808:“On 28 June 2019, an agreement in principle was reached between the EU and the four founding members of Mercosur on the trade pillar as part of a wider Association Agreement (AA) including political dialogue and cooperation. The latter part was agreed upon in June 2018. After the change of government in Brazil in January 2023, the parties agreed on a roadmap for the first half of 2023 to negotiate an additional instrument as regards the commitments made under the trade and sustainable development (TSD) chapter of the trade pillar. After the EU submitted its text proposal to Mercosur in March 2023, Mercosur on 14 September 2023 transmitted to the Commission its counterproposal that has since served as the basis for further negotiations. Despite progress made, the parties failed to sign a final deal at the December 2023 Mercosur summit due to strong resistance voiced by outgoing Argentinian President Fernández and French President Macron. Talks will continue with a new deadline set for mid-2024, since the majority of EU Member States backs the deal.”
790:
agreement would also need to be approved by the national parliaments of all EU member states. Ratification of the agreement by the national parliaments of the
Mercosur countries would also be required. All together this is a process that may take many years in itself. However, in the EU the trade part of the agreement (and some elements of the preamble, institutional and final provisions) may already be implemented provisionally after the ratification by the Mercosur and the approval of the European Parliament. The European Commission may also decide to present the trade pillar as a separate trade agreement. If the Mercosur countries and the Council agree with that, the separate trade agreement does not need to be approved by the parliaments of the EU member states (as trade is an exclusive EU competence), the approval of the European Parliament suffices. What is left of the association agreement must still be approved by all the national parliaments and cannot be implemented provisionally.
28:
771:
20:
589:
364:
67:) and Mercosur (260 million inhabitants), in terms of numbers of citizens involved. The draft trade deal is part of a wider Association Agreement between the two blocs. Besides trade, the association agreement would also deal with cooperation and political dialogue. Negotiations on these two parts were concluded on 18 June 2020.
783:
yet by the official instances, but was leaked by
Greenpeace. Greenpeace condemned the fact that commitments to protect nature or to tackle the climate emergency, as laid down in the UNFCC Paris Agreement, were not included in the conditions under which either of the parties could sanction the other, or suspend the agreement.
762:, who was to be sworn in as president of Argentina on December 10. Since the deal would include competences of both the EU and individual European countries, France (or any other EU state) could potentially veto the agreement, and additionally require all 27 national legislatures in the EU to approve it.
782:
In the meantime negotiations for the other parts of the EU-Mercosur
Association Agreement have continued and were concluded on 18 June 2020 with an agreement on the pillars of political dialogue and cooperation, the preamble and the institutional and final provisions. This text has not been published
311:
Protests against the deal have taken place. Governments and parliaments of the EU members states have also criticised the agreement. In
October 2020 both the European Parliament and the European Commissioner for Trade Valdis Dombrovskis have stated that the EU-Mercosur agreement "cannot be approved
578:
Alternative 4, “Targeted
Bilateral Strategic Partnerships” proposes an approach focused on critical raw materials by encouraging strategic partnerships that uphold responsible sourcing and sustainability in the trade and use of these materials, notably by developing joint ventures that emphasize the
118:
In 2018, the EU was already
Mercosur's largest trading and investment partner. 20.1% of the trade bloc's exports went to the EU in 2018. Mercosur exports to the EU were worth €42.6 billion in that year, while EU exports to the Mercosur countries were worth €45 billion. Mercosur's biggest exports to
728:
adopted a motion rejecting the agreement with a narrow majority. The government of the
Belgian capital region Brussels stated on 14 July 2020 that the agreement was unacceptable in its current form and listed a series of preconditions. This position was endorsed by a Parliamentary commission on 10
489:
points out, “there are countless reports of rule-breaking by
Brazilian meat companies”. Many experts consider the environmental provisions in the current text of the deal to be “toothless” as they lack enforcement powers Brazil is a signatory to the Paris climate agreement but President Bolsonaro
717:
In
September 2019, lawmakers on the Austrian parliament's EU subcommittee almost unanimously voted to reject the draft free trade agreement citing concerns over their national farming sector and the Amazon forest fires. As such the government is obliged to veto the pact at EU level, where all 28
789:
The texts would then be presented by the
European Commission to the Council of Ministers of the European Union for approval, where unanimity is required. If approved the council would sign the agreement and send it over to the Mercosur countries and to the European Parliament. An EU association
378:
NGOs criticize the agreement being focused on sales of cheap meat and soy from South America into the EU on one hand and large sales of pesticides and cars from the EU to the Mercosur on the other. Scientists fear the environmental impact of that very goods, having a bad impact on global carbon
757:
cancelled a visit he would make along with a European delegation to a Mercosur summit in Rio de Janeiro on December 7 to reportedly announce the agreement had been concluded. Officials from Brazil also informed EU that Argentina's outgoing government said new commitments put in the final text
563:(ILO) by adding a hierarchy clause to prioritize, where conflicts may arise, international environmental and labor standards over trade rules and also by enforcing specific commitments within the Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) chapter with clearly defined sanctions for non-compliance.
778:
After the adoption and publication of the 17-page "agreement in principle" on 1 July 2019, 29 unfinished texts of chapters and annexes of the trade agreement were published in July and September with a disclaimer that they were published "for information purposes only and may undergo further
812:
Notably, unlike the former President Fernández, the new administration under Argentina’s President Javier Milei supports a "swift conclusion to the EU-Mercosur deal". Given that Argentina was a key opponent in 2023, this shift in position could signal a move toward finalizing the agreement.
255:
The scope of the agreement is very broad. Besides tariffs, it covers Rules of Origin, Trade Remedies, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Services and Investment liberalization, Competition Policy, Subsidies, State Owned Enterprises (SOE), Trade and
480:
destruction comes at a time of record beef exports from Brazil. The fear is that the deal could lead to even more deforestation as it expands market access to Brazilian beef. EU leaders have responded to criticism by stating that the terms of the deal do not contravene the targets of the
202:
The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It would be the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc's launch in 1991 and would also represent the EU's largest trade deal to date, in terms of tariff reduction.
574:
Alternative 3, "Focusing on what matters the most", proposes a relatively more targeted approach to cooperation, where the partnership would specifically focus on critical sustainability issues while still allowing for selective market access to the benefit of both
554:
published a study, “Alternatives for a fair and sustainable partnership between the EU and Mercosur: scenarios and guidelines” in which they outline four alternatives in which they feel they could support an association agreement between the EU and Mercosur.
671:. This letter echoed a similar plea made in May by 600 European scientists and 300 indigenous groups, which called on the EU to demand that Brazil respect environmental and human rights standards as a precondition for concluding the Mercosur trade negotiations.
62:
Although there is agreement in principle, the final texts have not been finalised, signed, or ratified and therefore have not entered into force. If ratified, it would represent the largest trade deal struck by both the EU (512 million inhabitants before
102:
cited the deal as an endorsement of "rules-based trade" in a time of growing protectionism. Mercosur may be hoping to use the deal as a model for future deals. Mercosur's presidents have already stated that they want to reach trade agreements with
97:
policies by national leaders is considered to have spurred the renewal of talks in 2016. The EU may have hoped that the emerging deal would represent a significant break in this global renewal of protectionism. European Commission President
710:, by 84 votes to 46. On 8 August 2019 the Luxemburg trade minister indicated that the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement was a necessary condition for signing the EU-Mercosur trade deal. On 28 August Slovak Agriculture Minister
501:
According to Jonathan Watts ‘negotiations took almost two decades, which may explain why the outcome signed in July 2019 reflects the pro-industry values of the past rather than the environmental concerns of the present’. An editorial in
2200:
260:
contracts and Intellectual Property Rights including "Geographical Indications" or protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including
206:
For Mercosur the planned deal will eliminate 93% of tariffs to the EU and grant “preferential treatment” for the remaining 7%. The deal will allow increased access to the European market for Mercosur's agricultural goods, notably
1957:
566:
Alternative 2, "Sustainability above all" proposes a shift away from traditional market access and trade liberalization towards a bilateral partnership that focuses exclusively on sustainability issues, notably using the
2260:
1491:
658:
has powerful sway and repeated attacks and invasions of indigenous land by profit seekers. It also noted previous suspension of trade preferences with countries involved in human rights violations such as
634:
Dinaman Tuxá, an indigenous leader, has said that "Accords like this only raise the level of violence against indigenous people. We need to tell the EU that signing this free-trade agreement could lead to
1810:
642:
On June 18, 2019, over 340 civil society organizations wrote to call on the EU to halt the trade negotiations immediately and use their leverage as Brazil's second largest trading partner to improve the
1902:
880:
604:
of its responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous land and hand that power to the Agriculture ministry. Such a move would "put the fox in charge of the chicken coop", according to opposition
78:
The agreement in principle came after twenty years of negotiation. Talks began in 1999, but stalled before regaining momentum in 2016. Talks had floundered for years due to opposition from European
1677:
2197:
721:
On 20 January 2020 the government of the Belgian region Wallonia took formal position against the agreement. The Walloon parliament unanimously (70-0) endorsed this position on 5 February 2020.
1044:
559:
Alternative 1, "Back at the table’” proposes a renegotiation to more effectively integrate sustainability and legal obligations under international frameworks like the Paris Agreement and the
419:
that the Amazon is absorbing from the atmosphere and storing each year has fallen by around a third in the last decade. This decline in the Amazon carbon sink amounts to one billion tonnes of
2074:
2228:
1436:
1390:
1145:
2288:
2044:
1832:
1756:
Gehring, Markus; Kerstens, Emilie; Enssle, Virginia; et al. (17 April 2024). "Alternatives for a fair and sustainable partnership between the EU and Mercosur: scenarios and guidelines".
1108:
334:
of up to 99,000 tonnes of beef per year at a preferential rate of 7.5% tariffs. Farmers throughout the EU oppose this, particularly smaller farmers who fear being undercut on price. The
2314:
1954:
1872:
1462:
528:, claiming that is "completely contradictory" to the EU's climate goals and warning that it would enable further destruction of the Amazon rainforest. Fears have been expressed in the
1779:
1186:
1933:
1637:
543:, criticizing the external sustainability impact assessment for the trade pillar negotiations for not including current environmental data, especially concerning deforestation.”
2396:
1989:
1607:
1520:
779:
modifications including as a result of the process of legal revision". The essential liberalization schedules for goods, services and investment have not yet been released.
535:
Furthermore, civil society groups have protested that the predicted scale deforestation fostered by the deal would be non-compliant under the climate change goals under the
2252:
1388:
European Parliament, Committee on International Trade, Hearing of Valdis Dombrovskis, executive vice-president of the European Commission and commissioner-designate (Trade)
1318:
1968:
1226:
579:
sustainable extraction of the materials necessary for technology like renewable energy as well as supporting the development of local industries in Mercosur countries.
490:
has criticised it and threatened to pull Brazil out. As mentioned above, deforestation of the Amazon has intensified under Bolsonaro. He has been accused of weakening
2344:
1487:
1063:
718:
member states and their parliaments must agree to trade deals. Lawmakers from the centre-right ÖVP and the far-right Freedom Party also voted to reject the deal.
1806:
988:
750:
1894:
1733:
288:
said that "we need such agreements because they play a major geostrategic role." In June 2024, during a meeting in Berlin, Olaf Scholz and Argentine President
876:
443:
Even though the EU was trying to limit imports of products deriving from forest destruction by law sugar cane and chicken meat are excluded of that very law.
732:
On 20 August 2020 the German Chancellor Angela Merkel expressed doubts about the EU-Mercosur trade deal and whether it could go through in its current form.
611:. He has also defunded agencies responsible for law enforcement in the Amazon. Indigenous communities are facing direct threats. In 2019 an estimated 20,000
476:
Cattle farming is the single largest driver of Amazon deforestation, and has been responsible for as much as 80% of the deforestation. The increased rate of
2401:
1673:
1347:
804:
On the European Parliament's Legislative Train schedule discussing and updating the state of play of EU-Mercosur Association Agreement, it states:
182:
remain in place, meaning potential expansion of markets should these tariffs be removed. The EU wants more access for its manufactured goods especially
1955:
https://dirupo.wallonie.be/home/presse--actualites/publications/le-gouvernement-de-wallonie-soppose-a-laccord-commercial-mercosur.publicationfull.html
793:
There are a number of potential barriers that could stop the deal from being ratified. For example, the election of a more left-wing candidate in the
2066:
636:
2221:
1426:
1285:
2411:
2144:
1371:
2366:
1387:
1926:"Austria rejects EU-Mercosur trade deal over Amazon fires; Concerns about threats to farming sector also featured in Austrian parliament debate"
1250:
1137:
2284:
2040:
1842:
1100:
470:
2310:
1022:
822:
427:’s annual emissions. Production of meat, soy for animal food and Bio-Ethanol gained from sugar cane will cause the destruction of argentinian
1864:
1707:
1576:
1458:
935:
453:
and other chemical companies are already selling large amounts of pesticides and toxins in non-EU countries which are illegal inside the EU.
90:
at this time preferred "south-south co-operation" to developing ties with Europe, while European governments similarly had other priorities.
1775:
1369:
European Parliament resolution of 7 October 2020 on the implementation of the common commercial policy – annual report 2018 (2019/2197(INI))
623:
campaigners have accused the president of encouraging the invasion by stating that indigenous people had too much land and that large-scale
1178:
827:
491:
473:
has intensified. The deforestation of the Amazon is now at its highest rate in a decade, with 2018 seeing a 13% increase in deforestation.
1925:
494:, encouraging farming and mining expansion in the area and turning a blind eye to illegal destruction. The current environment minister,
1633:
401:
and cause health risks for human beings. Intensified utilization of cars is criticized since fossil fueled cars amplify climate change.
601:
2177:
327:
321:
547:
798:
560:
27:
1985:
1599:
1516:
2208:
1314:
648:
600:, who are already facing a worsening situation. Since becoming president, Bolsonaro has attempted to strip the indigenous agency
1965:
1267:
1222:
794:
108:
770:
2119:
647:
situation in Brazil under Bolsonaro. The letter noted the decision to put indigenous land demarcation under the remit of the
2336:
59:
after twenty years of negotiations. The agreement is criticized by NGOs, scientists, unions, farmers and indigenous people.
2019:
742:
said that Ireland would not ratify the EU-Mercosur trade deal unless new enforceable environmental guarantees were added.
616:
568:
342:
341:, which represents 23 million farmers across the EU, warned the deal “will go down in history as a very dark moment”. The
786:
Once the texts are final and legally revised they would need to be translated in all EU and Mercosur official languages.
597:
1059:
2416:
374:
state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development.
962:
759:
248:, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the
1895:"Slovakia to block EU trade deal with Mercosur countries over Brazil's approach to Amazon | bne IntelliNews"
2198:
EU-Mercosur Association Agreement: conclusion of negotiations on the Political Dialogue and Cooperation pillar
1343:
1865:"Accord commercial UE-Mercosur - Déclaration de Jean Asselborn, ministre en charge du commerce international"
1542:
358:
164:
695:
voiced concern, and threatened a veto on the agreement unless action is taken by the Brazilian government.
252:. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate.
301:
257:
711:
684:
354:
234:
exporters. It will also remove 91% of tariffs on EU exports to the Mercosur countries. According to the
56:
1368:
714:
said Slovakia would block the agreement because of Brazil's unacceptable approach to the Amazon fires.
386:
Conventional meat production and soy cultivation in the Mercosur goes together with destruction of the
1247:
512:
by 2050, but this will prove meaningless if the planet’s greatest carbon sink is destroyed.” Former
44:
753:
press conference that he opposes the deal. Later that day, EU's Commission vice-president for trade
1018:
843:
688:
551:
516:
466:
405:
249:
99:
2095:
1699:
1568:
927:
1837:
754:
608:
540:
509:
241:
774:
In June 2019, representatives of EU and Mercosur announced they had reached a historic agreement
699:
16:
Proposed treaty to form a free-trade area covering the European Union and Mercosur member states
2406:
668:
398:
387:
326:
The deal is expected to trigger a huge surge of Argentinean and Brazilian beef exports to all
305:
300:
The planned deal has been denounced by scientists, trade unions, NGOs, European beef farmers,
1966:
https://www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=votes-affichage&id=21000&d=02%2F05%2F2020
2169:
839:
605:
2204:
2041:"Merkel also has doubts about going ahead with EU trade agreement with Mercosur - %1 NEWS"
1972:
1961:
1394:
1375:
1254:
746:
536:
504:
482:
409:
236:
194:
to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities.
758:(especially those regarding the environment) would require approval by the newly elected
240:, “some of the most important wins for Europe include the slashing of duties on cars and
55:
reached agreement in principle in 2019. The planned deal was announced on 28 June at the
19:
797:. The increased presence of environmentalists in the European Parliament following the
680:
495:
486:
462:
424:
420:
380:
363:
152:
112:
82:
producers, especially small farmers who feared being undercut on price by imports from
48:
2367:"Scholz, Milei in favour of swift conclusion to EU-Mercosur deal | Buenos Aires Times"
2337:"Briefing on the life cycle of EU trade agreements | Transport & Environment"
1807:"340+ ORGANISATIONS CALL ON THE EU TO IMMEDIATELY HALT TRADE NEGOTIATIONS WITH BRAZIL"
115:
has said that the agreement with the EU is "not a point of arrival but of departure".
2390:
667:
in addition to restricting import of products related to human rights abuses such as
519:
171:
trade bloc in 2017 while about €11 billion worth of services came from Mercosur into
168:
94:
87:
1431:
739:
725:
652:
644:
331:
289:
266:
231:
2011:
736:
703:
664:
628:
612:
588:
498:, has imposed the lowest number of fines for illegal deforestation in a decade.
485:
and that the trade deal highlights a commitment to “rules-based trade”. Yet, as
391:
371:
338:
335:
285:
120:
707:
477:
428:
262:
2253:"EU-Mercosur: leaked treaty has no climate protection, undermines democracy"
1488:"The Irish Times view on the Mercosur trade deal: the EU puts down a marker"
228:
186:, which face tariffs of 35%, and more access to contracts for its firms and
160:
136:
1986:"Dutch parliament votes against EU-Mercosur free trade agreement - %1 NEWS"
1674:"EU-Mercosur trade deal will drive Amazon deforestation, warns ex-minister"
292:
expressed support for a free trade agreement between the EU and Mercosur.
1776:"Yanomami Amazon reserve invaded by 20,000 miners; Bolsonaro fails to act"
596:
Aside from the threat to the climate, deforestation would directly impact
2096:"EU trade chief cancels Brazil trip as prospects of Mercosur deal recede"
1268:"'We agree to disagree': German, French leaders clash over Mercosur deal"
1045:"EU-Mercosur Association Agreement / In "A Stronger Europe in the World""
655:
620:
524:
52:
660:
432:
394:. While inside some EU countries there is already meat overproduction.
270:
245:
220:
212:
156:
140:
132:
1662:"On the brink". No. August 3rd to August 9th 2019. The Economist.
1634:"Brazil's Bolsonaro presses anti-indigenous agenda; resistance surges"
1517:"Amazon rainforest is taking up a third less carbon than a decade ago"
698:
In July 2019 a symbolic motion rejecting the trade deal was passed in
1060:"After 20 years of negotiations, EU strikes trade deal with Mercosur"
840:
EU-Mercosur trade agreement: The Agreement in Principle and its texts
692:
624:
513:
416:
191:
179:
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144:
104:
83:
64:
1459:"Farmers, environmentalists slam 'sell-out' EU-Mercosur trade deal"
769:
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450:
362:
224:
216:
128:
26:
18:
1833:"Ireland, France set to block EU-Mercosur trade deal over Amazon"
1569:"Environmental criticism mounts over EU-South America trade deal"
1427:"We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks"
1734:"EU-Mercosur Association Agreement | Legislative Train Schedule"
1286:"Scholz, Milei Demand Swift Deal on EU-Mercosur Free Trade Pact"
989:"Assoziierungsabkommen zwischen der EU und den MERCOSUR-Staaten"
446:
367:
208:
187:
148:
124:
79:
2145:"Macron Concerns Derail EU-South America Trade Deal Yet Again"
532:
that the “EU-Mercosur deal will cancel out climate efforts”.
256:
Sustainable Development. It also includes increased access to
183:
2067:"'It would be wrong' – Varadkar puts brakes on Mercosur deal"
1138:"Latin America and Europe have much to gain from closer ties"
877:"EU, Mercosur strike trade pact, defying protectionist wave"
2120:"EU and Mercosur give up on clinching trade pact next week"
1600:"Brazil's new president has scientists worried. Here's why"
1397:(See among others pharagraphs 1-013, 1-027, 1-059 en 1-061)
1248:
New EU-Mercosur trade agreement. The agreement in principle
1101:"Macron defends EU-Mercosur trade deal, as farmers protest"
345:
denounced the deal as a “disgraceful and feeble sell-out”.
1567:
Harris, Bryan; Gross, Anna; Keohane, David (9 July 2019).
276:
If ratified, the changes will be phased in over 15 years.
330:. Under the agreement, the EU will open its markets to a
86:, the world's biggest beef producer. Many governments in
2311:"Mercosur bloc leaders meet to fast-track EU trade deal"
987:
Klimaschutz, BMWK-Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und.
639:. If they sign this agreement, blood will be spilled.”
167:. The EU exported €23 billion worth of services to the
1344:"Dáil rejects EU-Mercosur trade deal in symbolic vote"
539:. In June 2020, five NGOs filed a complaint with the
1058:
Maria Ramirez Uribe and Caitlin Hu (June 29, 2019).
223:. The deal will probably also be good for Brazilian
1315:"EU's green trade promises face rainforest reality"
273:procedures will also be simplified under the deal.
1700:"EU-Mercosur deal will cancel out climate efforts"
619:, one of Brazil's largest indigenous territories.
875:Philip Blenkinsop, Leika Kihara (June 28, 2019).
508:states “EU countries are committing to achieving
70:As of May 2024, negotiations are still underway.
2285:"Will Ireland have a vote on the Mercosur deal?"
1338:
1336:
1223:"EU/Mercosur trade deal - What you need to know"
1657:
1655:
1179:"A new trade deal has FOMO as its secret sauce"
957:
955:
953:
155:. Europe's biggest exports to Mercosur include
1511:
1509:
370:satellite observation of deforestation in the
178:Despite the value of the trading, significant
1628:
1626:
1624:
1482:
1480:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
522:denounced the agreement in an interview with
8:
1013:
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41:European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement
2397:Free trade agreements of the European Union
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928:"EU-Mercosur trade deal: what it all means"
631:should be allowed on indigenous territory.
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1085:
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1081:
1019:"EU and Mercosur reach agreement on trade"
842:, preliminary text on the website of the
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920:
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866:
864:
862:
860:
766:Finalization, signature and ratification
2279:
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2222:"The EU-Mercosur Association Agreement"
1924:Oltermann, Philip (19 September 2019).
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683:received much criticism concerning the
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390:, which is one of the world's largest
2047:from the original on October 27, 2020
1992:from the original on October 27, 2020
1905:from the original on October 27, 2020
7:
828:European Union free trade agreements
745:On 2 December 2023 French president
685:protection of the Amazon rain forest
284:In February 2024, German Chancellor
1936:from the original on 3 October 2019
1680:from the original on 10 August 2019
1465:from the original on 25 August 2019
1439:from the original on 24 August 2019
1025:from the original on 19 August 2019
963:"EU-Mercosur-Abkommen | Greenpeace"
397:Use of pesticides increases global
23:Member states of the European Union
1875:from the original on June 28, 2021
1782:from the original on 2 August 2019
1758:The Greens/EFA European Parliament
1676:. Climate Change News. July 2019.
1148:from the original on 5 August 2019
1047:. European Parliament. 5 May 2024.
14:
2402:Free trade agreements of Mercosur
2347:from the original on 9 April 2016
2317:from the original on 29 July 2019
2291:from the original on 29 July 2019
1813:from the original on 27 July 2019
1640:from the original on 30 July 2019
1579:from the original on 27 July 2019
1523:from the original on 19 July 2019
1350:from the original on 27 July 2019
1229:from the original on 27 July 2019
1189:from the original on 27 July 2019
1066:from the original on July 1, 2019
938:from the original on 31 July 2019
883:from the original on July 1, 2019
823:European Union–Mercosur relations
561:International Labour Organization
2209:European External Action Service
1841:. 23 August 2019. Archived from
1543:"Giftiger Cocktail | Greenpeace"
1494:from the original on 3 July 2019
1321:from the original on 9 July 2019
1111:from the original on 4 July 2019
404:The expected effects oppose the
2287:. Irish Examiner. 9 July 2019.
2263:from the original on 2020-10-31
2234:from the original on 2021-05-18
2180:from the original on 2020-03-24
2077:from the original on 2020-10-27
2022:from the original on 2020-11-01
2012:"Fiche d'un dossier législatif"
1610:from the original on 2019-01-25
1519:. Carbon Brief. 18 March 2015.
1346:. thejournal.ie. 11 July 2019.
795:2019 Argentine general election
598:Brazil's indigenous communities
492:Brazil's environmental ministry
423:– equivalent to over twice the
322:2024 European farmers' protests
109:European Free Trade Association
2412:Proposed free trade agreements
1598:Escobar, Herton (2019-01-22).
726:Dutch House of Representatives
569:Sustainable Developments Goals
33:Dark green: full member states
1:
617:Yanomami Indigenous Territory
2341:www.transportenvironment.org
1221:Lee, George (28 June 2019).
163:equipment, and chemical and
2174:Trade - European Commission
675:Governments and parliaments
471:deforestation of the Amazon
244:, chemicals, machinery and
2433:
1778:. Mongabay. 12 July 2019.
1636:. Mongabay. 27 June 2019.
1461:. France24. 29 June 2019.
1317:. Politico. 18 June 2019.
760:government of Javier Milei
679:After Brazilian president
592:A burning forest in Brazil
352:
343:Irish Farmers' Association
319:
457:Recent historical framing
31:Member states of Mercosur
2257:Greenpeace European Unit
111:. Argentina's president
1549:(in German). 2023-04-20
1374:28 October 2020 at the
1021:. European Commission.
969:(in German). 2023-05-03
483:Paris climate agreement
410:Paris Climate Agreement
379:dioxide output pushing
359:Deforestation in Brazil
302:environmental activists
165:pharmaceutical products
1809:. fern (pdf in link).
1732:Parliament, European.
810:
801:has also been noted.
775:
593:
584:Human rights activists
571:(SDG) framework.
546:On April 17 2024, the
461:Since the election of
408:and the international
375:
36:
35:Red: suspended members
24:
806:
773:
735:On 29 September 2020
591:
366:
355:2019 Brazil wildfires
57:2019 G20 Osaka summit
30:
22:
1257:Brussels, 2019-07-01
649:Agriculture ministry
517:environment minister
435:besides the amazon.
399:loss of biodiversity
45:free trade agreement
2043:. August 24, 2020.
1901:. August 30, 2019.
1899:www.intellinews.com
1871:. August 25, 2019.
1738:European Parliament
1573:The Financial Times
1490:. The Irish Times.
844:European Commission
724:On 2 June 2020 the
552:European Parliament
467:President of Brazil
406:European Green Deal
250:European Commission
139:products including
100:Jean-Claude Juncker
93:The growing use of
2417:Juncker Commission
2371:www.batimes.com.ar
2203:2020-10-14 at the
2016:Brussels Parlement
1971:2020-10-27 at the
1960:2020-10-27 at the
1393:2020-10-27 at the
1274:. 5 February 2024.
1253:2020-01-20 at the
776:
755:Valdis Dombrovskis
637:genocide in Brazil
615:illegally invaded
609:Randolfe Rodrigues
594:
541:European Ombudsman
376:
258:public procurement
37:
25:
1547:www.greenpeace.de
967:www.greenpeace.de
708:Irish legislature
669:conflict minerals
388:Amazon rainforest
349:Environmentalists
306:indigenous rights
123:products such as
119:EU countries are
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1988:. June 3, 2020.
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934:. 30 June 2019.
924:
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890:
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712:Gabriela Matečná
548:Greens/EFA Group
316:European farmers
312:as its stands".
267:Fromage de Herve
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530:Financial Times
510:net-zero carbon
505:The Irish Times
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439:Undermining law
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1845:on 15 May 2021
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749:said during a
729:October 2020.
681:Jair Bolsonaro
676:
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627:and extensive
585:
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496:Ricardo Salles
487:Jonathan Watts
463:Jair Bolsonaro
458:
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431:and brasilian
421:carbon dioxide
415:The amount of
381:climate change
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113:Mauricio Macri
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2151:. 2023-12-02
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1930:The Guardian
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1843:the original
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1432:The Guardian
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1105:euractiv.com
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931:
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846:, 2019-07-12
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2071:independent
2051:October 24,
1996:October 24,
1909:October 24,
995:(in German)
993:www.bmwk.de
879:. Reuters.
704:lower house
665:Philippines
629:monoculture
372:Mato Grosso
336:COPA-COGECA
286:Olaf Scholz
2391:Categories
2376:2024-05-15
2351:22 October
2267:2020-10-22
2238:2020-10-22
2184:2020-03-21
2155:2023-12-03
2130:2023-12-03
2105:2023-12-03
2100:www.ft.com
2081:2020-10-24
2026:2020-10-24
1838:Al Jazeera
1743:2024-05-15
1614:2019-01-25
1553:2023-05-30
999:2023-05-30
973:2023-05-30
851:References
651:where the
613:goldminers
478:rainforest
429:Gran Chaco
353:See also:
320:See also:
296:Opposition
263:Prosciutto
151:and other
74:Background
1940:3 October
1684:10 August
1290:Bloomberg
242:car parts
229:Argentine
161:transport
157:machinery
137:vegetable
129:beverages
2407:Mercosur
2345:Archived
2315:Archived
2289:Archived
2261:Archived
2229:Archived
2201:Archived
2178:Archived
2124:POLITICO
2075:Archived
2045:Archived
2020:Archived
1990:Archived
1969:Archived
1958:Archived
1934:Archived
1903:Archived
1879:June 20,
1873:Archived
1811:Archived
1780:Archived
1708:Archived
1678:Archived
1638:Archived
1608:Archived
1577:Archived
1521:Archived
1492:Archived
1463:Archived
1437:Archived
1391:Archived
1372:Archived
1348:Archived
1319:Archived
1272:Politico
1251:Archived
1227:Archived
1187:Archived
1152:5 August
1146:Archived
1109:Archived
1064:Archived
1023:Archived
936:Archived
881:Archived
817:See also
737:Tánaiste
663:and the
621:Yanomami
575:parties.
525:Le Monde
246:textiles
198:Features
107:and the
53:Mercosur
2321:29 July
2295:29 July
1849:20 June
1817:27 July
1786:27 July
1714:27 July
1644:27 July
1583:27 July
1527:27 July
1498:27 July
1469:27 July
1443:27 July
1354:27 July
1325:27 July
1233:27 July
1225:. RTE.
1193:27 July
1115:27 July
1070:July 1,
1062:. CNN.
1029:27 July
942:27 July
887:July 1,
706:of the
689:Ireland
687:, both
661:Myanmar
606:Senator
550:in the
433:Cerrado
280:Support
271:Customs
221:ethanol
213:poultry
180:tariffs
133:tobacco
751:COP 28
702:, the
693:France
625:mining
514:French
417:carbon
192:cheese
173:Europe
147:, and
145:coffee
105:Canada
84:Brazil
65:Brexit
2232:(PDF)
2225:(PDF)
656:lobby
602:FUNAI
451:Bayer
339:union
332:quota
225:juice
217:sugar
2353:2020
2323:2019
2297:2019
2053:2020
1998:2020
1942:2019
1911:2020
1881:2021
1851:2021
1819:2019
1788:2019
1716:2019
1686:2019
1646:2019
1585:2019
1529:2019
1500:2019
1471:2019
1445:2019
1356:2019
1327:2019
1235:2019
1195:2019
1154:2019
1117:2019
1072:2019
1031:2019
944:2019
889:2019
691:and
449:and
447:BASF
368:NASA
357:and
304:and
232:fish
219:and
209:beef
190:and
188:wine
184:cars
149:meat
143:and
141:soya
131:and
125:food
80:beef
51:and
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