406:
2803:
776:("house") are pronounced as the diphthongs and , respectively. Depending on their dialect and position, they have often been monophthongised to and , respectively. Coastal West Flemish has retained the old monophthongs and . In Maldegem and continental West Flemish, intermediary monophthongs also occur: and and and , respectively. Exceptions are the city dialects of Ghent and Ronse as well as the Central Flemish dialects.
2276:, is also different from the language of the surrounding region. The Brabantic expansion is believed to have started in Ghent, which has separated its speech from the other Flemish dialects. Some Brabantic traits were exported to other East Flemish dialects, but many were not. The most notable differences include
1233:
The following table gives an overview of some common phonemes in stressed syllables. Many East
Flemish dialects have lost the phonemic vowel length distinction, but the distincition is made in the following table for the dialects that have kept it. Also, the central vowel /ə/ occurs only in
1427:
In many dialects, /o/ and /o:/ have merged. In the dialect of Ghent, the phoneme has later split, based on its position: before velars and labials and before alveolars. One exception is the short /o/ in front of nasal consonants nasals, which has consistently become in
718:. A notable exception is the dialects of Ghent and Ronse, which, apart from having a general tendency to stretch vowels, have diphthongised them in certain positions to and , respectively. The latter sound can also be heard in Central Flemish before velars and labials.
2252:, the overall tendency is that East Flemish has more weak verbs. Unlike many other Germanic languages, the rules for the conjugation of the strong preterite are exactly the same as in the present tense. The weak preterite is formed by adding the suffix "-
1445:
In the Ghent dialect, /i/ has diphthongised to , /y/ has diphthongised to when followed by an /r/ or /l/, and /u/ has inconsistently diphthongised to . The same diphthongisations of /i/ and /u/ occur consistently in the dialect of
840:
As in West
Flemish and Brabantian, the subject is doubled or even tripled. Standard Dutch "ik ga" becomes East Flemish "'k goa-kik". In the dialects of Ghent and its surroundings, that duplication can occur even after nouns and
1841:. In most dialects, it has two different realisations: when followed by /d/ or /w/, and are common realisations, bur before /t/ and /s/, it is usually pronounced or . Other realisations may, however, occur in both positions.
710:("foot") are pronounced as a short and , respectively, like in Standard Dutch. In Brabantian, they are long and , and in West Flemish the ancient diphthongs and have been retained though the sound occurs before
2181:, it is not pronounced even if it devoices the following consonant. Before a pause, it is pronounced . In front of vowels, it is usually prononounced except when it follows a voiceless consonant, when it becomes .
1442:
and , respectively, when followed by an /r/, but that is no longer productive on more recent borrowings or when the /r/ is followed by an alveolar. When they are followed by /rm/, they become in many dialects.
802:
is formed with "-tege" or "-dege", as opposed to "-te" and "-de" of
Standard Dutch and the surrounding dialects. While present in most East Flemish dialects as well as continental West Flemish and some
2994:
1779:
only in the same area. In many other dialects, diphthongs occur only before /v/ or /z/. In the
Central Flemish and the city dialects, those phonemes are generally realised as dark diphthongs.
550:
While the second process has caused a fairly wide extension of some traits, the traits spread by the first process have reached only the eastern quarter of the province: the Dender and
527:
area probably already started the process in the 14th century, but Ghent (and probably the rest of the province) resisted those changes for at least another century, as writings from
488:
language area was characterised mainly by differences from east to west, with the east showing more continental
Germanic traits and the west having more coastal Germanic features. In
2675:
Goeman, Ton; Van
Oostendorp, Marc; Van Reenen, Pieter; Koornwinder, Oele; Van den Berg, Boudewijn; Van Reenen, Anke (2008) Morfologische Atlas van de Nederlandse Dialecten, deel II.
2227:. When it is stressed, the pronoun is simply added to contracted form. In the first-person plural the contracted form also commonly occurs in the regular indicatives in main clauses.
902:
As the realisation of phonemes can be quite divergent in different East
Flemish dialects, the phonemes represented here are based on the most common Core East Flemish realisations.
814:
of plurals and infinitives is usually retained, like in West
Flemish, but it has been lost in Brabantian and in the dialects of Ghent and some Waaslaandic towns on the banks of the
384:
2713:
De
Vogelaer, Gunther; Neuckermans, Annemie; Van den Heede, Vicky; Devos, Magda; van der Auwera, Johan (2004): De indeling van de Nederlandse dialecten: een syntactisch perspectief.
472:. Even though the dialects of the Dender area are often discussed together with the East Flemish dialects because of their location, the latter are actually South Brabantian.
546:) from where it spread to the smaller cities and rural areas. For example, the Brussels pronunciation for was first used in Ghent and later spread to most of the province.
1469:
The following table shows the common diphthong phonemes in East
Flemish, but it also includes some allophones or alternative realisations of the vowels mentioned above.
2987:
2791:
694:
Even though the East Flemish dialect area is one of the most diverse linguistic landscapes in Belgium, the dialects share some traits that set them apart from
3331:
2980:
377:
2288:. At the same time, Ghent resisted many innovations characteristic for rural East Flanders. In the 19th and the early 20th centuries, the French uvular
2184:
In dialects that differentiate between long and short vowels, the stem vowel tends to be shortened in the third-person singular. Compare Waaslandic "
2399:
1220:
As in Standard Dutch, all plosives and fricatives are devoiced word-finally, but Core Flemish tends to voice plosives between a coloured vowel and
1384:
are diphthongised to before /z/ and /v/. In some northwestern dialects, that is the common pronunciation in most positions. The same goes for
5281:
436:) is a collective term for the two easternmost subdivisions ("true" East Flemish, also called Core Flemish, and Waaslandic) of the so-called
370:
2315:
3868:
2769:
1719:
is realised , but some peripheral dialects have . Central Flemish has both sounds, depending on its position, but in the southeast of the
1370:
in several dialects. That included a now-extinct lower-class Ghent dialect, which had the indirect effect of current Platgents rounding
2784:
2177:
in the second-person and the third-person singular has several realisations. When it is followed by a consonant or the neuter pronoun
2680:
2408:
2264:
is usually added in the first-person and the third-person plural, the t-ending is not added except in a few southwestern dialects.
3324:
4253:
1127:
894:
876:
1742:
are monophthongised to and , respectively. In the Ghent dialect, diphthongs, however, are still realised before /r/ and /l/.
5276:
5147:
2777:
1859:, verbal constructions can take several forms, depending on stress, the position of the subject and the next word. Unlike
535:
phonology in the mid-16th century. Eventually, two processes caused the spread of Brabantian traits in eastern Flanders:
5177:
4347:
4309:
4294:
3621:
3293:
3265:
2925:
358:
182:
5306:
5296:
5157:
5017:
4367:
4326:
4316:
3317:
2935:
2912:
1399:
is pronounced in most dialects. In the dialect of Ghent, it is pronounced or even in most positions except before
670:
dialect, a mixture of several dialects, as Sas van Gent was a colonial town with many people from different regions.
3533:
3080:
1198:
496:
trait has reached the region, but coastal characteristics are fairly common, albeit less so than more to the west.
405:
2737:
De klankstructuren van het Gentse dialect. Een synchrone beschrijving en een historische en geografische situering
452:
has caused East Flemish dialects to be grouped with the latter as well. They are spoken mainly in the province of
4874:
652:
dialect (transitional with coastal West Flemish though it also shows several innovative and intermediary traits)
5152:
5106:
5101:
5025:
4635:
4619:
4498:
4357:
1182:
1123:
93:
4933:
5286:
5091:
5035:
5030:
4950:
4623:
4573:
4331:
3873:
3691:
3375:
3363:
3298:
1868:
656:
511:, which brought an expansian of linguistic traits from Brabant, the so-called 'Brabantic Expansion'. As the
83:
73:
5096:
4578:
4544:
4162:
3978:
3838:
3678:
3573:
3028:
2394:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1716:
1701:
1689:
1682:
1665:
1658:
1642:
1628:
1623:
1606:
1601:
1585:
1580:
1566:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1512:
1457:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1329:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1138:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1059:
1054:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
998:
994:
987:
983:
978:
974:
962:
955:
950:
926:
890:
886:
872:
291:
5254:
5218:
4486:
4479:
4431:
4201:
4172:
4141:
4104:
4029:
3878:
3786:
3699:
3560:
3522:
3275:
3244:
3203:
3127:
2920:
1831:
is an allophone of /o/ in the dialect of Ghent, and its most common realisation in the dialect of Ronse.
1068:
844:
As in West Flemish, Zeelandic and Brabantian, infinitive clusters are always ordered V1-V2-V3, with the
247:
4719:
3594:
2379:
Taeldeman, Johan (1979): Het klankpatroon van de Vlaamse dialecten. Een inventariserend overzicht. In
5223:
5203:
5172:
5045:
4905:
4879:
4780:
4651:
4469:
4061:
3888:
3850:
3845:
3719:
3666:
3424:
3288:
3260:
3175:
2953:
2943:
2807:
2241:
1180:
586:"True" East Flemish (often called "Boers", Dutch for peasant language, by speakers of city dialects)
222:
88:
413:) among the other minority languages, regional languages and dialects in Belgium and the Netherlands
5162:
4709:
4554:
4398:
4352:
4286:
4039:
3801:
3686:
3599:
3397:
3270:
3189:
3098:
3072:
2887:
2859:
1047:
1005:
353:
330:
232:
227:
1879:
with the addition of ̊ to show devoicing and ̆ to show vowel shortening.
5208:
5060:
5050:
5005:
4767:
4694:
4591:
4436:
4411:
4406:
4299:
4127:
4012:
3833:
3611:
3606:
3585:
3546:
3350:
3340:
3159:
3140:
3021:
2849:
2841:
2754:
2658:
2561:
2245:
2237:
921:
758:
746:
624:
504:
465:
449:
323:
318:
313:
210:
78:
5132:
4051:
5291:
5182:
4981:
4897:
4890:
4845:
4789:
4549:
4539:
4522:
4517:
4421:
4183:
3983:
3944:
3924:
3762:
3654:
3636:
3488:
3035:
2879:
2676:
2404:
2311:
2310:
Hoppenbrouwers, Cor; Hoppenbrouwers, Geer (2001): De Indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen.
1876:
969:
852:
807:
Brabantian dialects, that phenomenon seems to be diminishing in all but the Core Flemish area.
761:
use instead, and the Central Flemish dialects use or , depending on the following consonant.
481:
296:
2573:
Ooms, Miet; Van Keymeulen, Jacques (2005): Taal in Stad en Land: Vlaams-Brabants en Antwerps.
5137:
4928:
4862:
4818:
4813:
4762:
4754:
4559:
4527:
4474:
4463:
4376:
4248:
4243:
4085:
4024:
3814:
3796:
3631:
3392:
3384:
3196:
3166:
3119:
3105:
2902:
1864:
1146:
938:
916:
715:
508:
437:
306:
242:
215:
5167:
4960:
4867:
4850:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4532:
4441:
4426:
4381:
4233:
4196:
4188:
4167:
4154:
4134:
4120:
3883:
3860:
3791:
3781:
3773:
3553:
3210:
3133:
3112:
3085:
2897:
2892:
2831:
1794:
1554:
1280:
1092:
933:
799:
429:
252:
65:
5127:
2158:
The first-person singular varies depending on the dialect: western dialects tend to add
5301:
5248:
5142:
5122:
5074:
4966:
4840:
4510:
4277:
4216:
3995:
3952:
3909:
3826:
3821:
3710:
3660:
3511:
3462:
3417:
3410:
3224:
3217:
3091:
3015:
2826:
2821:
2249:
1856:
1613:
1302:
1142:
845:
733:, but surrounding dialects have , or . That trait originally came from the dialect of
695:
493:
441:
421:
276:
237:
187:
173:
98:
1352:
are usually diphthongised to . In the dialects of Ghent and Ronse, on the other hand,
155:
148:
5270:
5213:
5198:
5040:
4796:
4747:
4564:
4503:
4416:
4362:
4321:
4259:
4206:
4090:
4017:
3447:
3234:
3051:
1838:
1488:
738:
516:
500:
489:
457:
453:
301:
56:
2972:
2546:
Taal en Tongval. Tijdschrift voor de studie van de Nederlandse volks- en streektalen
1234:
unstressed syllables and is often heavily reduced or even omitted in many dialects.
515:
delta formed a large barrier in the north, those traits were introduced mainly from
5067:
4491:
4455:
4388:
4211:
4034:
3990:
3934:
3893:
3475:
3454:
3058:
2961:
2864:
1860:
675:
667:
612:
532:
445:
272:
4714:
2560:
Debrabandere, Frans (1999), "Kortijk", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline,
2595:
Devos, Magda; Vandekerckhove, Reinhild (2005): Taal in Stad en Land: West-Vlaams.
4974:
4884:
4857:
4729:
4675:
4583:
4265:
4226:
3809:
3504:
3468:
3403:
3182:
1500:
1483:
1258:
674:
A special mention should go to continental West Flemish, which, despite being a
569:, their languages have been other influences on the vocabulary of East Flemish.
469:
46:
1209:, respectively. That is especially common close to the Dender area. Similarly,
4724:
4704:
4069:
3739:
3440:
3239:
3153:
3148:
2697:
Blancqaert, Edgar; Pée, Willem (1925 - 1982) Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen
1672:
1493:
1324:
945:
4910:
4773:
4658:
4304:
4221:
4002:
3957:
3929:
3755:
3065:
2657:
Taeldeman, Johan (1999), "Gent", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline,
2260:" when the stem ends in a voiceless consonant) to the verbal stem. While an
2248:. Even though there are a few strong verbs in East Flemish that are weak in
834:
765:
660:
485:
286:
192:
141:
129:
4734:
833:, pronounced /dɑn zə/, in the plural. That occurs also in West Flemish and
2544:
Taeldeman, Johan (1979): Op fonologische verkenning in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen.
1793:
can now also be found before other consonants, and the elision of /d/ and
4699:
4047:
2162:, but Waaslandic simply uses the stem. For verbs with a vocal stem, like
1720:
1165:
1131:
882:
792:
754:
750:
749:. Also, has not spread across the entire East Flemish dialect area: the
734:
679:
649:
620:
551:
520:
2516:
Taeldeman, Johan (2004): Variatie binnen de Oost-Vlaamse dialecten. In:
1197:
are not native to many East Flemish dialects and usually occur from the
791:("they"). Those pronouns are also used in continental West Flemish, but
4740:
4336:
4238:
3004:
2869:
2802:
1786:
815:
562:
512:
461:
42:
4043:
3309:
804:
725:("tree") is pronounced , monophthongised to in the city dialects of
558:
524:
335:
3961:
2273:
1797:
loanwords have reintroduced before /r/. In the dialect of Ghent,
1731:
1727:
1421:
1217:
in some dialects like Platgents that lack postalveolar fricatives.
1154:
1150:
742:
730:
726:
711:
683:
605:
598:
566:
543:
528:
404:
1224:. In some dialects, /k/ also has the allophone in that position.
821:
Subordinating conjunctions are conjugated. The Dutch combination
745:. Therefore, that pronunciation also occurs in the southernmost
5003:
4617:
3361:
3313:
2976:
2773:
851:
As in most Belgian dialects, except those from the coast and
1453:, /y/ can be pronounced , , etc., depending on the dialect.
2504:
Taeldeman, Johan (2005): Taal in Stad en Land: Oost-Vlaams.
2166:("to do") Waaslandic and the dialects around Maldegem add
1820:. In the dialect of Ronse, is the common realisation for
2195:
Inversed forms tend to contract with the subject: verb +
1420:
is diphthongised to in most dialects. In the dialect of
633:
Eastern Zeelandic Flemish or the Land-van-Hulst dialect
2520:, Vol. II: Oost-Vlaanderen. Wild Boar Music WBM 21902.
1785:
used to be an allophone of /e/ before /r/. Because of
1164:
is velarised postvocalically. In the dialects around
539:
The slow infiltration from the east, the Dender area;
2760:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
881:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
492:, it can be noted that not a single typical eastern
5191:
5115:
5084:
5016:
4948:
4806:
4687:
4643:
4634:
4454:
4397:
4285:
4276:
4181:
4153:
4112:
4103:
4078:
4060:
3971:
3943:
3917:
3908:
3859:
3772:
3747:
3738:
3677:
3572:
3521:
3496:
3487:
3383:
3374:
3253:
2952:
2934:
2911:
2878:
2840:
2814:
2532:
Van Driel, Lo (2004): Taal in Stad en Land: Zeeuws.
2280:-dropping and the more extreme diphthongisation of
1723:, it is pronounced or , depending on its position.
542:The spread of a trait in the biggest city (usually
139:
127:
122:
62:
52:
38:
21:
499:In the 15th century, the dominant position in the
1867:. The following table gives the general rules of
1745:and are the "true" East Flemish realisations of
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
1871:in the present tense and the regular example of
895:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3266:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
855:and Brabantian dialects, double negations like
531:still indicated a phonology that was typically
2207:after a voiceless consonant), verb + singular
1824:, but in Central Flemish, is an allophone of
1149:realisations or are used in the dialects of
480:Before the occurrence of written records, the
3325:
2988:
2785:
2528:
2526:
1460:has an allophone when it is followed by /l/.
779:Plural pronouns usually end in "ulder", like
678:dialect, has some East Flemish colouring, as
378:
8:
2724:Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
1812:has inconsistently split into two phonemes
1409:are merged into when they are followed by
829:, pronounced /dɑ sə/, in the singular, and
5013:
5000:
4640:
4631:
4614:
4282:
4109:
3914:
3744:
3493:
3380:
3371:
3358:
3332:
3318:
3310:
2995:
2981:
2973:
2792:
2778:
2770:
2629:Lievevrouw-Coopman, Lodewijk (1950-1954):
2556:
2554:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
615:with which it is also commonly classified)
448:. Their position between West Flemish and
385:
371:
164:
18:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2306:
2304:
753:dialect, the easternmost dialects of the
2671:
2669:
2667:
2400:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2170:, but Core Flemish simply uses the stem.
1881:
1471:
1236:
909:
636:The Hulst dialect (insular city dialect)
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2300:
2272:The dialect of the province's capital,
1378:in multiple words as a counterreaction.
456:and a narrow strip in the southeast of
343:
262:
200:
172:
2764:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 273–299
2693:
2691:
2689:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2240:, East Flemish differentiates between
1875:("to toss"). The spelling is based on
1763:and are northwestern realisations of
1179:is usually realised as an approximant
698:as well as the neighbouring dialects:
33:Uest-Vloams, Uust-Vloams, Oeëst-Vloams
2540:
2538:
1474:
1114:occurs only in the consonant cluster
168:This article is a part of a series on
7:
2381:Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten
885:. For the distinction between ,
795:appears to use the coastal pronouns.
3894:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1348:In the true East Flemish dialects,
1137:The most common realization of the
1130:or, for Core Flemish, intervocalic
611:Central Flemish (transitional with
5253:Languages between parentheses are
1801:is either similar or identical to
1157:and are spreading from the latter.
409:Position of East Flemish (colour:
14:
2661:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 273–288
2564:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 289–299
1837:is a highly-divergent phoneme in
659:dialect (mixing East Flemish and
440:, native to the southwest of the
2801:
682:was historically governed under
2219:in the table above) and verb +
877:International Phonetic Alphabet
643:Transitional and mixed dialects
5257:of the language on their left.
608:dialect (insular city dialect)
601:dialect (insular city dialect)
1:
5148:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3261:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
2518:Azuuë Gezeid, Azuuë Gezoeng'n
2090:da-me wij/wulder ... zwieren
557:Having been dominated by the
5282:Languages of the Netherlands
5178:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3869:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
3294:Languages of the Netherlands
3271:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
2926:French Belgian Sign Language
1893:Inversed order (VSO or OVS)
1694:
1670:
1651:
1635:
1611:
1592:
1573:
1552:
1538:
1522:
1498:
1416:When followed by alveolars,
721:The so-called sharp 'oo' in
345:East Low Franconian dialects
264:West Low Franconian dialects
183:Languages of the Netherlands
5158:High German consonant shift
2078:wij/wulder zwieren(-me(n))
1775:is a separate phoneme from
1424:, it is always pronounced .
1395:After /d/ or word-finally,
519:, particularly the city of
5323:
3696:Westlauwers–Terschellings
3349:According to contemporary
3003:Languages and dialects of
1896:Subordinate clauses (SOV)
1855:As in many other southern
5240:
5012:
4999:
4921:
4875:Southern Schleswig Danish
4630:
4613:
3370:
3357:
3347:
3284:
3011:
2753:Taeldeman, Johan (1999),
1987:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1808:In the dialect of Ghent,
1688:
1671:
1612:
1553:
1530:
1499:
1477:
1175:In the western dialects,
1098:
825:would be in East Flemish
444:area, which also include
31:
26:
5153:West Germanic gemination
5107:Ancient Belgian language
5102:Germanic parent language
5046:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
4168:Austrian Standard German
3276:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
2735:Johan Taeldeman (1985):
2403:(2 ed.). Elsevier.
2119:da-de gulder ... zwiert
2075:me zwiere-me wij/wulder
1828:after velars or labials.
1726:In the city dialects of
1388:, which has merged with
3299:Languages of Luxembourg
2722:Winkler, Johan (1974):
2148:dan zulder ... zwieren
1863:, however, there is no
1449:Word-finally or before
873:phonetic transcriptions
737:and was spread through
690:Notable characteristics
484:that took shape in the
5214:Preterite-present verb
5097:Proto-Germanic grammar
5051:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
4163:German Standard German
3839:East Frisian Low Saxon
2762:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
2659:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
2562:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
2035:da-z̊e zij ... zwiert
1172:is omitted altogether.
1122:when it undergoes the
1118:or as an allophone of
870:This article contains
433:
425:
414:
5219:Grammatischer Wechsel
4202:Namibian Black German
4173:Swiss Standard German
4142:Early New High German
3700:Mainland West Frisian
3561:Harlingerland Frisian
2921:Flemish Sign Language
2087:da-me(n) ... zwieren
2084:zwiere-me wij/wulder
1980:da-de gij ... zwiert
1356:are diphthongised to
757:and most dialects in
408:
5277:Languages of Belgium
5224:Indo-European ablaut
5204:Germanic strong verb
5173:Germanic spirant law
4310:Southeast Limburgish
3806:Gelders-Overijssels
3435:Irish Middle English
3425:Early Modern English
3289:Languages of Belgium
3134:Standard High German
2944:German Sign Language
2808:Languages of Belgium
1890:Regular order (SVO)
1789:the elision of /r/,
1771:, respectively, but
359:Southeast Limburgish
5192:Synchronic features
5163:Germanic a-mutation
5116:Diachronic features
4466:in the broad sense
4399:East Central German
4353:Lorraine Franconian
4327:Transylvanian Saxon
4287:West Central German
4062:East Low Franconian
3972:West Low Franconian
2145:dan ze ... zwieren
2072:me zwieren(-me(n))
2009:dat-jij ... zwiert
1756:is an allophone of
747:Brabantian dialects
623:(transitional with
5307:Zeelandic Flanders
5297:Culture of Zeeland
5209:Germanic weak verb
5018:Language subgroups
4368:Pennsylvania Dutch
4317:Moselle Franconian
4295:Central Franconian
4128:Middle High German
3879:Central Pomeranian
3834:Northern Low Saxon
3547:Wangerooge Frisian
3341:Germanic languages
3160:Northern Low Saxon
2815:Official languages
2238:Germanic languages
2133:ze zwieren zulder
2032:da-z̊e ... zwiert
2006:dat-ij ... zwiert
1951:da-kik ... zwiere
1901:Person and number
1715:In most dialects,
859:are commonly used.
798:The past tense of
759:Zeelandic Flanders
578:Principal dialects
505:County of Flanders
466:Zeelandic Flanders
415:
211:Northern Low Saxon
202:Low Saxon dialects
152: Oost-Vlaams
5264:
5263:
5249:extinct languages
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5183:Great Vowel Shift
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4944:
4943:
4790:Greenlandic Norse
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4540:Southern Bavarian
4523:Northern Bavarian
4499:Highest Alemannic
4450:
4449:
4184:standard variants
4099:
4098:
3945:Standard variants
3904:
3903:
3763:Middle Low German
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3534:Saterland Frisian
3307:
3306:
2970:
2969:
2631:Gents Woordenboek
2152:
2151:
2116:da-de ... zwiert
2104:ge zwier-g̊ulder
1977:da-de ... zwiert
1877:Dutch orthography
1709:
1708:
1392:in most dialects.
1342:
1341:
1168:, syllable-final
1105:
1104:
592:Southeast Flemish
589:Northeast Flemish
503:shifted from the
482:dialect continuum
403:
402:
395:
394:
163:
162:
159: Oostvlaams
5314:
5041:Elbe (Irminonic)
5014:
5001:
4929:Mainland Gutnish
4819:Swedish dialects
4781:Middle Icelandic
4755:Middle Norwegian
4644:Historical forms
4641:
4632:
4615:
4574:South Franconian
4560:Hutterite German
4528:Central Bavarian
4348:Rhine Franconian
4283:
4113:Historical forms
4110:
4025:Surinamese Dutch
3918:Historical forms
3915:
3748:Historical forms
3745:
3497:Historical forms
3494:
3381:
3372:
3359:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3311:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3143:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3031:
3024:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:. 's-Gravenhage.
2720:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2673:
2662:
2655:
2634:
2633:. Gent, Erasmus.
2627:
2596:
2593:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2502:
2415:
2414:
2393:Belgium (2005).
2390:
2384:
2377:
2318:
2308:
2236:Like most other
2113:zwier-de gulder
2058:da-t ... zwiert
1985:3rd sing. masc.
1948:da-k ... zwiere
1882:
1865:subjunctive mood
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1718:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1644:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1472:
1459:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1331:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1237:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1140:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1061:
1056:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1000:
996:
989:
985:
980:
976:
964:
957:
952:
910:
892:
888:
509:Duchy of Brabant
438:Flemish dialects
434:flamand oriental
397:
396:
387:
380:
373:
307:Surinamese Dutch
165:
158:
151:
132:
68:
19:
16:Flemish dialects
5322:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5228:
5187:
5168:Germanic umlaut
5133:Holtzmann's law
5111:
5080:
5008:
4987:
4940:
4917:
4851:South Jutlandic
4836:Danish dialects
4802:
4683:
4626:
4597:
4579:East Franconian
4533:Viennese German
4446:
4427:Silesian German
4393:
4382:Central Hessian
4272:
4197:Namibian German
4186:
4177:
4155:Standard German
4149:
4135:New High German
4121:Old High German
4095:
4074:
4056:
3967:
3939:
3900:
3884:East Pomeranian
3874:Brandenburgisch
3861:East Low German
3855:
3782:Dutch Low Saxon
3774:West Low German
3768:
3726:
3692:Schiermonnikoog
3673:
3568:
3554:Wursten Frisian
3517:
3483:
3366:
3353:
3343:
3338:
3308:
3303:
3280:
3249:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3158:
3139:
3132:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3007:
3001:
2971:
2966:
2948:
2930:
2907:
2874:
2836:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2768:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2746:Further reading
2743:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2637:
2628:
2599:
2594:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2418:
2411:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2321:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2270:
2234:
2142:zwieren zulder
2136:zulder zwieren
2040:3rd sing. ntr.
2014:3rd sing. fem.
1930:-e / -∅ / (-n)
1853:
1848:
1696:
1677:
1653:
1637:
1619:front unrounded
1618:
1594:
1575:
1560:front unrounded
1559:
1540:
1524:
1506:front unrounded
1505:
1475:Starting point
1467:
1366:is merged into
1249:
1244:
1231:
1213:may merge into
937:
928:
908:
900:
899:
898:
866:
768:long vowels in
692:
663:Flemish traits)
645:
580:
575:
478:
391:
154:
153:
147:
128:
118:
69:
66:Language family
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:Dutch dialects
5284:
5279:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5092:Proto-Germanic
5088:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4967:Crimean Gothic
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4841:Insular Danish
4838:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4824:Rinkebysvenska
4821:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4670:Old East Norse
4667:
4665:Old West Norse
4655:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:South Tyrolean
4537:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4487:High Alemannic
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4278:Central German
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4217:Barossa German
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3996:French Flemish
3988:
3987:
3986:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3912:
3910:Low Franconian
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3711:Westereendersk
3705:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3512:Middle Frisian
3508:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:Modern English
3414:
3411:Middle English
3407:
3400:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3254:Sign languages
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3092:Belgian French
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3025:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2699:
2685:
2663:
2635:
2597:
2575:
2566:
2550:
2534:
2522:
2506:
2416:
2409:
2385:
2319:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2269:
2266:
2250:Standard Dutch
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2193:
2182:
2171:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:gulder zwiert
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:zwier-z̊e zij
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:ze zwier-z̊ij
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:ij zwiert-jij
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:ge zwier-g̊ij
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:'k zwiere-kik
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1857:Dutch dialects
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1806:
1780:
1761:
1754:
1743:
1724:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:In Platgents,
1454:
1447:
1443:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1404:
1393:
1379:
1361:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1199:palatalisation
1188:
1173:
1158:
1143:alveolar trill
1141:phoneme is an
1135:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
1002:
1001:
992:
990:
981:
972:
966:
965:
960:
958:
953:
948:
942:
941:
931:
924:
919:
914:
907:
904:
893:⟩, see
869:
868:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
849:
846:auxiliary verb
842:
838:
827:...da(t) ze...
819:
808:
796:
777:
762:
719:
702:The vowels in
696:Standard Dutch
691:
688:
672:
671:
664:
653:
644:
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
618:
617:
616:
609:
602:
595:
594:
593:
590:
579:
576:
574:
571:
548:
547:
540:
494:Low Franconian
477:
474:
442:Dutch language
401:
400:
393:
392:
390:
389:
382:
375:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
348:
347:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
328:
327:
326:
321:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
289:
284:
279:
277:French Flemish
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
220:
219:
218:
205:
204:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
188:Dutch dialects
185:
177:
176:
170:
169:
161:
160:
145:
137:
136:
133:
125:
124:
123:Language codes
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
94:Low Franconian
72:
70:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5319:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5199:Germanic verb
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Sievers's law
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:Reconstructed
5083:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4898:Middle Danish
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:Old Icelandic
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4748:Old Norwegian
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4565:Gottscheerish
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4504:Walser German
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:Low Alemannic
4468:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:High Prussian
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Erzgebirgisch
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Luxembourgish
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4260:Klezmer-loshn
4257:
4255:
4254:Scots Yiddish
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4091:Meuse-Rhenish
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:Kleverlandish
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:Central Dutch
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Stellingwarfs
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:Wood Frisian
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3574:North Frisian
3571:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Anglo-Frisian
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Luxembourgish
3233:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:Stellingwarfs
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:Kleverlandish
3049:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:Central Dutch
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:9789053567746
2678:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:, 31, 143-193
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:0-08-044299-4
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:90 232 3731 5
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2292:was adopted.
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:Ghent dialect
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:zwiere-me(n)
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:zwier-de gij
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:East Flanders
1833:
1830:
1807:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1762:
1755:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1638:front rounded
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1576:front rounded
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:front rounded
1523:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:Ending point
1473:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1415:
1405:
1394:
1380:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
993:
991:
982:
973:
971:
968:
967:
961:
959:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
935:
932:
930:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
912:
911:
905:
903:
896:
884:
880:
878:
874:
863:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
836:
832:
831:...dan ze ...
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
806:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:East Flanders
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
699:
697:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
646:
642:
635:
632:
629:
628:
626:
622:
619:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
591:
588:
587:
585:
584:
583:Core Flemish
582:
581:
577:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
545:
541:
538:
537:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:South Brabant
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Low Countries
497:
495:
491:
490:East Flanders
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:West Flanders
455:
454:East Flanders
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
412:
407:
399:
398:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
368:
366:
365:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:
346:
342:
337:
334:
332:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
308:
305:
303:
302:Kleverlandish
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:Central Dutch
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:
270:
269:
268:
265:
261:
254:
251:
249:
248:Stellingwarfs
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
203:
199:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
175:
171:
167:
166:
157:
150:
146:
144:
143:
138:
134:
131:
126:
121:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:West Germanic
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:Indo-European
71:
67:
61:
58:
57:East Flanders
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5244:
5128:Verner's law
5073:
5068:Gotho-Nordic
5066:
5059:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4949:
4934:Fårö Gutnish
4896:
4889:
4795:
4788:
4779:
4772:
4753:
4746:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4590:
4492:Swiss German
4456:Upper German
4389:Amana German
4363:Volga German
4332:Hunsrückisch
4258:
4212:Unserdeutsch
4207:Berlinerisch
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4079:Cover groups
4035:Mohawk Dutch
4030:Jersey Dutch
4008:East Flemish
4007:
3991:West Flemish
3935:Middle Dutch
3889:Low Prussian
3761:
3754:
3720:Terschelling
3704:Clay Frisian
3679:West Frisian
3667:Wiedingharde
3659:
3647:
3607:Heligolandic
3584:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3523:East Frisian
3510:
3503:
3476:Middle Scots
3474:
3467:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3245:West Frisian
3059:West Flemish
3045:East Flemish
3044:
2962:Sinte Romani
2865:West Flemish
2855:East Flemish
2854:
2761:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2630:
2569:
2545:
2517:
2398:
2388:
2383:. Inleiding.
2380:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2242:strong verbs
2235:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:(written as
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
1872:
1861:West Flemish
1854:
1710:
1468:
1438:have become
1343:
1232:
1160:The lateral
1124:assimilation
1106:
901:
889:and ⟨
871:
857:niemand niet
856:
830:
826:
823:...dat ze...
822:
811:
788:
787:("you") and
784:
780:
773:
772:("ice") and
769:
722:
707:
706:("ill") and
703:
693:
676:West Flemish
673:
668:Sas van Gent
613:West Flemish
573:Subdivisions
556:
549:
533:West Flemish
498:
479:
464:and eastern
446:West Flemish
418:East Flemish
417:
416:
410:
344:
282:East Flemish
281:
273:West Flemish
263:
201:
140:
104:East Flemish
103:
32:
22:East Flemish
5143:Kluge's law
5123:Grimm's law
4906:Dalecarlian
4885:Perkerdansk
4858:East Danish
4676:Old Gutnish
4652:Proto-Norse
4592:Langobardic
4584:Vogtlandian
4412:Upper Saxon
4266:Lachoudisch
4227:Lotegorisch
4105:High German
3851:Westphalian
3846:Eastphalian
3810:Achterhooks
3687:Hindeloopen
3622:Bökingharde
3591:Föhr–Amrum
3505:Old Frisian
3469:Early Scots
3404:Old English
3183:Achterhoeks
3176:Westphalian
3128:High German
2936:Germanosign
2395:Keith Brown
2199:"l becomes
2173:The ending
2139:zwieren ze
2130:ze zwieren
2124:3rd plural
2095:2nd plural
2066:1st plural
2023:zij zwiert
2003:zwiert-jij
1997:jij zwiert
1968:gij zwiert
1945:zwiere-kik
1919:Unstressed
1913:Unstressed
1907:Duplicated
1904:Unstressed
1869:conjugation
1296:o (oː)
1291:ʏ ø(ː)
1286:ɪ e(ː)
1069:Approximant
470:Netherlands
426:Oost-Vlaams
228:Achterhooks
223:Westphalian
47:Netherlands
27:Oost-Vlaams
5271:Categories
4975:Burgundian
4891:Old Danish
4880:Gøtudanskt
4863:Bornholmsk
4725:Vestlandsk
4705:Kebabnorsk
4442:Halcnovian
4407:Thuringian
4070:Limburgish
4040:Stadsfries
4013:Brabantian
3740:Low German
3586:Eiderstedt
3441:Fingallian
3240:Papiamento
3154:Low German
3149:Limburgish
3099:Champenois
3073:Stadsfries
3022:Brabantian
2954:Indo-Aryan
2913:Francosign
2888:Champenois
2860:Limburgish
2850:Brabantian
2296:References
2246:weak verbs
2186:gij sloapt
2101:ge zwiert
2043:'t zwiert
2026:zwier-z̊e
2017:ze zwiert
2000:zwiert-ij
1991:ij zwiert
1962:ge zwiert
1956:2nd sing.
1939:ik zwiere
1933:'k zwiere
1927:1st sing.
1465:Diphthongs
1245:unrounded
906:Consonants
800:weak verbs
657:Philippine
625:Brabantian
621:Waaslandic
450:Brabantian
354:Limburgish
331:Stadsfries
324:Brusselian
319:Antwerpian
314:Brabantian
89:Istvaeonic
5255:varieties
5247:indicate
5061:Northwest
5006:Philology
4911:Elfdalian
4846:Jutlandic
4768:Icelandic
4743:(written)
4737:(written)
4715:Trøndersk
4695:Norwegian
4659:Old Norse
4480:Coloniero
4464:Alemannic
4437:Wymysorys
4305:Colognian
4300:Ripuarian
4222:Rotwelsch
4052:Midslands
4003:Zeelandic
3984:Hollandic
3958:Afrikaans
3930:Old Dutch
3756:Old Saxon
3655:Karrharde
3637:Goesharde
3618:Mainland
3351:philology
3141:Ripuarian
3066:Zeelandic
3036:Hollandic
2232:Preterite
2110:zwier-de
2052:zwier-et
1988:-t / ̆-t
1971:zwier-de
1942:zwiere-k
1922:Stressed
1916:Stressed
1910:Stressed
1555:Close-mid
1281:Close-mid
1048:Affricate
1006:Fricative
864:Phonology
835:Zeelandic
766:Old Dutch
661:Zeelandic
563:Austrians
486:Old Dutch
297:Hollandic
287:Zeelandic
243:Sallaands
193:Afrikaans
142:Glottolog
130:ISO 639-3
5292:Flanders
4982:Vandalic
4925:Gutnish
4730:Vikværsk
4710:Sognamål
4700:Bergensk
4550:Cimbrian
4518:Bavarian
4475:Alsatian
4422:Lusatian
4358:Palatine
4048:Amelands
3925:Frankish
3815:Sallaans
3797:Gronings
3648:Southern
3641:Northern
3632:Halligen
3581:Insular
3398:dialects
3197:Sallands
3167:Gronings
2842:Germanic
2223:becomes
2211:becomes
2190:ij slopt
2188:" with "
1721:Waasland
1614:Open-mid
1303:Open-mid
1250:rounded
1166:Maldegem
1132:lenition
929:alveolar
922:Alveolar
887:/ /
883:Help:IPA
853:Westhoek
793:Maldegem
783:("we"),
755:Waasland
751:Maldegem
735:Brussels
680:Kortrijk
650:Maldegem
565:and the
552:Waasland
521:Brussels
216:Gronings
156:oost1242
149:oost1241
79:Germanic
5245:Italics
4868:Scanian
4814:Swedish
4763:Faroese
4741:Nynorsk
4720:Valdris
4555:Mòcheno
4511:Swabian
4377:Hessian
4337:Hunsrik
4249:Western
4244:Eastern
4239:Yiddish
4189:creoles
4086:Bergish
3802:Drèents
3792:Tweants
3644:Central
3626:Mooring
3489:Frisian
3448:Kildare
3393:English
3211:Tweants
3190:Drèents
3120:Walloon
3106:Lorrain
3081:English
3005:Benelux
2903:Walloon
2893:Lorrain
2880:Romance
2870:Yiddish
2397:(ed.).
2154:Notes:
1887:Ending
1873:zwieren
1846:Grammar
1787:elision
1711:Notes:
1690:æu̯~ɑu̯
1532:yə̯~uə̯
1489:Central
1344:Notes:
1240:
1128:voicing
1107:Notes:
1031:
1022:
1013:
997:
986:
977:
970:Plosive
913:
875:in the
816:Scheldt
716:labials
567:Spanish
554:areas.
513:Scheldt
507:to the
476:History
468:in the
462:Belgium
253:Tweants
233:Drèents
43:Belgium
4961:Gothic
4831:Danish
4735:Bokmål
4234:Yenish
4044:Bildts
3827:Veluws
3822:Urkers
3661:Strand
3385:Anglic
3225:Veluws
3218:Urkers
3113:Picard
3086:French
2898:Picard
2832:German
2827:French
2755:"Gent"
2679:
2407:
2314:
1795:French
1446:Ronse.
1428:Ghent.
1358:/ɛɪœʏ/
1229:Vowels
1147:uvular
1145:, but
939:Uvular
917:Labial
891:
848:first.
841:names.
805:Dender
789:zulder
785:gulder
781:wulder
712:velars
561:, the
559:French
525:Dender
523:. The
430:French
336:Bildts
238:Veluws
53:Region
5302:Hulst
5075:South
5026:North
4636:North
4620:North
3962:Kaaps
3953:Dutch
3600:Amrum
3541:Weser
3463:Scots
3016:Dutch
2822:Dutch
2758:(PDF)
2274:Ghent
2256:" ("-
1851:Verbs
1835:/ɑu̯/
1814:/ou̯/
1799:/ɛə̯/
1791:/ɛə̯/
1783:/ɛə̯/
1773:/æi̯/
1740:/iə̯/
1736:/yə̯/
1732:Ronse
1728:Ghent
1717:/yə̯/
1678:front
1501:Close
1484:Front
1422:Ronse
1407:/ɪɛæ/
1259:Close
1253:Back
1248:Front
1243:Front
1185:]
1181:[
1155:Ghent
1151:Ronse
1093:Trill
946:Nasal
934:Velar
927:Post-
879:(IPA)
743:Ghent
731:Ronse
727:Ghent
684:Ghent
606:Ronse
599:Ghent
544:Ghent
529:Ghent
422:Dutch
411:brown
174:Dutch
99:Dutch
5036:West
5031:East
4951:East
4807:East
4797:Norn
4688:West
4624:East
4622:and
4187:and
4182:Non-
3612:Sylt
3595:Föhr
3530:Ems
3455:Yola
3364:West
2677:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2284:and
2258:tege
2254:dege
2244:and
2217:-̊ze
2164:doen
2127:-en
2069:-en
1816:and
1767:and
1749:and
1738:and
1730:and
1697:back
1673:Open
1654:back
1595:back
1541:back
1494:Back
1451:/β̞/
1434:and
1386:/æi/
1382:/ɛœ/
1354:/eø/
1350:/ɪʏ/
1325:Open
1215:/ts/
1211:/tʃ/
1205:and
1193:and
1153:and
1116:/gz/
810:The
774:huis
764:The
741:via
729:and
723:boom
714:and
708:voet
704:ziek
666:The
655:The
648:The
630:Waas
604:The
597:The
2225:-me
2213:-se
2205:-te
2201:-de
2098:-t
1959:-t
1826:/u/
1822:/u/
1818:/u/
1810:/u/
1803:/ɪ/
1777:/æ/
1769:/œ/
1765:/ɛ/
1758:/ɔ/
1751:/ʏ/
1747:/ɪ/
1702:ɑi̯
1683:æi̯
1666:ɔu̯
1659:ɔi̯
1643:œi̯
1629:ɛə̯
1624:ɛi̯
1607:ou̯
1602:oə̯
1586:øə̯
1581:øi̯
1567:ɪə̯
1546:ui̯
1518:iu̯
1513:iə̯
1458:/ə/
1436:/ɑ/
1432:/æ/
1418:/ɔ/
1411:/ŋ/
1401:/ŋ/
1397:/ɛ/
1390:/æ/
1376:/ʏ/
1374:to
1372:/ɪ/
1368:/ɪ/
1364:/ʏ/
1222:/ə/
1207:/z/
1203:/s/
1201:of
1195:/ʒ/
1191:/ʃ/
1177:/ɣ/
1170:/l/
1162:/l/
1139:/r/
1126:of
1120:/k/
1112:/g/
1033:(ʒ)
1029:(ʃ)
999:(ɡ)
770:ijs
460:in
5273::
2702:^
2688:^
2666:^
2638:^
2600:^
2578:^
2553:^
2537:^
2525:^
2509:^
2419:^
2322:^
2303:^
2286:uu
2282:ii
2262:-n
2221:we
2209:ze
2197:ge
2192:".
2179:et
2175:-t
2168:-n
2160:-e
2061:-
2055:-
2049:-
2046:-
1734:,
1440:or
1183:ɣ˕
1074:β̞
1060:tʃ
1055:ts
812:-n
686:.
627:)
432::
428:,
424::
45:,
4970:)
4964:(
4050:/
4046:/
4042:/
3964:)
3960:(
3333:e
3326:t
3319:v
2996:e
2989:t
2982:v
2793:e
2786:t
2779:v
2739:.
2683:.
2413:.
2290:r
2278:n
2203:(
1805:.
1760:.
1753:.
1413:.
1403:.
1360:.
1337:ɑ
1330:æ
1318:ɔ
1313:œ
1308:ɛ
1274:u
1269:y
1264:i
1187:.
1134:.
1100:r
1086:j
1079:l
1041:ɣ
1038:x
1024:z
1020:s
1015:v
1011:f
995:k
988:d
984:t
979:b
975:p
963:ŋ
956:n
951:m
936:/
897:.
837:.
818:.
420:(
386:e
379:t
372:v
275:/
135:–
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