with the EU eIDAS electronic signature regulation.
127:
The regulation came into effect in July 2015, as a means to facilitate secure and seamless electronic transactions within the
European Union. Member states are required to recognise electronic signatures that meet the standards of eIDAS.
571:"Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC"
962:
178:: Member states are required to create a common framework that will recognize eIDs from other member states and ensure its authenticity and security. That makes it easy for users to conduct business across borders.
992:
659:
1320:
444:(a sample implementation of the eID eIDAS Profile provided by the European Commission) were discovered by security researchers; both vulnerabilities were patched for version 2.3.1 of eIDAS-Node.
506:
1172:
65:, including encrypted communications. The proposal was condemned by groups of cyber security researchers, NGOs, and civil society, as a threat to human rights, privacy, and dignity.
206:
have been defined: user choice, privacy, Interoperability and security, trust, convenience, user consent and control proportionality, counterpart knowledge and global scalability.
223:
It must be capable of identifying if the data accompanying the message has been tampered with after being signed. If the signed data has changed, the signature is marked invalid.
226:
There is a certificate for electronic signature, electronic proof that confirms the identity of the signatory and links the electronic signature validation data to that person.
1221:
970:
158:
eIDAS is a result of the
European Commission's focus on Europe's Digital Agenda. With the commission's oversight, eIDAS was implemented to spur digital growth within the EU.
1208:
The eIDAS-Node software contains the necessary modules to help Member States to communicate with other eIDAS-compliant counterparts in a centralised or distributed fashion.
999:
712:
432:. But in order to access more sensitive information, some kind of certification is needed that identity numbers issued by two countries refer to the same person.
161:
The intent of eIDAS is to drive innovation. By adhering to the guidelines set for technology under eIDAS, organisations are pushed towards using higher levels of
1149:
1185:
151:
On July 2024, the first eIDAS-Testbed was launched by the go.eIDAS-Association with a number of German tech firms and foundations to issue PID-Credentials to
276:
663:
304:. Also, a trust service may provide website authentication and preservation of created electronic signatures, certificates, and seals. It is handled by a
1088:
Commission
Recommendation (EU) 2021/946 of 3 June 2021 on a common Union Toolbox for a coordinated approach towards a European Digital Identity Framework
910:
424:
For eIDAS it is needed to connect the number used by a country having information, to the number used by the country issuing the digital certificates.
339:
contrast with the 1999 directive, eIDAS ensures mutual recognition of the eID for authentication among member states, thus achieving the goal of the
202:: a European-wide framework (European Digital Identity Wallet, EDIW) for digital authentication of citizens, with legal validity. Nine principles of
884:
1280:
Regulation (EU) 2024/1183 of 11 April 2024 amending
Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing the European Digital Identity Framework
644:
330:
signature was given in 2002 and the first
Latvian digital signature was given in 2006. Their experience has been used to develop a now EU-wide
1271:
Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market
932:
826:
1072:
272:, a certificate that attests to a qualified electronic signature's authenticity that has been issued by a qualified trust service provider.
1131:
81:, electronic transactions, involved bodies, and their embedding processes to provide a safe way for users to conduct business online like
1315:
510:
370:
1310:
1231:
354:
is explicitly addressed, as seals should enjoy the presumption of integrity and the correctness of the origin of the attached data.
1103:
260:
686:
1305:
1295:
242:
137:
407:
255:
763:
570:
195:
The
Regulation provides the regulatory environment for the following important aspects related to electronic transactions:
301:
267:
210:
152:
109:
312:
495:
331:
39:
124:
mechanisms enable electronic transactions, with the same legal standing as transactions that are performed on paper.
1195:
848:
101:, or appearing in person to submit paper-based documents, they may now perform transactions across borders, like "
82:
43:
73:
eIDAS oversees electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the
European Union's
400:
377:
58:
799:
598:
1255:
453:
182:
136:
The law was established in EU Regulation 910/2014 of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and repealed
51:
500:
305:
284:
145:
74:
47:
1300:
873:
340:
334:, that became binding as law throughout the EU since the first of July, 2016. Directive 1999/93/EC made
740:
484:
414:
Connecting a person to a number, which can be done through methods developed in one country, such as
410:. To certify that a person has the right to access some personal information involves several steps.
289:
162:
94:
78:
963:"Understanding eIDAS – All you ever wanted to know about the new EU Electronic Signature Regulation"
1190:
1051:
539:
415:
376:
The proposal would force browser vendors to place a backdoor in web browsers to let them perform a
940:
456:(ESSIF), but in many countries, users need to be Google or Apple customers to use eIDAS services.
1325:
366:
238:
62:
399:
which has been interpreted as allowing browser vendors to continue to use mechanisms such as
335:
199:
174:
280:, a qualified digital certificate under the trust services defined in the eIDAS Regulation.
351:
297:
113:
86:
19:
1076:
764:
Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014
214:(AdES): An electronic signature is considered advanced if it meets certain requirements:
1150:"Some observations on the final text of the European Digital Identity framework (eIDAS)"
121:
1289:
645:"Civil Society Experts Voice Concern as New EU Digital Identity Regulation Finalized"
627:
475:
357:
In June 2021, the Commission proposed an amendment and published a recommendation.
220:
The signatory has sole control of the data used to create the electronic signature.
31:
The EU digital single market and the facilitation of public services across borders
27:
1064:
1279:
1244:
Vulnerability would have allowed attackers to pose as any EU citizen or business.
1117:
1270:
54:". It passed in 2014 and its provisions came into effect between 2016 and 2018.
57:
In 2023, a proposed change to the law would allow any EU government to perform
874:"Towards principles and guidance for eID interoperability on online platforms"
775:
429:
365:
In 2023, a change was proposed to eIDAS that would allow any EU government to
166:
1052:"Commission proposes a trusted and secure Digital Identity for all Europeans"
229:
Advanced electronic signatures can be technically implemented, following the
293:
117:
90:
38:(for "electronic IDentification, Authentication and trust Services") is an
1087:
599:
https://blog.mozilla.org/netpolicy/files/2023/11/eIDAS-Industry-Letter.pdf
217:
It provides unique identifying information that links it to its signatory.
1256:
https://helpx.adobe.com/document-cloud/kb/european-union-trust-lists.html
1175:(in Swedish. Title translation: How to connect Swedish and foreign eID?)
911:"The Difference Between an Electronic Signature and a Digital Signature"
751:
1274:
1091:
1068:
369:, even when encrypted. The proposal worked via the same mechanism as a
102:
1222:"Major vulnerability patched in the EU's eIDAS authentication system"
1132:"EU Digital Identity framework (EIDAS) another kind of chat control?"
612:
849:"European Digital Identity Wallet | Shaping Europe's digital future"
1226:
490:
234:
230:
26:
18:
827:"The eIDAS Agenda: Innovation, Interoperability and Transparency"
514:
480:
316:
246:
577:. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
421:
Connecting a number to specific information, done in databases.
350:
For electronic seals (legal entities' version of signatures),
288:, an electronic service that creates, validates, and verifies
98:
1173:
Hur skapar du en koppling mellan svenska och utländska eID:n?
108:
eIDAS has created standards for which electronic signatures,
97:. Instead of relying on traditional methods, such as mail or
1104:"EU's Digital Identity Framework Endangers Browser Security"
1023:
Articles 25 (1) and definitions in article 3 (10) to 3 (12)
608:
606:
533:
531:
263:
based on a qualified certificate for electronic signatures.
507:
Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
452:
The European Union started creating an eIDAS compatible
259:, an advanced electronic signature that is created by a
993:"A Big Step Toward the European Digital Single Market"
406:
Database information has to be linked to some kind of
639:
637:
1321:
Information technology organizations based in Europe
687:"eIDAS from Directive to Regulation - Legal Aspects"
428:
eIDAS has as minimum identity concept, the name and
245:) standard for digital signatures, specified by the
741:
eIDAS in force, applies and exceptions on Europa.eu
1054:(Press release). European Commission. 3 June 2021.
706:
704:
594:
592:
713:"eIDAS Regulation: EID - Opportunities and Risks"
622:
620:
169:. Additionally, eIDAS focuses on the following:
93:and the recipient can have more convenience and
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
371:2019 attempt at mass surveillance in Kazakhstan
361:Man-in-the-middle attacks and mass surveillance
261:qualified electronic signature creation device
23:The EU trust mark for qualified trust services
8:
277:Qualified website authentication certificate
191:Regulated aspects in electronic transactions
662:. Secure Identity Alliance. Archived from
454:European Self-Sovereign Identity Framework
448:European Self-Sovereign Identity Framework
144:2018. It applied to all countries in the
933:"Regulations, Directives and other acts"
440:On October, 2019, two security flaws in
527:
16:EU electronic identification regulation
42:with the stated purpose of governing "
1143:
1141:
776:"eIDAS-Testbed successfully launched"
7:
1220:Cimpanu, Catalin (29 October 2019).
939:. The European Union. Archived from
153:Architecture and Reference Framework
511:Uniform Electronic Transactions Act
613:https://last-chance-for-eidas.org/
367:surveil all internet communication
14:
1148:Hoepman, Jaap-Henk (2023-11-20).
998:. Inside Magazine. Archived from
890:from the original on 24 June 2019
1186:"eIDAS-Node integration package"
325:Evolution and legal implications
243:Associated Signature Containers
403:to maintain browser security.
256:Qualified electronic signature
110:qualified digital certificates
1:
853:digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu
800:"A Digital Agenda For Europe"
268:Qualified digital certificate
211:Advanced electronic signature
660:"Is the EU ready for eIDAS?"
313:European Union Trusted Lists
63:spy on all internet messages
496:Multi-factor authentication
1342:
1316:European Union regulations
241:or ASiC Baseline Profile (
1311:Electronic identification
806:. The European Commission
722:. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
204:European digital identity
155:(ARF)-compliant wallets.
83:electronic funds transfer
59:man-in-the-middle attacks
44:electronic identification
1073:Procedure 2021/0136(COD)
401:certificate transparency
388:draft text states that:
378:man-in-the-middle attack
270:for electronic signature
1065:Procedure 2021/0136/COD
883:. European Commission.
140:from 13 December 1999.
52:electronic transactions
1306:Cryptography standards
1296:Authentication methods
501:Single Digital Gateway
306:trust service provider
146:European Single Market
120:, and other proof for
32:
24:
540:"Understanding eIDAS"
341:Digital Single Market
290:electronic signatures
85:or transactions with
79:electronic signatures
30:
22:
485:Long-term validation
416:digital certificates
163:information security
1191:European Commission
1118:"EIDAS Letter 2022"
1106:. 15 December 2021.
943:on 12 December 2013
666:on 22 November 2016
658:van Zijp, Jacques.
1234:on 29 October 2019
1134:. 2 November 2023.
973:on 17 January 2018
628:"EIDAS letter.PDF"
33:
25:
1333:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1230:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1194:. Archived from
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1005:on 27 March 2019
1004:
997:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
969:. Archived from
967:Legal Technology
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
909:Turner, Dawn M.
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
889:
878:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
772:
766:
761:
755:
749:
743:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
717:
708:
699:
698:
696:
694:
685:Turner, Dawn M.
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
655:
649:
648:
641:
632:
631:
624:
615:
610:
601:
596:
587:
586:
584:
582:
567:
552:
551:
549:
547:
535:
336:EU member states
200:Digital identity
175:Interoperability
114:electronic seals
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1235:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1199:
1198:on 10 June 2019
1184:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:. 2 March 2022.
1116:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
908:
907:
903:
893:
891:
887:
876:
872:
871:
867:
858:
856:
847:
846:
842:
832:
830:
824:
823:
819:
809:
807:
798:
797:
793:
784:
782:
774:
773:
769:
762:
758:
750:
746:
739:
735:
725:
723:
715:
710:
709:
702:
692:
690:
684:
683:
679:
669:
667:
657:
656:
652:
643:
642:
635:
626:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
580:
578:
569:
568:
555:
545:
543:
537:
536:
529:
524:
471:
462:
450:
438:
436:Vulnerabilities
408:identity number
363:
352:probative value
327:
193:
134:
87:public services
77:. It regulates
75:internal market
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1266:
1265:External links
1263:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1212:
1177:
1165:
1137:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1080:
1057:
1043:
1041:Article 35 (2)
1034:
1032:Article 25 (2)
1025:
1016:
984:
954:
924:
913:. Cryptomathic
901:
865:
840:
829:. Cryptomathic
817:
791:
767:
756:
744:
733:
711:Bender, Jens.
700:
689:. Cryptomathic
677:
650:
633:
616:
602:
588:
553:
542:. Cryptomathic
538:Turner, Dawn.
526:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
503:
498:
493:
488:
478:
470:
467:
461:
458:
449:
446:
437:
434:
426:
425:
422:
419:
397:
396:
362:
359:
326:
323:
322:
321:
309:
281:
273:
264:
252:
251:
250:
227:
224:
221:
218:
207:
192:
189:
188:
187:
179:
133:
130:
122:authentication
105:" technology.
70:
67:
48:trust services
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1338:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1001:
994:
988:
985:
972:
968:
964:
958:
955:
942:
938:
934:
928:
925:
912:
905:
902:
886:
882:
875:
869:
866:
854:
850:
844:
841:
828:
825:J.A., Ashiq.
821:
818:
805:
801:
795:
792:
781:
777:
771:
768:
765:
760:
757:
753:
752:Info on eIDAS
748:
745:
742:
737:
734:
721:
714:
707:
705:
701:
688:
681:
678:
665:
661:
654:
651:
646:
640:
638:
634:
629:
623:
621:
617:
614:
609:
607:
603:
600:
595:
593:
589:
576:
572:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
554:
541:
534:
532:
528:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
476:China RealDID
473:
472:
468:
466:
459:
457:
455:
447:
445:
443:
435:
433:
431:
423:
420:
417:
413:
412:
411:
409:
404:
402:
395:
394:certificates.
391:
390:
389:
385:
381:
379:
374:
372:
368:
360:
358:
355:
353:
348:
344:
342:
337:
333:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
285:Trust service
282:
279:
278:
274:
271:
269:
265:
262:
258:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
190:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
170:
168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
149:
147:
141:
139:
131:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:EU regulation
37:
29:
21:
1301:Computer law
1251:
1243:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1225:
1215:
1207:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1189:
1180:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1126:
1112:
1098:
1083:
1060:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1000:the original
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
957:
945:. Retrieved
941:the original
936:
927:
915:. Retrieved
904:
892:. Retrieved
880:
868:
857:. Retrieved
855:. 2022-06-13
852:
843:
831:. Retrieved
820:
808:. Retrieved
803:
794:
783:. Retrieved
779:
770:
759:
754:, Connectis.
747:
736:
724:. Retrieved
719:
691:. Retrieved
680:
668:. Retrieved
664:the original
653:
579:. Retrieved
574:
544:. Retrieved
463:
451:
441:
439:
427:
405:
398:
392:
386:
382:
375:
364:
356:
349:
347:signatures.
345:
328:
311:
302:certificates
283:
275:
266:
254:
209:
203:
194:
183:Transparency
181:
173:
160:
157:
150:
142:
135:
126:
107:
72:
56:
35:
34:
1154:blog.xot.nl
294:time stamps
89:. Both the
69:Description
1290:Categories
1282:on EUR-Lex
1238:29 October
1202:29 October
1159:2023-11-25
859:2024-01-27
785:2024-06-19
780:www.eid.as
522:References
442:eIDAS-Node
430:birth date
332:regulation
167:innovation
138:1999/93/EC
118:timestamps
1326:Signature
937:Europa.eu
894:29 August
881:Europa.eu
99:facsimile
91:signatory
1009:27 March
947:18 March
917:21 April
885:Archived
833:18 March
810:18 March
726:18 March
720:Bunde.de
693:18 March
670:18 March
581:18 March
546:12 April
469:See also
132:Timeline
95:security
1275:EUR-Lex
1092:EUR-Lex
1075:on the
1069:EUR-Lex
977:1 March
804:EUR-Lex
575:EUR-Lex
474:China:
103:1-Click
300:, and
1227:ZDNet
1003:(PDF)
996:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
716:(PDF)
505:USA:
491:PAdES
487:(LTV)
298:seals
239:CAdES
235:PAdES
231:XAdES
36:eIDAS
1240:2019
1204:2019
1011:2019
979:2016
949:2016
919:2016
896:2021
835:2016
812:2016
728:2016
695:2016
672:2016
583:2016
548:2016
515:UETA
509:and
483:and
481:AdES
460:EUTL
317:EUTL
247:ETSI
165:and
61:and
50:for
46:and
1273:on
1090:on
1077:ŒIL
1067:on
1292::
1242:.
1224:.
1206:.
1188:.
1152:.
1140:^
1071:,
965:.
935:.
879:.
851:.
802:.
778:.
718:.
703:^
636:^
619:^
605:^
591:^
573:.
556:^
530:^
373:.
343:.
296:,
292:,
237:,
233:,
148:.
116:,
112:,
1162:.
1013:.
981:.
951:.
921:.
898:.
862:.
837:.
814:.
788:.
730:.
697:.
674:.
647:.
630:.
585:.
550:.
517:)
513:(
418:.
319:)
315:(
308:.
249:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
