53:
71:
324:
299:
425:
were mostly absent. It had its own security and legal apparatus, with the LF also providing the local population with subsidized services, including public transport, education and healthcare among others. The canton had more than 60% of the country's industrial capacity. In 1976, to finance its war
1027:
correspondent, visited the
Christian canton in 1976, the same year as its foundation. He reported that compared to the villages outside of the canton, in Maronite towns and villages no garbage littered the streets, gas was one-fifth the price charged in West Beirut and the price of bread was
926:
and Hrawi whereby the army would militarily and politically take over 2/3 of the canton (the remaining 1/3 being the
Northern governorate and Achrafieh in East Beirut), but the militia’s 10,000 strong force would remain intact for the time being.
1621:
964:
as a symbol of his willingness to integrate with the government, defying Aoun’s refusal of any Hrawi-LF alliance. These developments, combined with the Syrian army’s support, dramatically shifted the odds in favour of the
817:
As central government authority disintegrated and rival governments claimed national authority, the various parties and militias started to create comprehensive state administrations in their territory. These were known as
1056:) or La Voix du Liban (VDL) in French, set up in that same year. However, the airport was never used for civilian purposes. Although its heavily damaged runway has been patched, the airfield is currently used only by the
1111:
A play titled "Min
Kfarshima lal Madfoun" tells the story of a Maronite woman's journey from Kfarchima to Madfoun, starting from Tabaris in Achrafieh, through the Nahr El Kalb tunnel, then Jounieh and finally to Jbeil.
1622:"Le procès dans l'affaire Murr prendra fin lundi avec les plaidoieries de Karam et du chef des FL Naïm qualifie d'illégale la procédure judiciaire et Rizk souligne le ralliement de Geagea à Taëf(photos)"
455:
1170:
1922:
706:
500:
1586:
1217:
1185:
977:
Although the canton was not recognized internationally as a sovereign state nor an administrative region, the region still garnered foreign support from namely the
1607:
426:
effort, the LF established the "National
Treasury" in order to manage its revenue, mainly through direct taxation of the canton's population, among other sources.
1917:
524:
1795:
448:
997:, which included the GAMMA Group brain-trust, the DELTA computer company, and the SONAPORT holding. The latter run since 1975 the legal commercial ports of
1907:
803:
1937:
1912:
1455:
902:
that claimed up to 500 lives, including civilians and 80 of Dany's men (other source states that the dead toll amounted to 150 Tigers' fighters).
441:
1608:"Both sides pounded the Christian enclave daily claiming the lives of 615 people died, and more than 2,000 were wounded, half of them civilians"
1692:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
1506:
1389:
1301:
1037:
833:
788:
645:
622:
937:
and the Hrawi government. As the
Elimination War was ravaging East Beirut and its suburbs (up to the Metn), the handoff actually began in
746:
1103:
The militiamen were situated in a mountainous region which gave them an upper-hand against Syrian expansion westward of the country.
736:
212:
1887:
1866:
1845:
1824:
721:
667:
199:
894:. Dany's adamant refusal of allowing the Tigers to be incorporated led to a Phalangist assault on his militia's headquarters in
753:
655:
186:
1877:
993:" in the whole of Lebanon, it was administrated by a network of Phalangist-controlled business corporations headed by "Chef"
650:
617:
1856:
1835:
1496:
672:
1065:
957:
945:
934:
919:
875:
819:
778:
565:
422:
829:
798:
577:
661:
52:
1379:
1141:
887:
379:
136:
1146:
1121:
1085:
882:, opposed it. Fearing that its own party's militia was getting out of his control, Camille tacitly allowed its
716:
682:
505:
488:
317:
1407:"Change and Continuity among the Lebanese Druze Community: The Civil Administration of the Mountains, 1983-90"
870:
Relations between the NLP political board and the Tigers' military command soured after the former, headed by
1184:
East, Milton Viorst; Milton Viorst is a
Washington writer who frequently reports on the Middle (1983-10-02).
1080:
army brigades of 12,000 men, which was well-equipped by the United States, along with 5,000 militiamen under
1932:
1736:
1704:
1151:
1097:
411:
363:
1463:
825:
758:
741:
677:
530:
366:-dominated geopolitical region that existed in Lebanon from 1976 until its gradual erosion following the
1927:
1640:
1126:
793:
692:
572:
494:
415:
391:
375:
173:
687:
635:
1434:
1307:
1211:
1131:
1057:
1020:
511:
465:
371:
229:
150:
933:, however, had publicly stated that he would not accept the handoff or any alliance between the
915:
1883:
1862:
1841:
1820:
1744:
1712:
1502:
1426:
1385:
1297:
1193:
1171:"Geagea : Ceux qui m'avaient emprisonné sont aujourd'hui eux-mêmes derrière les barreaux"
938:
841:
582:
544:
395:
1418:
1289:
711:
640:
612:
602:
407:
387:
1061:
1024:
1017:
extracted additional revenues by levying taxes and by conducting arms-dealing operations.
1002:
994:
871:
845:
731:
559:
537:
518:
105:
60:
952:
to Beirut from Aoun’s troops, completely cutting off naval supply routes. In addition,
1136:
1093:
1077:
966:
899:
895:
891:
607:
597:
587:
367:
270:
225:
1483:
1901:
1484:
Born violent: Armed political parties and non-state governance in
Lebanon’s civil war
978:
726:
403:
1081:
1014:
953:
923:
879:
592:
483:
115:
70:
1814:
930:
911:
1311:
1281:
1422:
81:
1781:
1748:
1716:
1430:
1197:
1293:
1010:
828:
autonomous provinces. Marounistan was one of the first cantons to form. The
783:
410:
region to the north, which was controlled by a rival
Christian militia, the
1858:
States-Within-States: Incipient
Political Entities in the Post-Cold War Era
1796:"Yahia Jaber's warning to a broken Lebanon in 'Min Kfarshima lal Madfoun'"
1523:
Conflict on Mount
Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory
1837:
War and Intervention in Lebanon: The Israeli-Syrian Deterrence Dialogue
1438:
1406:
1045:
998:
961:
949:
849:
342:
304:
95:
85:
1089:
1049:
883:
433:
399:
383:
1068:. The airfield is currently also used by the Special Forces school.
421:
East Beirut was a semi-independent region, from which Syrian troops
922:
barracks in the governorate. This was part of an agreement between
394:, extending outside the capital northward to include the region of
1041:
989:
Considered by many analysts as the best organized of all militia "
1782:"Nathalie Naoum's Breathtaking Journey from Kfarchima to Madfoun"
1381:
Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East
1036:
The Canton was also served by a clandestine-built airstrip, the
990:
1879:
The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa
1498:
The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa
1268:
The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society
437:
1816:
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1989, Volume 13; Volume 1989
832:
territory, which mostly served its Druze community, was the "
1001:
and Beirut, including the infamous clandestine "Dock Five" (
382:(LF) militia, and was separated in the Lebanese capital,
1048:, and had its own radio station, The Voice of Lebanon (
906:
War of Liberation and territorial Handover to the LAF
1028:
controlled to levels comparable to pre-war pricing.
33:
338:
266:
252:
243:
222:
209:
196:
183:
170:
160:
146:
130:
121:
111:
101:
91:
77:
21:
1705:"LEBANON: Carving Out a Christian Canton - page 2"
1587:Full text of "Arab Times , 1990, Kuwait, English"
1456:"LEBANON: Carving Out a Christian Canton - TIME"
941:– at the level of Nahr el-Kalb – up to Barbara.
1560:McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,
910:On 1 April 1990, during the War of Liberation,
876:Syria's military intervention in June that year
1365:
1341:
1254:
1242:
402:on the western coast and the northern part of
878:whereas the latter, now led by Camille's son
449:
8:
1353:
1216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1092:. The brigades also included members of the
26:
840:(a name which had formerly been used for a
1923:States and territories established in 1976
456:
442:
434:
18:
1737:"LEBANON: Carving Out a Christian Canton"
948:had taken over the entire coastline from
1855:Kingston, Paul; Spears, Ian S. (2004).
1162:
414:which controlled a canton known as the
242:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1209:
1186:"A Solution: The 4 Nations of Lebanon"
886:rivals to absorb the Tigers' into the
1918:Deep states of the Lebanese Civil War
1450:
1448:
1329:
1282:"The Longest Coup d'état (1977–1982)"
251:
247:
221:
208:
195:
182:
169:
159:
155:
129:
125:
16:Former geopolitical region in Lebanon
7:
1038:Pierre Gemayel International Airport
1032:Pierre Gemayel International Airport
852:was known as the "Northern Canton".
834:Civil Administration of the Mountain
789:Civil Administration of the Mountain
646:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
1230:
898:on July 7, 1980, which resulted in
84:and unrecognized administration in
27:
1908:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
1066:Super Tucano light attack aircraft
914:government mandated Fleet Admiral
406:to the northeast. It bordered the
14:
1679:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban
1288:, Pluto Press, pp. 211–225,
722:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
1938:Beirut in the Lebanese Civil War
1913:Political terminology in Lebanon
1641:"A Setback for Syria in Lebanon"
1495:Gasiorowski, Mark (2016-07-12).
322:
297:
69:
51:
1798:. lorientlejour. 15 March 2024.
1769:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
1597:Mideast Mirror 22 Oct. 1990, 23
1076:The region was defended by the
656:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
378:territories, controlled by the
1784:. thisisbeirut. 19 March 2024.
727:Assassination of Rashid Karami
651:Multinational Force in Lebanon
187:Bachir Gemayel's Assassination
1:
830:Progressive Socialist Party's
370:and the end of the country's
1462:. 2022-05-11. Archived from
754:Assassination of René Moawad
390:majority West Beirut by the
374:. It was one of the wartime
1534:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
1378:Hirst, David (2010-03-30).
1286:A History of Modern Lebanon
799:South Lebanon security belt
578:1978 South Lebanon conflict
34:
1954:
1366:Kingston & Spears 2004
1342:Kingston & Spears 2004
1280:Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2012),
1255:Kingston & Spears 2004
1243:Kingston & Spears 2004
707:U.S. embassy annex bombing
662:Sabra and Shatila massacre
1423:10.1080/00263209308700957
1405:Harik, Judith P. (1993).
1142:Lebanese Forces (militia)
1013:KRF's HQ, from which the
836:," commonly known as the
779:People's Republic of Tyre
767:Cantons and puppet states
566:St George's Church attack
475:
276:
262:
248:
239:
156:
142:
126:
68:
48:
43:
1819:. HarperCollins Canada.
1562:Lebanon: a country study
1354:Ayalon & Harris 1991
1147:Internal Security Forces
1122:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1086:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
861:Inter-Christian fighting
717:1985 Beirut car bombings
525:1976 Syrian intervention
318:Second Lebanese Republic
1294:10.2307/j.ctt183p4f5.18
1152:Zgharta Liberation Army
1098:Guardians of the Cedars
1084:and 1,000 belonging to
973:Support and recognition
700:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
552:Second phase: 1977–1982
1411:Middle Eastern Studies
742:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
629:Third phase: 1982–1984
531:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
478:First phase: 1975–1977
1876:Yom, Sean L. (2016).
1694:(2007), page unknown.
1501:. Avalon Publishing.
1127:Lebanese Armed Forces
944:By May, however, the
794:State of Free Lebanon
623:Iraqi Embassy bombing
102:Common languages
1834:Evron, Yair (2013).
1813:Ayalon, Ami (1991).
1270:(2009), pp. 100-101.
1040:, opened in 1976 at
969:and its government.
693:1984 Sohmor massacre
668:U.S. embassy bombing
618:1981 Israeli bombing
495:Battle of the Hotels
423:stationed in Lebanon
398:up till the city of
200:Lebanese Forces coup
44:1976–13 October 1990
1575:By Way of Deception
1573:Hoy and Ostrovsky,
1054:Iza'at Sawt Loubnan
956:placed Hayek in an
688:February 6 Intifada
636:1982 Beirut bombing
506:Black Saturday
489:Black Thursday
356:Kfarshima - Madfoun
228:and the end of the
132:• Governed by
35:Eqleem Sharq Beyrut
1668:(1988), pp. 58–59.
1610:. 21 October 2014.
1132:Lebanese Civil War
1107:In popular culture
1058:Lebanese Air Force
774:East Beirut canton
747:War of Elimination
512:Karantina massacre
467:Lebanese Civil War
352:East Beirut canton
230:Lebanese Civil War
151:Lebanese Civil War
23:East Beirut canton
1645:Los Angeles Times
1536:Armies in Lebanon
1508:978-0-8133-5036-3
1391:978-0-7867-4441-1
1384:. PublicAffairs.
1303:978-0-7453-3274-1
939:Keserwan district
866:Tigers Resistance
814:
813:
737:War of Liberation
683:Battle of Tripoli
678:Mountain War
673:Barracks bombings
583:Battle of Kaukaba
573:Hundred Days' War
545:Aishiyeh massacre
348:
347:
334:
333:
330:
329:
310:
309:
213:War of Liberation
174:Hundred Days' War
162:• Formation
1945:
1893:
1872:
1851:
1830:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1759:
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1733:
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1726:
1724:
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1701:
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1252:
1246:
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1234:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1062:Puma helicopters
712:War of the Camps
664:
641:1982 Lebanon War
613:Battle of Zahleh
603:At Tiri incident
562:
547:
540:
533:
521:
514:
501:ASALA insurgency
497:
470:
468:
458:
451:
444:
435:
354:, also known as
326:
325:
314:
313:
301:
300:
294:
293:
278:
277:
73:
55:
37:
30:
29:
19:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1882:. Hachette UK.
1875:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1771:(2001), p. 179.
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1624:. 8 March 1997.
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1577:(1990), p. 302.
1572:
1568:
1564:(1989), p. 240.
1559:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1525:(2020), p. 143.
1520:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1312:j.ctt183p4f5.18
1304:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1190:Washington Post
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1118:
1109:
1088:, supported by
1074:
1034:
1007:Cinquième basin
995:Boutros Khawand
987:
975:
908:
888:Lebanese Forces
872:Camille Chamoun
868:
863:
858:
844:in Syria). The
815:
810:
769:
764:
761:
759:Battle of Sidon
732:War of Brothers
702:
695:
660:
631:
560:Chouf massacres
558:
554:
543:
538:Chekka massacre
536:
529:
519:Damour massacre
517:
510:
493:
480:
471:
466:
464:
462:
432:
416:Northern canton
380:Lebanese Forces
323:
298:
255:
235:13 October 1990
232:
215:
202:
189:
176:
163:
137:Lebanese Forces
133:
64:
61:Lebanese Forces
57:
56:
39:
31:
28:إقليم شرق بيروت
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1933:Lebanese Front
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1760:
1743:. 1976-07-26.
1728:
1711:. 1976-07-26.
1696:
1683:
1681:(2004), p. 47.
1670:
1657:
1627:
1613:
1599:
1590:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1551:(1988), p. 58.
1540:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1476:
1444:
1417:(3): 377–398.
1397:
1390:
1370:
1358:
1356:, p. 504.
1346:
1334:
1322:
1302:
1272:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1176:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Lebanese Front
1134:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1094:Tigers Militia
1078:Lebanese Front
1073:
1070:
1033:
1030:
986:
983:
974:
971:
967:Taif agreement
907:
904:
892:Bachir Gemayel
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
838:Jebel-el-Druze
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
806:
804:Administration
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
763:
762:
756:
751:
750:
749:
744:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
697:
696:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
608:Safra massacre
605:
600:
598:Battle of Qnat
595:
590:
588:Ehden massacre
585:
580:
575:
570:
569:
568:
549:
548:
541:
534:
527:
522:
515:
508:
503:
498:
491:
486:
476:
473:
472:
463:
461:
460:
453:
446:
438:
431:
428:
412:Marada Brigade
368:Taif Agreement
346:
345:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
320:
311:
308:
307:
302:
290:
289:
284:
274:
273:
271:Lebanese Pound
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
226:Taif agreement
223:
220:
219:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
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194:
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190:
184:
181:
180:
177:
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167:
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161:
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157:
154:
153:
148:
147:Historical era
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119:
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58:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1891:
1889:9780813350363
1885:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1868:9781403981011
1864:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1847:9781135051181
1843:
1840:. Routledge.
1839:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1826:9780813312460
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1538:(1985), p. 8.
1537:
1531:
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1499:
1491:
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1466:on 2022-05-11
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1371:
1368:, p. 89.
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:, p. 88.
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:, p. 60.
1331:
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1305:
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1257:, p. 87.
1256:
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979:United States
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918:to take over
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912:Elias Hrawi’s
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404:Mount Lebanon
401:
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339:Today part of
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20:
1928:Kataeb Party
1878:
1861:. Springer.
1857:
1836:
1815:
1790:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1666:The Gemayels
1665:
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1647:. 1986-02-02
1644:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1549:The Gemayels
1548:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1497:
1490:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1459:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1315:, retrieved
1285:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1201:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1165:
1110:
1102:
1082:Samir Geagea
1075:
1053:
1035:
1019:
1009:), near the
1006:
988:
976:
943:
929:
924:Samir Geagea
909:
880:Dany Chamoun
874:, supported
869:
848:area around
837:
820:
816:
773:
766:
765:
699:
698:
628:
627:
593:Qaa massacre
551:
550:
484:Bus massacre
477:
420:
359:
355:
351:
349:
287:Succeeded by
286:
281:
116:Christianity
59:Flag of the
32:
1690:Traboulsi,
1677:Menargues,
1044:, north of
1021:Wilton Wynn
960:barrack in
931:Michel Aoun
890:(LF) under
842:Druze state
360:Marounistan
282:Preceded by
1902:Categories
1806:References
1754:2022-07-01
1722:2022-06-26
1651:2022-06-19
1470:2022-06-19
1330:Evron 2013
1317:2022-06-19
1203:2022-06-19
916:Elie Hayek
900:a massacre
826:Swiss-like
430:Background
392:Green Line
376:state-like
244:Population
122:Government
82:Deep state
1749:0040-781X
1717:0040-781X
1431:0026-3206
1233:, para 2.
1212:cite news
1198:0190-8286
1011:Karantina
784:Fatahland
372:civil war
364:Christian
218:1989–1990
112:Religion
1664:Gordon,
1547:Gordon,
1231:Yom 2016
1116:See also
1096:and the
1072:Military
1015:Phalange
396:Keserwan
362:, was a
267:Currency
254:•
1521:Rabah,
1439:4283575
1266:Barak,
1046:Batroun
999:Jounieh
985:Economy
962:Jounieh
950:Jounieh
856:History
850:Zgharta
821:cantons
408:Zgharta
386:, from
343:Lebanon
305:Lebanon
258:800,000
224:•
211:•
198:•
185:•
172:•
96:Jounieh
92:Capital
86:Lebanon
63:militia
1886:
1865:
1844:
1823:
1767:Fisk,
1747:
1715:
1505:
1437:
1429:
1388:
1310:
1300:
1196:
1090:Israel
1050:Arabic
1003:French
954:Geagea
884:Kataeb
846:Marada
400:Byblos
388:Muslim
384:Beirut
106:Arabic
78:Status
1435:JSTOR
1308:JSTOR
1158:Notes
1060:with
1042:Hamat
991:fiefs
896:Safra
1884:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1745:ISSN
1741:Time
1713:ISSN
1709:Time
1503:ISBN
1460:Time
1427:ISSN
1386:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1218:link
1194:ISSN
1064:and
1025:TIME
1023:, a
350:The
205:1986
192:1982
179:1978
166:1976
1419:doi
1290:doi
358:or
1904::
1739:.
1707:.
1643:.
1630:^
1458:.
1447:^
1433:.
1425:.
1415:29
1413:.
1409:.
1306:,
1296:,
1284:,
1214:}}
1210:{{
1192:.
1188:.
1100:.
1052::
1005::
981:.
958:LF
946:LF
935:LF
920:LF
824:,
418:.
1892:.
1871:.
1850:.
1829:.
1757:.
1725:.
1654:.
1511:.
1473:.
1441:.
1421::
1394:.
1292::
1220:)
1206:.
1173:.
457:e
450:t
443:v
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