552:
568:
by the MLC to track mobile devices as they move around the network are not standardised and are subject to a certain level of inaccuracy. Some MLCs track device location to the cell level, whereas other MLC providers claim to fix device location to a greater level of accuracy. Depending on the level of location granularity stored in the MLC, the precision of targeting will vary. There may be privacy implications in tracking user locations in this manner that should be considered.
139:
615:
network. In some alerting use cases however (for example notifying all users in a particular area by SMS) it would be possible for the radio access network to be flooded by SMS messages. In this case, messages which cannot be delivered on the first attempt are usually queued up on the MNO SMSC for further delivery attempts. In the worst case, the mobile network could take hours to deliver all queued warning messages.
219:
100:
639:
When sending an LB-SMS a delivery receipt could be requested upon message submission to the MNOs SMSC. This receipt provides information about the delivery of the message to the end user device only, with no indication whether the message has been read or not. However, these delivery receipt messages
618:
Delivery time of
Location Based SMS warning messages to groups of people in the Geo-target area are long and are depending on the number of people present in the area, it can take up to several hours to reach 300,000 people in a city e.g. in the May 2018 Sweden case and in the September 2019 Portugal
563:
message which is sent to a subset of the Mobile
Network's attached devices, which happen to be in a particular geographical area. In order to achieve this for some mobile network topologies however, the network must maintain a database of all mobile devices in the target location for potential Public
447:
As per 11 December 2018, the
Council of the European Union has adopted the new Directive on European Electronic Communications Code (EECC). Under the new Directive, all EU member states will also have to set up a public warning system to protect citizens. This system will send alerts to all citizens
567:
While mobile networks require knowledge of subscribers’ locations for normal operation, this is usually not maintained at all times at the granularity of the single cell level. Therefore, an LB-SMS implementation will usually require the deployment of a Mobile
Location Cente (MLC). The methods used
542:
with 1,500,000 downloads of the
Katwarn and NINA mobile application reaching a maximum of 2.5M people in Germany (<3% of the German population) and France only 500,000 downloads of the SAIP mobile application (<1% of the French population) despite large investments in application development
614:
Scalability. While mobile networks are dimensioned to carry millions of messages per day, MNOs assume a relatively flat distribution across the network in terms of both time and location. In other words, the average number of messages per second in a given cell is relatively low even in a busy
537:
Moreover, downloadable Mobile Apps needs to be downloaded by subscribers and the experience over the years in many countries is that only a fraction of the population will take the effort to download and use an
Emergency Mobile app that is only activated a few times in a year. Examples are in
622:
Due to the nature of international SMS routing (SMS Home routing). It should also be noted that LB SMS messages will often not reach inbound roamers as delivery of Short code based messages abroad are blocked by the home operator due to roaming charging agreement
486:
According to the
Article 110(2) EECC, by 21 June 2020, BEREC must publish guidelines on how to assess whether the effectiveness of public warning systems under Article 110(2) EECC is equivalent to the effectiveness of those systems under the Article 110(1) EECC.
22:
814:
495:
Possible alternative for EU-Alert to use other electronic communications services, such as location based SMS or apps. However, several conditions must be met according to the new
European Electronic Communications Code Legislation:
185:
as the technology to submit public warning messages up to 70–85% of the population older than 12 years will receive the public warning verification message within seconds after the government authorities have submitted the message.
521:
There are several downloadable mobile applications on the market that often warn on natural catastrophes; however, these are often not of official, but part of private initiatives that replicate information from state agencies.
564:
Warning
Service messages. In other words, for all areas that the Mobile anticipates potentially delivering LB-SMS messages into, a list of all users currently located in those areas must be kept up to date at all times.
586:
message a user would receive, and the user has no way of verifying that the message is coming from an authorised/authoritative source other than the sending identifier (often '112', which can be easily spoofed).
222:
Status of
Implementation of EU-Alert system. Dark green: Cell Broadcast, Light green: Cell Broadcast in implementation, Blue: Location-Based SMS (LB-SMS), Turquoise: LB-SMS being upgraded to Cell broadcast.
594:
concluded in a report published in May 2018 that in case of serious events it's extremely unlikely that Public Warning Messages via SMS will work and will be delivered in a timely manner (less than 1 minute).
161:
Extreme threats: Classified as threats to people’s life and property, like an impending catastrophic weather event (hurricane, tsunami, typhoon, flooding), disease epidemic warnings or terrorist attacks.
525:
All downloadable mobile applications have the issue that they are highly affected by traffic load as they require mobile data usage; therefore, especially in case of a disaster when load spikes of data
66:
Operational Coordination Centre. The discordant tone, together with the display of a system-unique emergency notification, makes sure these alerts are unique, authentic, and immediately recognisable.
818:
543:
and marketing. In France because of the limited success of the downloadable Mobile App SAIP (Système d’Alerte et d’Information des Populations) the service has been stopped as of June 2018.
164:
Severe threats: Less serious than the extreme threats, these could be the same types of situations, but on a smaller scale — stay safe, but no need to pack up the car and head for the hills.
1038:
626:
The granularity of an LB-SMS warning message will depend on the accuracy of the MLC in the MNOs network, usually a single cell which has radius between 3 and 25 km (2 and 16 miles).
629:
LB-SMS warning messages will not produce notifications sounds or a ringtone and vibration different than an ordinary SMS message, thus end users could easily overlook warning messages.
25:
29:
28:
24:
23:
840:
30:
1544:
1378:
1601:
909:
798:
1219:
1415:
174:
EU-Info, Public Safety Messages to convey essential, recommended actions that can save lives or property (e.g. emergency shelter locations or a boil water order).
27:
1363:
153:
Dependent on the country legislation there are 5 types of Public Warning Service (PWS) messages one can receive on the mobile device. They're grouped into
1192:
1039:"A cell broadcasting system will be introduced to inform the population about possible catastrophic threats or military threats | Iekšlietu ministrija"
1332:
1306:
632:
LB SMS messages can be easily faked and would require the deployment of security devices e.g. SMS firewall on each mobile operator international
571:
Aside from the location specific aspect, the principle difference between CB and LB-SMS services is that the mobile network for location based
611:
No international recognized telecommunication standardization body has defined a standard for location based SMS for Public Warning Services.
352:
The following countries are in the implementation or testing stage of EU-Alert system based on the standard using Cell Broadcast technology:
1166:
448:
and visitors mobile phones in a specific area in the event of a natural disaster, terrorist attack or other major emergency in their area.
26:
1408:
799:
https://www.proteccioncivil.es/-/protección-civil-ensaya-el-env%C3%ADo-de-alertas-a-móviles-es-alert-en-diversas-comunidades-autónomas
591:
146:
Specific countries using the EU-Alert service are identified by replacing the letters EU with the Country Identification letters in
1115:
1064:
551:
1596:
1586:
1533:
1488:
477:
The transmission of public warning messages should be free of charge for end-users not just residents but also roaming visitors
724:
324:
1401:
1393:
451:
The mandatory implementation of the public warning system will have to be in place by 21 June 2022 for each EU member state (
1270:
1502:
468:
Reach a high percentage of people in the targeted area, not just residents but roaming visitors using their native language
1424:
1141:
452:
1525:
961:
311:. The system was formally launched in April 2023, and was first activated during Denmark's annual national test of the
752:
555:
Location-Based SMS message in Iceland during a volcanic eruption. Displays as a regular SMS message from sender '112'.
1520:
74:
1539:
226:
The following countries have an operational EU-Alert system based on the standard using Cell Broadcast technology:
191:
1483:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1440:
666:
207:
85:
1496:
63:
1245:
559:
As far as the network and the end user is concerned, a Location-Based-SMS (LB-SMS) message is simply a normal
287:. (started testing in May 2022) the beginning of the national utilization is planned for the end of June 2022.
1452:
633:
1090:
1591:
1514:
678:
203:
1012:
1335:[Portuguese Civil Protection location based SMS campaign reached 6 million people in 2 hours].
862:
1477:
699:
92:. Since 2012, and by default, mobile phone OSes like Android, iOS, and Windows support EU-Alert via
640:
may increase the network load for a given alerting event, the impact of which should be considered.
386:
312:
779:
1458:
391:
1464:
334:
290:
280:
270:
260:
250:
240:
39:
300:
1091:"Government text messaging system for large-scale emergencies in Ireland expected next year"
59:
55:
51:
47:
1065:"Slovenia selects Genasys' National Emergency Warning System (NASDAQ:GNSS) | Seeking Alpha"
783:
1167:"Alert SA scrapped by State Government after failure during catastrophic fire conditions"
202:. Similar systems based on Cell Broadcast have been used in other countries, for example
534:) tend to significantly slowdown mobile networks, as multiple terrorist attacks showed.
465:
Target the affected population by specific geography so as not to cause widespread panic
1428:
650:
187:
182:
154:
138:
132:
107:
93:
78:
1580:
655:
89:
16:
European system for warning the population in the event of a disaster via cell phones
1142:"Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code"
527:
409:
The following countries use Location-Based SMS systems which do not adhere to the
318:
218:
99:
1281:
1446:
672:
471:
Send messages in real-time, within seconds and with a high degree of reliability
234:
168:
135:
Service as a means of delivering public warning messages to the general public.
115:
531:
364:
199:
147:
254:
43:
841:"Pourquoi allez-vous peut-être recevoir une alerte sur votre mobile ?"
396:
986:
461:
According to the directive a Public Warning System (PWS) must be able to:
1508:
1469:
660:
381:
371:
339:
230:
118:
on 7 August 2018 as a result of a large toxic fire On an Android device.
104:
1333:"Risco de incêndio: SMS da Proteção Civil chegou a 6 milhões de pessoas"
1271:"Analys av VMA 2017 En studie av hur VMA hanterats i aktuella händelser"
539:
429:
423:
417:
357:
328:
308:
294:
264:
1379:"Mobile Network Public Warning Systems and the Rise of Cell-Broadcast"
435:
402:
376:
284:
244:
35:
1218:
Signoret, Perrine; Tual, Morgane; Audureau, William (29 May 2018).
405:. Due to be upgraded to Cell Broadcast technology starting in 2023.
863:"Automatische und schnelle Warnung bei Katastrophen und Notfällen"
550:
345:
274:
137:
111:
98:
20:
935:
579:
standards do not have a ‘one-to-many’ or a broadcast capability.
1364:"5G Americas White Paper Public Warning Systems in the Americas"
1220:"Le gouvernement abandonne l'application d'alerte attentat SAIP"
1116:"Kto zawiadomi Polaków o ataku z powietrza? Rząd planuje zmiany"
410:
177:
EU-Exercise, Test messages for national/regional/local purposes.
128:
1397:
962:"IT-alert operational from February 13 for four types of risk"
604:
583:
576:
572:
560:
474:
Send message without the need for the public to have to opt-in
195:
171:: These are specific alerts aimed at locating a missing child.
1016:
884:
46:
on 14 September 2023. The upper notification is written in
753:"EU reaches agreement on European public warning solution"
582:
LB-SMS messages look and behave the same was as any other
575:
must carry each recipient's message separately, since the
413:
EU-Alert standard, but might fulfill the EU legislation.
453:
Full text of the European Electronic Communications Code
190:
is since 2012 supported by the default messaging app in
127:
The EU-Alert standard (TS 102 900 V1.3.1) as defined by
776:
1307:"Telco's explain why SMS warning messages are delayed"
1222:[French Government abandons SAIP alert app].
38:
during tests of the Spanish EU-Alert variant (called
865:[Cell broadcast in Deutschland] (in German)
131:is the European Public Warning Service using the
725:"Technical specification ETSI TS 102 900 V1.3.1"
700:"Toxins released in fire at Venlo Business Park"
506:Information to all visitors entering the country
370:BG-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for
363:LU-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for
356:AT-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for
1409:
509:Transmission of the alert is free to the user
8:
1195:[Warning: you will not be warned].
277:(started testing in October-November 2022).
233:: the national variant of EU-Alert for the
1416:
1402:
1394:
500:As efficient as network-based technologies
1602:2012 establishments in the European Union
307:"): the national variant of EU-Alert for
607:in national public warning systems are:
367:– currently LB-SMS, being upgraded to CB
217:
691:
344:: the national variant of EU-Alert for
293:: the national variant of EU-Alert for
283:: The national variant of EU-Alert for
273:: the national variant of EU-Alert for
263:: the national variant of EU-Alert for
253:: the national variant of EU-Alert for
243:: the national variant of EU-Alert for
1246:"SAIP the french alert app shuts down"
1089:O'Cearbhaill, Muiris (16 April 2023).
1063:Singh, Preeti, ed. (26 January 2022).
401:: location-Based SMS system in use in
327::the national variant of EU-Alert for
1503:Public Warning And Information System
757:European Emergency Number Association
590:Based upon last years experience the
503:Reception of the alert should be easy
7:
603:Disadvantages to use location based
321:: Norway launched its system in 2023
157:headings and channels, and include:
1331:Lopes, Melissa (5 September 2019).
1193:"Warnung: Sie werden nicht gewarnt"
987:"National warning system: LU-Alert"
459:Requirements under the Legislation:
1278:Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
592:Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
14:
1015:. 1 November 2023. Archived from
885:"Frontpage | Beredskabsstyrelsen"
331:(both LB-SMS and Cell Broadcast).
1191:Spehr, Michael (14 March 2017).
517:Downloadable Mobile Applications
181:In countries that have selected
1534:Emergency Cell Broadcast System
214:Implementation by member states
142:DE-Alert test on an iOS device.
75:European Public Warning Service
1197:Frankfurter Allgemeine Digital
88:(WEA) standard as used in the
1:
432:– Váboðunarkerfi Almannavarna
96:for public warning messages.
1425:Emergency population warning
1280:(in Swedish). Archived from
348:; launched in February 2024.
84:EU-Alert is compatible with
73:is the generic term for the
817:(in French). Archived from
1618:
1497:Korean Public Alert System
62:. Both were sent from the
1565:UK Emergency Alert System
1559:Wireless Emergency Alerts
1441:National Messaging System
1436:
1373:. 5G Americas. July 2018.
667:Wireless Emergency Alerts
512:Comply with privacy rules
208:Wireless Emergency Alerts
86:Wireless Emergency Alerts
1597:Emergency communication
1453:Alberta Emergency Alert
1427:systems facilitated by
910:"Mobilbaseret varsling"
110:message in the area of
54:, and the lower one in
1587:Emergency Alert System
1521:Emergency Alert System
1515:Emergency Mobile Alert
1337:noticias ao minuto.com
679:Emergency Mobile Alert
556:
223:
204:Emergency Mobile Alert
143:
119:
67:
1553:Public Warning System
1540:Public Warning System
1388:. GSMA. January 2013.
940:www.emergencyalert.no
782:24 March 2021 at the
554:
491:Alternative solutions
221:
141:
102:
33:
1484:Emergency Alert Mail
777:https://ro-alert.ro/
360:– being implemented.
64:Catalan government's
914:Beredskabsstyrelsen
387:Republic of Ireland
315:system in May 2023.
313:civil defense siren
1371:www.5gamericas.org
1287:on 9 November 2018
1019:on 1 November 2023
815:"Test à Martigues"
557:
547:Location based SMS
224:
206:(New Zealand) and
144:
120:
68:
1574:
1573:
1455:(Alberta, Canada)
123:EU-Alert standard
34:A device running
31:
1609:
1567:(United Kingdom)
1548:
1529:
1492:
1478:National Message
1473:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
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1322:
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1129:
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1069:seekingalpha.com
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1053:
1051:
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1035:
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998:
993:. 17 August 2022
983:
977:
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958:
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947:
942:. 4 October 2023
932:
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811:
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788:
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763:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
729:
721:
715:
714:
712:
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696:
636:signaling links.
482:BEREC guidelines
400:
343:
32:
1617:
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1606:
1577:
1576:
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1523:
1486:
1467:
1432:
1422:
1392:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1339:(in Portuguese)
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1311:GMA news online
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
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1252:
1244:
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1190:
1189:
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1073:
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1062:
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1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
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1032:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
991:gouvernement.lu
985:
984:
980:
970:
968:
966:www.it-alert.it
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
934:
933:
929:
919:
917:
908:
907:
903:
893:
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878:
868:
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846:
844:
839:
838:
834:
824:
822:
813:
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808:
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797:
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786:
784:Wayback Machine
775:
771:
761:
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751:
750:
746:
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734:
727:
723:
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688:
647:
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519:
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337:
216:
125:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1537:
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1506:
1500:
1494:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:Cell Broadcast
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1375:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1323:
1298:
1262:
1237:
1210:
1183:
1158:
1146:European Union
1133:
1120:Rzeczpospolita
1107:
1081:
1055:
1043:www.iem.gov.lv
1030:
1004:
978:
953:
927:
901:
876:
854:
832:
821:on 16 May 2022
806:
791:
769:
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716:
690:
689:
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682:
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670:
664:
658:
653:
651:Cell Broadcast
646:
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518:
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510:
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492:
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483:
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478:
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472:
469:
466:
444:
443:EU Legislation
441:
440:
439:
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427:
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407:
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389:
384:
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368:
361:
350:
349:
332:
322:
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298:
288:
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268:
258:
248:
238:
215:
212:
188:Cell Broadcast
183:Cell Broadcast
179:
178:
175:
172:
165:
162:
155:Cell Broadcast
133:Cell Broadcast
124:
121:
108:Cell Broadcast
94:Cell Broadcast
79:Cell Broadcast
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Public safety
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1536:(Philippines)
1535:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1517:(New Zealand)
1516:
1513:
1511:(Netherlands)
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
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1471:
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1302:
1299:
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1263:
1251:
1250:Rude Baguette
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1241:
1238:
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1221:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1194:
1187:
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1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
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1143:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1096:
1095:TheJournal.ie
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1005:
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686:References
532:Mobile app
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200:Windows 10
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1100:26 May
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210:(US).
114:, The
36:iOS 17
1555:(UAE)
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1382:(PDF)
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920:2 May
894:2 May
728:(PDF)
669:(USA)
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438:– VMA
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275:Spain
112:Venlo
42:) in
1561:(US)
1345:2019
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