1365:(RQZ). RQZ is a well-defined area surrounding receivers that has special regulations to reduce RFI in favor of radio astronomy observations within the zone. The regulations may include special management of spectrum and power flux or power flux-density limitations. The controls within the zone may cover elements other than radio transmitters or radio devices. These include aircraft controls and control of unintentional radiators such as industrial, scientific and medical devices, vehicles, and power lines. The first RQZ for radio astronomy is
40:
203:
154:
1169:
electromagnetic interference. These are civilian standards for domestic, commercial, industrial and automotive sectors. These standards form the basis of other national or regional standards, most notably the
European Norms (EN) written by CENELEC (European committee for electrotechnical standardisation). US organizations include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the US Military (MILSTD).
1294:, where it is commonly referred to as radio-frequency interference (RFI), is any source of transmission that is within the observed frequency band other than the celestial sources themselves. Because transmitters on and around the Earth can be many times stronger than the astronomical signal of interest, RFI is a major concern for performing radio astronomy. Natural sources of interference, such as lightning and the Sun, are also often referred to as RFI.
617:
490:
1108:
822:
738:
58:
45:
44:
41:
43:
92:, or conduction. The disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data. Both human-made and natural sources generate changing electrical currents and voltages that can cause EMI:
1274:
amplifier, car radio, telephones etc. Adding onboard EMI filters or special layout techniques can help in bypassing EMI or improving RF immunity. Some ICs are designed (e.g., LMV831-LMV834, MAX9724) to have integrated RF filters or a special design that helps reduce any demodulation of high-frequency
314:
Continuous, or continuous wave (CW), interference arises where the source continuously emits at a given range of frequencies. This type is naturally divided into sub-categories according to frequency range, and as a whole is sometimes referred to as "DC to daylight". One common classification is into
1341:
A common technique to deal with RFI within the observed frequency bandwidth, is to employ RFI detection in software. Such software can find samples in time, frequency or time-frequency space that are contaminated by an interfering source. These samples are subsequently ignored in further analysis of
292:
This was the first time there was a legal requirement on immunity, as well as emissions on apparatus intended for the general population. Although there may be additional costs involved for some products to give them a known level of immunity, it increases their perceived quality as they are able to
1329:
Techniques to deal with RFI range from filters in hardware to advanced algorithms in software. One way to deal with strong transmitters is to filter out the frequency of the source completely. This is for example the case for the LOFAR observatory, which filters out the FM radio stations between 90
1265:
Any unshielded semiconductor (e.g. an integrated circuit) will tend to act as a detector for those radio signals commonly found in the domestic environment (e.g. mobile phones). Such a detector can demodulate the high frequency mobile phone carrier (e.g., GSM850 and GSM1900, GSM900 and GSM1800) and
476:
Conducted electromagnetic interference is caused by the physical contact of the conductors as opposed to radiated EMI, which is caused by induction (without physical contact of the conductors). Electromagnetic disturbances in the EM field of a conductor will no longer be confined to the surface of
288:
In the mid 1980s, the
European Union member states adopted a number of "new approach" directives with the intention of standardizing technical requirements for products so that they do not become a barrier to trade within the EC. One of these was the EMC Directive (89/336/EC) and it applies to all
1256:
At higher frequencies, usually above 500 MHz, traces get electrically longer and higher above the plane. Two techniques are used at these frequencies: wave shaping with series resistors and embedding the traces between the two planes. If all these measures still leave too much EMI, shielding
1385:
in 2003; however, meteorological authorities were not involved in the process. The subsequent lax implementation and misconfiguration of DFS had caused significant disruption in weather radar operations in a number of countries around the world. In
Hungary, the weather radar system was declared
933:
at low amplitudes to transmit high-bandwidth digital data. UWB, if used exclusively, would enable very efficient use of the spectrum, but users of non-UWB technology are not yet prepared to share the spectrum with the new system because of the interference it would cause to their receivers (the
2178:
Since 2006, interference to C-band radars from RLAN is increasingly experienced by most OPERA members. ... The South
African weather services initially tried to implement specific software filtering to improve the situation but then decided in 2011 to move its meteorological radar network to S
1168:
The
International Special Committee for Radio Interference or CISPR (French acronym for "Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques"), which is a committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) sets international standards for radiated and conducted
249:
273:) be set up to deal with the emerging problem of EMI. CISPR subsequently produced technical publications covering measurement and test techniques and recommended emission and immunity limits. These have evolved over the decades and form the basis of much of the world's
497:
Some of the technical terms which are employed can be used with differing meanings. Some phenomena may be referred to by various different terms. These terms are used here in a widely accepted way, which is consistent with other articles in the encyclopedia.
284:
in the US in response to the increased number of digital systems that were interfering with wired and radio communications. Test methods and limits were based on CISPR publications, although similar limits were already enforced in parts of Europe.
2269:
More than 12 European countries experienced such interference cases (other cases have now been reported in number of countries in the world). Definitively harmful interference (in
Hungary, the radar was declared as non-operational for more than 1
1093:
on the mobile phone industry as companies have been forced to put up more cellular towers (at new frequencies) that then cause more interference thereby requiring more investment by the providers and frequent upgrades of mobile phones to match.
42:
261:
Since the earliest days of radio communications, the negative effects of interference from both intentional and unintentional transmissions have been felt and the need to manage the radio frequency spectrum became apparent.
886:, which have no way of distinguishing unwanted in-band signals from the intended signal, and the omnidirectional antennas used with broadcast systems. Newer radio systems incorporate several improvements that enhance the
624:
Radiative coupling or electromagnetic coupling occurs when source and victim are separated by a large distance, typically more than a wavelength. Source and victim act as radio antennas: the source emits or radiates an
2024:
Dyson, T.; Chiang, H. C.; Egan, E.; Ghazi, N.; MĂ©nard, T.; Monsalve, R. A.; Moso, T.; Peterson, J.; Sievers, J. L.; Tartakovsky, S. (June 2021). "Radio-Frequency
Interference at the McGill Arctic Research Station".
1233:, radiation is almost exclusively via I/O cables; RF noise gets onto the power planes and is coupled to the line drivers via the VCC and GND pins. The RF is then coupled to the cable through the line driver as
985:
computer monitors or televisions sitting too close to one another can sometimes cause a "shimmy" effect in each other, due to the electromagnetic nature of their picture tubes, especially when one of their
289:
equipment placed on the market or taken into service. Its scope covers all apparatus "liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is liable to be affected by such disturbance".
1313:
have a very large bandwidth over which they can observe. Because of the limited spectral space at radio frequencies, these frequency bands cannot be completely allocated to radio astronomy; for example,
1632:"What is EMC - How to comply - PUWER, PUWER Advisers and CE Marking assessment services - UKCA & CE Mark Consultancy - Safety Marking Machinery - PUWER - Machinery directive assessment and training"
552:. Any coupling path can be broken down into one or more of these coupling mechanisms working together. For example the lower path in the diagram involves inductive, conductive and capacitive modes.
1338:), which means that the received signal is stronger than the receiver can handle. However, filtering out a frequency band implies that these frequencies can never be observed with the instrument.
2227:
1910:
1086:: electronic and electrical hardware must still work correctly when subjected to certain amounts of EMI, and should not emit EMI, which could interfere with other equipment (such as radios).
1350:(CB) radio devices, most of the data remains available for the astronomical analysis. However, data flagging can not solve issues with continuous broad-band transmitters, such as windmills,
2214:
Decision ERC/DEC/(99)23 adds 5250–5350MHz and 5470–5725MHz with more Tx power but with the added caveat that DFS was required to protect legacy users (Military Radar and
Satellite uplinks)
1183:
Integrated circuits are often a source of EMI, but they must usually couple their energy to larger objects such as heatsinks, circuit board planes and cables to radiate significantly.
2303:"The Wizard Behind the Curtain?—The Important, Diverse, and Often Hidden Role of Spectrum Allocation for Current and Future Environmental Satellites and Water, Weather, and Climate"
1386:
non-operational for more than a month. Due to the severity of interference, South
African weather services ended up abandoning C band operation, switching their radar network to
446:(NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude EMP (HEMP) nuclear weapon, designed to create the pulse as its primary destructive effect.
2359:
1089:
Radio frequency signal quality has declined throughout the 21st century by roughly one decibel per year as the spectrum becomes increasingly crowded. This has inflicted a
526:
403:
disturbance, arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band
558:
occurs when the coupling path between the source and victim is formed by direct electrical contact with a conducting body, for example a transmission line, wire, cable,
1046:), such as electric motors, transformers, heaters, lamps, ballast, power supplies, etc., all cause electromagnetic interference especially at currents above 2
1330:
and 110 MHz. It is important to remove such strong sources of interference as soon as possible, because they might "saturate" the highly sensitive receivers (
1202:
filtering. Shielding is usually a last resort after other techniques have failed, because of the added expense of shielding components such as conductive gaskets.
1129:
843:
759:
687:
system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy".
345:
Radio frequency interference (RFI), from typically 20 kHz to an upper limit which constantly increases as technology pushes it higher. Sources include:
220:
2322:"Global 5G wireless networks threaten weather forecasts: Next-generation mobile technology could interfere with crucial satellite-based Earth observations"
319:
Audio frequency, from very low frequencies up to around 20 kHz. Frequencies up to 100 kHz may sometimes be classified as audio. Sources include:
31:
1266:
produce low-frequency (e.g., 217 Hz) demodulated signals. This demodulation manifests itself as unwanted audible buzz in audio appliances such as
266:
577:). Strictly, "Inductive coupling" can be of two kinds, electrical induction and magnetic induction. It is common to refer to electrical induction as
1923:
2123:
The FCC ruling is re-opening the
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) band (channels 120, 124, 128) with new test requirements for DFS protection.
1366:
993:
172:
1058:, across a pair of contacts. While this may offer modest EMI reduction at very low currents, snubbers do not work at currents over 2 A with
2106:
1257:
such as RF gaskets and copper or conductive tape can be used. Most digital equipment is designed with metal or conductive-coated plastic cases.
2427:
1043:
661:
221:
1610:"Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility"
371:
Broadband noise may be spread across parts of either or both frequency ranges, with no particular frequency accentuated. Sources include:
1382:
171:
49:
Recording of US House of Representatives debate on October 8, 2002, interrupted and distorted by electromagnetic interference from a
1730:
1711:
1155:
951:
869:
785:
281:
2394:
1726:
1876:
1278:
Designers often need to carry out special tests for RF immunity of parts to be used in a system. These tests are often done in an
1996:
2432:
1282:
with a controlled RF environment where the test vectors produce a RF field similar to that produced in an actual environment.
1948:
1378:
1310:
1133:
847:
763:
672:
212:
1335:
1178:
1083:
703:
443:
297:
274:
2340:
1445:
1406:
477:
the conductor and will radiate away from it. This persists in all conductors and mutual inductance between two radiated
363:
1980:
1306:
1217:, one is as good as the other) and the length of the conductor in relation to the wavelength of the signal component (
422:
1118:
832:
748:
1072:
707:
2253:
1137:
1122:
851:
836:
767:
752:
419:
Switching action of electrical circuitry, including inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, or electric motors.
1782:
1756:
1435:
1430:
1075:
can be a source of EMI, but have become less of a problem as design techniques have improved, such as integrated
906:
techniques can be used with both analogue and digital signalling to improve resistance to interference. A highly
799:
680:
676:
549:
545:
308:
Electromagnetic interference divides into several categories according to the source and signal characteristics.
163:
85:
2192:
1609:
1409:
performance and incur negative economic and public safety impacts. These concerns led US Secretary of Commerce
1069:), which are inexpensive and which clip on to the power lead of the offending device or the compromised device.
798:
Conducted EMI is caused by the physical contact of the conductors as opposed to radiated EMI which is caused by
1234:
691:
573:
Inductive coupling occurs where the source and victim are separated by a short distance (typically less than a
562:
trace or metal enclosure. Conducted noise is also characterised by the way it appears on different conductors:
1401:, have caused interference, sometimes significant. There is concern that adoption of insufficiently regulated
311:
The origin of interference, often called "noise" in this context, can be human-made (artificial) or natural.
2107:"Winning Back the Weather Radio Channels Adds Capacity to 5GHz Wi-Fi Spectrum – Cisco Blogs"
1355:
1351:
1347:
1226:
1076:
522:
428:
400:
1245:
from the signal pair to the shield and the shield itself does the radiating. One cure for this is to use a
1238:
478:
89:
2078:
1346:. Because most transmitters have a small bandwidth and are not continuously present such as lightning or
1301:
at 1420 MHz, are protected by regulation. However, modern radio-astronomical observatories such as
1218:
668:
559:
437:
396:
2151:
2044:
1690:
1585:
1191:
978:
883:
695:
626:
537:
2302:
2284:"A Myriad of Proposed Radio Spectrum Changes—-Collectively Can They Impact Operational Meteorology?"
2283:
1654:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section VII. Frequency sharing – Article 1.166, definition:
609:
exists between two parallel conductors typically less than a wavelength apart, inducing a change in
595:
exists between two adjacent conductors typically less than a wavelength apart, inducing a change in
1250:
1242:
1199:
1090:
887:
588:
555:
514:
322:
Mains hum from: power supply units, nearby power supply wiring, transmission lines and substations.
133:
569:
Differential-mode coupling: noise appears out of phase (in opposite directions) on two conductors.
280:
In 1979, legal limits were imposed on electromagnetic emissions from all digital equipment by the
2060:
2034:
1187:
1017:
684:
602:
506:
144:
84:
spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by
2401:
671:(RR) – defined as "The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of
1377:
Prior to the introduction of Wi-Fi, one of the biggest applications of 5 GHz band was the
1194:
on each active device (connected across the power supply, as close to the device as possible),
616:
2169:
1707:
1398:
1323:
915:
911:
903:
805:
For lower frequencies, EMI is caused by conduction and, for higher frequencies, by radiation.
293:
co-exist with apparatus in the active EM environment of modern times and with fewer problems.
30:"Electromagnetic noise" redirects here. For Acoustic noise due to electromagnetic fields, see
2159:
2052:
1952:
1554:
1508:
1460:
1418:
1362:
1302:
1279:
1059:
982:
966:
895:
713:
In accordance with ITU RR (article 1) variations of interference are classified as follows:
518:
510:
502:
405:
97:
1853:
1809:
1631:
1326:(88–108 MHz), and therefore radio telescopes need to deal with RFI in this bandwidth.
2360:"Critical weather data threatened by FCC 'spectrum' proposal, Commerce Dept. and NASA say"
1984:
1949:"APPLICATION NOTE 3660: PCB Layout Techniques to Achieve RF Immunity for Audio Amplifiers"
1450:
1414:
1291:
1214:
922:
899:
374:
358:
326:
248:
129:
93:
81:
882:
Interference tends to be more troublesome with older radio technologies such as analogue
629:
which propagates across the space in between and is picked up or received by the victim.
2155:
2048:
1734:
2386:
1884:
1455:
1394:
1025:
935:
930:
926:
606:
592:
566:
Common-mode coupling: noise appears in phase (in the same direction) on two conductors.
464:
269:(IEC) in Paris recommended the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (
2421:
2321:
2064:
2000:
1298:
1297:
Some of the frequency bands that are very important for radio astronomy, such as the
1246:
947:
699:
455:
140:
1831:
1065:
Another method for suppressing EMI is the use of ferrite core noise suppressors (or
2307:
15th Annual Symposium on New Generation Operational Environmental Satellite Systems
2288:
15th Annual Symposium on New Generation Operational Environmental Satellite Systems
2228:"C-band meteorological radars – Threats related to RLAN 5 GHz"
1584:
solutions, Holland Shielding Systems BV | Leader in EMI/RFI shielding gaskets and.
1503:
Sue, M.K. (15 June 1981). Radio frequency interference at the geostationary orbit.
1470:
1465:
1440:
1319:
1206:
1066:
1021:
1013:
962:
117:
2341:"5G Wireless Networks Could Interfere with Weather Forecasts, Meteorologists Warn"
1956:
1229:
such as overshoot, undershoot or ringing). At lower frequencies, such as 133
489:
431:(ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into close proximity or contact.
219:
170:
2406:
1704:
The Communications Act: A Legislative History of the Major Amendments, 1934-1996
1410:
1271:
1210:
1107:
974:
958:
907:
821:
737:
330:
296:
Many countries now have similar requirements for products to meet some level of
105:
50:
17:
2199:
2164:
2139:
2056:
1405:
could produce major interference issues. Significant interference can impair
1267:
1237:. Since the noise is common-mode, shielding has very little effect, even with
1035:
987:
970:
574:
240:
191:
125:
2173:
1667:
1918:
1558:
1513:
1331:
1195:
1055:
1039:
1009:
541:
434:
380:
101:
1977:
808:
EMI through the ground wire is also very common in an electrical facility.
57:
27:
Disturbance in an electrical circuit due to external sources of radio waves
315:
narrowband and broadband, according to the spread of the frequency range.
1546:
1381:. The decision to use 5 GHz spectrum for Wi-Fi was finalized at the
1315:
1222:
530:
337:
121:
113:
918:, can be used to select one signal in space to the exclusion of others.
1051:
1005:
1001:
997:
954:(FCC) to regulate the susceptibility of consumer electronic equipment.
610:
596:
2412:
1387:
1047:
1031:
109:
1529:
513:
or sink is shown in the figure below. Source and victim are usually
2039:
1706:, Pike & Fischer – A BNA Company, p. 210,
891:
615:
488:
270:
247:
228:
56:
38:
517:
devices, though the source may be a natural phenomenon such as a
1877:"Integrated Circuit Susceptibility to Conducted RF Interference"
1205:
The efficiency of the radiation depends on the height above the
386:
1050:. The usual method used for suppressing EMI is by connecting a
1230:
1101:
815:
731:
252:
Interference by 5 GHz Wi-Fi seen on Doppler weather radar
179:
1911:"A general measurement technique for determining RF immunity"
1586:"Explanation of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)"
1190:, important means of reducing EMI are: the use of bypass or
472:
Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.
412:
Sources divide broadly into isolated and repetitive events.
201:
152:
2080:
Characteristics of radio quiet zones (Report ITU-R RA.2259)
1854:"Don't "despike" your signal lines, add a resistor instead"
1785:
EMI Reduction – Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed
1702:
Paglin, Max D.; Hobson, James R.; Rosenbloom, Joel (1999),
1402:
957:
Potential sources of RFI and EMI include: various types of
2254:"RLAN 5 GHz interference to weather radars in Europe"
1198:
control of high-speed signals using series resistors, and
493:
The four electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling modes
1393:
Transmissions on adjacent bands to those used by passive
469:
Electrical ignition systems, such as in gasoline engines.
336:
Demodulation of a high-frequency carrier wave such as an
1342:
the observed data. This process is often referred to as
2086:. International Telecommunication Union. September 2012
1551:
Radio frequency interference at the geostationary orbit
453:
Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular
1417:
in February 2019 to urge the FCC to cancel a proposed
2140:"The Threat to Weather Radars by Wireless Technology"
1834:. Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory
182:
mobile phone signal interferes with a speaker system.
1759:
Snubbers – Are They Arc Suppressors?
1082:
Most countries have legal requirements that mandate
934:
regulatory implications of UWB are discussed in the
440:(LEMP), although typically a short series of pulses.
929:), which proposes the use of large sections of the
112:(northern/southern lights). EMI frequently affects
449:Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.
354:Industrial, scientific and medical equipment (ISM)
61:Electromagnetic interference in analogue TV signal
1531:Electromagnetic Interference in Industrial Drive
812:Susceptibilities of different radio technologies
2309:. Phoenix, AZ: American Meteorological Society.
2290:. Phoenix, AZ: American Meteorological Society.
2144:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
802:(without physical contact of the conductors).
620:EMI filter for conducted emission suppression
8:
2133:
2131:
2019:
2017:
1361:Another way to manage RFI is to establish a
994:Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz
969:, ultrasonic pest control devices, electric
2252:Tristant, Philippe (16–18 September 2009).
1904:
1902:
1136:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
850:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
766:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
605:or magnetic coupling occurs when a varying
1789:. Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011
1763:. Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011
536:There are four basic coupling mechanisms:
348:Wireless and radio frequency transmissions
325:Audio processing equipment, such as audio
32:Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise
2226:Tristant, Philippe (23–24 October 2017).
2163:
2038:
1512:
1156:Learn how and when to remove this message
950:, the 1982 Public Law 97-259 allowed the
870:Learn how and when to remove this message
786:Learn how and when to remove this message
267:International Electrotechnical Commission
1673:. International Telecommunications Union
698:and assignment of frequency channels to
415:Sources of isolated EMP events include:
231:signal interferes with a speaker system.
2259:. International Telecommunication Union
2027:Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation
1482:
1367:United States National Radio Quiet Zone
925:signalling to date is ultra-wideband (
690:This is also a definition used by the
238:
189:
2193:"Radar Detection and DFS on MikroTik"
1545:Sue, M.K.; Sue, M K. (15 June 1981),
1507:(Report). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1491:The Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1489:Based on the "interference" entry of
1054:network, a resistor in series with a
662:International Telecommunication Union
357:Digital processing circuitry such as
7:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1134:adding citations to reliable sources
921:The most extreme example of digital
890:. In digital radio systems, such as
848:adding citations to reliable sources
764:adding citations to reliable sources
656:) is – according to
2301:Misra, Sidharth (10 January 2019).
1383:World Radiocommunication Conference
717:permissible interference (RR 1.167)
2320:Witze, Alexandra (26 April 2019).
2282:Lubar, David G. (9 January 2019).
1318:images of the 21-cm line from the
1253:to reduce the common-mode signal.
702:or systems, as well as to analyze
389:(spread-spectrum) mobile telephony
139:EMI can be used intentionally for
25:
1731:Federal Communications Commission
952:Federal Communications Commission
2201:Radar Detect and DFS on MikroTik
1106:
942:Interference to consumer devices
820:
736:
720:accepted interference (RR 1.168)
239:Problems playing this file? See
217:
190:Problems playing this file? See
168:
2358:Samenow, Jason (8 March 2019).
1875:Fiori, Franco (November 2000).
1808:Smith, Tony (7 November 2012).
1373:RFI on environmental monitoring
723:harmful interference (RR 1.169)
613:along the receiving conductor.
581:, and to magnetic induction as
533:at the origin of the Universe.
53:at approximately 2:30 p.m.
2105:Spain, Chris (July 10, 2014).
1379:Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
1336:analogue-to-digital converters
351:Television and radio receivers
128:, as well as observations for
1:
2428:Electromagnetic compatibility
1909:Mehta, Arpit (October 2005).
1590:Holland Shielding Systems B.V
1553:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
1505:NASA Technical Reports Server
1369:(NRQZ), established in 1958.
1179:Electromagnetic compatibility
1084:electromagnetic compatibility
704:electromagnetic compatibility
444:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
298:electromagnetic compatibility
2339:Brackett, Ron (1 May 2019).
1955:. 2006-07-04. Archived from
1883:. Ce-mag.com. Archived from
1446:Interference (communication)
1407:numerical weather prediction
1073:Switched-mode power supplies
646:radio-frequency interference
642:electromagnetic interference
599:on the receiving conductor.
364:Switched-mode power supplies
74:radio-frequency interference
66:Electromagnetic interference
2409:(EMI Tools and Information)
1322:epoch can overlap with the
708:radiocommunication services
2449:
2191:Touw, Ron (Nov 16, 2016).
1176:
1173:EMI in integrated circuits
399:(EMP), sometimes called a
265:In 1933, a meeting of the
29:
2165:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00048.1
2138:Saltikoff, Elena (2016).
2057:10.1142/S2251171721500070
1436:Electromagnetic shielding
1431:Electromagnetic radiation
961:, doorbell transformers,
501:The basic arrangement of
86:electromagnetic induction
1832:"Integrated Circuit EMC"
898:techniques can be used.
692:frequency administration
409:response in the victim.
2402:EMC Design Fundamentals
1727:"Interference Handbook"
1413:and NASA Administrator
1261:RF immunity and testing
1077:power factor correction
523:electrostatic discharge
429:Electrostatic discharge
379:Continuously operating
2433:Television terminology
2033:(2): 2150007–2150564.
1881:Compliance Engineering
1493:, 11th edition, online
1421:, which was rejected.
1286:RFI in radio astronomy
979:touch controlled lamps
728:Conducted interference
621:
591:occurs when a varying
494:
479:electromagnetic fields
253:
206:
157:
90:electrostatic coupling
62:
54:
2396:Interference Handbook
2212:– via YouTube.
1612:. EUR-Lex. 3 May 1989
1219:fundamental frequency
1192:decoupling capacitors
696:frequency assignments
619:
492:
438:electromagnetic pulse
397:electromagnetic pulse
251:
205:
156:
116:. It can also affect
60:
48:
2241:– via itu.int.
1810:"WTF is... RF-MEMS?"
1243:capacitively coupled
1130:improve this section
990:coils is activated.
910:receiver, such as a
884:amplitude modulation
844:improve this section
760:improve this section
683:upon reception in a
640:with the meaning of
627:electromagnetic wave
481:will result in EMI.
2364:The Washington Post
2345:The Weather Channel
2156:2016BAMS...97.1159S
2049:2021JAI....1050007D
1812:. TheRegister.co.uk
1241:. The RF energy is
1200:IC power supply pin
1188:integrated circuits
1018:cordless telephones
589:Capacitive coupling
579:capacitive coupling
556:Conductive coupling
515:electronic hardware
505:emitter or source,
485:Coupling mechanisms
383:such as arc welders
277:regulations today.
134:atmospheric science
2407:Clemson's EMC Page
1983:2009-01-07 at the
1929:on 2 February 2014
1737:on 16 October 2013
1399:weather satellites
1239:differential pairs
1008:wireless devices,
916:diversity receiver
685:radiocommunication
622:
603:Inductive coupling
583:inductive coupling
548:or inductive, and
495:
300:(EMC) regulation.
254:
213:EMI sound sample 2
207:
164:EMI sound sample 1
158:
145:electronic warfare
100:of mobile phones,
63:
55:
1691:Public Law 97-259
1324:FM broadcast band
1235:common-mode noise
1166:
1165:
1158:
1060:electromechanical
996:may be caused by
967:electric blankets
912:parabolic antenna
904:frequency-hopping
880:
879:
872:
796:
795:
788:
669:Radio Regulations
509:path and victim,
222:
173:
46:
16:(Redirected from
2440:
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2150:(7): 1159–1167.
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2093:
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2012:
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2009:
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1999:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
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1953:Maxim Integrated
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1922:. Archived from
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1733:. Archived from
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1679:
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1636:www.cemark.co.uk
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1559:2060/19810018807
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:2060/19810018807
1500:
1494:
1487:
1461:Signal integrity
1419:spectrum auction
1363:radio quiet zone
1290:Interference in
1280:anechoic chamber
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1110:
1102:
1091:Red Queen's race
896:error-correction
875:
868:
864:
861:
855:
824:
816:
791:
784:
780:
777:
771:
740:
732:
666:
593:electrical field
519:lightning strike
406:damped sine wave
359:microcontrollers
327:power amplifiers
224:
223:
204:
175:
174:
155:
98:cellular network
94:ignition systems
47:
21:
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2089:
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2083:
2077:
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2072:
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2022:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:Wayback Machine
1976:
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1962:
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1947:
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1942:
1932:
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1913:
1908:
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1900:
1890:
1888:
1887:on 2 March 2012
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1792:
1790:
1783:"Lab Note #105
1781:
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1764:
1757:"Lab Note #103
1755:
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1668:"ITT Article I"
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1528:Karim, Rezaul.
1527:
1526:
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1502:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1451:Power integrity
1427:
1415:Jim Bridenstine
1375:
1292:radio astronomy
1288:
1263:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1127:
1111:
1100:
1026:microwave ovens
944:
923:spread-spectrum
900:Spread-spectrum
876:
865:
859:
856:
841:
825:
814:
792:
781:
775:
772:
757:
741:
730:
664:
635:
527:one famous case
487:
465:Electric motors
306:
259:
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130:radio astronomy
82:radio frequency
72:), also called
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:EM interference
15:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2444:
2436:
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2381:External links
2379:
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2183:
2127:
2097:
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2013:
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1867:
1856:. Massmind.org
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1456:Radio receiver
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1395:remote sensing
1374:
1371:
1358:transmitters.
1348:citizens' band
1287:
1284:
1262:
1259:
1177:Main article:
1174:
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936:ultra-wideband
931:radio spectrum
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700:radio stations
634:
633:ITU definition
631:
607:magnetic field
571:
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375:Solar activity
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80:) when in the
26:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2445:
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2414:
2413:EMC Tutorials
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2028:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2003:on 2009-09-17
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:LMV831-LMV834
1974:
1971:
1959:on 2009-12-14
1958:
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1941:
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1713:0-937275-05-0
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1396:
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1389:
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1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1356:digital audio
1353:
1352:digital video
1349:
1345:
1344:data flagging
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:21-cm HI line
1295:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:braid-breaker
1244:
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1172:
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1160:
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1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:This section
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:ferrite beads
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:video senders
1019:
1015:
1014:baby monitors
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:toaster ovens
960:
955:
953:
949:
948:United States
941:
939:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
874:
871:
863:
853:
849:
845:
839:
838:
834:
829:This section
827:
823:
818:
817:
811:
809:
806:
803:
801:
790:
787:
779:
769:
765:
761:
755:
754:
750:
745:This section
743:
739:
734:
733:
727:
722:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
659:
658:Article 1.166
655:
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643:
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614:
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568:
565:
564:
563:
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557:
553:
551:
547:
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539:
534:
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528:
525:(ESD) or, in
524:
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508:
504:
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484:
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480:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
459:
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448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:surges/pulses
424:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
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385:
382:
378:
376:
373:
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365:
362:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
344:
340:transmission.
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328:
324:
321:
320:
318:
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316:
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303:
301:
299:
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263:
256:
250:
244:
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230:
214:
195:
193:
181:
165:
148:
146:
142:
141:radio jamming
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:mobile phones
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
52:
37:
33:
19:
2395:
2388:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:
2344:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2296:
2287:
2277:
2268:
2261:. Retrieved
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2221:
2213:
2206:. Retrieved
2200:
2186:
2177:
2147:
2143:
2122:
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2079:
2073:
2030:
2026:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1991:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1917:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1880:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1784:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1758:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1721:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1662:
1656:interference
1655:
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1562:, retrieved
1550:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1471:Twisted pair
1466:Signal noise
1441:Faraday cage
1392:
1376:
1360:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1320:reionization
1296:
1289:
1277:
1264:
1255:
1207:ground plane
1204:
1185:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1143:
1128:Please help
1116:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1030:
992:
975:heating pads
959:transmitters
956:
945:
920:
881:
866:
857:
842:Please help
830:
807:
804:
797:
782:
773:
758:Please help
746:
712:
689:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:Interference
637:
636:
623:
601:
587:
582:
578:
572:
554:
535:
500:
496:
475:
454:
452:
414:
411:
404:
394:
331:loudspeakers
313:
310:
307:
295:
291:
287:
279:
264:
260:
138:
106:solar flares
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
36:
2326:Nature News
2111:Cisco Blogs
1793:February 5,
1767:February 5,
1411:Wilbur Ross
1270:amplifier,
1211:power plane
988:de-gaussing
981:. Multiple
971:bug zappers
908:directional
888:selectivity
694:to provide
460:, include:
126:televisions
51:solar flare
2422:Categories
2369:2019-05-05
2263:4 December
2237:5 December
2233:. EUMETNET
2208:4 December
2204:. MikroTik
2117:4 December
2040:2012.06521
2007:2009-07-13
1963:21 January
1933:21 January
1891:21 January
1860:21 January
1838:21 January
1816:21 January
1741:21 January
1677:2023-05-10
1641:2023-05-10
1616:21 January
1595:2023-05-10
1564:2023-05-10
1477:References
1397:, such as
1332:amplifiers
1316:redshifted
1268:microphone
1146:March 2022
1062:contacts.
1040:capacitive
938:article).
860:March 2022
776:March 2022
681:inductions
677:radiations
575:wavelength
542:capacitive
538:conductive
423:Power line
381:spark gaps
241:media help
192:media help
2174:0003-0007
2065:228372046
1997:"MAX9724"
1919:RF Design
1534:(Thesis).
1275:carrier.
1227:transient
1196:rise time
1117:does not
1098:Standards
1056:capacitor
1044:resistive
1036:inductive
1032:Switching
1012:devices,
1010:Bluetooth
831:does not
800:induction
747:does not
673:emissions
550:radiative
435:Lightning
401:transient
122:FM radios
114:AM radios
102:lightning
2090:22 April
1981:Archived
1425:See also
1223:harmonic
706:between
667:s (ITU)
546:magnetic
531:Big Bang
511:receptor
507:coupling
338:FM radio
143:, as in
2152:Bibcode
2113:. Cisco
2045:Bibcode
1272:speaker
1138:removed
1123:sources
1052:snubber
1034:loads (
1006:802.11n
1002:802.11g
998:802.11b
946:In the
852:removed
837:sources
768:removed
753:sources
660:of the
644:, also
611:voltage
597:voltage
257:History
110:auroras
2387:ARRL,
2270:month)
2172:
2063:
1710:
1547:"NASA"
1388:S band
1309:, and
1042:, and
1024:, and
977:, and
529:, the
458:trains
366:(SMPS)
124:, and
108:, and
2257:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2179:band.
2084:(PDF)
2061:S2CID
2035:arXiv
1927:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1671:(PDF)
1307:LOFAR
1251:choke
914:or a
892:Wi-Fi
679:, or
665:'
503:noise
456:pulse
304:Types
271:CISPR
229:Wi-Fi
2265:2019
2239:2019
2210:2019
2170:ISSN
2119:2019
2092:2017
1965:2014
1935:2014
1893:2014
1862:2014
1840:2014
1818:2014
1795:2012
1769:2012
1743:2014
1708:ISBN
1618:2014
1334:and
1311:ALMA
1213:(at
1121:any
1119:cite
1016:and
1004:and
902:and
835:any
833:cite
751:any
749:cite
387:CDMA
329:and
132:and
2389:RFI
2160:doi
2053:doi
1555:hdl
1509:hdl
1354:or
1303:VLA
1249:or
1231:MHz
1225:or
1209:or
1186:On
1132:by
983:CRT
927:UWB
846:by
762:by
654:RFI
652:or
650:EMI
560:PCB
395:An
282:FCC
275:EMC
180:GSM
78:RFI
70:EMI
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