684:
sufficient to make alliance with
Eadbald's relatives attractive to other kingdoms. Edwin's marriage to Eadbald's sister, Æthelburg, was probably also motivated by a desire to gain better access to communications with the continent. The relationship would have been valuable to Eadbald, too; it may have been as a result of this alliance that Edwin's overlordship of Britain did not include Kent. Another factor in Edwin's treatment of Kent may have been the location of the archbishopric in Canterbury: Edwin was well aware of the importance of Canterbury's metropolitan status, and at one time planned to make York an archbishopric too, with Paulinus as the planned first incumbent. Paulinus eventually returned to Kent, where at Eadbald's and
623:
indicate Justus was archbishop, since Justus is told the limited circumstances in which he may wear it; however, the same phrasing occurs in the letter conveying the pallium to
Archbishop Augustine, also quoted in Bede. Another possibility is that the letter was originally two letters. In this view, Bede has conflated the letter conveying the pallium with the letter congratulating Justus on the conversion, which according to Bede's account was seven or so years earlier; however, the grammatical details on which this suggestion is based are not unique to this letter, and as a result it is usually considered to be a single composition.
509:, the bishop of London. According to Bede, Eadbald was punished for his faithlessness by "frequent fits of insanity", and possession by an "evil spirit" (perhaps referring to epileptic fits), but was eventually persuaded to abandon paganism and give up his wife. Eadbald's second wife, Ymme, was a Frank, and it is possible that Kent's strong connections with Francia were a factor in the King's conversion. The missionaries in Canterbury seem to have had Frankish support. In the 620s, Eadbald's sister Æthelburg came to Kent, but sent her children to the court of King
265:
627:
substantially earlier and stayed in Kent until 625 before travelling to Rome, and that the letter was written while she was in Kent. However, it would appear from
Boniface's letter that Boniface thought of Æthelburg as being at her husband's side. It also appears that the letter to Justus was written after the letters to Edwin and Æthelburg, rather than before, as Bede has it; Boniface's letter to Edwin and Æthelburg indicates he had the news from messengers, but when he wrote to Justus he had heard from the king himself.
441:, in the late seventh century, there is evidence that Kent was usually ruled by two kings, though often one is clearly dominant. It is less clear that this is the case before Hlothhere. Forged charters preserve a tradition of Eadbald ruling during his father's reign, presumably as a subking over west Kent. The papal letter that has been interpreted as indicating the existence of Æthelwald, a brother of Eadbald's, refers to Æthelwald as a king; if he existed, he would presumably have been a junior king to Eadbald.
615:
the status of
Eadbald's conversion. Hence Eadbald must have been converted by Justus, as is implied by Boniface's letter to Justus. The pallium accompanying that letter indicates Justus was archbishop by that time, and the duration of Mellitus's archiepiscopate means that even if Bede's dates are somewhat wrong in other particulars, Eadbald was converted no earlier than 621, and no later than April 624, since Mellitus consecrated a church for Eadbald before his death in that month. The account of
676:
767:
influence predates any of the written sources, and it may have been
Eadbald's father, Æthelberht, who took control of trade away from the aristocracy and made it a royal monopoly. The continental trade provided Kent access to luxury goods, which was an advantage in trading with the other Anglo-Saxon nations, and the revenue from trade was important in itself. Kent traded locally made glass and jewelry to the Franks; Kentish goods have been found as far south as the mouth of the
375:
631:
to the marriage, and Æthelburg would have been
Christian before Eadbald's conversion. The story of Paulinus's consecration is also problematic as he was not consecrated until at least 625 and possibly later, which is after the latest possible date for Æthelburg's marriage. However, it may be that he traveled to Northumbria prior to his consecration and only later became bishop.
366:, also provides information. Other sources include papal letters, regnal lists of the kings of Kent, and early charters. Charters were documents drawn up to record grants of land by kings to their followers or to the church, and they provide some of the earliest documentary sources in England. None survive in original form from Eadbald's reign, but some later copies exist.
463:
458:
626:
The letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that she was already married at the time the news of
Eadbald's conversion reached Rome. This is quite inconsistent with the earlier date Bede gives for Eadbald's acceptance of Christianity, and it has been suggested in Bede's defence that Æthelburg married Edwin
614:
Although Bede's narrative is widely accepted, an alternative chronology has been proposed by D.P. Kirby. Kirby points out that
Boniface's letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that the news of Eadbald's conversion is recent, and that it is unthinkable that Boniface would not have been kept up to date on
604:
626: Edwin completes a military campaign against the West Saxons. At "about this time" Boniface writes to both Edwin and Æthelburg. The letter to Edwin urges him to accept
Christianity and refers to the conversion of Eadbald. The letter to Æthelburg mentions that the pope has recently heard the news
630:
The story of Æthelburg's marriage being dependent on Edwin allowing her to practice her faith has been questioned, since revising the chronology makes it likely, though not certain, that the marriage was arranged before
Eadbald's conversion. In this view, it would have been the church that objected
444:
The two kingdoms within Kent were east and west Kent. Western Kent has fewer archaeological finds from the earliest periods than east Kent, and the eastern finds are somewhat distinct in character, showing Jutish and Frankish influence. The archaeological evidence, combined with the known political
513:
in Francia; in addition to the diplomatic connections, trade with the Franks was important to Kent. It is thought likely that Frankish pressure had been influential in persuading Æthelberht to become Christian, and Eadbald's conversion and marriage to Ymme are likely to have been closely connected
825:
was succeeded solely by his son Eorcenberht. However, an early text (Caligula A.xiv) refers to Eormenred as 'king', suggesting either he was a junior king under Eorcenberht, or had a shared kingship. One suggestion is that the other version of events in the 'legend', which gives him no title, may
766:
There is little documentary evidence about the nature of trade in Eadbald's reign. It is known that the kings of Kent had established royal control of trade in the late seventh century, but it is not known how early this control began. There is archaeological evidence that suggests that the royal
348:. Bede was primarily interested in the Christianization of England, but he also provides substantial information about secular history, including the reigns of Æthelberht and Eadbald. One of Bede's correspondents was Albinus, abbot of the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul (subsequently renamed
405:
from 619 to 625, in which a king named Aduluald is referred to, and who is apparently different from Audubald, which refers to Eadbald. There is no agreement among modern scholars on how to interpret this: "Aduluald" might be intended as a representation of "Æthelwald", and hence this may be an
622:
As mentioned above, it has been suggested that King "Aduluald" in the letter to Justus is a real king Æthelwald, perhaps a junior king of west Kent. In that case it would appear that Laurence converted Eadbald, and Justus converted Æthelwald. It has also been suggested that the pallium did not
500:
Eadbald came to the throne on the death of his father on 24 February 616, or possibly 618. Although Æthelberht had been Christian since about 600 and his wife Bertha was also Christian, Eadbald was a pagan. Bertha died some time before Eadbald's accession, and Æthelberht remarried. The name of
683:
Eadbald's influence over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was less than Æthelberht's. Eadbald's reduced power is apparent in his inability to restore Mellitus to the see of London: in Bede's words, his authority in Essex "was not so effective as that of his father". However, Kentish power was still
252:
Eadbald died in 640 and was buried in the Church of St Mary, which he had built in the precincts of the monastery of St Peter and St Paul in Canterbury (a church later incorporated within the Norman edifice of St Augustine's). At that time, his relics were translated for reburial in the south
719:, perhaps implying that he held the junior kingship of Kent. He appears to have died before his father, leaving Eorcenberht to inherit the throne. An additional son, Ecgfrith, is mentioned in a charter of Eadbald's, but the charter is a forgery, probably dating from the eleventh century.
504:
Bede records that Eadbald's repudiation of Christianity was a "severe setback" to the growth of the church. Sæberht, the king of Essex, had become a Christian under Æthelberht's influence, but on Sæberht's death, at about the same time, his sons expelled
31:
386:. However, historians believe that Hengist and his brother Horsa were probably mythical figures. It is known that Æthelberht married twice as Eadbald married his step-mother after his father's death, to the consternation of the church.
543:
616: Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity. He marries his stepmother, contrary to church law, and refuses baptism. At about this time Mellitus, bishop of London, is expelled by the sons of Sæberht in Essex and goes to
809:. When Edwin was killed in about 632, Æthelburg, escorted by Paulinus, fled by sea to Eadbald's court in Kent, but in a further sign of her family's ties across the channel she sent her children to the court of King
771:, south of Brittany. There was probably also a flourishing slave trade. The wealth this commerce brought to Kent may have been the basis of the continuing, though diminished, importance of Kent in Eadbald's reign.
501:Æthelberht's second wife is not recorded, but it seems likely that she was a pagan, since on his death she married Eadbald, her stepson: a marriage between a stepmother and stepson was forbidden by the church.
647:
Early 624?: Justus converts Eadbald. Messengers go to Rome. Also at about this time Æthelburg's marriage to Edwin is arranged, perhaps before the conversion. Eadbald builds a church, and Mellitus consecrates
288:
over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. This dominance led to wealth in the form of tribute, and Kent was a powerful kingdom at the time of Æthelberht's death in 616, with trade well-established with the
445:
division into two kingdoms, makes it likely that the origin of the subkingdoms was the conquest of the western half by the eastern, which would have been the first area settled by the invaders.
1958:
397:, King of Northumbria, one of the dominant Anglo-Saxon kings of the seventh century. It is possible that there was another brother, named Æthelwald: the evidence for this is a papal letter to
536:
Bede's account of Eadbald's rejection of the church and subsequent conversion is quite detailed but not without some internal inconsistency. Bede's version of events is laid out as follows:
1185:
Commentary, and images of both objects, can be found in S. Chadwick Hawkes, "Finglesham. A Cemetery in East Kent" and "The Archaeology of Conversion: Cemeteries", both in Campbell,
233:
for safety, fearing the intrigues of both Eadbald and Oswald. The Kentish royal line made several strong diplomatic marriages over the succeeding years, including the marriage of
667:
This timeline extends the duration of the pagan reaction from less than a year, in Bede's narrative, to about eight years. This represents a more serious setback for the church.
280:, probably came to the throne in about 589 or 590, though the chronology of his reign is very difficult to determine accurately. Æthelberht was recorded by the early chronicler
588:, king of Northumbria, asks for the hand in marriage of Æthelburg, Eadbald's sister. Edwin is told he must allow her to practice Christianity and must consider baptism himself.
797:
Connections with Francia went beyond trade and the royal marriages Æthelberht and Eadbald made with Frankish princesses. Eadbald's granddaughter, Eorcengota, became a nun at
573:
writes to him to say that he has heard in letters from King Aduluald (possibly a scribal error for Eadbald) of the king's conversion to Christianity. Boniface sends the
329:
1707:
413:
persuaded Eadbald to accept Christianity and give up his wife. He then remarried, and his second wife, according to Kentish tradition recorded in the '
688:'s request he became bishop of Rochester, and York was not made an archbishopric for another century. Within a year of Edwin's death in 633 or 634,
521:
have yielded a bronze pendant and a gilt buckle with designs that are related to each other and may be symbolic of religious activity involving the
437:
The surviving regnal lists show only one king reigning at a time in Kent, but subkingdoms were common among the Anglo-Saxons and from the reign of
550:
616/617: Some time after Mellitus and Justus depart, Laurence, the archbishop of Canterbury, plans to leave for Francia but has a vision in which
179:
774:
Coins were probably first minted in Kent in Æthelberht's reign, though none bear his name. These early golden coins were probably the shillings (
303:
to England to convert them to Christianity. Augustine landed in eastern Kent, and soon managed to convert Æthelberht, who gave Augustine land in
660:
Still later 624: the pope hears from Eadbald of his conversion, and also hears of Mellitus's death. He writes to Justus to send him the pallium.
1510:
406:
indication of another king, perhaps a subking of west Kent; or it may be merely a scribal error which should be read as referring to Eadbald.
1968:
186:. Eadbald's accession was a significant setback for the growth of the church, since he retained his people's paganism and did not convert to
1680:
1675:
1385:
522:
417:', was a woman named Ymme of Frankish royal blood, though recently it has been suggested that she may have instead been the daughter of
382:
The ancestry of Æthelberht, Eadbald's father, is given by Bede, who states that he was descended from the legendary founder of Kent,
1654:
1632:
1610:
1591:
1572:
1553:
1527:
692:
took the throne of Northumbria, and it seems likely that his relations with Eadbald were modelled on Edwin's. Oswald's successor,
217:
Eadbald's influence was less than his father's, but Kent was powerful enough to be omitted from the list of kingdoms dominated by
256:
He was succeeded by Eorcenberht. Eormenred may have been his oldest son, but if he reigned at all it was only as a junior king.
794:
and inscribed "AVDVARLD". It has been suggested that kings did not have a monopoly on the production of coinage at that time.
356:
provides additional information about events in the lives of Eadbald's children and throws some light on Eadbald himself. The
1700:
619:'s miraculous scourging by St Peter can be disregarded as a later hagiographical invention of the monastery of St Augustine.
198:, and separated from his first wife, who had been his stepmother, at the insistence of the church. Eadbald's second wife was
1953:
1900:
264:
1963:
1693:
316:
1716:
402:
41:
598:
July or later in 625: Edwin agrees to the terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus.
557:
617: Justus and Mellitus both return from Francia "the year after they left". Justus is restored to Rochester.
1825:
349:
296:
1973:
790:". Thrymsas are known from Eadbald's reign, but few are known that carry his name: one such was minted at
685:
654:
Mid 624: Edwin agrees to the marriage terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus.
616:
410:
191:
689:
554:
scourges him. In the morning he shows the scars to Eadbald who is converted to Christianity as a result.
358:
226:
1752:
295:
Roman Britain had become fully Christianized, but the Anglo-Saxons retained their native faith. In 597
277:
159:
121:
59:
1671:
1381:
1895:
1880:
1865:
822:
775:
739:
700:, who was Edwin's daughter and Eadbald's niece, thereby gaining both Deiran and Kentish connections.
693:
581:
414:
394:
390:
222:
218:
183:
143:
634:
A revised chronology of some of these events follows, taking the above considerations into account.
225:, established a good relationship between Kent and Northumbria which appears to have continued into
1948:
1855:
1765:
723:
712:
479:
471:
422:
246:
207:
190:
for at least a year, and perhaps for as many as eight years. He was ultimately converted by either
107:
69:
675:
1875:
798:
731:
1820:
1780:
1770:
1747:
1727:
1650:
1628:
1606:
1587:
1568:
1549:
1523:
1515:
383:
229:'s reign. When Æthelburg fled to Kent on Edwin's death in about 633, she sent her children to
203:
199:
103:
98:
91:
1860:
1850:
1830:
1775:
1453:
657:
Later 624: the pope receives news of Eadbald's conversion and writes to Æthelburg and Edwin.
605:
of Eadbald's conversion and encourages her to work for the conversion of her husband, Edwin.
592:
312:
308:
1390:
1885:
1870:
1845:
1840:
1810:
990:
813:
of the Franks, to keep them safe from the intrigues of Eadbald and Oswald of Northumbria.
727:
585:
577:
with this letter, adding that it is only to be worn when celebrating "the Holy Mysteries".
570:
242:
155:
1005:
1805:
1785:
300:
163:
131:
846:
1942:
1815:
1642:
1620:
894:, pp. 31–33, provides an extended discussion of the chronology of Æthelberht's reign.
806:
151:
1742:
1737:
517:
Two graves from a well-preserved sixth and seventh-century Anglo-Saxon cemetery at
187:
1890:
1800:
1795:
755:
715:
and Eormenred. Eormenred was the older of the two, and may have held the title of
742:, king of Northumbria and the last of the northern Angles Bede listed as holding
1835:
1790:
1519:
783:
768:
722:
Several of Eadbald's near relatives were involved in diplomatic marriages. King
651:
24 April 624: Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury.
566:
24 April 624: Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury.
345:
338:
320:
171:
167:
374:
810:
747:
735:
708:
697:
518:
510:
418:
304:
234:
563:
619–624: Eadbald builds a church which is consecrated by Archbishop Mellitus.
1605:. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Leicester University Press/Humanities Press, Inc.
438:
462:
457:
30:
826:
have been an attempt to discredit royal claimants from Eormenred's line.
802:
751:
704:
551:
525:
506:
353:
211:
111:
787:
782:) that are mentioned in Æthelberht's laws. The coins are also known to
574:
490:
426:
230:
175:
641:
616: Mellitus and Justus, bishop of Rochester, leave Kent for Francia.
547:
616: Mellitus and Justus, bishop of Rochester, leave Kent for Francia.
1603:
The Mildrith Legend: A Study in Early Medieval Hagiography in England
791:
644:
c. 619: Laurence dies, and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury.
560:
c. 619: Laurence dies, and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury.
528:. These objects probably date from the period of the pagan reaction.
398:
363:
352:) in Canterbury. A series of related texts known as the Legend of St
289:
268:
The state of Anglo-Saxon England at about the time of Eadbald's birth
195:
1685:
1732:
674:
373:
362:, a collection of annals assembled in about 890 in the kingdom of
276:, was complete by the end of the sixth century. Eadbald's father,
273:
263:
238:
1505:
341:
334:
281:
1689:
663:
21 July 625 or 626: Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York.
393:, who was probably also the child of Bertha. Æthelburg married
1388:. Retrieved 9 January 2015. The charter itself can be seen at
202:, who may have been a Frankish princess. They had two sons,
821:
Eadbald died in 640, and according to most versions of the
326:
An important source for this period in Kentish history is
178:
during his reign and became the first Anglo-Saxon king to
601:
Easter 626: Æthelburg gives birth to a daughter, Eanflæd.
730:, to Eorcenberht, and their daughter Eormenhild married
671:
Relations with other English kingdoms and church affairs
158:
from 616 until his death in 640. He was the son of King
707:(who founded the very first nunnery on English soil at
1544:
Campbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991).
1010:, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
995:, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
851:, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
540:
24 February 616: Æthelberht dies and Eadbald succeeds.
272:
Settlement of Kent by continental peoples, primarily
638:
616: Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity.
127:
117:
97:
87:
79:
75:
65:
55:
47:
40:
23:
1959:Converts to Christianity from Anglo-Saxon paganism
1914:
1584:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
934:
932:
323:, were converted through Æthelberht's influence.
1926:Also monarch of Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Mercia
483:Cross on globe within wreath. ++IÞNNBALLOIENVZI
1647:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
746:over southern England. Eadbald's granddaughter
1701:
1305:
1303:
1263:
1261:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
734:, one of the most powerful kings of his day.
174:. Æthelberht made Kent the dominant force in
8:
1511:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
330:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1436:
1434:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1319:
1168:
1166:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1019:
1017:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
711:, 15 miles from Canterbury), and two sons,
1708:
1694:
1686:
886:
884:
29:
20:
865:(London: English Heritage, 1997), 20, 25.
221:. Edwin's marriage to Eadbald's sister,
834:
494:of Eadbald of Kent, London (?), 616–40
1923:Also monarch of East Anglia and Mercia
679:Eadbald's children and their marriages
842:
840:
838:
51:24 February 616 – 20 January 640
7:
1676:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1386:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1458:Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
762:Trade and connections to the Franks
14:
703:Eadbald and Ymme had a daughter,
425:in Neustria, the western part of
1586:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
861:See, e.g., the guide booklet to
591:21 July 625: Justus consecrates
569:624: After Justus's succession,
461:
456:
801:, and his great-granddaughter,
378:Eadbald's ancestry and siblings
1:
370:Ancestry and immediate family
1969:7th-century English monarchs
475:Bust of Eadbald right. AVDV
449:Accession and pagan reaction
260:Early Kent and early sources
1627:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1508:(1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.).
738:, Eadbald's niece, married
284:as having overlordship, or
1990:
1565:The Earliest English Kings
1913:Existence uncertain (See
1909:
1723:
1681:Coin with image of Eabald
1582:Lapidge, Michael (1999).
1548:. London: Penguin Books.
1456:, "Coinage", in Lapidge,
1313:, bk. II, ch. 20, p. 141.
1271:, bk. II, ch. 10, p. 120.
487:
455:
28:
1255:, bk. II, ch. 9, p. 117.
1225:, bk. II, ch. 8, p. 116.
1207:, bk. II, ch. 7, p. 114.
1160:, bk. II, ch. 6, p. 113.
926:, bk. II, ch. 5, p. 111.
403:archbishop of Canterbury
253:transept ca. A.D. 1087.
241:, and of Eorcenberht to
1601:Rollason, D.W. (1982).
955:, bk. I, ch. 25, p. 74.
779:
531:
180:convert to Christianity
147:
35:Coin of Eadbald of Kent
1929:Also monarch of Wessex
1920:Also monarch of Mercia
1484:Earliest English Kings
1426:Earliest English Kings
1391:"Anglo-Saxons.net S 6"
1356:Earliest English Kings
1343:Earliest English Kings
1327:Earliest English Kings
1311:Ecclesiastical History
1295:Earliest English Kings
1282:Earliest English Kings
1269:Ecclesiastical History
1253:Ecclesiastical History
1223:Ecclesiastical History
1205:Ecclesiastical History
1189:, pp. 24–25 and 48–49.
1158:Ecclesiastical History
1075:Earliest English Kings
966:Earliest English Kings
953:Ecclesiastical History
924:Ecclesiastical History
892:Earliest English Kings
726:married his daughter,
680:
610:Alternative chronology
514:diplomatic decisions.
411:Laurence of Canterbury
389:Eadbald had a sister,
379:
269:
237:, Eadbald's niece, to
16:King of Kent (616–640)
1567:. London: Routledge.
863:St. Augustine's Abbey
678:
377:
359:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
267:
1954:Anglo-Saxon warriors
1563:Kirby, D.P. (1992).
823:Kentish Royal Legend
415:Kentish Royal Legend
333:, written in 731 by
307:. Two other rulers,
219:Edwin of Northumbria
184:Anglo-Saxon paganism
166:, a daughter of the
1625:Anglo-Saxon England
1522:. London: Penguin.
1460:, pp. 113–116.
1413:Anglo-Saxon England
724:Anna of East Anglia
686:Archbishop Honorius
423:mayor of the palace
247:Anna of East Anglia
245:, daughter of King
1471:Kings and Kingdoms
1442:Kings and Kingdoms
1369:Kings and Kingdoms
1174:Kings and Kingdoms
1134:Kings and Kingdoms
1121:Kings and Kingdoms
1088:Kings and Kingdoms
1043:Kings and Kingdoms
1025:Kings and Kingdoms
979:Kings and Kingdoms
876:Kings and Kingdoms
732:Wulfhere of Mercia
681:
433:East and West Kent
380:
270:
210:, and a daughter,
1936:
1935:
1866:Eadberht III Præn
1649:. London: Seaby.
1621:Stenton, Frank M.
1538:Secondary sources
1516:Leo Sherley-Price
938:Campbell et al.,
498:
497:
290:European mainland
137:
136:
92:Emma of Austrasia
1981:
1964:Kentish monarchs
1717:Monarchs of Kent
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1660:
1638:
1616:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1546:The Anglo-Saxons
1533:
1514:. Translated by
1487:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1454:M.A.S. Blackburn
1451:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1201:
1190:
1187:The Anglo-Saxons
1183:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1021:
1012:
1003:
997:
988:
982:
975:
969:
962:
956:
949:
943:
940:The Anglo-Saxons
936:
927:
920:
895:
888:
879:
872:
866:
859:
853:
844:
465:
460:
453:
452:
33:
21:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1905:
1719:
1714:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1641:
1635:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1594:
1581:
1575:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1504:
1499:Primary sources
1495:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1259:
1250:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1108:Mildrith Legend
1105:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1004:
1000:
991:Barbara Yorke,
989:
985:
976:
972:
963:
959:
950:
946:
937:
930:
921:
898:
889:
882:
873:
869:
860:
856:
845:
836:
832:
819:
805:, was a nun at
764:
673:
612:
595:bishop of York.
534:
451:
435:
372:
350:St. Augustine's
262:
110:
106:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1667:
1666:External links
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1643:Yorke, Barbara
1639:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1598:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1446:
1430:
1417:
1404:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1331:
1315:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1257:
1227:
1209:
1191:
1178:
1162:
1138:
1125:
1112:
1092:
1079:
1047:
1029:
1013:
998:
993:Kent, kings of
983:
970:
957:
944:
928:
896:
880:
867:
854:
833:
831:
828:
818:
815:
763:
760:
754:, king of the
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
642:
639:
611:
608:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
589:
578:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
548:
545:
541:
533:
532:Bede's account
530:
523:Germanic deity
496:
495:
485:
484:
476:
467:
466:
450:
447:
434:
431:
371:
368:
301:Pope Gregory I
261:
258:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
101:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
83:20 January 640
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1986:
1975:
1974:House of Kent
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:1-85264-027-8
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:0-19-821716-1
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:0-7185-1201-4
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1593:0-631-22492-0
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1574:0-415-09086-5
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1555:0-14-014395-5
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1529:0-14-044565-X
1525:
1521:
1518:. Revised by
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1393:. Sean Miller
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:S. E. Kelly,
1002:
999:
996:
994:
987:
984:
980:
974:
971:
967:
961:
958:
954:
948:
945:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
871:
868:
864:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:S. E. Kelly,
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
827:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
670:
668:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
618:
609:
603:
600:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:Pope Boniface
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
538:
537:
529:
527:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
502:
493:
492:
486:
482:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
464:
459:
454:
448:
446:
442:
440:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
331:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
266:
259:
257:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:and his wife
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1826:Æthelbert II
1757:
1753:Æthelberht I
1646:
1624:
1602:
1583:
1564:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1478:
1473:, pp. 40–41.
1470:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1397:22 September
1395:. Retrieved
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1326:
1310:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1252:
1222:
1204:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1157:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1110:, p. 9.
1107:
1087:
1082:
1077:, pp. 37–42.
1074:
1045:, pp. 32–33.
1042:
1024:
1008:Æthelberht I
1007:
1001:
992:
986:
978:
973:
968:, pp. 30–37.
965:
960:
952:
947:
939:
923:
891:
875:
870:
862:
857:
848:
820:
799:Faremoutiers
796:
784:numismatists
773:
765:
743:
721:
716:
702:
682:
666:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
535:
516:
503:
499:
489:
478:
470:
443:
436:
408:
388:
381:
357:
327:
325:
299:was sent by
294:
285:
271:
255:
251:
216:
188:Christianity
139:
138:
42:King of Kent
18:
1856:Ecgberht II
1836:Eadberht II
1766:Eorcenberht
1520:R.E. Latham
776:Old English
713:Eorcenberht
409:Archbishop
346:Northumbria
339:Benedictine
321:East Anglia
208:Eorcenberht
168:Merovingian
144:Old English
108:Eorcenberht
70:Eorcenberht
56:Predecessor
1949:640 deaths
1943:Categories
1901:Æthelberht
1881:Ceolwulf I
1821:Eadbert I
1776:Ecgberht I
1493:References
1382:Ecgfrith 1
1106:Rollason,
817:Succession
811:Dagobert I
780:scillingas
709:Folkestone
696:, married
519:Finglesham
511:Dagobert I
419:Erchinoald
319:, king of
311:, king of
305:Canterbury
278:Æthelberht
192:Laurentius
160:Æthelberht
122:Æthelberht
60:Æthelberht
1896:Æthelstan
1891:Æthelwulf
1801:Swæfberht
1796:Swæfheard
1781:Hlothhere
1771:Eormenred
1762:Æðelwald
1748:Eormenric
1672:Eadbald 2
1415:, p. 141.
1411:Stenton,
1136:, p. 175.
756:Magonsæte
439:Hlothhere
391:Æthelburg
297:Augustine
286:imperium,
223:Æthelburg
204:Eormenred
172:Charibert
104:Eormenred
66:Successor
1876:Coenwulf
1861:Ealhmund
1851:Heaberht
1831:Eardwulf
1645:(1990).
1623:(1971).
1444:, p. 40.
1176:, p. 39.
1123:, p. 27.
1090:, p. 29.
1027:, p. 36.
981:, p. 25.
942:, p. 44.
878:, p. 26.
803:Mildrith
788:thrymsas
752:Merewalh
750:married
744:imperium
728:Seaxburh
705:Eanswith
617:Laurence
593:Paulinus
552:St Peter
507:Mellitus
354:Mildrith
243:Seaxburh
212:Eanswith
112:Eanswith
1915:Eadbald
1886:Baldred
1871:Cuthred
1846:Eanmund
1841:Sigered
1811:Wihtred
1758:Eadbald
1728:Hengest
1486:, p.44.
1482:Kirby,
1469:Yorke,
1440:Yorke,
1428:, p.43.
1424:Kirby,
1371:, p.35.
1367:Yorke,
1358:, p.92.
1354:Kirby,
1345:, p.88.
1341:Kirby,
1329:, p.80.
1325:Kirby,
1297:, p.79.
1293:Kirby,
1284:, p.61.
1280:Kirby,
1172:Yorke,
1132:Yorke,
1119:Yorke,
1086:Yorke,
1073:Kirby,
1041:Yorke,
1023:Yorke,
977:Yorke,
964:Kirby,
890:Kirby,
874:Yorke,
849:Eadbald
807:Chelles
736:Eanflæd
717:regulus
698:Eanflæd
580:By 625
575:pallium
491:thrymsa
427:Francia
384:Hengist
317:Rædwald
309:Sæberht
235:Eanflæd
231:Francia
176:England
148:Eadbald
140:Eadbald
24:Eadbald
1806:Oswine
1786:Eadric
1653:
1631:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1552:
1526:
1309:Bede,
1267:Bede,
1251:Bede,
1221:Bede,
1203:Bede,
1156:Bede,
951:Bede,
922:Bede,
792:London
690:Oswald
399:Justus
364:Wessex
315:, and
227:Oswald
196:Justus
164:Bertha
150:) was
132:Bertha
128:Mother
118:Father
88:Spouse
1816:Alric
1733:Horsa
830:Notes
769:Loire
740:Oswiu
694:Oswiu
586:Deira
582:Edwin
544:Kent.
526:Woden
488:Gold
395:Edwin
344:from
313:Essex
274:Jutes
239:Oswiu
182:from
170:king
99:Issue
48:Reign
1743:Octa
1738:Oisc
1651:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1506:Bede
1399:2007
1380:See
786:as "
748:Eafe
342:monk
337:, a
335:Bede
328:The
282:Bede
206:and
200:Emma
156:Kent
152:King
80:Died
1791:Mul
1674:at
1384:at
648:it.
584:of
194:or
154:of
1945::
1433:^
1334:^
1318:^
1302:^
1260:^
1230:^
1212:^
1194:^
1165:^
1141:^
1095:^
1050:^
1032:^
1016:^
931:^
899:^
883:^
837:^
778::
758:.
480:R:
472:O:
429:.
421:,
401:,
292:.
249:.
214:.
146::
1917:)
1709:e
1702:t
1695:v
1659:.
1637:.
1615:.
1596:.
1577:.
1558:.
1532:.
1401:.
142:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
