351:
912:, was commissioned to write a report on the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal. Bowman noted a growing workload and delays, with 14 months between setting down and disposing of a case in 70% of cases, the rest taking even longer than that – some had taken five years. He recommended extending the requirement to ask leave to appeal to almost all appeal cases; allowing certain appeals to be heard at a lower level; focusing of procedure; imposition of time limits on oral arguments; and the use of judicial time more towards reading and less towards sitting in court.
46:
788:. The Judicature Commission, which was founded in 1867 to investigate the formation of a "Supreme Court" (a High Court and Court of Appeal), conducted a review of this. The result was published in 1869. The recommendation was that there should be a common system of appeal from all of the High Court divisions, with a limited set of appeals allowed to the
856:, a short statute, solved both problems neatly by abolishing the appeal of county court decisions to the High Court and instead sending them automatically to the Court of Appeal, and by establishing that appeals to the Lords could only take place with the consent of the Court of Appeal or of the Lords themselves.
887:
presided from 1962 to 1982 was under no pressure and had no inclination to modernise, with liaisons and management handled by clerks with little knowledge. This changed in 1981 with the appointment of a
Registrar, John Adams, an academic and lawyer, who significantly reformed the internal workings of
1103:
establishes that appeals should always be reviews, unless there are individual circumstances that, "in the interest of justice", make a rehearing necessary. In its case law, the Court has emphasised that it is up to the individual panel of judges to decide whether to hold a review or rehearing, with
927:
laid down the procedural methods of the Court of Appeal post-Woolf and Bowman. With a few exceptions, such as cases where "the liberty of the subject" is an issue, permission is required to appeal, and may be granted either by the lower court or by the Court of Appeal. As a general rule, appeals are
1065:
Almost all appeals require permission, a major innovation from the previous system, where appeals were, on the request of counsel, almost all automatically put through. The application for permission should be made to the lower court, although this is not mandatory; it may be asked of the appellate
1061:
came into force on 2 May 2000, and created one universal appeals system; not all of these are to the Court of Appeal, with the principle used that an appeal should go to the next highest court in the hierarchy. Appeals are allowed if the decision in the court below was incorrect, or suffered from a
1090:
and a party to the case wishes to appeal it further, to the Court of Appeal. Section 55(1) of the Access to
Justice Act 1999 says that, when an appeal is made to the County Court or the High Court and that court makes a decision, no further appeal is allowed to the Court of Appeal unless the Court
1173:
The division of work in the Court of Appeal is demonstrated by the 2005 statistics, in which Lords and Lady
Justices sat 66% of the time, High Court Judges 26% of the time and Circuit and Deputy High Court Judges 8 per cent of the time. Lord and Lady Justices are currently paid £188,900, with the
882:
In the early 1960s there was discussion between judges and academics in the United
Kingdom and the United States comparing the processes of appeal used in each nation. Although the British judges found the emphasis on written arguments unattractive, they did like the idea of pre-reading: that the
1001:
Although the Lady Chief
Justice is senior to the Master of the Rolls, the Civil Division is much broader in scope than the Criminal Division. With only three judges on the bench (rather than five or more in the Supreme Court), this allows the Master of the Rolls huge opportunity for shaping the
1070:
EWCA Civ 1736, the Civil
Division strongly advised that counsel apply at the lower courts, since the judge, fully aware of the facts, will take less time to process, there is no harm if the application fails or if it is approved but counsel decides not to proceed with the case and there are no
863:
in 1953, which recognised the high cost to the litigants of an additional set of appeals, particularly since the loser in a civil case paid the victor's legal bills. Among the few changes that were made, the practice ceased of counsel reading out the judgment, cross-examinations, documents and
1074:
The Court of Appeal, when considering an application for appeal, may decide based on the paper documents or refer the case to an oral hearing, something often done when it is apparent that a refusal of the written case will lead the applicant to send a second, oral application. If a written
847:
The absence of limits on appeals to the House of Lords was the cause of much concern: it led to an additional set of expensive and time-consuming appeals from the Court of Appeal, which thus could not take decisions in the knowledge that they were final. The appeals from the
754:
The Court of Appeal deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions: the Civil
Division hears appeals from the High Court and the County Court and certain superior tribunals, while the Criminal Division may only hear
1095:
1 WLR 1311 the Court commented on this limitation of second appeals, pointing out that the Lords
Justices of Appeal were a valuable and scarce resource – it was necessary to impose limitations on appeals to prevent the Court and its judges becoming overburdened.
883:
court should read the pleadings of counsel, the case being appealed and the judgment from the lower court before delivering its judgment. But the idea was quietly scrapped, despite a successful tryout in the Court of Appeal. The court over which
1022:
which are in connection with a trial on indictment (i.e. with a jury) and where the Crown Court has sentenced a defendant committed from the
Magistrates' Court. It also exercises the jurisdiction to order the issue of writs of
904:, a report on the accessibility of the courts to the public. Woolf identified civil litigation as being characterised by excessive cost, delay and complexity, and succeeded in replacing the diverse rules with a single set of
1508:
1118:
The Court of Appeal's main judges are the Lord
Justices of Appeal and Lady Justices of Appeal. The Senior Courts Act 1981 provides that the Court of Appeal comprises 39 ordinary sitting Lords and Lady Justices and the
1071:
additional costs involved. The only problem here is that judgments may occasionally be reserved, and only given later by post – there may not be an opportunity to ask for permission to appeal at the lower court.
1029:. The Criminal Division, while bound by the Supreme Court, is more flexible with binding itself, due to the heightened stakes in a case where a possible penalty is a prison sentence. The Division is led by the
1512:
1113:
928:
now limited to a review of the decision of the lower court, only allowing a full appeal where there was a serious procedural irregularity or the decision was wrong through "blatant error".
868:" (appealing from the High Court to the House of Lords without needing to go through the Court of Appeal), which the committee had recommended, was eventually brought into force with the
879:
had been established in 1908. In 1966 this was merged with its older namesake, establishing the present-day structure of a single Court of Appeal with two Divisions: Civil and Criminal.
1766:
807:. It only heard civil cases: opportunities for appealing in criminal cases remained limited until the 20th century. In its early days, the Court of Appeal divided its sittings between
600:
1460:
2105:
2110:
459:
1193:
regularly, for a period of weeks, lead the Civil Division. Several Civil Division Lords Justices are seconded to the Criminal Division, which is currently led by the
548:
1198:
1091:
considers that the case raises "an important point of principle or practice" or "there is some other compelling reason for the Court of Appeal to hear it". In
377:
2100:
1759:
1143:, and High Court judges are allowed to sit on occasion and there are a number of Senior Circuit Judges authorised to sit as judges of the Criminal Division.
1015:
876:
852:
were seen similarly, involving an appeal to the High Court of Justice and the bypassing of the Court of Appeal for a second set of appeals to the Lords. The
679:
1079:, the appeal must have "a real prospect of success", or there must be "some other compelling reason why the appeal should be heard" for it to be accepted.
941:
The Civil Division deals with all non-criminal cases, and has been part of the court since its establishment in 1875. The Civil Division is bound by the
1128:
1944:
1162:
was issued in 1994 to refer to her informally as "Lady Justice", and the official title in section 3 of the Senior Courts Act 1981 was amended by the
565:
531:
519:
432:
420:
1877:
1140:
956:
832:
789:
2054:
1934:
1806:
1752:
1194:
1120:
1038:
1030:
824:
724:
514:
405:
254:
1104:
the circumstances of the case playing a large part. In 2004 the Court heard 1,059 appeals, of which 295 were allowed and 413 directly dismissed.
776:
The appeal system before 1875 was chaotic. The superior courts system consisted of 12 different courts, with appeal on common law matters to the
2049:
595:
759:
connected with a trial on indictment (i.e., for a serious offence). Its decisions are binding on all courts, including itself, apart from the
1713:
1694:
1949:
1811:
983:
536:
509:
447:
410:
365:
131:
126:
121:
1801:
1214:
942:
785:
760:
748:
731:
respectively. Criminal appeals are heard in the Criminal Division, and civil appeals in the Civil Division. The Criminal Division hears
717:
504:
400:
186:
1897:
869:
1739:
1734:
2002:
1954:
553:
1464:
853:
1887:
1190:
1132:
1087:
995:
849:
803:
The new legal structure provided a single Court of Appeal, which heard appeals from all the various divisions of the new unified
744:
736:
672:
637:
575:
476:
454:
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218:
208:
108:
1486:
1867:
797:
630:
1352:
1862:
1775:
1230:
570:
469:
171:
100:
2012:
747:. Permission to appeal is normally required from either the lower court or the Court of Appeal itself; and with permission,
1729:
247:
1213:) "live" broadcast feed for the first time. Cameras were banned in all courts in 1925 (although they were allowed in the
1099:
There are two sorts of hearings that the Court of Appeal can hold; reviews, and full rehearings. Section 52.11(1) of the
2007:
1186:
1136:
756:
732:
464:
442:
720:. The Court of Appeal was created in 1875, and today comprises 39 Lord Justices of Appeal and Lady Justices of Appeal.
2017:
1997:
1852:
1235:
1158:
was the first woman appointed as a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1988; she was known officially as "Lord Justice" until a
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781:
709:
665:
334:
1100:
1076:
1058:
1054:
916:
905:
777:
625:
1976:
1218:
605:
1892:
908:. Before Woolf had even published his final report, Sir Jeffery Bowman, the recently retired senior partner of
897:
138:
1313:
1170:
was the twelfth Lady Justice, appointed in 2017, bringing the number of active Lady Justices to 9 out of 39.
816:
50:
1969:
1831:
1155:
909:
486:
158:
815:
for Chancery, Probate, Divorce and Admiralty appeals, with five Lords Justices. After the opening of the
1964:
1816:
1650:
1147:
1083:
991:
860:
804:
740:
526:
427:
213:
1836:
1292:
1082:
Under certain, limited, circumstances, second appeals are allowed. This is when an appeal goes to the
924:
1075:
application is refused, the applicant may ask for an oral hearing to discuss the refusal. Under the
819:
in 1882 the Court of Appeal transferred there, where it remains. As well as the Lords Justices, the
1939:
1821:
1178:
1124:
975:
836:
728:
481:
415:
295:
58:
1217:
from its 2009 inception). Cameras have now been allowed in some courts due to changes made by the
945:
when making decisions, and is normally bound by its own previous decisions, with four exceptions:
915:
Bowman's recommendations were mainly enacted through statutory provisions, such as Part IV of the
2075:
2022:
1959:
1882:
1159:
987:
647:
2070:
382:
1872:
1709:
1690:
1167:
713:
81:
1902:
1042:
979:
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808:
558:
305:
1992:
1796:
1210:
1163:
865:
820:
793:
370:
181:
104:
1280:
1668:
1601:
45:
1025:
248:
https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/you-and-the-judiciary/going-to-court/court-of-appeal-home/
54:
2094:
1256:
1209:
On 31 October 2013 the Court of Appeal allowed cameras in the court for a (70-second
972:
R (on the application of Kadhim) v Brent London Borough Housing Benefit Review Board
949:
where the previous decision was made without the judges knowing of a particular law:
1907:
1182:
1003:
884:
1744:
839:
could also hear cases, although in practice only the Master of the Rolls did so.
1826:
1019:
543:
342:
203:
864:
evidence given in the lower court; this saved time and costs. The process of "
1151:
642:
1150:; prior to this, Lords Justices were sometimes recruited directly from the
1146:
Lords and Lady Justices have, since 1946, been drawn exclusively from the
1139:. Retired Lords and Lady Justices sometimes sit in cases, as have retired
1034:
859:
A second set of reforms to the appeals system followed the report of the
696:(formally "His Majesty's Court of Appeal in England", commonly cited as "
264:
17:
1857:
1174:
Master of the Rolls paid £205,700 and the Lady Chief Justice £230,400.
1014:
The Criminal Division was established in 1966 with the merger of the
194:
62:
1669:
Landmark Day for Justice: Television Broadcasting in court goes live
1689:. Suzanne Fullbrook. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.
962:
where a law was assumed to exist in a previous case but did not.
91:
Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, City of Westminster, London, UK
1748:
723:
The court has two divisions, Criminal and Civil, led by the
1114:
List of judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales
982:(who is entitled to the post-nominal MR), assisted by the
1685:
Drewry, Gavin; Louis Bloom-Cooper; Charles Blake (2007).
800:
giving an almost limitless right of appeal to the Lords.
1018:
into the Court of Appeal. It hears all appeals from the
1221:. In 2013, only one court could be broadcast per day.
955:
where there is a later conflicting Supreme Court or
143:
Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925
27:
Second most senior court in the English legal system
2063:
2042:
2035:
1985:
1927:
1920:
1845:
1789:
1782:
1258:
The Supreme Court of Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1875
952:
where there are two previous conflicting decisions;
319:
311:
301:
294:
286:
278:
270:
260:
253:
243:
235:
227:
192:
180:
114:
95:
87:
77:
69:
34:
1308:
1306:
735:, while the Civil Division hears appeals from the
107: who receive a recommendation from the
1463:. Judiciary of England and Wales. Archived from
966:The first three were established by the case of
155:Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1959
152:Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1944
149:Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1938
146:Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1935
1353:"History of the judiciary in England and Wales"
843:Changes in appellate jurisdiction and procedure
811:for appeals from the Common Law divisions, and
1760:
673:
8:
1671:" infosheet. Accessed online 1 November 2013
854:Administration of Justice (Appeals) Act 1934
1347:
1345:
2039:
1924:
1786:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1704:Elliott, Catherine; Frances Quinn (2008).
1062:serious procedural error or irregularity.
974:in 2001. The Civil Division is led by the
861:Evershed Committee on High Court Procedure
680:
666:
378:His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service
328:
2106:1875 establishments in the United Kingdom
2111:Courts and tribunals established in 1875
1878:Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
833:Vice-Chancellor of the Chancery Division
1247:
1199:The Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill
1129:President of the Queen's Bench Division
1039:Vice-President of the Criminal Division
1035:The Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill
341:
265:The Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill
255:Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales
576:Justice of the peace / lay magistrates
31:
1730:The Court of Appeal, official website
1651:"Cameras in court for the first time"
1533:
1531:
823:, any previous Lords Chancellor, the
792:. This reform was implemented by the
7:
1314:"The history of the Court of Appeal"
990:. The division hears cases from the
984:Vice-President of the Civil Division
712:, and second in the legal system of
332:This article is part of the series:
135:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1891
132:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1877
127:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875
122:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
103: on recommendation of the
2101:Court of Appeal (England and Wales)
1215:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
943:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
718:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
708:") is the highest court within the
505:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
401:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
187:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
870:Administration of Justice Act 1969
710:Senior Courts of England and Wales
25:
2003:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
1708:(9th ed.). Pearson Longman.
1461:"Going to Court: Court of Appeal"
1177:The Civil Division is led by the
1006:made the most of this potential.
1888:Court of Great Sessions in Wales
1191:President of the Family Division
1133:President of the Family Division
968:Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd
638:Law Society of England and Wales
438:President of the Family Division
349:
109:Judicial Appointments Commission
44:
1093:Tanfern Ltd v Cameron-MacDonald
921:Tanfern Ltd v Cameron-MacDonald
798:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
601:Director of Public Prosecutions
1863:Court for Crown Cases Reserved
1776:Judiciary of England and Wales
1357:Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
1318:Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
1297:Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
1231:Judiciary of England and Wales
1002:common law and, most notably,
751:may lie to the Supreme Court.
231:Mandatory retirement at age 75
172:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
1:
532:President of the King's Bench
433:President of the King's Bench
2008:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
1187:Chancellor of the High Court
1137:Chancellor of the High Court
892:The Woolf and Bowman reforms
757:appeals from the Crown Court
733:appeals from the Crown Court
465:County Court Business Centre
443:Chancellor of the High Court
2018:Justice of the Common Pleas
2013:Justice of the King's Bench
1998:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
1853:Court of Appeal in Chancery
1735:Criminal Division home page
1236:Courts of England and Wales
1156:Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss
829:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
782:Court of Appeal in Chancery
772:Formation and early history
460:List of County Court venues
335:Courts of England and Wales
2127:
1509:"Lords Justices of Appeal"
1261:. London: Stevens and Sons
1111:
1101:Civil Procedure Rules 1998
1077:Civil Procedure Rules 1998
1059:Civil Procedure Rules 1998
1055:Access to Justice Act 1999
917:Access to Justice Act 1999
780:, chancery matters to the
778:Court of Exchequer Chamber
549:List of Crown Court venues
1977:Common Serjeant of London
1279:Interpretation Act 1978,
1219:Crime and Courts Act 2013
1053:Sections 54 to 59 of the
784:and other matters to the
606:Crown Prosecution Service
43:
1893:Court of High Commission
1740:Civil Division home page
1600:Senior Courts Act 1981,
1485:Senior Courts Act 1981,
1269:– via archive.org.
1016:Court of Criminal Appeal
877:Court of Criminal Appeal
343:Law of England and Wales
139:Criminal Appeal Act 1907
99:Appointment by the
1667:Ministry for Justice. "
1255:Wilson, Arthur (1875).
998:and several tribunals.
970:in 1946, the fourth by
817:Royal Courts of Justice
395:Civil and family courts
167:Supreme Court Act 1981)
51:Royal Courts of Justice
1970:Recorder of Manchester
1832:High Court of Chivalry
1168:Dame Kathryn Thirlwall
159:Senior Courts Act 1981
1965:Recorder of Liverpool
1945:Court of Appeal judge
1898:Court of King's Bench
1868:Court of Common Pleas
1631:Elliott (2008) p. 139
1622:Elliott (2008) p. 129
1148:High Court of Justice
1043:Lord Justice Holroyde
992:High Court of Justice
906:Civil Procedure Rules
805:High Court of Justice
741:High Court of Justice
527:High Court of Justice
520:Court of Appeal judge
428:High Court of Justice
421:Court of Appeal judge
214:High Court of Justice
1706:English Legal System
1640:Drewry (2007) p. 110
1613:Drewry (2007) p. 111
1498:Elliott (2008) p. 16
1450:Elliott (2008) p. 15
1049:Procedure for appeal
590:Criminal prosecution
1940:Master of the Rolls
1822:Court of Protection
1687:The Court of Appeal
1591:Drewry (2007) p. 84
1582:Drewry (2007) p. 78
1573:Drewry (2007) p. 73
1564:Drewry (2007) p. 71
1555:Drewry (2007) p. 70
1546:Drewry (2007) p. 69
1537:Drewry (2007) p. 81
1525:Drewry (2007) p. 68
1441:Drewry (2007) p. 60
1432:Drewry (2007) p. 58
1423:Drewry (2007) p. 57
1414:Drewry (2007) p. 56
1405:Drewry (2007) p. 46
1396:Drewry (2007) p. 38
1387:Drewry (2007) p. 36
1378:Drewry (2007) p. 35
1369:Drewry (2007) p. 34
1339:Drewry (2007) p. 32
1330:Drewry (2007) p. 31
1179:Master of the Rolls
1125:Master of the Rolls
1057:and Part 52 of the
976:Master of the Rolls
837:Master of the Rolls
729:Master of the Rolls
566:Magistrates' courts
482:Court of Protection
416:Master of the Rolls
366:Ministry of Justice
296:Master of the Rolls
236:Number of positions
165:originally entitled
59:City of Westminster
35:The Court of Appeal
2076:Admiralty Advocate
2023:Justice of Chester
1960:Recorder of London
1935:Lord Chief Justice
1883:Court of Exchequer
1837:Magistrates' Court
1657:. 31 October 2013.
1467:on 28 October 2012
1195:Lady Chief Justice
1160:practice direction
1121:Lady Chief Justice
1037:, assisted by the
1031:Lady Chief Justice
988:Nicholas Underhill
825:Lord Chief Justice
725:Lady Chief Justice
648:Solicitor advocate
515:Lord Chief Justice
279:Lead position ends
96:Composition method
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2055:Solicitor General
2031:
2030:
1916:
1915:
1873:Court of Chancery
1715:978-1-4058-5941-7
1696:978-1-84113-387-4
1293:"Court of Appeal"
1066:court itself. In
1010:Criminal Division
902:Access to Justice
714:England and Wales
690:
689:
487:Court of Chivalry
327:
326:
228:Judge term length
168:
82:England and Wales
39:
16:(Redirected from
2118:
2050:Attorney General
2040:
1950:High Court judge
1925:
1903:Court of Probate
1787:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1719:
1700:
1672:
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1659:
1658:
1647:
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1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1515:on 18 June 2012.
1511:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:section 53(2)(d)
1483:
1477:
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1289:
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1268:
1266:
1252:
1183:Sir Geoffrey Vos
980:Sir Geoffrey Vos
809:Westminster Hall
682:
675:
668:
620:Legal profession
596:Attorney General
537:High Court judge
448:High Court judge
353:
352:
329:
320:Jurist term ends
306:Sir Geoffrey Vos
290:1 September 2039
287:Jurist term ends
282:1 September 2039
197:
162:
48:
37:
32:
21:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2071:King's Advocate
2059:
2027:
1993:Lord Chancellor
1981:
1912:
1841:
1812:Court of Appeal
1797:Court of equity
1778:
1773:
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1703:
1697:
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323:22 April 2030
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1858:Assize Court
1705:
1686:
1679:Bibliography
1663:
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1627:
1618:
1609:
1602:section 2(1)
1596:
1587:
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888:the Court.
875:A separate
796:, with the
626:Bar Council
544:Crown Court
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70:Established
2095:Categories
1817:High Court
1471:28 October
1281:Schedule 1
1242:References
1084:High Court
900:published
898:Lord Woolf
182:Appeals to
1141:Law Lords
932:Divisions
925:Brooke LJ
643:Solicitor
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302:Currently
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1921:Justices
1225:See also
835:and the
727:and the
559:Recorder
88:Location
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2043:Current
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1086:or the
767:History
244:Website
101:Monarch
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