253:
2744:
1968:
233:
2732:
244:
1731:
1941:
1618:
1596:
252:
822:
2365:
434:
1910:
869:
1967:
2381:
2743:
853:
2343:
799:
2756:
7822:
1991:
224:
7786:
5542:
418:
7862:
43:
7834:
7879:
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562:
145:
84:
1443:. Various ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century up to the independence era in the 21st century have used the scripts with various mediums. By the end of colonialism, only four of the suyat scripts survived and continue to be used by certain communities in everyday life. These four scripts are
1173:
the brush take and by the pressure, inclination, and direction of the brush. Changing these variables produces thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations and decelerations of a skilled calligrapher's movements aim to give "spirit" to the characters, greatly influencing their final shapes.
1225:)(cursive, rough script, or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from the clerical script, in the same time as the regular script (
2731:
1541:
scripts are collectively called as
Filipino suyat calligraphy, although each are distinct from each other. Calligraphy using the Western alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are also prevalent in the Philippines due to its colonial past, but the Western alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are not considered
1172:
of the ink brush; the color, color density and water density of the ink; as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result, as the look of finished characters are influenced by the quantity of ink and water the calligrapher lets
1792:
Early inscriptions in Ge'ez and Ge'ez script have been dated to as early as the 5th century BCE, and in a sort of proto-Ge'ez written in ESA since the 9th century BCE. Ge'ez literature begins with the
Christianization of Ethiopia (and the civilization of Axum) in the 4th century, during the reign of
527:
is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half an inch, although inch spaces are
2686:
in 1910. Austrian Rudolf
Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their
2194:
In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the
Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the
2543:
became ubiquitous from the 15th century onward, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy. A clear distinction between handwriting and more elaborate forms of lettering and script began to make its way into
2525:
had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules. It has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.
945:
is one of the most famous and typical bronzeware scripts in
Chinese calligraphic history. It has 500 characters on the bronze which is the largest number of bronze inscription we have discovered so far. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.
1054:
of the classics using new wooden blocks in kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of
Imperial China. However, small changes have been made, for example in the shape of
232:
2693:
was a friend and younger contemporary of
Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably
1940:
821:
983:'s character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized small seal characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.
2520:
style is the most popular contemporary style among classical
Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since
2274:
Unlike a typeface, handwritten calligraphy is characterised by irregularity in the characters which vary in size, shape, style, and color, producing a distinct aesthetic value, although it may also make the content illegible to readers. As with
1860:
is written in Latin script rather than Maya glyphs. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Maya glyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Maya brotherhoods use Maya glyphs as symbols of their groups.
3591:
2283:, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise
2294:
has some unique features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The
1426:, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.
2231:, the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English
2460:
has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for
Islamic calligraphy.
2242:
and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward
Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.
2629:. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication,
1086:
were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the
2468:, Islamic calligraphy attained special prominence. The city of Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.
1909:
2675:, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to
243:
2155:
was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) – a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.
1614:
traders incorporated illustrated manuscripts celebrating Jaina saints. These manuscripts were produced using inexpensive material, like palm leave and birch, with fine calligraphy.
2068:
and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the
2508:" scripts were used in ancient Persia. Pahlavi was a middle Persian script developed from the Aramaic script and became the official script of the Sassanian empire (224–651 CE).
843:
1418:
pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the
868:
852:
348:
Modern Western calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable. Classical calligraphy differs from
5127:
2456:
world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The
2162:("Gothic") script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when
345:
is normally regarded as only to achieve attractive writing that is usually consistent within each piece of writing, with little or no interpretation of the text attempted.
3406:
2410:". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by Muslim calligraphers of different national cultures, like
2364:
1785:, which means script or alphabet. The Epigraphic South Arabian letters were used for a few inscriptions into the 8th century, though not any South Arabian language since
7924:
3534:. The 2007 common shape for those characters does not clearly show the stroke order, but old versions, visible on p. 41, clearly allow the stroke order to be determined.
319:, or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".
4411:
Learn World Calligraphy: Discover African, Arabic, Chinese, Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Russian, Thai, Tibetan Calligraphy, and Beyond
2342:
2380:
2578:
This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad-edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in
4401:
1730:
5501:
3239:
4546:
This is a scholarly maintained site that presents over 100 carefully selected French manuscripts from 1300 to 1700, with tools to decipher and transcribe them.
1800:
The Ge'ez script is read from left to right and has been adapted to write other languages, usually ones that are also Semitic. The most widespread use is for
1284:
Japanese and Korean calligraphy were each greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including
917:
carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the
4449:
Three classics of Italian Calligraphy, an unabridged reissue of the writing books of Arrighi, Giovanni Antonio Tagliente & Palatino, with an introduction
458:
that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens (steel brushes) can be used. However, works have also been created with
6762:
1581:. However, the calligraphic traditions maintaining the historical employment of Han characters continues to be preserved in modern Vietnamese calligraphy.
2251:
Other European styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the
3681:
3623:
286:
5578:
3473:
2755:
921:
ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved. With the development of the
7748:
6712:
2083:
generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e.
1303:
The Japanese and Koreans have also developed their own specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy while incorporating Chinese influences.
1269:
515:
than the oil-based ink used in printing. Certain specialty paper with high ink absorption and constant texture enables cleaner lines, although
7850:
2652:
in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with
6295:
4508:
4477:
4437:
4418:
4355:
4328:
4222:
4123:
3965:
3829:
3575:
3414:
3329:
3302:
3178:
3153:
3091:
3066:
3037:
1577:, the historical Vietnamese writing system rooted in the impact of Chinese characters and replaced it with the Latin alphabet as a result of
3845:
4571:
2299:(715–720 CE) are an early example. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of
2661:
1617:
798:
1168:
Many different parameters influence the final result of a calligrapher's work. Physical parameters include the shape, size, stretch, and
3722:
2206:
While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published
1414:
for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of
1493:
scripts that went extinct due to the Spanish introducing Latin alphabet that took place of it. These scripts being revived include the
7430:
7327:
7199:
6951:
6627:
3775:
2625:
and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the
7566:
7435:
7332:
6956:
4300:
3901:
3800:
3448:
2882:
2645:
1595:
203:
185:
126:
70:
3592:"Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala'wan) – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
6160:
2676:
2568:
6755:
4260:
The First Writing Book: an English translation & fascimile text of Arrighi's Operina, the first Manual of the chancery hand
3643:
950:
6700:
6373:
1273:
7659:
7184:
3662:
2682:
Johnston's pupil Anna Simons was instrumental in sparking interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of
5571:
5496:
2672:
2125:. The 7th–9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow,
1479:
1088:
7812:
5381:
5343:
3375:
2188:
334:
is regarded as a significant art form, and the form may be affected by the meaning of the text or even different words.
108:
56:
7799:
2547:
The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of
1011:
Between clerical script and traditional regular script, there is another transitional type of calligraphic work called
99:
7244:
5527:
4596:
4492:
A Newe Writing Booke of Copies, 1574: A fascimile of a unique Elisabethan Writing book in the Bodleian Library Oxford'
1766:
1100:
630:
3741:
3243:
2064:
lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the
1990:
1610:
Buddhist communities had members trained in calligraphy and shared responsibility for duplicating sacred scriptures.
163:
2648:
and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of
7789:
7209:
6748:
5602:
5107:
3609:
2906:
2560:
2559:
is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect
1083:
7501:
7272:
7104:
7044:
7019:
6861:
4753:
3846:"Insular Manuscripts: Paleography, Section 6: Language on the Page in Insular Manuscripts, Layout and Legibility"
2300:
1016:
3265:
1362:
and its use of the circle required the creation of a new technique not used in traditional Chinese calligraphy.
1008:) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, were also authorised under Qin Shi Huang.
7596:
7455:
7219:
7001:
6828:
6823:
6226:
5564:
5511:
5328:
4999:
4936:
4641:
4564:
3768:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages
2552:
1758:
433:
2484:. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called
3545:
7649:
7619:
7536:
7473:
5837:
3376:"The Bell and Cauldron Inscriptions-A Feast of Chinese Characters: The Origin and Development_Mao Gong Ding"
3294:
Shodo: The Quiet Art of Japanese Zen Calligraphy, Learn the Wisdom of Zen Through Traditional Brush Painting
3292:
2049:
1444:
1073:
and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to the old style.
3477:
784:
continues to form an important and appreciated constituent of contemporary traditional East Asian culture.
7074:
4956:
4679:
3403:
Chinese Calligraphy: From Pictograph to Ideogram: The History Of 214 Essential Chinese/Japanese Characters
1556:
1551:
1151:
663:
279:
3916:
Trinity College Library Dublin 2006; Walther & Wolf 2005; Brown & Lovett 1999: 40; Backhouse 1981
2609:(1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including
2115:, and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin
1542:
as suyat, and therefore Western-alphabet and Arabic calligraphy are not considered as suyat calligraphy.
155:
6617:
5879:
5431:
4931:
4926:
4839:
4826:
4659:
2877:
2679:
of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.
2148:
2079:, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The
1371:
1285:
682:
104:
There are many grammatical and formatting errors, thus hampering the clarity and quality of the article.
3689:
2166:
developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first
3354:
2717:, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.
2111:
Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, the
7919:
7904:
7885:
7718:
7639:
7526:
7249:
7114:
6808:
6803:
6632:
6561:
6315:
5884:
5223:
4864:
4718:
2139:'s devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to
1973:
1841:
1699:
1498:
1312:
827:
731:
658:
637:
545:
94:
7914:
7561:
7425:
7322:
7194:
7144:
7129:
7069:
6946:
6916:
6871:
6622:
5732:
5650:
5545:
5506:
5419:
5313:
5168:
5146:
5136:
5004:
4611:
4601:
4557:
2591:
2517:
2411:
2320:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2239:
2228:
2126:
1916:
1893:
1743:
1643:
1385:
1183:
699:
675:
648:
625:
613:
596:
591:
586:
384:
356:
342:
331:
4127:
7909:
7838:
7174:
6931:
6366:
5469:
5396:
5376:
5366:
5338:
5308:
5268:
4895:
4758:
4743:
4684:
4674:
4465:
4395:
4255:
4243:
3853:
3703:
2860:
2779:
2595:
2407:
2326:
2174:
2163:
2152:
2092:
2088:
2084:
1590:
1353:
1051:
896:
831:
749:
653:
642:
608:
581:
466:, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, such as
7679:
5908:
1849:
2737:
Banknote motif: number 5 against a circular panel of lace-like lathe work with a scalloped edge
7763:
7738:
7541:
7390:
7302:
6901:
6722:
6238:
6186:
6092:
5414:
5333:
5288:
5218:
4689:
4504:
4473:
4433:
4414:
4361:
4351:
4334:
4324:
4296:
4218:
3961:
3897:
3825:
3796:
3771:
3571:
3454:
3444:
3410:
3325:
3298:
3174:
3149:
3087:
3062:
3033:
2481:
2222:
2100:
2096:
2069:
2017:
1977:
1931:
1829:
1809:
1774:
1671:
1506:
1502:
1293:
1254:
1134:
1065:
958:
932:
922:
396:
392:
3319:
2868: – Semi-cursive, slightly sloped style of handwriting and calligraphy developed in Italy
2173:
In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the
1489:
Due to dissent from colonialism, many artists and cultural experts have revived the usage of
1012:
7571:
7440:
7337:
7059:
6584:
6461:
6411:
6320:
6258:
6181:
6125:
5300:
5253:
5092:
5039:
4900:
4710:
2911:
2695:
2497:
2485:
2021:
1981:
1954:
1947:
1801:
1762:
1578:
1526:
1494:
1289:
839:
167:
62:
31:
1957:, England. This Bible was hand-written in Belgium, by Gerard Brils, for reading aloud in a
7821:
6330:
6130:
6082:
5859:
5587:
5436:
5323:
5318:
5238:
5206:
5097:
4834:
4636:
4378:
Manuscript & Inscription Letters: For schools and classes and for the use of craftsmen
4373:
4288:
2830:
2761:
2668:
2622:
2614:
2579:
2564:
2556:
2522:
2501:
2403:
2307:' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy
2053:
2025:
1464:
1460:
1297:
1261:
1142:
987:
761:
620:
603:
5810:
5391:
4525:
4032:
2631:
Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen
2441:
may draw on the heritage of calligraphy to create modern calligraphic inscriptions, like
1754:
1574:
1570:
1422:
and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their
7826:
7624:
7576:
7516:
7445:
7385:
7347:
7287:
7277:
7264:
7224:
7064:
7049:
6976:
6966:
6876:
6866:
6818:
6599:
6529:
6493:
6290:
6211:
5971:
5864:
5441:
5386:
5263:
5066:
4890:
4844:
4778:
4748:
4616:
4487:
4276:
3145:
2941:
2923:
2788:
2714:
2706:
2572:
2548:
2505:
2415:
2355:
2259:
2252:
2112:
2041:
2029:
2013:
2009:
1703:
1675:
1639:
1635:
1603:
1530:
1522:
1472:
1468:
1452:
1330:
1027:
781:
376:
266:
1376:
Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.
17:
7898:
7689:
7644:
7531:
7375:
7297:
7282:
7119:
7089:
7034:
7029:
6941:
6891:
6856:
6838:
6644:
6594:
6579:
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6359:
6310:
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6087:
5620:
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5071:
4458:
Calligraphy and Paleography, Essays presented to Alfred Fairbank on his 70th birthday
2865:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2641:
2610:
2582:, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor
2438:
2304:
2130:
2057:
1857:
1837:
1794:
1707:
1622:
1514:
1423:
1403:
1046:, 151–230) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by
979:, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them
976:
942:
914:
892:
859:
576:
463:
372:
338:
1300:
painting based entirely on calligraphy and which uses similar tools and techniques.
223:
7011:
6813:
6664:
6659:
6534:
6456:
6426:
6278:
6216:
6196:
6112:
5996:
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5827:
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5635:
5612:
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5243:
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5173:
5156:
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4880:
4854:
4763:
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4588:
4534:
3742:"Vietnamese Traditional Calligraphy During Tet | Festival | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)"
2894:
2699:
2453:
2284:
2076:
2045:
2005:
1865:
1853:
1439:
The Philippines has numerous ancient and indigenous scripts collectively called as
1395:
1329:, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (
1265:
1205:
1020:
812:
670:
497:
459:
327:
7868:
6793:
4348:
Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen: geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen
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6654:
6637:
6498:
6446:
6441:
6396:
6340:
6049:
6024:
5991:
5903:
5795:
5790:
5737:
5727:
5715:
5700:
5685:
5670:
5640:
5591:
5459:
5273:
5163:
5016:
5009:
4986:
4941:
4905:
4859:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4791:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4580:
4338:
2917:
2900:
2836:
2602:
2587:
2419:
2196:
1735:
1419:
918:
451:
364:
300:
4365:
3458:
3379:
2605:
and lettering through his books and teachings – his handbook on the subject,
1276:. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.
835:
7743:
7702:
7669:
7581:
7352:
7084:
6971:
6846:
6705:
6669:
6589:
6544:
6466:
6436:
6335:
6325:
6300:
6206:
6150:
6145:
6135:
6077:
6064:
6044:
6034:
5986:
5961:
5956:
5933:
5889:
5852:
5805:
5690:
5675:
4951:
4946:
4723:
4651:
3896:(2nd, Corrected ed.). New Castle, Del: Oak Knoll Press. pp. 9–10.
2871:
2848:
2806:
2618:
2583:
2430:
2232:
1958:
1750:
1715:
1711:
1104:
1047:
1037:
910:
524:
516:
512:
487:
455:
424:
323:
316:
308:
7099:
2480:
was invented by about 600–500 BCE to provide monument inscriptions for the
2457:
2448:
Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for
972:) style – have been preserved and can be viewed even today.
712:
704:
352:
and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.
4543:
7629:
7591:
7450:
7357:
7342:
7214:
7054:
6991:
6961:
6556:
6549:
6503:
6488:
6253:
6248:
6231:
6191:
6165:
5981:
5976:
5951:
5918:
5847:
5742:
5695:
5655:
5424:
5283:
5102:
4975:
4961:
4786:
4738:
3610:"'Educate first': Filipinos react to Baybayin as national writing system"
2794:
2540:
2387:
2308:
2200:
2184:
2167:
2122:
1877:
1845:
1844:
in Mexico. Maya glyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in
1805:
1739:
1719:
1679:
1667:
1607:
1518:
1411:
1326:
1322:
1162:
1130:
262:
7833:
1880:, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as
561:
7753:
7697:
7664:
7654:
7521:
7511:
7465:
7380:
7367:
7204:
7179:
6936:
6881:
6780:
6729:
6649:
6539:
6483:
6431:
6421:
6406:
6285:
6140:
6120:
6039:
6019:
5842:
5832:
5800:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5630:
5248:
5034:
4885:
4796:
4728:
4664:
4283:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 441.
3628:
2842:
2649:
2437:
as well as on the page or other materials. Contemporary artists in the
2350:
1927:
1813:
1786:
1770:
1611:
1456:
1448:
1415:
906:
482:
304:
4215:
An Elegant Hand: The Golden Age of American Penmanship and Calligraphy
2667:
Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of
7758:
7733:
7634:
7586:
7556:
7551:
7478:
7420:
7400:
7317:
7307:
7292:
7239:
7189:
7154:
7139:
7109:
6981:
6911:
6886:
6798:
6717:
6695:
6508:
6273:
6097:
5722:
5705:
5151:
4768:
4538:
4293:
Augustino Da Siena, the 1568 edition of his writing book in fascimile
3438:
3196:
Brush Lettering: An instructional manual in Western brush calligraphy
2657:
2449:
2434:
2256:
2140:
2061:
1659:
1647:
1510:
1476:
1359:
1245:
were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The
875:
520:
292:
2705:
Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like
2601:
He has been credited for single-handedly reviving the art of modern
4529:
3682:"The Baybayin bill and the never ending search for 'Filipino-ness'"
3084:
Kalligrafie: Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten
730:
in traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing");
523:
is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a
7546:
7506:
7496:
7395:
7134:
7024:
6906:
6851:
6478:
6473:
5822:
5767:
5665:
4994:
4733:
4701:
3126:
The World of Alphabets: A kaleidoscope of drawings and letterforms
2935:
2664:(SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.
2653:
2452:
is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the
2423:
2399:
2371:
2263:
2065:
1950:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1729:
1655:
1651:
1616:
1594:
1538:
1534:
1490:
1440:
1407:
1391:
1169:
980:
954:
808:
771:
492:
477:
4124:"The Eric Gill Society: Associates of the Guild: Edward Johnston"
3824:] (in French) (7th ed.). Paris: Fleurus. pp. 8–11.
511:
The ink used for writing is usually water-based and is much less
7614:
7410:
7405:
7312:
7164:
7159:
7124:
6921:
6896:
6243:
6201:
6054:
5660:
5645:
5350:
5196:
5141:
3269:
2851: – In graffiti culture, the unique handwriting of an artist
2839: – Style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts
2442:
2208:
Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel
2144:
1683:
1399:
368:
6744:
6355:
5560:
4553:
1082:, a mix of 80% small seal script and 20% clerical script. Some
7606:
6771:
6571:
6382:
2429:
Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (
1663:
1484:
Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Build, Tagbanua and Pala’wan)
858:
Calligraphy by one of Korea's most celebrated calligraphists,
447:
312:
138:
77:
36:
7844:
4549:
4528:, a list of major historical scripts (simplified version) at
838:" meaning "peace" and the signature of Japanese calligrapher
2857: – Writing created by a person with a writing implement
2544:
manuscripts and books at the beginning of the 16th century.
3958:
Calligraphy and Illumination: A History and Practical Guide
3894:
Historical scripts: from Classical Times to the Renaissance
1976:
is a centuries-old tradition of an artistic writing of the
1569:, literally "the way of letters or words") and is based on
3795:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 100.
3704:"10 Perfectly Awesome Calligraphers You Need To Check Out"
3624:"House panel approves Baybayin as national writing system"
1722:
elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters.
355:
Western calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of
4078:
3644:"5 things to know about PH's pre-Hispanic writing system"
3875:
3873:
3871:
957: – some dating from 200 BCE, and in the
6351:
4501:
Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of technical developments
2158:
In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the
4005:
Painted Labyrinth: The World of the Lindisfarne Gospel
2833: – Genre of poetry with lines arranged as a shape
2827: – Any of several styles of historic handwriting
2147:. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or
1779:
1638:. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like
1606:
are the most frequent purpose for Indian calligraphy.
1334:
1137:. These instruments of writing are also known as the
780:; literally "the art of writing"); The calligraphy of
736:
330:, where more flexibility is allowed in written forms,
7810:
3443:. Society for the study of Early China. p. 103.
2980:
2797: – Blackletter script used in France and Germany
2490:
2060:
for daily use. In the second and third centuries the
2004:
Calligraphy in Europe recognizable in the use of the
1247:
1239:
1231:
1206:
1184:
1108:
1077:
1031:
1003:
967:
936:
926:
3990:
The Art of Calligraphy, Western Europe & America
2967:
2784:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2191:
spread across Europe and world through their books.
2048:, and by the first century CE it had developed into
1634:
Nepalese calligraphy is primarily created using the
1156:
754:
748:, literally "the way or principle of writing"); and
7711:
7688:
7605:
7487:
7464:
7366:
7263:
7010:
6837:
6779:
6678:
6610:
6570:
6522:
6389:
6174:
6111:
6063:
6010:
5942:
5766:
5611:
5520:
5452:
5405:
5359:
5299:
5182:
5122:
5080:
5057:
5025:
4985:
4974:
4919:
4873:
4825:
4777:
4709:
4700:
4650:
4587:
1864:Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as
3421:And so the first Chinese dictionary was born, the
3321:Brushed in Light: Calligraphy in East Asian Cinema
3107:
3105:
3103:
3030:Calligraphy: From Calligraphy to Abstract Painting
2406:. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "
2199:in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes called the
30:"Calligrapher" redirects here. For the novel, see
2103:), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2821: – Calligraphy/typography/graffiti art form
2815: – Ancient script of Central and South Asia
2764:, a famous British calligrapher, at work in 1902
2354:in an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from the
1884:are common sources of ancient Maya calligraphy.
1560:
1161:) in Korea. Besides the traditional four tools,
1036:), still in use today, and largely finalized by
4033:"CALLIGRAPHY IN ISTANBUL | History of Istanbul"
2598:, still used today (with minor modifications).
2390:proportional rules (Persian and Urdu languages)
2121:, or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman
446:The principal tools for a calligrapher are the
4350:(in German). Basel: Verlag Christoph Brunner.
3934:Walther & Wolf 2005; de Hamel 1994: 46–481
3721:Deni Rose M. Afinidad-Bernardo (1 June 2018).
3142:SchreibKunstRaume: Kalligraphie im Raum Verlag
3000:Such as the Ramsey Psalter, BL, Harley MS 2904
2791: – Wordless open semantic form of writing
2713:to professional design software packages like
2571:, who advised him to study manuscripts at the
1339:
743:
383:, and memorial documents. It is also used for
6756:
6367:
5572:
5502:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
4565:
4380:. San Vito Press & Double Elephant Press.
4281:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind
3951:
3949:
3816:Sabard, V.; Geneslay, V.; Rébéna, L. (2004).
3770:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
3528:
3520:
3512:
2986:
2891: – Art genre using minute Hebrew letters
2803: – Historic European script and typeface
2266:. It evolved from the 10th century to today.
1900:Calligraphy samples from Europe and near East
1533:, among many others. Due to the diversity of
1220:
1214:
1198:
1192:
1120:
1114:
1057:
1041:
997:
991:
962:
900:
725:
719:
379:and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone
261:Various examples of calligraphy in different
8:
5044:
3850:Virtual Hill Museum & Manuscript Library
2974:
2897: – Study of handwriting and manuscripts
1836:; modern Maya calligraphy is mainly used on
1742:prayer scroll meant to dispel evil spirits,
1317:Japanese calligraphy goes out of the set of
775:
765:
166:. There might be a discussion about this on
7780:with refillable ink cartridges are listed.
4319:Gaze, Tim; Jacobson, Michael, eds. (2013).
3405:. Calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York:
3198:(Revised ed.). New York: Design Books.
3061:] (in German). Verlag Hermann Schmidt.
2607:Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering
2220:
2178:
2116:
529:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6763:
6749:
6741:
6374:
6360:
6352:
5579:
5565:
5557:
4982:
4706:
4572:
4558:
4550:
4503:. Rochester, NY: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
4400:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3680:Michael Wilson I. Rosero (26 April 2018).
2903: – Technique of writing with the hand
2749:Chinese soldier in calligraphy competition
2500:. Centuries later, other scripts such as "
2398:Islamic calligraphy has evolved alongside
2262:differs fundamentally from the one of the
2187:from France, and the 18th century saw the
1769:. In those languages that use it, such as
895:, the oldest known Chinese characters are
560:
540:
5528:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
4217:. New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Press.
3879:
3661:Stanley Baldwin O. See (15 August 2016).
3355:"Categories of Calligraphy – Seal Script"
1475:. All four scripts were inscribed in the
528:occasionally used. This is the case with
473:Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:
387:, moving images for film and television,
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
7925:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
4213:Henning, W.E. (2002). Melzer, P. (ed.).
3268:. Calligraphyislamic.com. Archived from
3240:"Paper Properties in Arabic calligraphy"
1753:(Abyssinian) calligraphy began with the
1398:. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High
1321:to also include local alphabets such as
1099:Traditional East Asian writing uses the
1063:which is not absolutely the same in the
454:. The pens used in calligraphy can have
439:Ink brushes of various size and material
7857:
7817:
4413:. Crown Publishing Group. p. 192.
3568:An introduction to Japanese calligraphy
3318:Nornes, Abé Markus (22 February 2021).
3242:. calligraphyfonts.info. Archived from
3013:
2955:
2727:
2684:Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering
2338:
1905:
1599:Sikh Calligraphy in the Gurmukhi Script
794:
552:
4393:
4250:. Newport, Rhode Island: John Stevens.
4073:
4071:
2333:Samples of Islamic calligraphy samples
1765:, that was developed specifically for
1406:, were usually capable calligraphers.
1260:Examples of modern printed styles are
1203:)(semi-cursive or running script) and
4430:Histoire de la calligraphie française
3508:] (in Chinese). 1716. p. 41.
3173:. Auckland: Photogenique Publishers.
3086:(in German). Verlag Hermann Schmidt.
2926: – Style of European handwriting
2782: – style of handwritten document
2662:Society of Scribes & Illuminators
1670:, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "
1076:Styles which did not survive include
1019:(420 to 589 CE) and ended before the
7:
7795:
4007:(Revised ed.). British Library.
3111:
2932: – Calligraphic practice sheets
1537:scripts, all calligraphy written in
1394:culture. The script is derived from
307:. It is the design and execution of
7749:List of types, brands and companies
6713:List of types, brands and companies
4451:. New York, US: Dover Publications.
4310:Fraser, M.; Kwiatowski, W. (2006).
2987:
2975:
2914: – Medieval blackletter script
2303:. A particularly modern example is
4321:An Anthology of Asemic Handwriting
4262:. London: Oxford University Press.
3171:Miracle: a celebration of new life
2874: – The art of drawing letters
2374:Calligraphy, (Persia) 10th century
1625:Calligraphy by Syed Mohammed Anwer
1390:Tibetan calligraphy is central to
789:Calligraphy samples from East Asia
25:
4494:. London: Lion and Unicorn Press.
4312:Ink and Gold: Islamic Calligraphy
4102:"Font Designer — Edward Johnston"
4081:. The Edward Johnston Foundation.
4021:. Tyndale House Publishers. 2000.
4019:The Bible: New Living Translation
3510:. See, for example, the radicals
3032:. Belgium: Scirpus-Publications.
2883:Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
2809: – Legible handwriting style
2646:Central School of Arts and Crafts
2569:Central School of Arts and Crafts
399:, maps, and other written works.
52:This article has multiple issues.
7877:
7860:
7832:
7820:
7794:
7785:
7784:
6161:Bronze and brass ornamental work
5541:
5540:
4269:The Book: A History of the Bible
4246:; Carrey, Arthur Graham (1940).
3723:"How to ace in script lettering"
3546:""Four treasures of Study" tour"
3324:. University of Michigan Press.
3194:Reaves, M.; Schulte, E. (2006).
2754:
2742:
2730:
2379:
2363:
2341:
1989:
1966:
1939:
1908:
1253:style was highly appreciated in
1165:and paperweights are also used.
1069:of 1716 as in modern books. The
867:
851:
820:
797:
538:often acts as a guideline well.
432:
416:
299: 'beautiful writing') is a
251:
242:
231:
222:
143:
82:
41:
7660:Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.
7185:Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.
4470:Calligraphy and Islamic Culture
4323:. Brooklyn, NY: Punctum Books.
4079:"The Legacy of Edward Johnston"
3988:Joyce Irene Whalley (c. 1980).
3822:Latin calligraphy: Introduction
3818:Calligraphie latine: Initiation
3740:VietnamPlus (9 February 2022).
3059:Calligraphy: Intensive Training
2433:) on the walls and ceilings of
2151:. The first manuscript in this
470:, that require a stub nib pen.
60:or discuss these issues on the
4544:French Renaissance Paleography
4460:. New York: October House Inc.
3055:Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training
1832:calligraphy was expressed via
1566:
1340:
1048:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
776:
766:
534:(hence the name), and college-
1:
5497:History of Western typography
4472:. New York University Press.
4388:Various, copperplate and form
4295:. London: The Merrion Press.
3425:, containing 3,300 characters
3291:Sato, Shozo (11 March 2014).
3266:"Calligraphy Islamic website"
3169:Geddes, A.; Dion, C. (2004).
2660:. Hewitt helped to found the
2210:
1920:
1480:Memory of the World Programme
941:) "cursive" signs continued.
874:Modern Korean calligraphy in
27:Visual art related to writing
5344:traditional point-size names
4432:(in French). Paris: Michel.
2219:With the destruction of the
1780:
1678:, mainly those derived from
1215:
1193:
1115:
992:
913:, because the rulers in the
4597:Canons of page construction
4428:Mediavilla, Claude (2006).
4409:Shepherd, Margaret (2013).
4149:Baines & Dixon 2003: 81
4091:Cockerell 1945; Morris 1882
3570:. Tunbridge Wells: Search.
3211:The Calligrapher's Handbook
3028:Mediaville, Claude (1996).
2981:
2968:
2920: – Type of handwriting
2845: – Style of penmanship
2671:'s medieval gesso recipes.
2491:
2183:. The 17th century saw the
1767:Ethiopian Semitic languages
1335:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1207:
1185:
1157:
1109:
1101:Four Treasures of the Study
1078:
1050:(926–933), who ordered the
1032:
1004:
975:About 220 BCE, the emperor
968:
937:
927:
755:
737:
713:
705:
507:Inks, papers, and templates
102:. The specific problem is:
7941:
4456:Osley, A. S., ed. (1965).
4065:Gilderdale 1999; Gray 1971
3401:Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987).
3213:. Taplinger Publishing Co.
2907:Ronde script (calligraphy)
2567:in 1898, principal of the
2561:William Harrison Cowlishaw
2488:(lit. "script of nails") (
2324:
2318:
2044:appeared about 600 BCE in
1996:Modern Western calligraphy
1891:
1588:
1549:
1383:
1369:
1351:
1310:
1084:variant Chinese characters
285:
98:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
29:
7774:
5598:
5536:
4754:Subscript and superscript
4346:Kosack, Wolfgang (2014).
4248:The Elements of Lettering
3956:Lovett, Patricia (2000).
3766:Salomon, Richard (1998).
3529:
3521:
3513:
3224:Lamb, C.M., ed. (1976) .
2586:. He was commissioned by
1579:French colonial influence
1221:
1199:
1146:
1139:Four Friends of the Study
1121:
1058:
1042:
1017:North and South dynasties
998:
963:
901:
744:
726:
720:
367:, original hand-lettered
6774:manufacturers and brands
5512:Vox-ATypI classification
4642:Intentionally blank page
3500:
2944: – Form of graffiti
2553:Arts and Crafts movement
2012:, and in the use of the
1759:Epigraphic South Arabian
1015:. It started during the
6296:Painting in Hälsingland
4314:. London: Sam Fogg Ltd.
4203:Cinamon 2001; Kapr 1991
3791:Mitter, Partha (2001).
3226:Calligrapher's Handbook
3209:Child, H., ed. (1985).
2637:Subsequent developments
2563:, he was introduced to
2050:Roman imperial capitals
1777:, the script is called
1710:. Hieroglyphs combined
1402:and inhabitants of the
1181:Cursive styles such as
359:and event invitations,
5045:
4267:de Hamel, C. (2001a).
3663:"A primer on Baybayin"
3566:Suzuki, Yuuko (2005).
2478:ancient Persian script
2301:The Saint John's Bible
2221:
2179:
2117:
2056:painted on walls, and
1953:of 1407 on display in
1747:
1626:
1600:
1561:
1557:Vietnamese calligraphy
1552:Vietnamese calligraphy
878:, meaning "Wiktionary"
530:
18:East Asian calligraphy
7849:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
6618:Ballpoint pen artwork
4526:Calligraphy alphabets
3892:Knight, Stan (1998).
3474:"Chinese Calligraphy"
3297:. Tuttle Publishing.
3144:(in German). Munich:
2938: – Jewish scribe
2885: – Unicode block
2878:List of calligraphers
2149:Carolingian minuscule
2075:At the height of the
1840:and monuments in the
1733:
1620:
1598:
1507:Visayan ethnic groups
1410:has been a center of
1372:Mongolian calligraphy
1344:, and Japanese ink).
1286:ink and wash painting
782:East Asian characters
7719:Birmingham pen trade
6809:Macniven and Cameron
6633:Birmingham pen trade
6628:Counterfeit banknote
6316:Pressed flower craft
5382:Typographic features
4003:Brown, M.P. (2004).
3708:brideandbreakfast.ph
3544:Li, J., ed. (n.d.).
2979:) and in Persian is
2512:Contemporary scripts
2476:It is believed that
2466:Ottoman civilization
1974:Georgian calligraphy
1738:(r. 1607–1632) on a
1700:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1313:Japanese calligraphy
1257:reign (140–187 CE).
953:, the graphs on old
828:Japanese calligraphy
732:Japanese calligraphy
156:confusing or unclear
109:improve this article
7680:Winsor & Newton
6623:Ballpoint pen knife
5733:Spinning (textiles)
5651:Friendship bracelet
5507:Technical lettering
5406:Typography in other
5147:Hanging punctuation
4466:Schimmel, Annemarie
4447:Ogg, Oscar (1954).
4386:Marns, F.A (2002).
4376:(1909). "Plate 6".
4256:Benson, John Howard
4244:Benson, John Howard
4130:on 10 October 2008.
3960:. Harry N. Abrams.
3856:on 19 November 2018
3437:Xigui, Qiu (2000).
3140:Propfe, J. (2005).
2445:, or abstractions.
2321:Islamic calligraphy
2297:Lindisfarne Gospels
2292:Western calligraphy
2281:Islamic calligraphy
2229:sack of Rome (1527)
2127:Lindisfarne Gospels
2107:Western Christendom
1917:Lindisfarne Gospels
1915:Folio 27r from the
1894:Western calligraphy
1744:Wellcome Collection
1674:" and other sacred
1386:Tibetan calligraphy
700:Chinese calligraphy
357:wedding invitations
164:clarify the article
7542:M&G Stationery
7391:M&G Stationery
7303:M&G Stationery
7210:Yves Saint Laurent
6902:M&G Stationery
5470:Handwriting script
5397:Desktop publishing
5367:Character encoding
5360:Digital typography
4874:Horizontal aspects
4827:Visual distinction
4685:Widows and orphans
4037:istanbultarihi.ist
3943:de Hamel 1994: 461
3382:on 18 October 2019
2861:History of writing
2780:Handwriting script
2596:London Underground
2530:Modern calligraphy
2418:calligraphy, from
2408:Arabic calligraphy
2327:Arabic calligraphy
2195:Rhonde, (known as
2175:humanist minuscule
2164:Johannes Gutenberg
2085:Merovingian script
2052:carved on stones,
1748:
1627:
1601:
1591:Indian calligraphy
1505:script of various
1499:Kapampangan people
1354:Korean calligraphy
1135:Chinese characters
1089:simplified Chinese
897:oracle bone script
844:Horizontal writing
832:Chinese characters
750:Korean calligraphy
702:is locally called
397:death certificates
269:throughout history
7808:
7807:
7764:mechanical pencil
7739:Ink wash painting
6738:
6737:
6723:Mechanical pencil
6349:
6348:
6239:Hardstone carving
6187:Balloon modelling
5701:Ribbon embroidery
5554:
5553:
5301:Typographic units
5219:For position only
5118:
5117:
4970:
4969:
4510:978-1-933360-22-5
4499:Zapf, H. (2007).
4479:978-0-8147-7830-2
4439:978-2-226-17283-9
4420:978-0-8230-8230-8
4357:978-3-906206-10-3
4330:978-90-817091-7-0
4224:978-1-58456-067-8
3967:978-0-8109-4119-9
3925:Jackson 1981: 641
3831:978-2-215-02130-8
3710:. 12 August 2015.
3577:978-1-84448-057-9
3416:978-0-89659-774-7
3331:978-0-472-13255-3
3304:978-1-4629-1188-2
3180:978-0-7407-4696-3
3155:978-3-7667-1630-9
3124:Zapf, H. (2006).
3093:978-3-87439-675-2
3082:Pott, G. (2005).
3068:978-3-87439-700-1
3053:Pott, G. (2006).
3039:978-90-803325-1-5
2656:and gold leaf on
2627:Foundational hand
2255:and consequently
2223:Camera Apostolica
2101:Beneventan script
2097:Visigothic script
2070:early Middle Ages
1978:Georgian language
1946:Calligraphy in a
1932:Gospel of Matthew
1856:, calligraphy in
1842:Yucatán Peninsula
1757:, which replaced
1672:Om mani padme hum
1482:, under the name
1469:Palaw'an/Pala'wan
1255:Emperor Wu of Han
1155:
1066:Kangxi Dictionary
959:small seal script
933:large seal script
923:bronzeware script
692:
691:
531:litterea unciales
427:, with part names
375:, announcements,
214:
213:
206:
196:
195:
188:
137:
136:
129:
100:quality standards
91:This article may
75:
16:(Redirected from
7932:
7890:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7873:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7853:
7837:
7836:
7825:
7824:
7816:
7798:
7797:
7788:
7787:
6824:Hunt (Speedball)
6765:
6758:
6751:
6742:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6353:
6321:Qing handicrafts
6126:Chemical milling
5581:
5574:
5567:
5558:
5544:
5543:
5521:Related template
5453:Related articles
5254:Phototypesetting
5108:reverse-contrast
5093:Display typeface
5050:
5027:Blackletter type
4983:
4920:Vertical aspects
4901:Sentence spacing
4711:Typeface anatomy
4707:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4551:
4514:
4495:
4483:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4424:
4405:
4399:
4391:
4381:
4369:
4342:
4315:
4306:
4289:Fairbank, Alfred
4284:
4272:
4271:. Phaidon Press.
4263:
4251:
4229:
4228:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4194:Hewitt 1944–1953
4192:
4186:
4185:Jackson 1981: 81
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4167:Whitley 2000: 90
4165:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4126:. Archived from
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4063:
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4043:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4009:
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4000:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3953:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3852:. Archived from
3842:
3836:
3835:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3688:. Archived from
3677:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3650:. 25 April 2018.
3640:
3634:
3633:
3632:. 24 April 2018.
3620:
3614:
3613:
3612:. 27 April 2018.
3606:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3476:. Archived from
3469:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:. Archived from
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3344:Keightley, 1978.
3342:
3336:
3335:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3246:on 13 March 2017
3236:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3199:
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3185:
3184:
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3098:
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3079:
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3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2960:
2912:Rotunda (script)
2785:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2696:Karlgeorg Hoefer
2494:
2486:cuneiform script
2482:Achaemenid kings
2383:
2367:
2345:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2182:
2120:
2026:Cyrillic scripts
1993:
1970:
1955:Malmesbury Abbey
1943:
1925:
1922:
1912:
1783:
1763:Kingdom of Aksum
1702:were the formal
1568:
1564:
1447:of the Hanuno'o
1445:Hanunó'o/Hanunoo
1343:
1342:
1338:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1188:
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1148:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1081:
1061:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1026:The traditional
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
971:
966:
965:
940:
930:
905:), carved on ox
904:
903:
871:
855:
824:
801:
779:
778:
769:
768:
758:
747:
746:
740:
729:
728:
723:
722:
716:
708:
564:
541:
533:
502:Chiselled marker
436:
423:DA calligraphic
420:
408:Pens and brushes
296:
289:
255:
246:
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226:
209:
202:
191:
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86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
32:The Calligrapher
21:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7878:
7876:
7872:from Wiktionary
7866:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7852:sister projects
7851:
7843:
7831:
7819:
7811:
7809:
7804:
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7707:
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7483:
7460:
7362:
7259:
7006:
6833:
6775:
6769:
6739:
6734:
6674:
6606:
6566:
6523:Parts and tools
6518:
6385:
6380:
6350:
6345:
6331:Straw marquetry
6170:
6107:
6083:Enamelled glass
6059:
6006:
5938:
5762:
5607:
5594:
5588:Decorative arts
5585:
5555:
5550:
5532:
5516:
5448:
5408:writing systems
5407:
5401:
5355:
5295:
5239:Microtypography
5178:
5114:
5076:
5053:
5021:
4978:classifications
4977:
4966:
4915:
4869:
4835:Blackboard bold
4821:
4773:
4696:
4646:
4637:Recto and verso
4583:
4578:
4530:Lettering Daily
4522:
4517:
4511:
4498:
4488:Wolpe, Berthold
4486:
4480:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4440:
4427:
4421:
4408:
4392:
4385:
4382:10th Impression
4372:
4358:
4345:
4331:
4318:
4309:
4303:
4287:
4277:Diringer, David
4275:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:Herringham 1899
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:Gilderdale 1999
4139:
4135:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4104:. Linotype GmbH
4100:
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3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3686:CNN Philippines
3679:
3678:
3674:
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3659:
3655:
3642:
3641:
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3621:
3617:
3608:
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3590:
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3543:
3542:
3538:
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3525:
3517:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3480:on 27 July 2020
3471:
3470:
3466:
3451:
3440:Chinese writing
3436:
3435:
3431:
3417:
3407:Abbeville Press
3400:
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3238:
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3208:
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3168:
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3156:
3139:
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3134:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2831:Concrete poetry
2783:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:Edward Johnston
2759:
2750:
2747:
2738:
2735:
2724:
2723:
2722:Selected images
2669:Cennino Cennini
2639:
2623:Alfred Fairbank
2615:Stanley Morison
2580:Southampton Row
2565:William Lethaby
2557:Edward Johnston
2537:
2532:
2523:Mir Ali Tabrizi
2514:
2474:
2443:corporate logos
2404:Arabic language
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2386:Sample showing
2384:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2272:
2260:writing systems
2249:
2213:
2180:littera antiqua
2143:, the Abbot of
2109:
2054:rustic capitals
2038:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1985:
1971:
1962:
1944:
1935:
1926:) contains the
1923:
1913:
1902:
1901:
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1822:
1728:
1697:
1692:
1632:
1604:Religious texts
1593:
1587:
1554:
1548:
1473:Palaw'an people
1465:Tagbanwa people
1461:Tagbanwa script
1437:
1432:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1360:Korean alphabet
1356:
1350:
1315:
1309:
1282:
1179:
1097:
1091:character set.
1062:
988:clerical script
889:
884:
883:
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879:
872:
863:
856:
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816:
802:
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790:
697:
688:
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509:
444:
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429:
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273:
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267:writing systems
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5:
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7907:
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7805:
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7625:Conway Stewart
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7295:
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7278:Conway Stewart
7275:
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7257:
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7247:
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7232:
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7065:Conway Stewart
7062:
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7050:Conway Stewart
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7016:
7014:
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7005:
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6977:Conway Stewart
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6867:Conway Stewart
6864:
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6409:
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6399:
6393:
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6387:
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6364:
6356:
6347:
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6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6259:Leatherworking
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6212:Egg decorating
6209:
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6199:
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5808:
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5778:
5772:
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5477:
5472:
5467:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5442:National Fonts
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Web typography
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
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5266:
5264:Reversing type
5261:
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5231:
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5221:
5216:
5211:
5210:
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5133:
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5120:
5119:
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5090:
5084:
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4959:
4954:
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4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4891:Letter-spacing
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:Color printing
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4779:Capitalization
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
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4715:
4713:
4704:
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4682:
4677:
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4647:
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4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Page numbering
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
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4591:
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4579:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4532:
4521:
4520:External links
4518:
4516:
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4509:
4496:
4484:
4478:
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4093:
4084:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4024:
4010:
3995:
3973:
3966:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3902:
3884:
3880:de Hamel 2001a
3867:
3837:
3830:
3808:
3801:
3783:
3777:978-0195099843
3776:
3758:
3732:
3713:
3695:
3692:on 5 May 2020.
3672:
3667:gmanetwork.com
3653:
3635:
3615:
3601:
3596:www.unesco.org
3583:
3576:
3558:
3536:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3491:
3464:
3449:
3429:
3415:
3409:. p. 13.
3393:
3367:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3310:
3303:
3283:
3272:on 8 June 2012
3257:
3231:
3216:
3201:
3186:
3179:
3161:
3154:
3146:Callwey Verlag
3132:
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3045:
3038:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2942:Tag (graffiti)
2939:
2933:
2927:
2924:Secretary hand
2921:
2915:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2789:Asemic writing
2786:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:Adobe InDesign
2707:Microsoft Word
2673:Donald Jackson
2644:taught at the
2638:
2635:
2573:British Museum
2549:William Morris
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2513:
2510:
2473:
2470:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2319:Main article:
2316:
2313:
2271:
2268:
2264:Latin language
2248:
2247:Eastern Europe
2245:
2189:English script
2185:Batarde script
2108:
2105:
2093:Luxeuil script
2042:Latin alphabet
2037:
2034:
2030:Eastern Europe
2010:Western Europe
1999:
1998:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:Main article:
1889:
1886:
1858:Maya languages
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:and Ethiopia.
1734:A painting of
1727:
1724:
1704:writing system
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1676:Buddhist texts
1650:) are used in
1636:Ranjana script
1631:
1628:
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1550:Main article:
1547:
1544:
1531:Ilocano people
1529:script of the
1523:Tagalog people
1521:script of the
1513:script of the
1497:script of the
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Southeast Asia
1428:
1384:Main article:
1381:
1378:
1370:Main article:
1367:
1364:
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1331:Japanese paper
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1281:
1278:
1270:printing press
1178:
1175:
1096:
1093:
1056:
1028:regular script
951:Imperial China
888:
885:
881:
880:
873:
866:
864:
857:
850:
848:
826:
819:
817:
805:On Calligraphy
803:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
786:
696:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
679:
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666:
661:
656:
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640:
635:
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628:
618:
617:
616:
611:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
557:
556:
550:
549:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
464:ballpoint pens
438:
431:
430:
422:
415:
414:
413:
412:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
377:graphic design
260:
259:
250:
249:
241:
240:
239:
230:
229:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
212:
211:
194:
193:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7937:
7926:
7923:
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7918:
7916:
7913:
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7908:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7888:
7887:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7858:
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7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7645:Kokuyo Camlin
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
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7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7532:Kokuyo Camlin
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
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7389:
7387:
7384:
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7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
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7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7298:Kokuyo Camlin
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Pierre Cardin
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
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7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7120:Kokuyo Camlin
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7090:Faber-Castell
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
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7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:Pierre Cardin
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
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6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:Pierre Cardin
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:Kokuyo Camlin
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
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6848:
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6842:
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6836:
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6807:
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6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:Pen computing
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
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6616:
6615:
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6609:
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6598:
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6596:
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6578:
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6569:
6563:
6560:
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6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
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6485:
6482:
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6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
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6430:
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6423:
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6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6311:Private press
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6222:Faux painting
6220:
6218:
6217:Engraved gems
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6103:Stained glass
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:Glass etching
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
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6018:
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5988:
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5809:
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5639:
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5621:Banner-making
5619:
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5616:
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5604:
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5597:
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5480:
5476:
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5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
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5413:
5412:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Bézier curves
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Rasterization
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5352:
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5342:
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5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:Microprinting
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
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5195:
5193:
5192:Etaoin shrdlu
5190:
5189:
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5181:
5175:
5172:
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4909:
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4708:
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4506:
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4459:
4454:
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4441:
4435:
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4412:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
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4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4302:0-87923-128-9
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
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4226:
4220:
4216:
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4197:
4191:
4188:
4182:
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4173:
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4164:
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4155:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4056:de Hamel 1986
4053:
4050:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3903:9781884718564
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3802:9780192842213
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
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3714:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
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3673:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3507:
3506:Kangxi Zidian
3503:
3495:
3492:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3450:1-55729-071-7
3446:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2983:
2972:
2970:
2965:in Arabic is
2964:
2959:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:Italic script
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:Chancery hand
2823:
2820:
2819:Calligraffiti
2817:
2814:
2813:Brāhmī script
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2677:Prince Philip
2674:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:Graily Hewitt
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:Graily Hewitt
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:Islamic world
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2315:Islamic world
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:Timothy Botts
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:Book of Kells
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:Roman cursive
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:three scripts
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1795:Ezana of Axum
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Ancient Egypt
1705:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1623:Samrup Rachna
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Eskaya people
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:of the Buhid
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Suyat scripts
1434:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1424:prayer wheels
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Potala Palace
1401:
1397:
1396:Indic scripts
1393:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:, a style of
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:, paper, and
1128:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
989:
984:
982:
978:
977:Qin Shi Huang
973:
970:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
943:Mao Gong Ding
939:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
915:Shang dynasty
912:
909:and tortoise
908:
898:
894:
893:ancient China
886:
877:
870:
865:
861:
860:Kim Jeong-hui
854:
849:
845:
841:
840:Ōura Kanetake
837:
833:
829:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
795:
785:
783:
773:
763:
759:
757:
751:
741:
739:
733:
717:
715:
709:
707:
701:
694:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
574:
568:
567:
563:
559:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
539:
537:
532:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
469:
468:Gothic script
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
435:
426:
419:
407:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:religious art
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
341:, the aim of
340:
339:Western world
335:
333:
329:
328:Islamic world
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
288:
284:
281:
280:Ancient Greek
277:
268:
264:
254:
245:
234:
225:
216:
208:
205:
190:
187:
179:
169:
168:the talk page
165:
159:
157:
152:This article
150:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
105:
101:
97:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7889:from Commons
7884:
7867:
7846:
7777:
7723:
7502:Caran d'Ache
7273:Caran d'Ache
7045:Caran d'Ache
6862:Caran d'Ache
6814:Josiah Mason
6685:
6665:Pen spinning
6660:Pen painting
6585:Fountain pen
6412:Demonstrator
6279:Glass mosaic
6197:Bone carving
5997:Wood carving
5992:Wood burning
5967:Chip carving
5924:Scrapbooking
5909:Papier-mâché
5875:Papercutting
5828:Iris folding
5816:Photomontage
5811:Papier collé
5785:
5776:Altered book
5636:Cross-stitch
5492:Type foundry
5474:
5329:Metric units
5259:Punchcutting
5244:Movable type
5214:Font catalog
5174:Vertical bar
4911:Word spacing
4881:Figure space
4764:Text figures
4607:Even working
4500:
4491:
4469:
4457:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4387:
4377:
4374:Johnston, E.
4347:
4320:
4311:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4259:
4247:
4214:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4158:Tresser 2006
4154:
4145:
4136:
4128:the original
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4096:
4087:
4061:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4036:
4027:
4018:
4013:
4004:
3998:
3989:
3957:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3893:
3887:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3849:
3840:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3767:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3745:
3735:
3727:philstar.com
3726:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3690:the original
3685:
3675:
3666:
3656:
3648:ABS-CBN News
3647:
3638:
3627:
3618:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3567:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3539:
3505:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:the original
3467:
3439:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3402:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3380:the original
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3349:
3340:
3320:
3313:
3293:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:the original
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:the original
3234:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3170:
3164:
3141:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3083:
3077:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3029:
2996:
2982:Khosh-Nevisi
2969:khatt ul-yad
2966:
2962:
2958:
2895:Palaeography
2704:
2700:Hermann Zapf
2689:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2606:
2600:
2592:new typeface
2590:to design a
2577:
2546:
2538:
2515:
2492:khat-e-mikhi
2489:
2475:
2463:
2447:
2428:
2422:in medieval
2397:
2349:
2289:
2285:stroke order
2273:
2250:
2238:In England,
2237:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2193:
2172:
2157:
2135:
2110:
2077:Roman Empire
2074:
2046:ancient Rome
2039:
2036:Ancient Rome
2006:Latin script
2003:
1866:Chichen Itza
1863:
1854:Quintana Roo
1828:
1799:
1791:
1778:
1755:Ge'ez script
1749:
1698:
1633:
1602:
1555:
1488:
1483:
1438:
1389:
1375:
1357:
1316:
1302:
1283:
1266:Song dynasty
1259:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1204:
1182:
1180:
1167:
1138:
1098:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1025:
1021:Tang dynasty
1010:
985:
974:
948:
890:
813:Song dynasty
804:
753:
735:
711:
703:
698:
553:
510:
498:Fountain pen
472:
445:
389:testimonials
381:inscriptions
354:
347:
336:
321:
294:kalligraphía
293:
290:
283:
275:
274:
215:
200:
182:
176:January 2023
173:
162:Please help
153:
123:
117:January 2023
114:
107:Please help
103:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
7920:Typesetting
7905:Calligraphy
7869:Definitions
7847:Calligraphy
7839:Visual arts
7724:Calligraphy
7675:TOZ Penkala
7235:TOZ Penkala
7230:S.T. Dupont
7150:Montegrappa
7095:Guy Laroche
6987:TOZ Penkala
6686:Calligraphy
6535:Ink blotter
6452:highlighter
6306:Pietra dura
6269:Micromosaic
6202:Doll making
6156:Silversmith
6073:Cameo glass
6030:Earthenware
6002:Woodturning
5914:Pop-up book
5899:Papermaking
5786:Calligraphy
5781:Bookbinding
5711:Rug hooking
5681:Needlepoint
5661:Lace-making
5626:Canvas work
5487:Type design
5482:Style guide
5475:Calligraphy
5465:Handwriting
5279:Type design
5229:Lorem ipsum
5224:Letterpress
5184:Typesetting
5124:Punctuation
5088:Record type
5059:Gaelic type
5047:Schwabacher
4937:Body height
4802:Letter case
4670:Line length
4535:Calligraphy
4236:Works cited
3746:VietnamPlus
3228:. Pentalic.
2963:Calligraphy
2930:Siyah mashq
2889:Micrography
2855:Handwriting
2801:Blackletter
2711:Apple Pages
2691:Rudolf Koch
2464:During the
2348:The phrase
2227:during the
2214: 1650
2160:blackletter
2137:Charlemagne
2089:Laon script
2081:Semi-uncial
1834:Maya glyphs
1712:logographic
1486:, in 1999.
1453:Buhid/Build
1435:Philippines
1358:The modern
1319:CJK strokes
1227:Han dynasty
1158:Munbang sau
1127:Chinese ink
1105:ink brushes
1023:(618–907).
862:(1786–1856)
774::
764::
554:Calligraphy
536:ruled paper
361:font design
350:type design
343:calligraphy
332:calligraphy
303:related to
287:καλλιγραφία
276:Calligraphy
111:if you can.
7915:Penmanship
7899:Categories
7778:brush pens
7729:Cartooning
7640:Koh-i-Noor
7527:Koh-i-Noor
7466:Brush pens
7416:Paper Mate
7265:Rollerball
7255:Yard-O-Led
7115:Koh-i-Noor
7080:Esterbrook
6997:Yard-O-Led
6927:Paper Mate
6789:Esterbrook
6691:Cartooning
6655:Penmanship
6638:Pen Museum
6494:Rollerball
6341:Wall decal
6264:Miniatures
6182:Assemblage
6050:Terracotta
6025:Bone china
5904:Paper toys
5870:Papercraft
5796:Cast paper
5791:Cardmaking
5738:String art
5728:Shoemaking
5716:Rug making
5686:Needlework
5641:Embroidery
5631:Crocheting
5592:handicraft
5460:Penmanship
5432:East Asian
5274:Type color
5207:monospaced
5164:Interpunct
5157:minus sign
5081:Specialist
5017:Sans-serif
5010:slab serif
4987:Roman type
4942:Cap height
4906:Thin space
4865:Whitespace
4817:Title case
4812:Snake case
4807:Small caps
4792:Camel case
4724:Diacritics
4632:Pull quote
4627:Pagination
4622:Paper size
4581:Typography
4339:1100489411
4108:5 November
4042:25 January
3793:Indian Art
3008:References
2918:Round hand
2901:Penmanship
2837:Court hand
2603:penmanship
2588:Frank Pick
2426:to China.
2420:Al-Andalus
2370:Bowl with
2325:See also:
2197:Round hand
1924: 700
1736:Susenyos I
1720:alphabetic
1585:South Asia
1559:is called
1525:, and the
1420:Dalai Lama
1280:Influences
1274:sans-serif
969:xiǎo zhuàn
919:divination
752:is called
664:Vietnamese
365:typography
301:visual art
278:(from
158:to readers
57:improve it
7910:Book arts
7744:Lettering
7703:Staedtler
7690:Technical
7670:Staedtler
7582:Staedtler
7353:Staedtler
7220:Speedball
7145:Montblanc
7085:Eversharp
6972:Staedtler
6917:Montblanc
6847:Ballograf
6839:Ballpoint
6706:Lettering
6670:Retipping
6595:Iron gall
6580:Alizarine
6514:Technical
6462:permanent
6447:dry erase
6402:Ballpoint
6336:Taxidermy
6326:Scrimshaw
6301:Pargeting
6227:Grotesque
6207:Dollhouse
6151:Goldsmith
6146:Jewellery
6136:Engraving
6093:Glassware
6078:Chip work
6045:Stoneware
6035:Porcelain
5987:Marquetry
5962:Carpentry
5957:Cabinetry
5934:Wallpaper
5860:Embossing
5853:Moneygami
5806:Decoupage
5691:Patchwork
5676:Millinery
4957:Overshoot
4952:Mean line
4947:Descender
4860:Underline
4702:Character
4680:Runaround
4660:Alignment
4652:Paragraph
4396:cite book
4390:. London.
4366:894692503
3459:470162569
3423:Sān Chāng
3112:Zapf 2007
2872:Lettering
2849:Handstyle
2807:Book hand
2619:Eric Gill
2584:Eric Gill
2518:Nasta'liq
2472:Antiquity
2454:spiritual
2431:Arabesque
2351:Bismillah
2233:Roundhand
2123:bookhands
1980:with its
1959:monastery
1930:from the
1868:, Labna,
1751:Ethiopian
1621:Budha in
1264:from the
1170:hair type
1163:desk pads
1152:romanized
1147:문방사우/文房四友
1133:to write
1131:inkstones
1107:known as
1095:Technique
1038:Zhong You
911:plastrons
695:East Asia
683:Mongolian
571:By script
525:light-box
517:parchment
488:Ink brush
324:East Asia
317:ink brush
309:lettering
263:languages
63:talk page
7790:Category
7650:Kuretake
7630:Chelpark
7592:Uni-ball
7537:Kuretake
7474:Kuretake
7451:Uni-ball
7431:Reynolds
7358:Uni-ball
7343:Sheaffer
7328:Reynolds
7250:Waterman
7245:Visconti
7215:Sheaffer
7200:Reynolds
7055:Chelpark
7012:Fountain
6992:Uni-ball
6962:Sheaffer
6952:Reynolds
6804:Leonardt
6781:Dip nibs
6557:Penknife
6550:flex nib
6427:Fountain
6291:Ornament
6254:Lapidary
6249:Lath art
6232:Gargoyle
6192:Beadwork
6166:Ironwork
5982:Intarsia
5977:Fretwork
5972:Ébéniste
5952:Bentwood
5929:Stamping
5919:Quilling
5865:Marbling
5848:Kirigami
5838:Kamikiri
5743:Tapestry
5696:Quilting
5656:Knitting
5546:Category
5425:PT Fonts
5420:Cyrillic
5284:Typeface
5202:computer
5103:fat face
4976:Typeface
4962:x-height
4932:Baseline
4927:Ascender
4787:All caps
4749:Rotation
4744:Ligature
4739:Ink trap
4490:(1959).
4468:(1984).
4291:(1975).
4279:(1968).
4258:(1955).
2988:خوشنویسی
2795:Bastarda
2773:See also
2687:styles.
2551:and the
2541:printing
2402:and the
2388:Nastaliq
2309:typeface
2253:Slavonic
2201:Bastarda
2168:typeface
2129:and the
2113:Breviary
2022:Georgian
2018:Armenian
1878:Calakmul
1846:Campeche
1820:Americas
1810:Tigrinya
1806:Ethiopia
1775:Tigrinya
1746:, London
1726:Ethiopia
1716:syllabic
1706:used in
1680:Sanskrit
1668:Mongolia
1608:Monastic
1562:thư pháp
1527:Kur-itan
1519:Baybayin
1511:Iniskaya
1459:people,
1451:people,
1412:Buddhism
1366:Mongolia
1327:katakana
1323:hiragana
1294:Japanese
1079:bāfēnshū
1052:printing
938:dà zhuàn
907:scapulae
842:(1910).
659:Japanese
638:Georgian
621:Cyrillic
546:a series
544:Part of
460:felt-tip
450:and the
371:design,
326:and the
93:require
7827:Writing
7813:Portals
7800:Commons
7754:Narayam
7712:Related
7698:Rotring
7665:Rotring
7655:Pelikan
7577:Stabilo
7572:Sharpie
7522:Herlitz
7512:Crayola
7489:Markers
7446:Stabilo
7441:Sharpie
7381:Crayola
7348:Stabilo
7338:Sharpie
7225:Stabilo
7205:Rotring
7180:Pelikan
7075:Dunhill
7040:Cartier
6967:Stabilo
6937:Pelikan
6882:Herlitz
6794:Gillott
6730:Narayam
6679:Related
6650:Pen gun
6600:Stark's
6540:Inkwell
6484:Rastrum
6417:Digital
6286:Netsuke
6141:Etching
6121:Andiron
6040:Pottery
6020:Azulejo
6012:Ceramic
5880:Chinese
5843:Origami
5833:Jianzhi
5801:Collage
5758:Weaving
5753:Tie-dye
5748:Tatting
5671:Macrame
5646:Felting
5613:Textile
5603:History
5372:Hinting
5249:Pangram
5067:Insular
5040:Rotunda
5035:Fraktur
5000:Antiqua
4886:Kerning
4855:Oblique
4850:Italics
4797:Initial
4729:Dingbat
4719:Counter
4665:Leading
3629:SunStar
3276:18 June
2976:خط اليد
2843:Cursive
2650:gilding
2535:Revival
2506:Avestan
2504:" and "
2502:Pahlavi
2498:Persian
2450:Muslims
2435:mosques
2416:Ottoman
2412:Persian
2356:Ottoman
2290:Sacred
2277:Chinese
2257:Russian
1928:incipit
1850:Yucatán
1814:Eritrea
1802:Amharic
1771:Amharic
1761:in the
1575:Chữ Hán
1571:Chữ Nôm
1546:Vietnam
1495:Kulitan
1471:of the
1463:of the
1457:Mangyan
1449:Mangyan
1416:secular
1392:Tibetan
1290:Chinese
1233:xíngshū
1229:), but
1186:xíngshū
1154::
1033:kǎi shū
1013:Wei Bei
928:jīn wén
887:History
815:(China)
676:Western
649:Chinese
645:-based
626:Serbian
614:Tibetan
604:Brahmic
597:Persian
592:Turkish
587:Islamic
513:viscous
483:Dip pen
337:In the
311:with a
305:writing
154:may be
95:cleanup
7759:Pencil
7734:Comics
7635:Kaweco
7620:Carter
7587:Tombow
7567:Sakura
7557:Pentel
7552:Monami
7479:Pentel
7436:Sakura
7421:Pentel
7401:Monami
7333:Sakura
7318:Pentel
7308:Monami
7293:Kaweco
7240:Tombow
7190:Pentel
7175:Parker
7155:Namiki
7140:Monami
7110:Kaweco
7100:Hermès
7060:Curtis
7020:Aurora
6982:Tombow
6957:Sakura
6932:Parker
6912:Monami
6887:Kaweco
6799:Kaweco
6718:Pencil
6701:Inking
6696:Comics
6562:Pounce
6509:Stylus
6499:Ruling
6442:Marker
6397:Active
6274:Mosaic
6131:Enamel
6098:Mirror
5890:Slavic
5885:Jewish
5723:Sewing
5706:Carpet
5415:Arabic
5314:Cicero
5152:Hyphen
5137:Bullet
5098:script
5072:Uncial
5005:Didone
4769:Tittle
4612:Margin
4602:Column
4539:Curlie
4507:
4476:
4436:
4417:
4364:
4354:
4337:
4327:
4299:
4221:
3964:
3900:
3860:30 May
3828:
3799:
3774:
3751:14 May
3574:
3551:30 May
3484:30 May
3457:
3447:
3413:
3386:30 May
3360:30 May
3328:
3301:
3250:1 June
3177:
3152:
3130:CD-ROM
3090:
3065:
3036:
2658:vellum
2539:After
2458:Qur'an
2358:region
2141:Alcuin
2062:uncial
2024:, and
2020:, and
1888:Europe
1690:Africa
1660:Bhutan
1648:Kutila
1644:Phagpa
1640:Lantsa
1517:, the
1509:, the
1503:badlit
1501:, the
1477:UNESCO
1467:, and
1298:Korean
1296:, and
1272:, and
1249:cǎoshū
1241:cǎoshū
1208:cǎoshū
1177:Styles
1143:Korean
1071:Kangxi
1005:lì shū
955:steles
931:) and
876:Hangul
830:: Two
770:;
762:Korean
654:Korean
609:Indian
582:Arabic
577:Arabic
521:vellum
7886:Media
7776:Only
7597:Zebra
7562:Pilot
7547:Maped
7507:Copic
7497:Berol
7456:Zebra
7426:Pilot
7396:Maped
7323:Pilot
7195:Pilot
7170:Onoto
7135:Maped
7130:Luxor
7070:Cross
7025:Berol
7002:Zebra
6947:Pilot
6907:Maped
6872:Cross
6852:Berol
6829:Zebra
6819:Perry
6611:Other
6590:India
6479:Quill
6474:Qalam
6457:paint
6437:Light
6407:Brush
6390:Types
6175:Other
6113:Metal
6065:Glass
5823:Decal
5768:Paper
5666:Lucet
5339:Point
5309:Agate
5169:Space
4995:Serif
4896:Pitch
4759:Swash
4734:Glyph
4675:River
3820:[
3526:, or
3504:[
3057:[
2950:Notes
2936:Sofer
2654:gesso
2496:) in
2424:Spain
2400:Islam
2372:Kufic
2270:Style
2240:Ayres
2118:uncia
2066:Bible
2014:Greek
1951:Bible
1948:Latin
1882:stele
1874:Edzna
1870:Uxmal
1838:seals
1781:Fidäl
1740:Ge'ez
1695:Egypt
1656:Tibet
1652:Nepal
1630:Nepal
1612:Jaina
1539:suyat
1535:suyat
1491:suyat
1408:Tibet
1400:Lamas
1380:Tibet
1348:Korea
1336:washi
1307:Japan
1110:máobǐ
981:Li Si
809:Mi Fu
772:Hanja
756:seoye
738:shodō
714:fǎshū
706:shūfǎ
671:Latin
643:Hanzi
493:Qalam
478:Quill
452:brush
403:Tools
393:birth
385:props
282:
7615:Bril
7517:Deli
7411:Ohto
7406:Muji
7386:Deli
7313:Ohto
7288:Deli
7165:OMAS
7160:Ohto
7125:Lamy
7105:Hero
6922:Ohto
6897:Lamy
6877:Deli
6572:Inks
6504:Skin
6489:Reed
6383:Pens
6244:Inro
6055:Tile
5944:Wood
5590:and
5437:Thai
5351:Twip
5334:Pica
5289:list
5269:Sort
5197:Font
5142:Dash
5128:List
4840:Bold
4690:runt
4589:Page
4505:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4434:ISBN
4415:ISBN
4402:link
4362:OCLC
4352:ISBN
4335:OCLC
4325:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4110:2007
4044:2024
3962:ISBN
3898:ISBN
3862:2018
3826:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3772:ISBN
3753:2022
3572:ISBN
3553:2018
3501:康熙字典
3486:2018
3455:OCLC
3445:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3388:2018
3362:2018
3326:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3278:2012
3252:2007
3175:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3034:ISBN
2698:and
2594:for
2516:The
2153:hand
2145:York
2040:The
1852:and
1830:Maya
1825:Maya
1808:and
1787:Dʿmt
1773:and
1718:and
1684:Pali
1682:and
1573:and
1325:and
1262:Song
1237:and
986:The
631:Vyaz
462:and
456:nibs
395:and
369:logo
363:and
265:and
7607:Ink
7376:Bic
7368:Gel
7030:Bic
6857:Bic
6772:Pen
6545:Nib
6432:Gel
6422:Dip
4537:at
3472:Z.
2709:or
2414:or
2279:or
2177:or
2170:.
2028:in
2008:in
1812:in
1804:in
1664:Leh
1268:'s
1125:),
1002:) (
949:In
902:甲骨文
891:In
807:by
734:is
724:or
710:or
519:or
448:pen
425:nib
322:In
313:pen
7901::
6467:UV
5324:En
5319:Em
4398:}}
4394:{{
4360:.
4333:.
4070:^
4035:.
3976:^
3948:^
3870:^
3848:.
3744:.
3725:.
3706:.
3684:.
3665:.
3646:.
3626:.
3594:.
3518:,
3453:.
3419:.
3148:.
3102:^
3016:^
2702:.
2633:.
2621:,
2617:,
2613:,
2575:.
2555:.
2311:.
2287:.
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