1980:
2010:, NST). The threat felt by the Chinese also motivated them to co-operate with the Malay aristocrats, most of the Simalungun rajas, some Karo chieftains and the Dutch in creating the NST. Dr Tengku Mansur (a member of the Asahan royal family) was selected as head of state and the NST lasted from December 1947 to August 1950. While the Dutch wanted the NST to be seen as an orderly and progressive alternative to the republic, the western-educated aristocrats saw NST as a bastion for their own ethnic interests. The NST began to disintegrate as soon as Dutch military support was withdrawn. The short-lived state was viewed with suspicion, and Dr Tengku Mansur eventually surrendered authority to the republic in August 1950, which backed by military for the stability framework. Consequently, East Sumatra was merged into a larger province of
1410:
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1991:, were able to fight the Dutch return with a common unifying goal in 1945, but there were insufficient resources to last through a longer period than 1947. The Dutch return during the second half of 1947 had to rely on the support from Malay aristocrats, especially when it was facing tougher guerrilla opposition after the ceasefire. In addition to Malay support for the reinstatement of Dutch rule, representatives of other groups expressed similar concerns (some Toba leaders and the Chinese community, in particular; these groups had benefited economically from Dutch rule). The Chinese community, who were economically advantaged, were also targeted by the
1892:"In the case of the plantation economy in this region, this foreign labour was predominantly from the relatively overcrowded island of Java: by the 1930s, 43 percent of the population was 'Javanese'." In addition to the Chinese and Javanese (who numbered about 192,000 and 590,000, respectively during the 1930s), the economy also attracted migrants from other parts of the Dutch East Indies. As a result, the percentages of the three main indigenous communities: the Malays, Karo, and Simalungun in the region were significantly reduced. The changes in social structure prompted anxiety among the people of East Sumatra.
1712:
Indonesia forced them to make decisions that were seemingly neither pro-Dutch nor pro-Indonesian, although
British intelligence manipulated events to pressure the (British) Malay monarchs for political initiatives in order to avoid being revolutionary targets. Tensions between the Dutch and British modes of operation as well as the strong resistance from Indonesian nationalists resulted in low British morale throughout the post-war British occupation. After consultation with General Chambers in Padang, on 26 October Kelly disarmed and disbanded Ambonese forces under
1451:, were perceived by the Malays to have a lower social status and their practice of Islam was seen to be nominal. The Malays were usually regarded as the traditional protectors of Islam by the authorities and the other Muslim reformist forces who advocated an Islam different from the Malay orientation were seen as threats to the authority of the sultans. The former was known as the Kaum Tua (old group) and the latter as the Kaum Muda (young group, reformist) who "...sought to free the Islamic communities from superstitious beliefs.".
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and contact with
Japanese, Sultan of Deli, Sultan of Langkat, and other cooperative natives. This cooperative native asked for some reforms. Brondgeest decided to act independently from British and Japanese with local Ambonese and Menadonese as police force to control Medan and Republican movement. The Muslim fast was ended on 7 August and celebrated by mending relation with pro-Dutch peoples. On 14 September, Lt. Westerling and 3 others who were part of Dutch commando entered Medan to equip the police force.
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42:
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the Dutch sentries torn off and trampled a red and white pin worn by a child. An angry crowd began to gather and fighting began, resulting several wounded. Two
Dutchman fired into the crowd from a car killing an Indonesian. Japanese troops arrived alongside TKR under Achmad Tahir and managed to calm the crowd. The crowd dispersed at 1.30 p.m., with two Indonesians and one Ambonese woman were killed in the fighting. However two hours later,
1368:. Participants of the revolution were believed to be provoked by leaders to kill aristocrats and create violence. These belligerents had three prime objectives: to eliminate the sultans and aristocrats (who were seen as Dutch allies), to seize their wealth (as sources of funding for the Indonesian independence campaign) and to eliminate the region's feudal social structure. The revolution brought about the formation of the
2030:(UMNO) went with full support of the Malay sultans as their inactivity would lead to similar fate as their relatives in East Sumatra. From August to November 1946, UMNO was in negotiations with the British while MNP was excluded. The rise of UMNO gave political voice for the popular support commanded by the conservative elite, inseparable to events in Indonesia, and has been beneficial for long-term British presence.
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Sumatra proposed to form a dominion within
British Malaya. The dominion proposal was created to elicit hostility from the pemuda. After it was circulated, British authorities ignored the suggestion. Then, the sultans returned into cooperation with the Dutch. Major Ferguson and the acting governor of East Sumatra, Dr Amir, visited places in East Sumatra and returned to Medan on 2 March 1946.
1431:
to be much higher than the other indigenous communities in East
Sumatra. As a result, members of the other two indigenous communities as well as the other locals felt this was unfair and that resulted in unwanted ethnic tensions. An increasing number of locals began to disagree with the Dutch and the Malay aristocrats due to the bias that these elites had towards the Malays.
1642:. Among these groups, some had contact with 'underground' groups with pre-war left wing experience. These groups include Karo group under the leaderships of Selamat Ginting, Tama Ginting, and Rakutta Sembiring Brahmana, and an "anti-fascist" group under Nathar Zainuddin a veteran islamist communist, which include
1948:
a deeper commitment to radical nationalism. Eventually, some of them became militia leaders in the earlier phase of the social revolution. Many scholars including
Anthony Reid and Mohammad Said have highlighted the importance of these people in initiating and executing the 1946 social revolution in East Sumatra.
1947:
Secondly, locals who rose to prominence after undergoing military training in
Japanese military organisations during the period of Japanese occupation were also responsible for the revolution. These "people's volunteer armies" were equipped with rich military experiences and that has imbued them with
1943:
Besides, there was also another group of leaders who shared a similar ideology of nationalism. Unlike those mentioned earlier, this group of leaders were actively involved with nationalist movements before the
Pacific War. Most of them used to collaborate with the Japanese occupiers as administrative
1891:
Apart from political causes, labour policies were also implemented to sustain the economy of the region. Large numbers of foreign labourers were brought in from China and Java to meet the strong demand for labour in East
Sumatra's plantation economy (which made up 64 percent of economic production).
1716:
and
Brondgeest, and the Dutch detainees were again guarded by Japanese forces. Only Westerling remained behind at Kelly's request to put his terrorist tactics to work with the British. British commander published on 24 December 1945 his intent to recognise TKR as official peacekeeper outside of Medan
1614:
was chosen as the president of a new republic. Sumatra was then declared to be a province of the new republic and Medan was chosen as its capital. Despite this, many leaders were worried about the possibility of the Dutch returning and of the Malay and Batak aristocrats regaining their former power.
1843:
before (and after) the arrival of the Dutch, Under Dutch rule, the kingdoms and principalities were absorbed into a centralised political structure and these indigenous elites were included in the administration (which they shared with the Dutch) of the region. Consequently, both the Dutch and Malay
1800:
The 1946 East Sumatra social revolution was an outcome of class, ideological, and ethnic tensions that had accumulated over several decades. Since the Dutch colonial period, the region's demographics, socio-political structure, and economic system had undergone great changes. Many locals, especially
1931:
Firstly, educated Indonesians who were sympathetic to the ideology of nationalism were involved in the revolution. Most of them received tertiary education and have adopted Western values and practices in their daily life. The connections with the traditional aristocratic families did not manage to
1907:
benefited from preferential treatment by the Dutch in terms of land leasing. Those aristocrats were able to accumulate significant wealth by "leas wide tracts of land, the disposal rights over which frequently had lain traditionally with the village, to foreign companies..." and seizing most of the
1863:
In the late February 1946, Major Ferguson, part of British intelligence, was closely linked with political machinations in East Sumatra. The sultan of Deli had armed British protection and allowed his state to become a stronghold of British Intelligence. A rumour circulated that the sultans of East
1618:
From 21 August, leaflets were sent to Sumatra on Netherlands Indies Civil Administration. Japanese surrender was publicly announced on 22 August. On 25 August, Naval Lt. Brondgeest and Dutch-dominated unit landed near Pangkalan Brandan. Brondgeest, by 1 September, had been established base in Medan
1430:
were all recognised as indigenous communities in the region, the royalty and associations chose to emphasize more on preserving the Malay cultural identity. Special privileges were granted to the Malays (such as accessing to plantation land) by the Dutch and the social status of the Malays appeared
1711:
of East Sumatra managed to acquire some weapons that were left over by Japanese soldiers after the surrender and used them to confront the British in the south of Medan on 10 December 1945. A strong sense of contingency was said to be present in the British policy as the political circumstances in
1679:
followed official republican policies of cooperating with the Allied. The flashpoint in Medan was the former Pensiun Wilhelmina in Jalan Bali, Medan, which was used as hostel and housed Westerling's ex-KNIL troops of mainly Ambonese. On 13 October 1945, supposedly an incident happened where one of
1395:
East Sumatra during colonial period was dominated by plantation with workers from diverse ethnicities. This was exploited by capitalism of European and benefit for local aristocratic group such as local chiefs and sultans. As government power became unstable because of Japanese occupation, tension
1566:
front to the Japanese. They were motivated to launch a new Indonesian-controlled administration with the support from the Japanese. However, the garnering of support from the Japanese did not work out well because the priority of the Japanese was to obtain the oil and plantation produce from East
1753:
On 3 March 1946, thousands of armed men assembled to oppose the big sultanates after hearing the rumours that the Dutch were returning. Violence and bloodshed was involved, where seven princes, ninety aristocrats (in Langkat) and countless officials from native states were killed. The Sultan of
1762:(young Japanese-trained militant) leaders and many Malay farmers were forced to give up their plantation land that they had acquired under the Dutch to be redistributed for those former plantation workers and non-Malay farmers (mostly Javanese). The militants under the leadership of PESINDO (
2002:) had been formed in 1938 by the westernized Malay elites to reassert Malay and Simalungun ethnic interests through support from the Dutch. With the support of these Malays, the Dutch attempted to establish a federal Indonesia consisting of a Dutch-supported State of East Sumara (
1417:
The influx of Chinese, Javanese, and other ethnic immigrants to the region during the 1930s gave rise to several official associations associated with the kingdom to identify certain customary elements to form the cultural core of the East Sumatra society. Even though the
1786:
There were three main objectives associated with the revolution that involved different groups of people: firstly, to seize Malay aristocrats and their principal supporters so as to thwart their plans for the return of the Dutch; secondly, gain control of
1844:
aristocrats were able to use their political power to launch policies that suppressed the rights of the commoners. Opposition to the Dutch repression and Malay aristocracy then began to arise among ordinary people. On 3 March 1946, thousands of armed
1486:
were developing rapidly among urban and educated sections of the Indonesian community. One example was the East Sumatra Association, which was created in 1938 by Dutch-educated Malays and was later led by Dr Tengku Mansur (who was connected to the
1895:
The change in the socio-economic landscape also resulted in stark class differences within East Sumatran society. In the 1930s, many farmers of the tobacco area (Deli-Serdang-Langkat) were told to cultivate smaller areas while the Malay sultans,
1955:
and Malay aristocrats. Supporters of the Islamic movements had faced oppression by the sultans who claimed that they were advocating an Islam that was different from the Malay orientation. In order to protect their own religious interests, these
1822:
By 1942, the Dutch, who were accountable to the Netherlands East Indies government in Batavia, were holding on to majority of the administrative power in the region. A feudal government was formed over the four primary sultanates in the region
1688:, and on 15 October, a five-man detachment under Brondgeest who was sent to Siantar Hotel to check on Japanese troop concentrated there was attacked. The hotel was besieged and burned, killing all the Dutch soldiers, ten Ambonese soldiers, two
1546:. The regaining of Malay aristocrats’ power during the Japanese Occupation resulted in suppression of the peasant community in East Sumatra. Many Japanese officials managed to exploit food and labour supplies from the peasantry through the
1507:
in East Sumatra. Besides raising voices that disagreed with the Dutch repression and Malay aristocracy, the two parties also played important roles in initiating and mobilizing resources to support the 1946 East Sumatra social revolution.
1720:
Armed clashes with the British, Dutch, and Japanese remained at a low level for the next two months until rumours that the Dutch were about to attempt a landing started spreading among the locals. On 3 March 1946, thousands of armed
1805:
hierarchy and the Dutch. The national revolution also reflected a great diversity of interests from almost all sections of Sumatran society and several complex issues behind the fight for independence in East Sumatra.
1791:
the Malay sultanates' wealth in order to sustain the expenses for the national struggle and thirdly, to exercise political and societal changes in accordance to the Marxist intellectuals who were involved in the event.
1979:
1094:
1778:. The sympathy that Malay aristocrats had for the Dutch and the threats that they represented to the independence of Indonesia were commonly seen as the two main reasons for the occurrence of this violent event.
1638:(Trained Youth Association) which include police, soldiers, and officials. On 23 September, the senior ex-Giyugun officer, First Lieutenant Achmad Tahir issued a meeting for all Japanese-trained Pemuda in
1567:
Sumatra rather than making any significant political changes to the existing government structures. Furthermore, the policies adopted by the Japanese were seen as a continuance of Dutch support for the
1668:
or TKR of East Sumatra was formed with Achmad Tahir as Commander, Soetjipto as Chief-of-Staff, Capt. Hotman Sitoempul in Siantar, Lt. Martinus Lubis in Brastagi, and Lt. Djamin Ginting in Kabanjahe.
1499:. The national movement then slowly reached out to small farmers of the tobacco-growing area, which eventually provided the rudiments of an important rural base for the two nationalist parties,
1574:
Consequently, the credibility of those traditional, nationalists and religious leaders, who were assigned by the Japanese, was severely damaged. A new leadership was then formed by a group of
1928:
There were a few groups of leaders that were involved in the revolution and all of them may be distinguished by differences in class, social mobility, nationalist seniority, and ideology.
1684:
returned, leaving six killed and about 100 wounded among the Ambonese and Menadonese. The Dutchman in charge of the hotel and a swiss family were killed as a result. The attack spread to
3347:
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personnel and they were motivated to join this revolution so as to promote the political ideology of nationalism as well as to continue their leadership during the post-war period.
1936:
might be one of the hindrances for East Sumatran society to achieve full liberalization. Members of this particular group were local governors and regional deputy governors such as
1462:
movement that involved conflicts over religious texts and teachings and secondly, the Jamiatul Wasliyah organization which shared common interests with Muhammadiah. Even though the
1654:
were actively propagating information about the republic. They persuaded the senior Indonesian officials to resist the Japanese, the Dutch and Malay aristocrats. Therefore, these
1920:) so as to make their grievances heard. The feelings of dissatisfaction that rural farmers had against the aristocrats then became a form of support for these political parties.
1474:
instead. Hence, the Malays were said to claim dominance in both political and cultural spheres, which led to resentment of the Malay aristocratic class and Malays in general.
1080:
1538:
were able to gain access to various incomes, titles, and religious authority that they used to have in the 1930s. However, Japanese used available fragmentation between the
1717:
and British would give weapons (rubber-for-weapons) for some republican within Medan after rubber smuggling from Sumatra to Singapore in the period February-April 1946.
722:
1409:
1348:), began on 3 March 1946. Across 25 "native states", many sultanates were overthrown and mass killing of members of the aristocratic families were performed by armed
702:
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attacked almost all of the Malay aristocrats. The wives and children of the aristocrat families were interned and their houses were ransacked for treasure by the
1060:
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1385:
1814:
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On 18 October 1945, the control of Medan became the responsibility of the British, immediately after official orders were issued by Republican leaders for
1364:
and Luat Siregar), the revolutionary movement was seen as one of the means for East Sumatra to be freed from colonial overlordship and to join the larger
1594:). The military training guided by Japanese ethics and values fanned their nationalism and motivated them to defend their lands. These Japanese-trained
2908:
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2702:
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hierarchy and that had increased the amount of economic pressure faced by the farming population of East Sumatra. Although, moderate members of
3367:
2022:
The demise of the sultans in East Sumatra was the turning point in British Malaya. This was politically motivating Malayan Malays against the
2897:
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and their property was seized. In this uncertain milieu, the Chinese community saw the British and Dutch colonial forces as protectors.
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those of the low and middle classed, who were consistently suppressed under the hierarchy system, became highly dissatisfied with the
1280:
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1646:, Bustami, Joenoes Nasution, and Marzuki Lubis. They plan to contact with Aminuddin Nazir of Inoue's coastal guard and by evening
1634:(Body for Assisting the Defence of Asia / BOMPA) property, who fed them BOMPA rice-stocks, and were then organised into a broader
3124:
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Another division between the Malays and the two groups was religion, whereby the Malays were mostly Muslims and majority of the
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then took on active roles in fighting against the Dutch and Malay sultans during the 1946 East Sumatra Social Revolution.
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or BPI was formed under Achmad Tahir as First Chairman. Before the landings of the Allied (British) forces, these young
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323:
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During the occupation, the Japanese implemented policies that were perceived as a continuance of Dutch support for the
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would remain elitist and become executive of foreign oppression. This would lead to immediate demand of retribution.
3362:
3231:
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1517:
811:
1771:
1662:." On 6 October, new Sultan of Deli who was known for his skeptic of Republic was installed. By 10 October 1945,
1447:
were Christians or animists. Despite being the third-largest group in the 1930s, the Javanese, in particular the
962:
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royal family). The political association aimed to improve the social status of East Sumatran natives, including
942:
363:
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stop these people from having strong beliefs in nationalism. Ultimately, they recognized that the presence of
1908:
profits. Eventually, most of the rural masses went to seek help from local political parties such as GERINDO (
3139:
1901:
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were seen as very nationalistic, eager to resist the return of the Dutch, and unsympathetic to the various
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Revolusi Indonesia dan Bangsa Melayu: Runtuhnya Kerajaan-Kerajaan Melayu Sumatera Timur Pada Tahun 1946
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that caused nationalists to hold stronger negative feelings towards the Sultans and Malay aristocrats.
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2739:
The British Occupation of Indonesia, 1945-1946: Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian revolution
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Either Comité van Ontvangst to welcome the Dutch or British dominion proposal were anathema to the
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2703:"Class and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesian's Decolonization Process: A Study of East Sumatra"
2587:. Australia: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with Allen & Unwin.
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Thirdly, Muslim reformist forces were involved in Islamic movements to resist against the
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The Blood of the People: Revolution & the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra
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The initial landings of Allied forces (the British) and the Dutch, were not opposed by
1578:(youth) who had received their formative education under the Japanese military groups (
1229:
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433:
256:
186:
2585:
The Emergence of a National Economy : An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000
2568:(in Indonesian). Pulau Pinang: Koperasi Kedai Buku Universiti Sains Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
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2011:
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affiliated with semi-criminal Medan underworld and Allied forces under T.E.D Kelly.
2885:
1974:
1459:
226:
156:
119:
2922:(15). Cornell University: Indonesia Southeast Asia Program Publications: 145–186.
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1737:(reception committee) to welcome the Dutch. The outbreak of violence between the
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Malay princes of East Sumatra from the Royal Houses of Deli, Langkat and Serdang
1755:
343:
266:
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2716:(33). Cornell University: Indonesia Southeast Asia Program Publications: 1–30.
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Dissociated Identities: Ethnicity, Religion and Class in an Indonesian Society
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1372:, which was dissolved when the region became part of the Indonesian republic.
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still regarded those organizations with hostility and decided to support the
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Allied landings, local struggles and period of uncertainty (late 1945–1946)
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1696:, between republican troops of TKR under Achmad Tahir as well as various
78:
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symbolised colonial injustice. Whether under Dutch or British masters,
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in response to the wide dissemination of reports that claimed that the
1729:
in response to the wide dissemination of reports that claimed that the
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Japanese paratroopers during the invasion of Sumatra in February 1942
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2780:
The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia 1945–1965
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2604:
Regional Dynamics of the Indonesian Revolution: Unity From Diversity
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and four Swiss who managed the hotel. These marked the beginning of
2026:(MNP) linked to Tan Malaka and the Indonesians. During March 1946,
1745:
hence marked the start of the 1946 East Sumatra Social Revolution.
1707:
to surrender their weapons to the British troops. Nonetheless, the
2840:
2547:
Bangsa Melayu: Malay Concepts of Democracy and Community 1945–1950
1978:
1813:
1606:
After the Japanese surrendered, the independence of Indonesia was
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146:
1454:
There were two major modernist Islamic movements launched by the
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Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity
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2997:
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An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra
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An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra
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Allies in Adversity. Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War
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East Sumatra during the Japanese occupation (1942–early 1945)
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presented themselves as “non-political” Islamic leaders, the
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activists came together to fight against the Malay elites.
1482:
During the late 1930s, the national movements led by the
2909:"What was the Social Revolution of 1946 in East Sumatra"
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nationalist parties, even took the initiative to form a
2684:
Multination States in Asia: Accommodation or Resistance
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The Dutch subjugated the Minangkabau of Sumatra in the
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groups (Indonesian nationalists). To the opportunistic
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2686:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
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2549:(in Indonesian). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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2152:
2102:
2767:"The Netherlands East Indies and the Pacific War"
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2782:. Australia: Crawford House Publishing Pty Ltd.
1343:
3348:Massacres of the Indonesian National Revolution
1396:between ethnicities and social class erupted.
3094:United Nations Security Council Resolution 27
3009:
2606:. United States: University of Hawaii Press.
1386:Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra
1088:
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8:
3049:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
2750:. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
2682:Bertrand, Jacques; Laliberte, Ander (2010).
1860:(reception committee) to welcome the Dutch.
1749:East Sumatra Social Revolution: 3 March 1946
2667:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
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2951:Sutherland, Heather; van Goor, J. (1986).
2504:
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15:
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2870:. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
2644:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
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2337:
2313:
1987:The revolutionaries, including the armed
1435:Religious divisions and Islamic movements
1400:East Sumatra under the Dutch (1930s–1942)
2701:Langenberg, Michael. van. (April 1982).
2301:
1754:Langkat's daughters were raped and poet
1622:Many of the Japanese-trained unemployed
3109:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference
2623:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
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2131:
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1632:Badan Oentoek Membantor Pertahanan Asia
29:
18:
2799:"The Birth of the Republic in Sumatra"
2953:"The Indonesian Revolution: A Review"
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1626:of ex-Giyugun were then recruited by
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2014:, where it has remained till today.
2468:
2028:United Malays National Organisation
3254:Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive
3135:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
1924:Leaders involved in the revolution
1562:in an attempt to present a united
1413:Simalungun king with his entourage
14:
3259:General Offensive of 1 March 1949
3353:Massacres committed by Indonesia
3125:Indonesian National Armed Forces
3062:
2907:Said, H. Mohammed (April 1973).
1030:
40:
2621:Kahin, George McTurnan (1970).
3145:Kalimantan Physical Revolution
3025:Indonesian National Revolution
2103:Sutherland & van Goor 1986
2040:Indonesian National Revolution
1390:conquest of the Aceh Sultanate
1366:Indonesian National Revolution
1345:Revolusi Sosial Sumatera Timur
1340:East Sumatra social revolution
1106:Indonesian National Revolution
743:French and British interregnum
1:
3368:Political and cultural purges
3044:Indonesian National Awakening
2225:Bertrand & Laliberte 2010
1758:was killed on 9 March by the
1630:– the executor of the former
1388:occurred. There followed the
3054:Proclamation of Independence
2625:. Cornell University Press.
1358:Communist Party of Indonesia
631:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
138:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
3389:
2773:. Australian War Memorial.
2737:McMillan, Richard (2005).
1972:
1768:Indonesian Communist Party
1534:. Under the policies, the
1518:Invasion of Sumatra (1942)
1515:
812:United States of Indonesia
649:Chinese Kongsi federations
3104:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement
3060:
2849:10.1163/9789004486553_018
2659:Kipp, Rita Smith (1996).
2602:Kahin, Audrey R. (1985).
1848:surrounded the palace in
1772:Indonesian National Party
1764:Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia
1725:surrounded the palace in
1114:
963:Javanese historical texts
2892:. Singapore: NUS Press.
2778:Poulgrain, Greg (1998).
2746:Milner, Anthony (2011).
2000:Persatuan Sumatera Timur
1998:The East Sumatra Union (
1910:Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia
1636:Persatuan Pemuda Latihan
1281:Yogyakarta and Surakarta
723:Dutch East India Company
364:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3222:South Sulawesi campaign
3207:East Sumatra revolution
2024:Malay Nationalist Party
1665:Tentara Keamanan Rakyat
1497:Karo people (Indonesia)
1441:Karo people (Indonesia)
1336:East Sumatra revolution
3130:Royal Netherlands Army
2866:Reid, Anthony (2005).
2833:Reid, Anthony (2004).
2797:Reid, Anthony (1971).
2741:. New York: Routledge.
2640:Kahin, Audrey (1999).
2564:Ariffin, Omar (1999).
2545:Ariffin, Omar (1993).
2007:
1984:
1819:
1648:Badan Pemuda Indonesia
1527:
1478:The political movement
1414:
1356:militants (especially
1344:
774:Emergence of Indonesia
3084:Linggadjati Agreement
2008:Negara Sumatera Timur
1982:
1918:Partai Indonesia Raya
1914:Great Indonesia Party
1887:Socio-economic causes
1817:
1525:
1412:
1370:State of East Sumatra
829:Republic of Indonesia
695:European colonization
594:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
3282:Abdul Haris Nasution
3232:Dutch police actions
2045:History of Indonesia
1938:Teuku Muhammad Hasan
1858:Comité van Ontvangst
1735:Comité van Ontvangst
1338:, also known as the
1037:Indonesia portal
658:Heshun Confederation
574:Yogyakarta Sultanate
504:Kalinyamat Sultanate
474:Sultanate of Jailolo
444:Sultanate of Ternate
157:Tarumanagara Kingdom
3217:Battle of Margarana
3212:Bandung Sea of Fire
3089:Denpasar Conference
2583:Dick, H.W. (2002).
2495:, pp. 145–186.
2251:, pp. 161–162.
2239:, pp. 154–155.
1940:and Mohammad Amir.
1675:troops as Governor
802:National Revolution
792:Japanese occupation
678:Santiaogou Republic
544:Palembang Sultanate
464:Sultanate of Tidore
334:Peureulak Sultanate
267:Dharmasraya Kingdom
3358:1940s in Indonesia
3297:Raymond Westerling
3264:Siege of Surakarta
3187:Battle of Surabaya
3182:Battle of Ambarawa
3177:Battle of Semarang
3167:Battle of Kotabaru
3099:Renville Agreement
3072:Diplomatic efforts
1985:
1820:
1756:Tengku Amir Hamzah
1628:Abdoe'lxarim M. S.
1528:
1428:Simalungun peoples
1415:
1362:Abdoe'lxarim M. S.
881:1998–present
782:National Awakening
612:Christian kingdoms
578:1755–present
568:1745–present
564:Surakarta Sunanate
534:Kingdom of Kaimana
488:1526–present
454:Sultanate of Bacan
374:Pagaruyung Kingdom
315:Islamic sultanates
207:Shailendra Dynasty
3363:Massacres in 1946
3335:
3334:
3287:Hubertus van Mook
3237:Operation Product
3202:Lengkong incident
3079:Malino Conference
3039:Dutch East Indies
2899:978-9971-69-637-5
2858:978-90-04-48655-3
2765:Palazzo, Albert.
2531:, pp. 44–45.
2519:, pp. 21–46.
2396:, pp. 41–43.
2340:, pp. 40–41.
2316:, pp. 42–48.
1640:Asrama Rensheikei
1493:Simalungun people
1329:
1328:
1071:
1070:
885:
884:
837:Liberal democracy
820:
819:
765:
764:
753:Dutch East Indies
686:
685:
639:
638:
621:Larantuka Kingdom
602:
601:
514:Mataram Sultanate
414:Cirebon Sultanate
394:Malacca Sultanate
354:Ternate Sultanate
305:
304:
287:Singhasari Empire
281:1000s–1300s
247:Kahuripan Kingdom
128:
127:
3380:
3066:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2947:
2913:
2903:
2881:
2862:
2829:
2803:
2793:
2774:
2761:
2742:
2733:
2707:
2697:
2678:
2666:
2655:
2636:
2617:
2598:
2579:
2560:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:, pp. 1–30.
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
1810:Political causes
1560:Comité Indonesia
1347:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1035:
1034:
1033:
847:Guided Democracy
833:
832:
778:
777:
699:
698:
668:Lanfang Republic
654:
653:
617:
616:
538:1600s–1926
528:1528s–1877
494:Banjar Sultanate
484:Banten Sultanate
468:1500s–1967
384:Brunei Sultanate
320:
319:
297:Majapahit Empire
197:Srivijaya Empire
177:Kalingga Kingdom
143:
142:
110:Toba catastrophe
93:94,000–12,000 BP
64:
63:
44:
34:
16:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3270:
3242:Operation Kraai
3192:Kolaka incident
3172:Battle of Medan
3155:Battle of Kumai
3113:
3067:
3058:
3027:
3022:
2969:10.2307/3351190
2963:(42): 113–118.
2950:
2928:10.2307/3350795
2911:
2906:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2832:
2818:10.2307/3350656
2801:
2796:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2745:
2736:
2722:10.2307/3350925
2705:
2700:
2694:
2681:
2675:
2658:
2652:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2614:
2601:
2595:
2582:
2576:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2505:Langenberg 1982
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2036:
2020:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1926:
1889:
1812:
1798:
1784:
1782:Main objectives
1751:
1694:Battle of Medan
1686:Pematangsiantar
1644:Urbanus Pardede
1610:in Jakarta and
1604:
1520:
1514:
1480:
1458:: firstly, the
1437:
1407:
1405:Ethnic tensions
1402:
1378:
1330:
1325:
1171:West Kalimantan
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1067:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
932:
924:
923:
922:
897:
887:
886:
871:1967–1998
861:1966–1967
851:1959–1966
841:1950–1959
830:
822:
821:
816:1949–1950
806:1945–1949
796:1942–1945
786:1908–1942
775:
767:
766:
761:
760:1945–1949
759:
758:1800–1942
747:1806–1816
737:1685–1824
727:1602–1799
717:1521–1677
707:1512–1850
696:
688:
687:
682:1777–1853
672:1777–1884
662:1776–1854
651:
641:
640:
614:
604:
603:
598:1824–1911
588:1814–1946
558:1725–1946
548:1659–1823
524:Johor Sultanate
518:1586–1755
508:1527–1599
498:1526–1863
478:1496–1903
458:1515–1946
448:1486–1914
438:1496–1903
428:1475–1554
424:Demak Sultanate
418:1445–1677
408:1405–1851
398:1400–1511
388:1368–1888
378:1347–1833
368:1267–1521
358:1257–1914
348:1225–1613
324:Spread of Islam
317:
307:
306:
301:1293–1527
291:1222–1292
271:1183–1347
261:1045–1221
251:1019–1045
217:Mataram Kingdom
140:
130:
129:
61:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Mohammad Hatta
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3227:3 March affair
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3150:Dayak Desa War
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3118:Armed conflict
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2948:
2904:
2898:
2882:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2830:
2812:(Oct): 21–46.
2794:
2788:
2775:
2762:
2757:978-1444339031
2756:
2743:
2734:
2698:
2693:978-0511750755
2692:
2679:
2673:
2656:
2650:
2637:
2631:
2618:
2612:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:Poulgrain 1998
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2459:, p. 179.
2449:
2447:, p. 103.
2434:
2422:
2410:
2406:Poulgrain 1998
2398:
2394:Poulgrain 1998
2386:
2384:, p. 113.
2371:
2359:
2357:, p. 230.
2342:
2338:Poulgrain 1998
2330:
2328:, p. 161.
2318:
2314:Poulgrain 1998
2306:
2289:
2287:, p. 243.
2277:
2275:, p. 162.
2265:
2263:, p. 159.
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2215:, p. 118.
2205:
2188:
2173:
2148:
2146:, p. 116.
2136:
2119:
2107:
2092:
2090:, p. 328.
2080:
2078:, p. 180.
2068:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2016:
1983:NST supporters
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1925:
1922:
1888:
1885:
1811:
1808:
1797:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1750:
1747:
1741:and the armed
1603:
1600:
1513:
1510:
1479:
1476:
1436:
1433:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1377:
1374:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1217:South Sulawesi
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
898:
893:
892:
889:
888:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
788:
787:
784:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
755:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
709:
708:
705:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
684:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
652:
647:
646:
643:
642:
637:
636:
633:
627:
626:
623:
615:
610:
609:
606:
605:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
584:Deli Sultanate
580:
579:
576:
570:
569:
566:
560:
559:
556:
554:Siak Sultanate
550:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
506:
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
434:Aceh Sultanate
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
410:
409:
406:
404:Sulu Sultanate
400:
399:
396:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
376:
370:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
338:840–1292
336:
330:
329:
328:800–1600
326:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
279:
277:Pannai Kingdom
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
257:Kediri Kingdom
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
241:932–1579
239:
233:
232:
231:914–1908
229:
223:
222:
221:716–1016
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
187:Melayu Kingdom
183:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
149:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
103:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
72:
62:
57:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3385:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Sutan Sjahrir
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Madiun Affair
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Cumbok affair
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:Reid, Anthony
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2632:0-8014-9108-8
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2594:9781741150209
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:, p. 99.
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:, p. 43.
2431:
2426:
2423:
2420:, p. 46.
2419:
2414:
2411:
2408:, p. 42.
2407:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:, p. 64.
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:McMillan 2005
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2227:, p. 34.
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:, p. 95.
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2134:, p. 85.
2133:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:North Sumatra
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:had formed a
1855:
1851:
1850:Tanjung Balai
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:had formed a
1732:
1728:
1727:Tanjung Balai
1724:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:, one of the
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1289:
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1279:
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1277:
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1268:
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1234:
1232:
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1227:
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1224:
1218:
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1213:
1210:
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1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
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1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
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1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
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1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
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1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
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970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
928:
927:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
891:
890:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
838:
835:
834:
826:
825:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
771:
770:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
692:
691:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
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665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
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645:
644:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
607:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
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582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
571:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
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547:
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541:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
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461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
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437:
435:
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431:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
415:
412:
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401:
397:
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387:
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382:
381:
377:
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367:
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361:
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351:
347:
345:
342:
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321:
316:
311:
310:
300:
298:
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288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
237:Sunda Kingdom
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
204:
200:
198:
195:
194:
190:
188:
185:
184:
180:
178:
175:
174:
170:
168:
165:
164:
160:
158:
155:
154:
150:
148:
147:Kutai Kingdom
145:
144:
139:
134:
133:
123:
121:
118:
117:
113:
111:
108:
107:
104:
102:
101:
97:
96:
92:
90:
87:
86:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
71:
70:
66:
65:
60:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
28:
23:
17:
3206:
2960:
2956:
2919:
2915:
2889:
2867:
2835:
2809:
2805:
2779:
2770:
2747:
2738:
2713:
2709:
2683:
2662:
2641:
2622:
2603:
2584:
2565:
2546:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2367:Ariffin 1993
2362:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2139:
2132:Ariffin 1993
2115:Ariffin 1999
2110:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2021:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1975:East Sumatra
1969:East Sumatra
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1799:
1788:
1785:
1775:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:Muhammadiyah
1455:
1453:
1438:
1416:
1394:
1392:of Sumatra.
1379:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1204:
1195:East Sumatra
1194:
1183:
1182:
1121:
1116:
1019:
978:Christianity
227:Bali Kingdom
120:Buni culture
98:
83:1,000,000 BP
67:
3302:Simon Spoor
3275:Key figures
3140:Darul Islam
1311:coup d'Ă©tat
943:Archaeology
938:Agriculture
344:Aru Kingdom
69:Paleolithic
31:History of
3342:Categories
3327:Tan Malaka
2978:1813/53847
2936:1813/53556
2877:9971692988
2789:1850655138
2748:The Malays
2674:047208402X
2651:9053563954
2613:0824809823
2575:983861193X
2556:0195886135
2539:References
2481:Kahin 1999
2457:Kahin 1970
2382:Kahin 1985
2285:Kahin 1999
2213:Kahin 1999
2184:Kahin 1999
2144:Kahin 1985
2076:Kahin 1970
2004:Indonesian
1912:) and the
1898:Simalungun
1871:. For the
1770:, and the
1714:Westerling
1564:pergerakan
1556:pergerakan
1540:pergerakan
1516:See also:
1484:pergerakan
1445:Simalungun
1376:Background
1354:pergerakan
1350:pergerakan
1286:Yogyakarta
1000:Mass media
877:Reform era
857:Transition
703:Portuguese
89:Flores Man
59:Prehistory
3373:Regicides
2957:Indonesia
2916:Indonesia
2806:Indonesia
2710:Indonesia
2517:Reid 1971
2493:Said 1973
2445:Dick 2002
2430:Reid 2014
2418:Kipp 1996
2355:Reid 2014
2326:Reid 2014
2273:Reid 2014
2261:Reid 2014
2249:Reid 2014
2237:Reid 2014
2201:Reid 2004
2169:Reid 2014
2088:Reid 2005
2064:Said 1973
1964:Aftermath
1591:Tokkeitai
1464:Kuam Muda
1456:Kaum Muda
1382:Padri War
1291:Surakarta
1250:Mergosono
1223:1947–1948
1212:Margarana
958:Education
867:New Order
635:1670–1950
625:1515–1904
211:600s–900s
201:600s–1025
191:600s–1347
181:500s–600s
171:400s-500s
161:400s–500s
114:75,000 BP
100:Neolithic
33:Indonesia
3307:Sudirman
2888:(2014).
2034:See also
1958:kerajaan
1953:kerajaan
1934:kerajaan
1881:kerajaan
1877:kerajaan
1854:kerajaan
1841:kerajaan
1803:kerajaan
1789:kerajaan
1739:kerajaan
1731:kerajaan
1660:kerajaan
1608:declared
1569:kerajaan
1552:PARINDRA
1548:kerajaan
1544:kerajaan
1542:and the
1536:kerajaan
1532:kerajaan
1505:PARINDRA
1472:Kuam Tua
1468:kerajaan
1384:and the
1360:leaders
1316:Makassar
1243:Rawagede
1190:Lengkong
1151:Surabaya
1146:Ambarawa
1134:Semarang
1129:Kotabaru
1005:Military
983:Hinduism
973:Buddhism
968:Religion
948:Currency
931:By topic
151:350–1605
79:Java Man
50:Timeline
22:a series
20:Part of
3312:Sukarno
3162:Bersiap
3032:Prelude
2987:3351190
2944:3350795
2826:3350656
2730:3350925
2469:Palazzo
1829:Serdang
1825:Langkat
1766:), the
1612:Sukarno
1580:Giyūgun
1501:GERINDO
1449:Abangan
1237:Product
1230:3 March
1200:Bandung
1123:Bersiap
993:Judaism
953:Economy
918:Bandung
903:Jakarta
895:Regions
733:British
713:Spanish
167:Kantoli
124:400 BCE
3322:Sutomo
2985:
2942:
2896:
2874:
2855:
2824:
2786:
2754:
2728:
2690:
2671:
2648:
2629:
2610:
2591:
2572:
2553:
2018:Malaya
1993:pemuda
1989:Pemuda
1900:, and
1873:pemuda
1869:pemuda
1846:pemuda
1839:) and
1837:Asahan
1835:, and
1796:Causes
1776:Pemuda
1760:Pemuda
1743:pemuda
1723:pemuda
1709:pemuda
1705:pemuda
1698:pemuda
1690:pemuda
1682:pemuda
1673:pemuda
1656:pemuda
1652:pemuda
1624:pemuda
1596:pemuda
1576:pemuda
1489:Asahan
1426:, and
1424:Malays
1267:Rengat
1255:Madiun
1206:3 July
1166:Borneo
1161:Cumbok
1156:Kolaka
24:on the
2983:JSTOR
2940:JSTOR
2912:(PDF)
2841:Brill
2822:JSTOR
2802:(PDF)
2726:JSTOR
2706:(PDF)
2051:Notes
1956:anti-
1905:rajas
1677:Hasan
1585:Heiho
1321:Ambon
1299:Post-
1261:Kraai
1176:Kumai
1141:Medan
1015:Women
1010:Sport
988:Islam
913:Bogor
2894:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2627:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2551:ISBN
1902:Karo
1833:Deli
1588:and
1503:and
1495:and
1443:and
1420:Karo
1334:The
1309:APRA
1275:1949
1184:1946
1117:1945
908:Bali
2973:hdl
2965:doi
2932:hdl
2924:doi
2845:doi
2814:doi
2718:doi
1301:RTC
3344::
2981:.
2971:.
2961:42
2959:.
2955:.
2938:.
2930:.
2920:15
2918:.
2914:.
2851:.
2843:.
2839:.
2820:.
2810:12
2808:.
2804:.
2769:.
2724:.
2714:33
2712:.
2708:.
2437:^
2374:^
2345:^
2292:^
2191:^
2176:^
2151:^
2122:^
2095:^
2006::
1875:,
1831:,
1827:,
1582:,
1422:,
3017:e
3010:t
3003:v
2989:.
2975::
2967::
2946:.
2934::
2926::
2902:.
2880:.
2861:.
2847::
2828:.
2816::
2792:.
2760:.
2732:.
2720::
2696:.
2677:.
2654:.
2635:.
2616:.
2597:.
2578:.
2559:.
2471:.
2304:.
2203:.
2171:.
2117:.
2105:.
2066:.
1916:(
1823:(
1342:(
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
1062:e
1055:t
1048:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
