648:
1302:
390:
1063:, six main Directives protect basic equality rights in EU law. The rules are not consolidated, and on gender pay potentially limited in not enabling a hypothetical comparator, or comparators in outsourced business. Equality rules do not yet apply to child care rights, which only give women substantial time off, and consequently hinder equality in men and women caring for children after birth, and pursuing their careers.
306:(2005) C-397/01, "the worker must be regarded as the weaker party to the employment contract and it is therefore necessary to prevent the employer being in a position to disregard the intentions of the other party to the contract or to impose on that party a restriction of his rights without him having expressly given his consent in that regard."
349:
923:
1133:
prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief, age, race and gender. As well as "direct discrimination", there is a prohibition on "indirect discrimination" where employers apply a neutral rule to everybody, but this has a disproportionate impact on the protected
756:
Theoretically, only the
European Court of Human Rights should have competence to decide issues related to collective bargaining and industrial action, as the European Union treaties do not confer competence on the EU to legislate on such issues. The ECHR's scope extends to collective bargaining given
143:. What is conspicuously not included is unjust dismissal of workers, and according to article 153(5) "pay, the right of association, the right to strike or the right to impose lock-outs". As it says, "the Union shall support and complement the activities of the Member States in the following fields:"
502:
requires that pension benefits are protected through a national insurance fund, that information is provided to beneficiaries, and minimum standards of governance are observed. These include protecting the "pension promise" of employers in the event of business trouble, and require minimum standards
1699:
art 7, referring to "four weeks" and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of "weekly" as meaning a "seven-day period". The choice to phrase time off as "weeks" was interpreted by the UK Supreme Court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time, rather than separate days in the UK
1333:
Article 9, "In defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall take into account requirements linked to the promotion of a high level of employment, the guarantee of adequate social protection, the fight against social exclusion, and a high level of education, training and
429:
creates a bare minimum of four months of parental leave (to be used by parents/legal guardians and to be taken before the child reaches a specified age, up to the age of eight, as determined by each Member State) of which al least two months are non-transferable and are paid at a level that is
471:
requires basic requirements to prevent and insure against workplace risks, with employee consultation and participation, and this is complemented by specialised
Directives, ranging from work equipment to dangerous industries. In almost all cases, all member states go significantly beyond this
119:
of 1956 recommended that labour standards did not need to be harmonised, although a general principle of anti-discrimination between men and women was included in the early
Treaties. Increasingly, the absence of labour rights was seen as inadequate given the capacity for a
421:
requires a minimum of 4 weeks (totalling 28 days) paid holidays each year, a minimum of 20-minute paid rest breaks for 6-hour work shifts, limits on night work or time spent on dangerous work, and a maximum 48-hour working week unless a worker individually consents.
1338:
1313:
article 147 to contribute to a "high level of employment by encouraging cooperation between Member States". This has not resulted in legislation, which usually requires taxation and fiscal stimulus for significant change, while the
298:(1986) C-66/85, 'the essential feature of an employment relationship ... is that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration.'
2300:
1326:. The EU undertakes ad hoc initiatives to combat unemployment, but only indirectly through better regulation. It does not have any specific fiscal stimulus programme, outside funds used for general regional development.
1180:
generally require that people who do not have ordinary full-time, permanent contracts are treated no less favourably than their colleagues. However, the scope of the protected worker is left to member state law, and the
249:
A first group of
Directives create a range of individual rights in EU employment relationships. The objective of transnational regulation is to progressively raise the minimum floor in line with economic development.
1112:
Article 10, "In defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall aim to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation."
41:. In setting regulatory floors to competition for job-creating investment within the Union, and in promoting a degree of employee consultation in the workplace, European labour law is viewed as a pillar of the "
92:
1856:
499:
352:
state that workers have the right to move freely and work anywhere in the EU, without discrimination on grounds of nationality, subject to exceptions to preserve public policy, security and health.
266:
1597:
it is possible to extend legal rules, which are appropriate to the social phenomenon for which they were originally developed, to other social phenomena, thereby concealing the exercise of social
2764:
1239:
require that staff retain all contractual rights, unless there is an independent economic, technical or organisational reason, if their workplace is sold from one company to another. Last, the
2754:
983:
841:
796:
2295:
1071:
The principle of equality regardless of status is a fundamental value in all
European member states, and constitutes a core principle that pervades the objectives of every institution.
289:
is that an employee is generally to be defined according to the fact that he or she is invariably the weaker party in an employment contract, and works under the direction of another.
2614:
2199:
526:, the EU created a network of transnational financial regulators in an attempt to prevent the undercutting of standards by countries competing on low regulation. One of these is the
527:
1796:
1965:
1253:
affirmed that member states which fail to implement the minimum standards in EU Directives are liable to pay compensation to employees who should have rights under them.
514:
1702:
2733:
2128:
1987:
901:
132:
53:
1929:
537:
800:. These decisions suggested the fundamental right of workers to take collective action was subordinate to business freedom to establish and provide services.
45:". Despite wide variation in employment protection and related welfare provision between member states, a contrast is typically drawn with conditions in the
2192:
1947:
885:
699:
2096:
1389:
get a minimum wage, access to sick pay, holidays and general employment rights. The announcement sent stock prices of gig economy brands lower, including
2310:
1106:
1374:
1090:
1081:
1010:
647:
1185:
only applies to "basic working conditions" (mostly pay, working hours and participation rights) and enabled member states to have a qualifying period.
534:
329:
211:
The objectives draw, according to TFEU article 151, inspiration from a number of other treaties and sources, which in turn draw inspiration from the
1826:
1460:
1236:
850:
2108:
1369:
294:
1626:
1554:
91:
so that people may earn a living to fully participate in a democratic society. The EU's competences generally follow principles codified in the
2315:
2275:
2185:
1250:
1232:
1076:
744:
732:
560:
1585:. All these abstractions contain within them socially opposed and contradictory phenomena: property used for production and property used for
1223:
rights are provided by three
Directives. There are further norms in the Treaties which aspire to create a high level of employment in the EU.
2346:
2305:
1670:
972:
936:
707:
410:
503:
of funding. Most member states go far beyond these requirements, particularly by requiring a vote for employees in who manages their money.
2759:
2675:
1650:
1240:
1177:
960:
1843:
476:
601:
2336:
1978:
1577:(1981) 103, 'The technique of bourgeois society and its law is to cover social facts and factors of social existence with abstractions:
1205:
715:
656:
254:
38:
1893:
2844:
2800:
2539:
1243:
requires that employees' wage claims are protected in the event that their employer falls insolvent. This last
Directive gave rise to
810:
759:
282:
requires that every employee (however defined by member state law) has the right to a written statement of their employment contract.
1961:
2237:
1739:
1494:
1470:
1359:
1126:
363:
There is also an old
Directive concerning posted workers which has recently become highly contentious given decisions by the ECJ in
212:
1440:
777:
held "the right to bargain collectively with the employer has, in principle, become one of the essential elements" of article 11.
1235:
specifies that minimum periods of notice and consultation occur if more than a set number of jobs in a workplace are at risk. The
722:. In total, the requirement to inform and consult the workforce (negotiate with a view to agreement) is found in four directives.
566:
2720:
2670:
2410:
726:
668:
302:
1894:"Directive 2018/957 amending Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services"
1271:
606:
322:
313:
878:
507:
435:
76:. In virtually all cases, the EU follows the principle that member states can always create rights more beneficial to workers.
1925:
1765:
state "5.6 weeks" is needed, although this is also 28 days, as a "week" was originally taken to refer to a 5-day working week.
523:
2849:
2779:
2364:
1590:
1173:
1130:
774:
764:
679:
632:
482:
2665:
1813:
1301:
279:
2499:
2374:
2208:
1762:
1169:
456:
426:
1109:) "In all its activities, the Union shall aim to eliminate inequalities, and to promote equality, between men and women."
675:
laws. This is practically important as a majority of EU member states require employee representation on company boards.
56:, article 153(1) is able to use the ordinary legislation procedure on a list of labour law fields. This notably excludes
2774:
2680:
2629:
2252:
2038:
1903:
1743:
1682:
1598:
1364:
1344:
1284:
1138:
1122:
738:
394:
1830:
2650:
1943:
1208:
1189:
948:
687:
418:
398:
112:
1685:
590:
530:, which replaced a committee known as the "Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors".
2569:
2331:
2021:
871:
817:
769:
652:
450:
2082:
1266:
328:
The
European Court of Justice expressly rules that there are generally no exemptions from the term "employee" for
1801:
1791:
1777:
1758:
1410:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1095:
445:
356:
286:
1157:
682:
572:
2805:
2660:
2290:
2285:
1859:
1425:
912:
518:(2007) C-278/05, the member state pension guarantee institution must reimburse at much more than 20% of pension
377:
108:
84:
1726:(1930) arguing a 15-hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared.
2706:
2341:
1642:
1586:
1415:
1146:
336:
260:
244:
69:
2769:
2222:
1296:
853:
790:
636:
442:
1846:
extends these protections to people who do not have typical, full-time or permanent employment contracts.
1435:
2823:
2559:
2395:
2280:
1315:
628:
622:
61:
42:
2701:
2070:
1666:
594:
397:
art 2(1) requires "the working week to be progressively reduced" with "increase of productivity". The
2634:
2554:
1623:
1354:
1039:
1030:
1021:
671:, employees are entitled to no less favourable representation than under the member state's existing
578:
468:
96:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2484:
1654:
1258:
173:
166:
125:
1262:(2005) C-188/03, the Collective Redundancies Directive 1998 ‘imposes an obligation to negotiate’.
655:, which protect employees' right to vote for a corporation's management. This is reflected in the
2738:
2655:
2584:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2356:
1245:
825:
767:
held that any detriment for membership of a trade union was incompatible with article 11, and in
719:
660:
548:
189:(h) the integration of persons excluded from the labour market, without prejudice to Article 166;
121:
1542:, conference in the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 11–12 April 2002.
179:(f) representation and collective defence of the interests of workers and employers, including
2604:
2574:
2549:
2529:
2519:
2494:
2400:
2148:
1871:
1646:
1466:
1420:
1394:
1292:
332:, which would allow member states to restrict employee protection on non-executive-employees.
240:
236:
216:
148:
115:
agreement, the development of
European labour law has been a gradual process. Originally, the
186:(g) conditions of employment for third-country nationals legally residing in Union territory;
2818:
2696:
2599:
2564:
2544:
2443:
389:
200:
180:
136:
339:
has been proposed to recognise platforms as employers, and regulate algorithmic management.
2227:
2113:
1630:
1570:
1323:
1319:
1072:
804:
781:
672:
618:
495:
430:
determined by the Member State; ten days of paternity leave paid at least at the level of
414:
228:
193:
159:
57:
2448:
72:, (3) rights to information, consultation, and participation at work, and (4) rights to
2795:
998:
438:
creates a right for mothers to a minimum of 14 weeks' paid leave to care for children.
196:
between men and women with regard to labour market opportunities and treatment at work;
34:
2838:
2458:
2423:
2418:
2390:
2025:
1566:
1398:
711:
703:
232:
88:
65:
46:
33:
regulates basic transnational standards of employment and partnership at work in the
1385:
In December 2021, the European Commission published new draft legislation to ensure
784:
in all democratic member states, has been seen as lying in tension with some of the
2453:
2433:
2428:
2242:
1982:
1706:
1582:
1220:
702:
requires that workplaces with over 20 or 50 staff have the right to set up elected
116:
73:
1991:
206:(k) the modernisation of social protection systems without prejudice to point (c).
667:
If a company transforms from a member state corporation to incorporate under the
2232:
2177:
1594:
1386:
1288:
833:
631:, although the EU, with all member states, is bound by the jurisprudence of the
365:
2270:
2247:
1817:(1998) C-411/96 requires pay be at least the same level as statutory sick pay.
1430:
431:
147::(a) improvement in particular of the working environment to protect workers'
140:
80:
1944:"EU Posted Workers Directive: impact on employers posting workers to Belgium"
17:
2728:
1719:
1390:
1182:
128:
if corporations can shift jobs and production to countries with low wages.
1788:
1774:
1755:
1696:
1606:
1603:
Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labour Law in Europe
1578:
1349:
402:
139:) lists in article 2(1) the European Union's competence in the field of
1898:
544:
87:
justifies substitution of rules in property and contract with positive
2172:
863:
1962:"The EU approved the Directive n. 2018-957 on the posting of workers"
1060:
1049:
845:
IRLR 160 (C-319/05, see also (C-319/06), on free movement of services
1981:
art 11. This codified traditions in democratic member states before
1462:
United in Diversity?: Comparing Social Models in Europe and America
1300:
646:
401:
requires at least four paid weeks of holiday a year. With two-day
388:
93:
Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 1989
1857:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
535:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority Regulation
500:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
2438:
2093:
1735:
1551:
1330:
1310:
2181:
2109:"Gig economy workers to get employee rights under EU proposals"
867:
2129:"Gig economy stocks plunge amid EU regulatory crackdown fears"
785:
547:
for cross-border worker (UE and extra-UE) is regulated by the
1641:
Initially the UK had opted-out, because of opposition by the
780:
This approach, which includes affirmation of the fundamental
718:
requires representation of workers on company boards in some
267:
Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers
405:, most people in the EU work two-thirds of the year or less.
651:
A majority of EU countries have legislation, including the
68:
of labour rights include (1) individual labour rights, (2)
1589:, agreements between equal parties and agreements between
2173:
EU homepage on Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion
1528:
842:
Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet
797:
Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet
757:
the right to freedom of association under article 11. In
561:
Equal Treatment in Occupational Social Security Directive
1525:
Globalisation and the Reform of European Social Models
528:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
319:
Holterman Ferho Exploitatie BV v Spies Von Büllesheim
1844:
Health and Safety of Atypical Workers Directive 1991
1797:
Pfeiffer v Deutsches Kreuz, Kreisverband Waldshut eV
1540:
Let Social Policy Models Compete and Europe Will Win
829:(2017) (C-566/15), scope of free movement of workers
477:
Health and Safety of Atypical Workers Directive 1991
2788:
2747:
2719:
2689:
2643:
2622:
2613:
2467:
2409:
2383:
2355:
2324:
2261:
2215:
602:
RegioPost GmbH & Co v Stadt Landau in der Pfalz
1101:This is reflected in a number of TFEU provisions.
1341:, on coordinated strategies to promote employment
515:Robins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
1703:Russell v Transocean International Resources Ltd
1527:, Bruegel, Bruselas. Accessible por internet en
837:IRLR 143 (C-438/05), on freedom of establishment
1988:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch
627:The EU is formally not enabled to legislate on
145:
133:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
54:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1926:"Impact posting of workers Directive 2018-957"
1575:Labour Law and Politics in the Weimar Republic
2193:
879:
8:
1059:Beyond the general principle of equality in
567:Equal Treatment in Social Security Directive
95:, introduced in the "social chapter" of the
2296:Economic and Financial Affairs Commissioner
1724:Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren
700:Information and Consultation Directive 2002
2619:
2200:
2186:
2178:
1667:Employment Information Directive 2019/1152
1322:has been acutely controversial during the
886:
872:
864:
1827:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
1305:US and EU unemployment rates, 1993–2009.
1237:Transfers of Undertakings Directive 2001
851:Collective Bargaining and Wage Directive
469:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
2301:Taxation and Customs Union Commissioner
1968:from the original on 18 September 2020.
1950:from the original on 18 September 2020.
1932:from the original on 18 September 2020.
1451:
483:Minimum Workplace Safety Directive 1989
2316:European Economic and Social Committee
1814:Boyle v Equal Opportunities Commission
1233:Collective Redundancies Directive 1998
733:Information and Consultation Directive
165:(d) protection of workers where their
1671:Employment Information Directive 1991
1375:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
1091:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
1085:to be a general principle of EU law.
1082:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
1011:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
986:R (Seymour-Smith) v SS for Employment
973:Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist
937:Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz
708:European Works Council Directive 2009
411:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
280:Employment Information Directive 2019
7:
2765:Third-country economic relationships
1465:. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Onlin.
1241:Insolvency Protection Directive 2008
1178:Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008
961:Marschall v Land Nordrhein Westfalen
706:with a range of binding rights, the
295:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg
285:The consistent jurisprudence of the
1495:"NAFTA and the EC Social Dimension"
1459:Alber, Jens; Gilbert, Neil (2010).
1206:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
716:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
657:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
434:; five days carers’ leave; and the
255:European Convention on Human Rights
39:European Convention on Human Rights
2801:European Trade Union Confederation
1370:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
1345:European Union Labour Force Survey
811:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
760:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
409:Reflecting basic standards in the
25:
2238:2008 European Union stimulus plan
1740:Holidays with Pay Convention 1970
1601:behind a veil of law'. A Supiot,
1593:, capitalist and worker. Through
1360:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
1127:Equality Framework Directive 2000
745:Collective Redundancies Directive
213:International Labour Organization
162:and social protection of workers;
1309:Today, the EU is required under
949:Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange
727:European Works Council Directive
669:European Company Regulation 2001
303:Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz
591:Public Contracts Directive 2014
508:Insolvency Protection Directive
436:Pregnant Workers Directive 1992
70:anti-discrimination regulations
2780:Transatlantic Economic Council
2042:(2009) Application No 68959/01
1902:. 28 June 2018. Archived from
1761:. In the UK, the implementing
1645:, but was acceded to when the
1174:Fixed-term Work Directive 1999
1131:Equal Treatment Directive 2006
788:'s previous case law, notably
680:Employee Involvement Directive
633:European Court of Human Rights
52:The European Union, under the
37:and countries adhering to the
1:
2209:Economy of the European Union
2060:(2007) C-319/05, and C-319/06
1763:Working Time Regulations 1998
1170:Part-time Work Directive 1997
457:Parental Leave Directive 2019
427:Parental Leave Directive 2019
330:executives under European Law
79:The fundamental principle of
2253:European Employment Strategy
2039:Enerji Yapi-Yol Sen v Turkey
1744:European Social Charter 1961
1683:European Social Charter 1961
1611:The Law of the Labour Market
1441:Work–life balance in Germany
1365:Greek government-debt crisis
1334:protection of human health."
1285:European Employment Strategy
1267:USDAW v WW Realisation 1 Ltd
1139:Equality Framework Directive
1123:Race Equality Directive 2000
739:Business Transfers Directive
694:Information and consultation
597:) arts 18, 69-71 and Annex X
395:European Social Charter 1961
1190:Part-time Workers Directive
1105:Article 8 (ex Article 3(2)
688:European Company Regulation
419:Working Time Directive 2003
399:Working Time Directive 2003
385:Working time and child care
257:articles 4, 6, 9, 10 and 11
113:European Economic Community
2866:
2155:(3rd edn Oxford, OUP 2006)
2022:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
1742:(no 132) and see also the
1493:McDowell, Manfred (1995).
1282:
818:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
770:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
653:Oxford University Act 1854
616:
575:1408/71/EC and 883/2004/EC
573:Social Security Regulation
524:2007–2008 financial crisis
451:Pregnant Workers Directive
226:
2845:European Union labour law
2814:
2676:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1914:– via Eumonitor.eu.
1411:United Kingdom labour law
1198:Fixed-term Work Directive
1155:Equal Treatment Directive
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1007:
995:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
899:
714:transnationally, and the
613:Collective representation
357:Citizens Rights Directive
287:European Court of Justice
183:, subject to paragraph 5;
111:was central to the first
27:EU employment legislation
2806:Euro Banking Association
2755:Largest trading partners
2160:A Casebook on Labour Law
1629:16 November 2013 at the
1426:International labour law
913:Defrenne v Sabena (No 2)
643:Participatory governance
378:Posted Workers Directive
310:Danosa v LKB Līzings SIA
172:(e) the information and
109:free movement of workers
85:unequal bargaining power
1416:United States labor law
1381:Gig economy legislation
1147:Race Equality Directive
925:Handels-og KF v Danfoss
337:Platform Work Directive
261:European Social Charter
245:United States labor law
223:Labour and human rights
155:(b) working conditions;
2770:European Economic Area
2223:European Single Market
1306:
1297:Unemployment in the UK
1227:Business restructuring
791:ITWF v Viking Line ABP
664:
637:freedom of association
443:Working Time Directive
406:
209:
64:. Four main fields of
2850:Labour law by country
2824:European Union Portal
2760:Free trade agreements
2396:London Stock Exchange
1651:1997 general election
1499:Labor Studies Journal
1316:European Central Bank
1304:
752:Collective bargaining
650:
629:collective bargaining
623:Collective bargaining
392:
199:(j) the combating of
62:collective bargaining
43:European social model
2347:Regional development
1964:. 5 September 2018.
1906:on 18 September 2020
1355:European debt crisis
1075:was affirmed by the
1040:Directive 2000/78/EC
1031:Directive 2000/43/EC
1022:Directive 2006/54/EC
729:2009/38/EC art 6(3)
579:Directive 2005/36/EC
510:2008/94/EC article 8
274:Employment contracts
97:Treaty of Maastricht
1655:Treaty of Amsterdam
894:EU equality sources
735:2002/14/EC art 4(2)
673:board participation
167:employment contract
135:(deriving from the
126:international trade
83:is that employees'
31:European labour law
2739:Knowledge triangle
2690:of the Netherlands
2332:Agricultural (CAP)
2135:. 6 December 2021.
2117:. 9 December 2021.
1985:. See for example
1643:Conservative Party
1622:See the Charter's
1538:Boeri, T. (2002):
1523:Sapir, A. (2005):
1307:
1246:Francovich v Italy
952:(1990) Case 262/88
854:COM/2020/682 final
826:Erzberger v TUI AG
720:European Companies
665:
661:European Companies
585:Public procurement
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1609:and F Wilkinson,
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1395:Just Eat Takeaway
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