377:
1328:, on July 14, and occupied the city. The allies then consolidated and awaited the remainder of the 5th Division and other coalition reinforcements. In early August, the expedition pushed towards the capital where on August 14, it lifted the Boxer siege. By that time, the 13,000-strong Japanese force was the largest single contingent, making up about 40 percent of the approximately 33,000 strong allied expeditionary force. Japanese troops involved in the fighting had acquitted themselves well, although a British military observer felt their aggressiveness, densely packed formations, and over-willingness to attack cost them excessive casualties. For example, during the Tianjin fighting, the Japanese, while comprising less than one quarter (3,800) of the total allied force of 17,000, suffered more than half of the casualties, 400 out of 730. Similarly at Beijing, the Japanese, constituting slightly less than half of the assault force, accounted for almost two-thirds of the losses, 280 of 453.
1903:
2186:
754:) to deal with peasant uprisings or samurai insurrections. The Imperial Guard formed the Tokyo garrison, whereas troops from the former domains filled the ranks of the Osaka, Kumamoto, and Sendai garrisons. The four garrisons had a total of about 8,000 troops – mostly infantry, but also a few hundred artillerymen and engineers. Smaller detachments of troops also guarded outposts at Kagoshima, Fushimi, Nagoya, Hiroshima, and elsewhere. By late December 1871, the army set modernization and coastal defense as priorities; long-term plans were devised for an armed force to maintain internal security, defend strategic coastal areas, train and educate military and naval officers, and build arsenals and supply depots. Despite previous rhetoric about the foreign menace, little substantive planning was directed against Russia. In February 1872, the military ministry was abolished and separate
2202:
1879:
1393:
1795:
2171:(JMY), an unsupported currency that could not be redeemed for the regular Japanese yen. In territories under Japanese occupation, the military yen – or "Japanese invasion money", as it came to be known by the locals – was the only legal tender in circulation. The Japanese authorities seized or ordered surrendered all other bank notes in territories under their occupation and provided compensation at an "exchange rate" as they saw fit, in the form of JMYs. This had the effect of affording Japanese soldiers in many occupied territories a higher degree of return for their low pay than they otherwise would have received. However, at the end of the war, the Imperial Japanese ministry of finance cancelled all military bank notes, rendering the military yen worthless.
603:, which was the only national institution in a still unformed nation-state. The army continually emphasized its link with the imperial court: firstly, to legitimize its cause; secondly, to brand enemies of the imperial government as enemies of the court and traitors; and, lastly, to gain popular support. To supply food, weapons, and other supplies for the campaign, the imperial government established logistical relay stations along three major highways. These small depots held stockpiled material supplied by local pro-government domains, or confiscated from the bakufu and others opposing the imperial government. Local villagers were routinely impressed as porters to move and deliver supplies between the depots and frontline units.
2563:
2397:
104:
500:
1502:
629:) integrated samurai and commoners from various domains into its ranks. As the war continued, the military affairs directorate expected to raise troops from the wealthier domains and, in June, the organization of the army was fixed, where each domain was required to send ten men for each 10,000 koku of rice produced. However, this policy put the imperial government in direct competition with the domains for military recruitment, which was not rectified until April 1868, when the government banned the domains from enlisting troops. Consequently, the quota system never fully worked as intended and was abolished the following year.
1148:
710:
1891:
912:
1655:) himself, and not to the elected civilian government. In fact, Japanese civilian administrations needed the support of the Army in order to survive. The Army controlled the appointment of the War Minister, and in 1936 a law was passed that stipulated that only an active duty general or lieutenant-general could hold the post. As a result, military spending as a proportion of the national budget rose disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s, and various factions within the military exerted disproportionate influence on Japanese foreign policy.
2370:
642:
2440:
734:
of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and two artillery batteries. For the first time, the Meiji government was able to organize a large body of soldiers under a consistent rank and pay scheme with uniforms, which were loyal to the government rather than the domains. The
Imperial Guard's principal mission was to protect the throne by suppressing domestic samurai revolts, peasant uprisings and anti-government demonstrations. The possession of this military force was a factor in the government's
819:) should anything happen to any of the active duty soldiers; the rest were dismissed. One of the primary differences between the samurai and the peasant class was the right to bear arms; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. There were several exemptions, including criminals, those who could show hardship, the physically unfit, heads of households or heirs, students, government bureaucrats, and teachers. A conscript could also purchase an exemption for
633:
direction in favor of unilateral action. The army lacked a strong central staff that was capable of enforcing orders. Consequently, military units were at the mercy of individual commanders' leadership and direction. This was not helped by the absence of a unified tactical doctrine, which left units to fight according to the tactics favored by their respective commanders. There was increased resentment by many lower ranked commanders as senior army positions were monopolized by the
1378:
2164:
and about 25 times as much as an
Imperial Japanese soldier of the same rank. While disproportionate salary ranges were not uncommon between militaries during World War II, for example Australian enlistees could expect to receive roughly triple as much in pay as their counterparts fighting for the United Kingdom, by any standards, despite being widely considered a "first rate" or professional fighting force, men serving in the IJA were very poorly compensated.
1844:
1144:
of the sea, Japanese forces in Korea would be ordered to hang on and fight a rearguard action while the bulk of the army would remain in Japan in preparation to repel a
Chinese invasion. This worst-case scenario also foresaw attempts to rescue the beleaguered 5th Division in Korea while simultaneously strengthening homeland defenses. The army's contingency plans which were both offensive and defensive, depended on the outcome of the naval operations.
1689:
4974:
1347:
971:
1033:
815:), which would only see service in a severe national crisis, such as an attack or invasion of Japan. The conscription examination decided which group of recruits would enter the army, those who failed the exam were excused from all examinations except for the national guard. Recruits who passed entered the draft lottery, where some were selected for active duty. A smaller group would be selected for replacement duty (
1172:
forces near
Shanhaiguan. However, as the navy was unable to bring the Beiyang fleet into battle in mid-August, temporarily withdrew from the Yellow Sea to refit and replenish its ships. As a consequence, in late August the general staff ordered an advance overland to the Zhili plain via Korea in order to capture bases on the Liaodong Peninsula to prevent Chinese forces from interfering with the drive on Beijing. The
1725:
1095:
ultimatum, Li, considered that
Japanese were bluffing and were trying to probe the Chinese readiness to make concessions. He decided, therefore to reinforce Chinese forces in Asan with a further 2,500 troops, 1,300 of which arrived in Asan during the night of July 23–24. At the same time, in the early morning of July 23, the Japanese had taken control of the Royal Palace in Seoul and imprisoned King
1103:
1834:
659:
771:
1401:
36:
1077:, selected from the crews of the Japanese warships was immediately dispatched to Seoul, where they served temporarily as a counterbalance to the Chinese troops camped at Asan. Simultaneously, the Japanese decided to send a reinforced brigade of approximately 8,000 troops to Korea. The reinforced brigade, included auxiliary units, under the command of General
1855:
617:
ineffective while the latter lacked modern weaponry and equipment. To replace them, two new organizations were created. One was the military affairs directorate which was composed of two bureaus, one for the army and one for the navy. The directorate drafted an army from troop contributions from each domain proportional to each domain's annual
1204:
1021:
828:
1314:
calculated that the advantages of participating in an allied coalition were too attractive to ignore. Prime
Minister Yamagata likewise concurred, but others in the cabinet demanded that there be guarantees from the British in return for the risks and costs of a major deployment of Japanese troops. On
733:
to underwrite the new unit, which was subordinate to the court. It was composed of members of the
Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa domains, who had led the restoration. Satsuma provided four battalions of infantry and four artillery batteries; Chōshū provided three battalions of infantry; Tosa two battalions
2163:
For comparison, in 1942, an
American private was paid approximately $ 50 per month (or 204 yen), meaning the lowest ranking soldier in the United States military was earning equivalent to the maximum salary of an Imperial Japanese major, or the base salary of an Imperial Japanese lieutenant colonel,
1319:
was alerted for possible deployment to China, but without a timetable being set. Two days later, on July 8, with more ground troops urgently needed to lift the siege of the foreign legations at
Beijing, the British ambassador offered the Japanese government one million British pounds in exchange for
1301:
near
Tianjin. Four days later, the Qing court declared war on the foreign powers. The British, in light of the precarious situation, were compelled to ask Japan for additional reinforcements, as the Japanese had the only readily available forces in the region. Britain at the time was heavily engaged
1143:
plain in order to defeat the main Chinese forces and bring the war to a swift conclusion. If neither side gained control of the sea and supremacy, the army would concentrate on the occupation of Korea and exclude Chinese influence there. Lastly, if the navy was defeated and consequently lost command
749:
ordered local daimyos to disband their private armies and turn their weapons over to the government. Although the government played on the foreign threat, especially Russia's southward expansion, to justify a national army, the immediately perceived danger was domestic insurrection. Consequently, on
674:
After the defeat of the Tokugawa shogunate and operations in Northeastern Honshu and Hokkaido a true national army did not exist. Many in the restoration coalition had recognized the need for a strong centralized authority and although the imperial side was victorious, the early Meiji government was
1171:
caused irreversible changes to Sino-Japanese relations and meant that a state of war now existed between the two countries. The two governments officially declared war on August 1. Initially, the general staff's objective was to secure the Korean peninsula before the arrival of winter and then land
1094:
an ultimatum, threatening to take action if any further troops were sent to Korea. Consequently, General Oshima in Seoul and commanders of the Japanese warships in Korean waters received orders allowing them to initiate military operations if any more Chinese troops were sent to Korea. Despite this
1064:
From the very outset the developments in Korea had been carefully observed in Tokyo. Japanese government had soon become convinced that the Donghak Peasant Revolution would lead to Chinese intervention in Korea. As a result, soon after learning word about the Korean government's request for Chinese
1056:
and in Manchuria, as a result of the tense situation on the Korean peninsula. These actions were planned more as an armed demonstration intended to strengthen the Chinese position in Korea, rather than as a preparation for war with Japan. On June 3, the Chinese government accepted the requests from
848:
of 1877, which used the slogans, "oppose conscription", "oppose elementary schools", and "fight Korea". It took a year for the new army to crush the uprising, but the victories proved critical in creating and stabilizing the Imperial government and to realize sweeping social, economic and political
823:
270, which was an enormous sum for the time and which restricted this privilege to the wealthy. Under the new 1873 ordinance, the conscript army was composed mainly of second and third sons of impoverished farmers who manned the regional garrisons, while former samurai controlled the Imperial Guard
637:
together with samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma. The use of commoners within the new army created resentment among the samurai class. Although the nascent Meiji government achieved military success, the war left a residue of disgruntled warriors and marginalized commoners, together with a torn social
616:
from various domains. The imperial court told the domains to restrict the size of their local armies and to contribute to funding a national officers' training school in Kyoto. However, within a few months the government disbanded both the military branch and the imperial bodyguard: the former was
611:
Initially, the new army fought under makeshift arrangements, with unclear channels of command and control and no reliable recruiting base. Although fighting for the imperial cause, many of the units were loyal to their domains rather than the imperial court. In March 1869, the imperial government
1277:
A small, hastily assembled, vanguard force of about 2,000 troops, under the command of British Admiral Edward Seymour, departed by rail, from Tianjin, for the legations in early June. On June 12, mixed Boxer and Chinese regular army forces halted the advance, some 30 miles from the capital. The
843:
Initially, because of the army's small size and numerous exemptions, relatively few young men were actually conscripted for a three-year term on active duty. In 1873, the army numbered approximately 17,900 from a population of 35 million at the time; it doubled to about 33,000 in 1875. The
966:
Top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and officers, particularly junior officers who were drawn mostly from the peasantry, tended to draw the
632:
The Imperial forces encountered numerous difficulties during the war, especially during the campaign in Eastern Japan. Headquarters in faraway Kyoto often proposed plans at odds with the local conditions, which led to tensions with officers in the field, who in many cases ignored centralized
1323:
Shortly afterward, advance units of the 5th Division departed for China, bringing Japanese strength to 3,800 personnel, of the then-17,000 allied force. The commander of the 5th Division, Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi, had taken operational control from Fukushima. A second, stronger allied
700:
Chōshū units during the Boshin War and was convinced of the merit of peasant soldiers. Although he himself was part of the samurai class, albeit of insignificant lower status, Yamagata distrusted the warrior class, several members of whom he regarded as clear dangers to the Meiji state.
962:
called for unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor by the new armed forces and asserted that commands from superior officers were equivalent to commands from the Emperor himself. Thenceforth, the military existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial institution.
889:, who worked at the Osaka foundry from 1884 to 1888, followed by Major Quaratezi from 1889 to 1890; and Captain Schermbeck from the Netherlands, who worked on improving coastal defenses from 1883 to 1886. Japan did not use foreign military advisors between 1890 and 1918, until the
954:
used this as an excuse to both assert sovereignty over the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was a tributary state of both Japan and Qing China at the time, and to attempt the same with Taiwan, a Qing territory. It marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy.
1794:
612:
created various administrative offices, including a military branch; and in the following month organized an imperial bodyguard of 400 to 500, which consisted of Satsuma and Chōshū troops strengthened by veterans of the encounter at Toba–Fushimi, as well as yeoman and
465:) in overall control, which had ruled Japan since 1603. The bakufu army, although a large force, was only one among others, and bakufu efforts to control the nation depended upon the cooperation of its vassals' armies. The opening of the country after two centuries of
1540:. The army general staff came to view the Tsarist collapse as an opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state. The plan was scaled back considerably due to opposition from the United States.
1902:
1081:
was fully transported to Korea by June 27. The Japanese stated to the Chinese that they were willing to withdraw the brigade under General Oshima if the Chinese left Asan prior. However, when on 16 July, 8,000 Chinese troops landed near the entrance of the
2297:, the Public Security Force formed the basis of the newly created Ground Self-Defense Force. Although significantly smaller than the former Imperial Japanese Army and nominally for defensive purposes only, this force constitutes the modern army of Japan.
1001:
when compared with its European contemporaries. Artillery pieces, which were purchased from America and a variety of European nations, presented two problems: they were scarce, and the relatively small number that were available were of several different
542:, in effect making the pro-imperial forces officially an Imperial army. The bakufu forces eventually retreated to Osaka, with the remaining forces ordered to retreat to Edo. Yoshinobu and his closest advisors left for Edo by ship. The encounter at
1704:, as it became known in Japan, was a pretended sabotage of a local Japanese-owned railway, an attack staged by Japan but blamed on Chinese dissidents. Action by the military, largely independent of the civilian leadership, led to the invasion of
1673:
In 1923, the army consisted of 21 divisions, but in accordance with the 1924 reform it was reduced to 17 divisions. Two leaps in the development of the military industry (1906–1910 and 1931–1934) made it possible to re-equip the armed forces.
675:
weak and the leaders had to maintain their standing with their domains whose military forces was essential for whatever the government needed to achieve. The leaders of the restoration were divided over the future organization of the army.
1432:. The Japanese army inflicted severe losses against the Russians; however, they were not able to deal a decisive blow to the Russian armies. Over-reliance on infantry led to large casualties among Japanese forces, especially during the
1134:
in a decisive battle in order to secure control of the seas. If the navy defeated the Chinese fleet decisively and secured command of the seas, the larger part of the army would undertake immediate landings on the coast between
546:
between the imperial and shogunate forces marked the beginning of the conflict. With the court in Kyoto firmly behind the Satsuma-Chōshū-Tosa coalition, other domains that were sympathetic to the cause – such as
574:
The nascent Meiji state required a new military command for its operations against the shogunate. In 1868, the "Imperial Army" being just a loose amalgam of domain armies, the government created four military divisions: the
571: – emerged to take a more active role in military operations. Western domains that had either supported the shogunate or remained neutral also quickly announced their support of the restoration movement.
1806:, most of the Japanese Army (27 divisions) was stationed in China. A further 13 divisions defended the Mongolian border, due to concerns about a possible attack by the Soviet Union. From 1942, soldiers were sent to
798:
ordinance enacted on January 10, 1873, made universal military service compulsory for all male subjects in the country. The law called for a total of seven years of military service: three years in the regular army
376:
1642:
In the 1920s the Imperial Japanese Army expanded rapidly and by 1927 had a force of 300,000 men. Unlike western countries, the Army enjoyed a great deal of independence from government. Under the provisions of the
666:, a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and twice Prime Minister of Japan. He was one of the main architects of the military foundations of early modern Japan. Yamagata Aritomo can be seen as the father of
3079:
1282:, having suffered more than 300 casualties. The army general staff in Tokyo became aware of the worsening conditions in China and had drafted ambitious contingency plans, but the government, in light of the
3074:
5988:
1872:. The lack of supplies caused large numbers of fighter aircraft to become unserviceable for lack of spare parts, and "as many as two-thirds of Japan's total military deaths from illness or starvation".
691:
preferred a small volunteer force consisting of former samurai. Ōmura's views for modernizing Japan's military led to his assassination in 1869 and his ideas were largely implemented after his death by
1878:
1630:. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and Great Britain, and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime Minister
6089:
3047:
2185:
878:, replaced in 1888 by von Wildenbrück and Captain von Blankenbourg) to assist in the training of the Japanese General Staff. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, based on the
5261:
5179:
1286:
refused to deploy large forces unless requested by the western powers. However, three days later, the general staff did dispatch a provisional force of 1,300 troops, commanded by Major General
1802:
In 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army had 51 divisions and various special-purpose artillery, cavalry, anti-aircraft, and armored units with a total of 1,700,000 people. At the beginning of the
1061:, about 70 km from the capital Seoul. The troops arrived in Asan on June 9 and were additionally reinforced by 400 more on June 25, a total of about 2,900 Chinese soldiers were at Asan.
6094:
5983:
1290:, to northern China. Fukushima was chosen because his ability to speak fluent English which enabled him to communicate with the British commander. The force landed near Tianjin on July 5.
1192:
which controlled the entry to the Bohai Gulf, in mid-October. While, the First Army pursued the remaining Chinese forces from Korea across the Yalu River, Second Army occupied the city of
4786:
4634:
Ford, Douglas. (2009) "Dismantling the ‘Lesser Men’and ‘Supermen’ myths: US intelligence on the imperial Japanese army after the fall of the Philippines, winter 1942 to spring 1943."
2201:
3352:
5414:
4921:
2549:
2423:
1392:
5872:
3069:
679:
who had sought a strong central government at the expense of the domains advocated for the creation of a standing national army along European lines under the control of the
201:
1603:, after the capture and execution of the White Army leader, Admiral Kolchak, by the Red Army. However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily due to fears of the spread of
6018:
4948:
1730:
3089:
890:
867:
863:
3064:
1057:
the Korean government to send troops to help quell the rebellion, additionally they also informed the Japanese of the action. It was decided to send 2,500 men to
1155:, three times Prime Minister of Japan. Katsura was the Vice-Minister of War during the period. He commanded the IJA 3rd Division under his mentor, Field Marshal
2523:
1789:
1122:
During the almost two-month interval prior to the declaration of war, the two service staffs developed a two-stage operational plan against China. The army's
534:
just south of Kyoto, the two forces clashed. On the second day, an Imperial banner was given to the defending troops and a member of the Imperial Family, the
5890:
4213:
2206:
1566:
agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under the command of Japan, rather than as part of an international coalition. Japan and the United States sent forces to
6023:
5404:
5335:
3042:
413:
342:
2168:
4799:
4170:
3021:
2348:
4268:
5738:
5348:
5230:
4858:
4627:
Ford, Douglas. (2008) "'The best equipped army in Asia'?: US military intelligence and the Imperial Japanese Army before the Pacific War, 1919–1941."
2562:
1890:
959:
4086:
6084:
6054:
5131:
5121:
2542:
1445:
967:
military closer to the people. In time, most people came to look more for guidance in national matters more to military than to political leaders.
4571:
2486:
1274:
troops was eventually assembled to relieve the legations. The Japanese provided the largest contingent of troops, 20,840, as well as 18 warships.
4926:
2689:
Japan Defense Army in 1945 had 55 divisions (53 Infantry and two armor) and 32 brigades (25 infantry and seven armor) with 2.35 million men.
874:
in 1871 the Japanese government switched to the victorious Germans as a model. From 1886 to April 1890, it hired German military advisors (Major
5936:
5910:
3120:
2428:
2286:
499:
57:
44:
6049:
5880:
2584:
In the early 1900s, the IJA consisted of 12 divisions, the Imperial Guard Division, and numerous other units. These contained the following:
2481:
2471:
1316:
1123:
5708:
2668:
Independent brigades, Independent Mixed Brigades, Cavalry Brigades, Amphibious Brigades, Independent Mixed regiments, Independent Regiments.
2587:
380,000 active duty and 1st Reserve personnel: former Class A and B(1) conscripts after two-year active tour with 17 and 1/2 year commitment
591:, each of which was named for a major highway. Overseeing these four armies was a new high command, the Eastern Expeditionary High Command (
5464:
5340:
5240:
5225:
5136:
5096:
1865:
1552:
5723:
4597:
Coox, A.D. (1988) "The Effectiveness of the Japanese Military Establishment in the Second World War", in A.R. Millett and W. Murray, eds,
1773:
1501:
6008:
6003:
5220:
3105:
3084:
2535:
2507:
2502:
2352:
172:
849:
reforms that enabled Japan to become a modern state that could stand comparison to France, Germany, and other Western European powers.
530:
military advisers. They were opposed by 5,000 troops from the Satsuma, Chōshū, and Tosa domains. At the two road junctions of Toba and
103:
6079:
5575:
5570:
5469:
5409:
5200:
5190:
4881:
4503:
3372:
3037:
2683:
2476:
2456:
906:
244:
219:
1864:
From 1943, Japanese troops suffered from a shortage of supplies, especially food, medicine, munitions, and armaments, largely due to
4891:
4886:
4484:
4446:
4314:
1626:
The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on Siberia and the
2755:
Russo-Japanese War: The number of total Japanese dead in combat is put at around 47,000, with around 80,000 if disease is included
2339:
in December 1974, appear to have been the last holdouts but there are reports of other Japanese holdout later then December 1974.
1147:
1048:, itself. The Chinese, since the beginning of May had taken steps to prepare the mobilization of their forces in the provinces of
5915:
5900:
5895:
5605:
5364:
5297:
5086:
4906:
3921:
2413:
1612:
1496:
429:
3988:
2267:
against civilians, and the execution of prisoners of war. Such atrocities throughout the war caused tens of millions of deaths.
6044:
5598:
3094:
2878:
2281:
1780:, Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan; and on August 5, 1945, the Soviet Union voided their neutrality agreement with Japan.
1298:
1181:
5620:
2293:, which had led to conflict. However, in 1947 the Public Security Force was formed; later in 1954, in the early stages of the
6069:
5978:
5321:
5091:
4896:
4810:
4681:
4618:
4522:
4465:
4427:
4401:
4378:
4355:
4336:
4243:
4074:
2833:
2770:
Between 2,120,000 and 2,190,000 Imperial Armed Forces dead including non-combat deaths (includes 1,760,955 killed in action),
2360:
1753:
1588:
Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff General
1551:, asked the Japanese government to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 24,000 troops to support the
1544:
409:
264:
1306:, and, consequently, a large part of the British army was tied down in South Africa. Deploying large numbers of troops from
4128:
5905:
5330:
5245:
5235:
5141:
4851:
2385:
1700:
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army had an overall strength of 198,880 officers and men, organized into 17 divisions. The
432:
became the third agency with oversight of the IJA. At its height, the IJA was one of the most influential factions in the
5885:
5756:
5210:
5151:
4610:
2461:
2289:
renounced the right to use force as a means of resolving disputes. This was enacted by the Japanese in order to prevent
1760:
in Manchuria brought the two countries into conflict. The war lasted on and off with the last battles of the 1930s (the
759:
755:
709:
5560:
1200:
on November 25. Farther north, the First army's offensive stalled and was beset by supply problems and winter weather.
946:
on the southwestern tip of Taiwan. 12 men were rescued by the local Chinese-speaking community and were transferred to
5379:
5250:
2675:
1945: 5 million active in 145 divisions (includes three Imperial Guard), plus numerous individual units, with a large
1743:
1470:, ultimately among the few actions in which the Imperial Japanese Army was involved was the careful and well executed
1467:
911:
735:
725:) of six thousand men, consisting of nine infantry battalions, two artillery batteries and two cavalry squadrons. The
543:
2243:
and World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army had shown immense brutality and engaged in numerous atrocities against
5847:
5816:
4306:
1930:
in Japan was also cheaper than in most Western nations. The below table gives figures from December 1941, when one
1462:. Although tentative plans were made to send an expeditionary force of between 100,000 and 500,000 men to fight in
1177:
1041:
979:
4217:
1044:
broke out in southern Korea and had soon spread throughout the rest of the country, threatening the Korea capital
6059:
5806:
5801:
5728:
5683:
5663:
5474:
5161:
4953:
4901:
4393:
3026:
2898:
2843:
2838:
2746:
1868:
interdiction of supplies, and losses to Japanese shipping, which was worsened by a longstanding rivalry with the
1858:
1227:
596:
1536:, the Imperial Japanese Army initially planned to send more than 70,000 troops to occupy Siberia as far west as
6064:
5920:
5703:
5645:
5593:
5215:
5043:
4844:
2923:
2903:
2676:
2240:
2190:
1709:
1683:
1648:
1592:; and by November 1918, more than 70,000 Japanese troops had occupied all ports and major towns in the Russian
1449:
1180:
and occupied the city, as the remaining Chinese troops retreated northward. The navy's stunning victory in the
862:
The early Imperial Japanese Army was developed with the assistance of advisors from France, through the second
269:
5743:
4348:
You Can't Fight Tanks with Bayonets: Psychological Warfare against the Japanese Army in the South West Pacific
4102:
Gregg Huff and Shinobu Majima (December 2013). "Financing Japan's World War II Occupation of Southeast Asia".
599:, with two court nobles as senior staff officers. This connected the loose assembly of domain forces with the
839:
of 1877. Many of the rebels were incorporated into the Imperial Army after the failure of the armed uprising.
5615:
5545:
5354:
5106:
5033:
4576:
3770:
2848:
2578:
1765:
1712:, in 1937. As war approached, the Imperial Army's influence with the Emperor waned and the influence of the
1560:
1263:
1015:
882:, was established directly under the Emperor and was given broad powers for military planning and strategy.
641:
600:
234:
49:
5384:
4040:
2938:
6074:
5693:
5455:
5419:
5292:
5277:
5126:
5038:
4639:
2445:
2315:
until at least the 1970s, with the last known Japanese soldier surrendering in 1974. Intelligence officer
1869:
1713:
1310:
would take too much time and weaken internal security there. Overriding personal doubts, Foreign Minister
1188:
with three divisions and one brigade to land unopposed on the Liaodong Peninsula about 100 miles north of
927:
787:
718:
535:
224:
4822:
745:) was reorganized in July 1871; on August 29, simultaneously with the decree abolishing the domains, the
5479:
4941:
2888:
2466:
1761:
1525:
1514:
1247:
1239:
1197:
1115:
935:
844:
conscription program slowly built up the numbers. Public unrest began in 1874, reaching the apex in the
259:
4787:
Army of the Land of the Rising Sun 100 years ago. Part 1. Leap from the Middle Ages into the XX century
3353:"Imperial Japanese Army Culture, 1918–1945: Duty Heavier than a Mountain, Death Lighter than a Feather"
1843:
1631:
1381:
4831:
942:, who are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, murdered 54 crewmembers of a wrecked merchant vessel from the
811:). All able-bodied males between the ages of 17 and 40 were considered members of the national guard (
5610:
5434:
5424:
4936:
3153:
3110:
3031:
2958:
2948:
2883:
2255:
being the most well known example. Other war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army included
2224:
1663:
1620:
1433:
1176:
with two divisions was activated on September 1. In mid-September 17, the Chinese forces defeated at
879:
676:
576:
527:
4014:
17:
5842:
5789:
5762:
5752:
5698:
5688:
5673:
5625:
5550:
5374:
5053:
5048:
4931:
3016:
2893:
2180:
2149:
1701:
1307:
1283:
1185:
1168:
1078:
931:
916:
871:
688:
667:
2566:
Disposition of the Imperial Japanese Army in Japan at the time of its capitulation, 18 August 1945
1377:
482:
449:
In the mid-19th century, Japan had no unified national army and the country was made up of feudal
5811:
5748:
5565:
5535:
5076:
3378:
3011:
2759:
2006:
1967:
1644:
1533:
1337:
1325:
1287:
1173:
1111:
894:
696:. Aritomo has been described as the father of the Imperial Japanese Army. Yamagata had commanded
646:
539:
519:
458:
425:
249:
4554:
2730:
Over the course of the Imperial Japanese Army's existence, millions of its soldiers were either
356:
4674:
Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman in World War II: Training, Techniques and Weapons
1110:, served as a cavalry regimental commander in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. In the
5852:
5540:
5520:
4996:
4916:
4677:
4614:
4518:
4499:
4480:
4461:
4442:
4423:
4397:
4374:
4351:
4332:
4310:
4239:
4070:
3368:
3145:
2790:
2739:
2071:
1823:
1693:
1575:
1563:
1471:
1107:
989:
army in Asia: well-trained, well-equipped, and with good morale. However, it was basically an
845:
836:
832:
531:
470:
433:
302:
254:
229:
5993:
5968:
5713:
5429:
5101:
4791:
3360:
3125:
3052:
2908:
2312:
2306:
2252:
2045:
1777:
1769:
1688:
1627:
1259:
1255:
1164:
1156:
886:
750:
August 31, the country was divided into four military districts, each with its own chindai (
693:
680:
663:
556:
421:
350:
331:
289:
2167:
Complicating matters further was that, by 1942, most Japanese soldiers were paid using the
1666:
and also in the service of its political ambitions, it re-titled itself the Imperial Army (
1311:
6013:
5718:
5635:
5555:
5028:
4867:
4826:
4814:
3905:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2953:
2928:
2873:
2828:
2818:
2369:
2248:
2228:
2058:
1521:
1455:
1417:
1385:
1271:
1251:
1231:
1221:
1096:
951:
775:
518:
On 27 January 1868, tensions between the shogunate and imperial sides came to a head when
405:
401:
239:
136:
108:
5963:
5630:
1152:
831:
Marquis Jutoku Saigo, a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army. He is the nephew of
1830:(25th Army). By 1945, there were 6 million soldiers in the Imperial Japanese Army.
1520:
During 1917–18, Japan continued to extend its influence and privileges in China via the
970:
5998:
5973:
5857:
5678:
5668:
5525:
5489:
4911:
4732:
4566:
4324:
4298:
3901:
3058:
2993:
2988:
2943:
2707:
2328:
2136:
2084:
1927:
1926:, soldiers in the Imperial Japanese Army received a rather meagre salary; however, the
1847:
1827:
1593:
1571:
1548:
1529:
1459:
1413:
1032:
943:
783:
584:
548:
478:
1724:
1346:
6038:
5585:
5484:
5287:
5205:
5195:
5023:
4988:
4660:
4416:
4411:
3771:"Warfare 1914–1918 (Japan) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
3382:
2963:
2918:
2863:
2813:
2808:
2794:
2320:
2256:
2220:
2210:
2097:
1980:
1837:
1556:
1479:
1405:
1267:
1243:
1208:
1131:
1083:
986:
975:
939:
920:
779:
726:
588:
417:
325:
317:
307:
297:
4238:
The Japanese Army 1931–1945 (2) Osprey Men-at-Arms 369 p. 3 by Phillip Jowett. 200.
580:
5081:
4958:
4804:
4370:
2913:
2868:
2823:
2227:, and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. Pictured is an
2194:
2019:
1931:
1803:
1748:
1739:
1091:
1025:
875:
795:
684:
274:
5655:
5272:
2596:
1st National Army: 37- to 40-year-old men from end of 1st Reserve to 40 years old.
4704:
Norman, E. Herbert. "Soldier and Peasant in Japan: The Origins of Conscription."
1297:
from Japanese ships had joined British, Russian, and German sailors to seize the
5733:
5282:
3099:
2722:
Total military in August 1945 was 6,095,000 including 676,863 Army Air Service.
2599:
2nd National Army: untrained 20-year-olds and over-40-year-old trained reserves.
2324:
2316:
2260:
1811:
1600:
1599:
In June 1920, the United States and its allied coalition partners withdrew from
1537:
1510:
1421:
1211:
was the standard infantry rifle of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1897 to 1905.
1136:
1102:
947:
564:
511:
1833:
658:
5530:
5439:
5146:
4771:; 384pp; highly detailed description of wartime IJA by U.S. Army Intelligence.
4327:(2003). "The Imperial Japanese Army (1868–1945): Origins, Evolution, Legacy".
3364:
2998:
2290:
2215:
1589:
1065:
military help, immediately ordered all warships in the vicinity to be sent to
1028:
is the first locally produced Japanese service rifle that was adopted in 1880.
770:
746:
494:
474:
450:
214:
1716:
increased. Nevertheless, by 1938 the Army had been expanded to 34 divisions.
1114:
of 1904–1905, he led his troops against the Cossack cavalry divisions of the
5862:
5837:
5832:
5640:
5511:
5444:
5116:
4699:
A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century
3351:
Hunter-Chester, David (2019), Mansoor, Peter R.; Murray, Williamson (eds.),
2853:
2652:
2418:
2332:
2244:
1807:
1757:
1705:
1604:
1579:
1425:
1087:
998:
4768:
1746:. Japan had set its military sights on Soviet territory as a result of the
1400:
1189:
897:, was requested to assist in the development of the Japanese air services.
885:
Other known foreign military consultants were Major Pompeo Grillo from the
506:, depicting the retreat of shogunate forces in front of the Imperial Army (
35:
2590:
50,000 Second line Reserve: Same as above but former Class B(2) conscripts
1505:
Commanding Officers and Chiefs of Staff of the Allied Military Mission to
827:
526:, accompanied by a 15,000-strong force, some of which had been trained by
5941:
5369:
5060:
5004:
4646:
Uneasy warriors: Gender, memory, and popular culture in the Japanese army
4439:
Samurai to Soldier: Remaking Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Japan
3917:
3897:
3115:
2933:
2714:
2294:
2264:
2123:
2110:
1815:
1652:
1582:
1303:
1127:
1070:
1053:
990:
697:
613:
4782:
Overview of Imperial Japanese Army weapons and armaments in World War II
5111:
2336:
2232:
2032:
1993:
1954:
1923:
1567:
1506:
1475:
1279:
1235:
1003:
994:
503:
2752:
First Sino-Japanese War: The IJA suffered 1,132 dead and 3,758 wounded
1854:
1412:
The Russo–Japanese War (1904–1905) was the result of tensions between
1130:
to prevent a Chinese advance in Korea while the navy would engage the
985:
By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army had grown to become the most
5794:
4963:
4744:
Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?
2968:
2574:
1873: Seven divisions of c. 36,000 men (c. 46,250 including reserves)
1919:
1734:, the world's first landing craft carrier ship to be designed as such
1616:
1611:. The Japanese Army provided military support to the Japanese-backed
1463:
1193:
466:
4781:
4367:
Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army
1658:
The Imperial Japanese Army was originally known simply as the Army (
1278:
road-bound and badly outnumbered allies withdrew to the vicinity of
1203:
1020:
730:
4607:
In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
3080:
List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II
5156:
4836:
4547:
British intelligence and the Japanese challenge in Asia, 1914–1941
2858:
2735:
2731:
2658:
2628:
1940: 376,000 active with 2 million reserves in 31 divisions
2561:
2200:
2184:
1853:
1842:
1832:
1819:
1793:
1723:
1687:
1608:
1500:
1429:
1399:
1391:
1376:
1230:
attacks against foreigners in China intensified, resulting in the
1202:
1146:
1140:
1101:
1066:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1019:
969:
910:
826:
769:
708:
657:
640:
523:
498:
191:
3975:
US Army Field Manual 30-480: Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
3816:
3814:
3075:
List of Japanese Army military engineer vehicles of World War II
2700:
2693:
1058:
634:
618:
397:
146:
4840:
1850:, the most widely produced Japanese medium tank of World War II
1772:
for the Soviets. The conflicts stopped with the signing of the
1184:
on September 17, was crucial to the Japanese as it allowed the
649:
in Tokyo, inaugurated in 1871, soon after the Meiji restoration
4819:
4735:. (1956) "Fascism in Japan: The Army Mutiny of February 1936"
4713:
Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42
4585:
Hold the Marianas: The Japanese Defense of the Mariana Islands
4515:
The Last Samurai : The Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori
4067:
The Japanese Occupation of Malaya (Singapore) and its Currency
2613:
1341:
820:
185:
29:
4629:
International journal of intelligence and counterintelligence
4390:
The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s
3048:
Japanese Army and Navy Strategies for South Seas areas (1942)
717:
In March 1871, the War Ministry announced the creation of an
705:
Establishment of the Imperial Guard and institutional reforms
4496:
Curse on This Country: The Rebellious Army of Imperial Japan
3989:"Here's how much US troops were paid in every American war"
3492:
3490:
3430:
3428:
3426:
4690:
Kublin, Hyman. "The 'Modern' Army of Early Meiji Japan".
4093:. Published June 7/14, 1999. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
3236:
3234:
1196:
on November 8 and then seized the fortress and harbor at
782:
in the early Imperial Japanese Army. He was appointed as
4751:
The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42
4599:
Military Effectiveness, Volume III: the Second World War
4171:"Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years"
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
2311:
Separately, some soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army
1908:
IJA Taiwanese soldier in Philippines during World War II
978:, a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and the third
4820:
Imperial Japanese Army 3rd Platoon reenactor's resource
3253:
3251:
3249:
2758:
World War I: 1,455 Japanese were killed, mostly at the
1358:
4437:
Jaundrill, Colin D. (2016). Benjamin A. Haynes (ed.).
4258:, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo
3881:
3879:
3877:
3724:
807:), and an additional two years in the second reserve (
687:
for commoners and the abolition of the samurai class.
485:
came to dominate the coalition against the shogunate.
93:
4087:"Japan urged to cash military notes for H.K. holders"
3741:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3691:
3689:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3310:
3308:
3306:
2604:
4,250,000 men available for service and mobilization.
919:(sitting at the center) pictured with leaders of the
6090:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
4765:
TM 30–480 Handbook On Japanese Military Forces, 1942
3293:
3291:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
2631:
2 divisions in Japan (Imperial Guard plus one other)
1798:
Army uniforms between 1941 and 1945 (US Army poster)
1662:) but after 1928, as part of the Army's turn toward
5956:
5929:
5871:
5825:
5782:
5775:
5654:
5584:
5509:
5502:
5453:
5393:
5319:
5312:
5259:
5177:
5170:
5069:
5016:
4981:
4874:
4350:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
4303:
Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853–1945
3070:
List of Japanese military equipment of World War II
371:
366:
341:
316:
288:
283:
207:
197:
178:
168:
160:
152:
142:
132:
124:
116:
79:
4415:
1408:was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1905.
1036:Japanese troops during the First Sino-Japanese War
420:, both of which were nominally subordinate to the
6095:Military units and formations established in 1868
4832:Eastern menace: the story of Japanese imperialism
4720:Japanese Infantryman 1937–45: Sword of the Empire
3918:"Battlefield – Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory"
2577:1885: consisted of seven divisions including the
960:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors of 1882
853:Further development and modernization (1873–1894)
6019:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3359:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–225,
2219:) for Japanese military projects, including the
5989:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
3177:
3157:
3090:List of Radars in use by Imperial Japanese Army
1478:in 1914 and the seizure of various other small
1396:Japanese riflemen during the Russo-Japanese War
1163:Clashes between Chinese and Japanese forces at
934:by Japanese military forces in response to the
4973:
4157:
4145:
4115:
3868:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3793:
3757:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3171:
3065:List of Bombs in use by Imperial Japanese Army
2749:: 543 (12 killed in battle and 531 by disease)
2313:continued to fight on isolated Pacific islands
1738:From 1932 to 1945 the Empire of Japan and the
1634:withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922.
86:
4852:
4667:. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.
2543:
2524:Military History of Japan during World War II
1790:Imperial Japanese Army during the Pacific War
8:
4746:(Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007).
4441:. Melissa Haynes. Cornell University Press.
4129:"Sterling and Peggy Seagrave: Gold Warriors"
1293:On June 17, with tensions increasing, naval
5336:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
4727:The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned
4665:Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War
4041:"A Question for the Imperial Japanese Army"
3043:Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section
1099:, forcing him to renounce ties with China.
1006:, causing problems with ammunition supply.
414:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
5779:
5506:
5316:
5174:
4859:
4845:
4837:
4672:Kelman, Richard; Leo J. Daugherty (2002).
3061: – The Black Dragon Society
3022:Ethnic Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
2616:reductions to 16 divisions and 250,800 men
2550:
2536:
2356:
2349:Organization of the Imperial Japanese Army
1776:on April 13, 1941. However, later, at the
1651:was held accountable only to the Emperor (
1607:so close to Japan and Japanese-controlled
1086:to reinforce Chinese troops garrisoned in
891:French military mission to Japan (1918–19)
868:French military mission to Japan (1884–89)
864:French military mission to Japan (1872–80)
5739:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5349:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
4653:Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945
4365:Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1994).
4199:"Onoda Home; 'It Was 30 Years on Duty'",
4106:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 937–977
3805:
3496:
3434:
3338:
3240:
3225:
3055:("stragglers") who surrendered after 1945
713:Barrack of the Imperial Guard, circa 1940
654:Foundation of a national army (1871–1873)
5122:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
4601:(Allen & Unwin, 1988), pp. 1–44
1936:
1446:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I
1024:Type 13 (top) and Type 22 (bottom). The
60:of all important aspects of the article.
4572:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
3958:
3649:
3608:
3596:
3575:
3563:
3194:
3162:, "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire"
3138:
2515:
2494:
2436:
2393:
2377:
2359:
1874:
5937:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
4587:(White Mane Publishing Company, 1997).
3933:
3885:
3394:
3326:
3257:
3201:
3121:Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army
2287:Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
2193:being trained by Japanese officers as
1692:IJA artillery in Manchuria during the
76:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
4460:. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
4186:"The Last PCS for Lieutenant Onoda",
3969:
3967:
3357:The Culture of Military Organizations
1159:, during the First Sino-Japanese War.
428:of IJAF. During the 20th century, an
7:
5341:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
5097:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
4592:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
3949:(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000).
3745:
3728:
3695:
3680:
3661:
3637:
3625:
3481:
3458:
3446:
3417:
3314:
3297:
3282:
3213:
2622:1934: army increased to 17 divisions
1615:, based in Vladivostok, against the
1553:American Expeditionary Force Siberia
607:Struggles to form a centralized army
18:Eastern Command of the Imperial Army
6009:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
5251:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
4729:(Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015).
3106:Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army
3085:List of Japanese Infantry divisions
2637:27 divisions in China and Manchuria
2353:Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army
27:Ground force of the Empire of Japan
4636:Intelligence and National Security
4329:War in the Modern World Since 1815
4216:. February 1, 2009. Archived from
3038:Japanese army and diplomatic codes
2684:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
2609:1922: 21 divisions and 308,000 men
2457:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
2343:Growth and organization of the IJA
907:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
25:
4648:(Univ of California Press, 2007).
4540:Japanese Army Handbook, 1939–1945
4477:Sino-Japanese Naval War 1894–1895
3775:encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net
1918:Compared to respective armies in
1232:siege of the diplomatic legations
1040:In the early months of 1894, the
595:), whose nominal head was prince
412:(IJAF), it was controlled by the
5709:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4972:
4725:Sisemore, Major James D. (2015)
4273:Australia–Japan Research Project
3922:Battlefield (documentary series)
2642:In late 1941: 460,000 active in
2438:
2414:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
2395:
2368:
1934:was worth approximately $ 0.23.
1901:
1889:
1877:
1613:Provisional Priamurye Government
1528:, following the collapse of the
1497:Japanese intervention in Siberia
1345:
1139:and Tianjin, and advance to the
1073:. On June 9, a formation of 420
430:Inspectorate General of Aviation
375:
102:
34:
6085:Military of the Empire of Japan
6055:1945 disestablishments in Japan
5724:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
4214:"The Last Last Soldier? – Time"
4104:The Journal of Economic History
3898:Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact
3095:Military Medal of Honor (Japan)
2879:Type 4 70 mm AT rocket launcher
2779:Navy: 473,800 KIA All Theaters.
2619:1925: Reduction to 12 divisions
2282:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
1896:IJA Korean Volunteer army, 1943
1774:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1555:. After a heated debate in the
48:may be too short to adequately
5979:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
5092:Imperial Rescript on Education
4763:United States War Department.
4753:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014).
4722:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
4715:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).
4388:Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996).
3856:
2834:Type 97 heavy tank machine gun
2571:1870: consisted of 12,000 men.
2361:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
1720:Conflict with the Soviet Union
410:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
265:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
5425:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
5331:Imperial General Headquarters
4922:Foreign commerce and shipping
4694:, 9#1 (1949), pp. 20–41.
4458:The Japanese Army 1931–45 (1)
2665:plus 59 brigade equivalents.
2424:Railways and Shipping Section
2386:Imperial General Headquarters
1570:to bolster the armies of the
1420:, grown largely out of rival
803:), two years in the reserve (
762:ministries were established.
111:of the Imperial Japanese Army
6050:1868 establishments in Japan
5757:Hirohito surrender broadcast
5152:Greater East Asia Conference
4708:16#1 (1943), pp. 47–64.
4611:University of Nebraska Press
4498:. Cornell University Press.
4422:. Harvard University Press.
4346:Gilmore, Allison B. (1998).
4015:"Recruitment – Anzac Voices"
2784:672,000 known civilian dead,
2462:Special Naval Landing Forces
2406:(Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun)
2257:rape and forced prostitution
1884:IJA Japanese officers, 1930s
1728:IJA amphibious assault ship
1474:on the German concession of
5137:Supreme Court of Judicature
4739:(Nov 1956) 6#11 pp 717–726.
4549:(Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002).
3178:
3158:
2776:Army 1931–1945: 1,569,661
2449:(Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun)
1708:in 1931 and, later, to the
950:in the Ryukyu Islands. The
736:abolition of the han system
514:is shown in the background.
94:
6111:
5848:Second Philippine Republic
5621:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
4718:Rottman, Gordon L. (2012)
4711:Rottman, Gordon L. (2013)
4644:Frühstück, Sabine. (2007)
4418:The Making of Modern Japan
4307:University Press of Kansas
4158:Harries & Harries 1994
4146:Harries & Harries 1994
4116:Harries & Harries 1994
3869:Harries & Harries 1994
3845:Harries & Harries 1994
3833:Harries & Harries 1994
3821:Harries & Harries 1994
3794:Harries & Harries 1994
3758:Harries & Harries 1994
3545:Harries & Harries 1994
3533:Harries & Harries 1994
3521:Harries & Harries 1994
3509:Harries & Harries 1994
3159:Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun
2773:KIA Breakdown by Theater:
2346:
2304:
2279:
2178:
1787:
1681:
1494:
1443:
1335:
1308:British garrisons in India
1219:
1042:Donghak Peasant Revolution
1013:
904:
492:
372:Infantry Regimental Colour
343:Chief of the General Staff
95:Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun
6080:Military history of Japan
5729:Japan during World War II
5684:Pacification of Manchukuo
5576:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
5571:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
5440:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
5162:Imperial Japanese Airways
4970:
4692:The Far Eastern Quarterly
4655:(Transaction Publishers).
4583:Denfeld, D. Colt. (1997)
4542:(London: Ian Allan, 1979)
4517:. John Wiley & Sons.
4394:Stanford University Press
4269:"Dispositions and deaths"
4256:Japan Year Book 1938–1939
4254:pp. 217–218, "The Army",
4201:Pacific Stars and Stripes
4188:Pacific Stars and Stripes
3365:10.1017/9781108622752.010
3172:
3149:
3027:Imperial Japanese rations
2899:Type 92 heavy machine gun
2844:Type 11 light machine gun
2839:Type 99 light machine gun
2747:Taiwan Expedition of 1874
2331:, who surrendered on the
2276:Ground Self-Defense Force
1859:Type 99 light machine gun
1090:, the Japanese delivered
926:The Japanese invasion of
245:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
220:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
101:
87:
84:
5704:Second Sino-Japanese War
5646:Racial Equality Proposal
5226:Agriculture and Commerce
4605:Drea, Edward J. (1998).
2924:Type 3 heavy machine gun
2904:Type 1 heavy machine gun
2677:Volunteer Fighting Corps
2241:Second Sino-Japanese War
1710:Second Sino-Japanese War
1684:Second Sino-Japanese War
1678:Second Sino-Japanese War
1450:Japan during World War I
1320:Japanese participation.
824:and the Tokyo garrison.
477:in 1868. The domains of
469:subsequently led to the
270:Second Sino-Japanese War
164:6,095,000 in August 1945
5616:Washington Naval Treaty
5561:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
5546:First Sino-Japanese War
5365:Nuclear weapons program
5107:Great Japan Youth Party
5034:National seals of Japan
4697:Kuehn, John T. (2014)
4638:24.4 (2009): 542–573.
4577:HarperCollinsPublishers
4475:Olender, Piotr (2014).
4456:Jowett, Philip (2002).
4019:Australian War Memorial
2849:Type 100 submachine gun
1766:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1482:islands and colonies.
1458:entered the war on the
1016:First Sino-Japanese War
1010:First Sino-Japanese War
893:, headed by Commandant
741:The military ministry (
625:. This conscript army (
235:First Sino-Japanese War
6045:Imperial Japanese Army
5694:Motherland controversy
5664:Shōwa financial crisis
5456:Imperial Japanese Navy
5396:Imperial Japanese Army
5127:Peace Preservation Law
4807:Victory in the Pacific
4742:Wood, James B. (2007)
4651:Gruhl, Werner. (2010)
4494:Orbach, Danny (2017).
4203:, March 14, 1974, p. 7
4190:, March 13, 1974, p. 6
2593:220,000 National Army
2567:
2446:Imperial Japanese Navy
2403:Imperial Japanese Army
2236:
2198:
1870:Imperial Japanese Navy
1861:
1851:
1840:
1799:
1754:Japanese establishment
1735:
1714:Imperial Japanese Navy
1697:
1517:
1409:
1397:
1389:
1212:
1160:
1119:
1037:
1029:
982:
938:of December 1871. The
928:Taiwan under Qing rule
923:
840:
791:
788:Imperial Guard (Japan)
714:
698:mixed commoner-samurai
683:, the introduction of
671:
650:
515:
390:Imperial Japanese Army
80:Imperial Japanese Army
6070:Japan in World War II
5606:Siberian Intervention
5415:Railways and Shipping
5231:Commerce and Industry
4927:Industrial production
4559:World War II Database
4545:Best, Antony. (2002)
4513:Ravina, Mark (2004).
4177:. September 26, 1997.
4169:Kristof, Nicholas D.
3936:, pp. 15–16, 21.
3102:or Strike South Group
2889:Type 100 flamethrower
2625:1936: 250,000 active.
2565:
2319:, who surrendered on
2225:Saketi-Bayah railways
2204:
2188:
2169:Japanese military yen
1949:Monthly salary (USD)
1946:Monthly salary (yen)
1857:
1846:
1836:
1797:
1762:Battle of Lake Khasan
1727:
1691:
1596:and eastern Siberia.
1526:Siberian Intervention
1504:
1491:Siberian intervention
1403:
1395:
1380:
1317:5th Infantry Division
1206:
1150:
1116:Imperial Russian Army
1105:
1035:
1023:
973:
914:
830:
773:
712:
661:
644:
502:
404:. Forming one of the
173:Imperial Armed Forces
156:Military ground force
6024:Political dissidence
5873:Occupied territories
5611:General Election Law
5435:Taiwan Army of Japan
4800:Japanese war posters
4749:Yenne, Bill. (2014)
4631:21.1 (2008): 86–121.
4538:Barker, A.J. (1979)
4305:. Lawrence, Kansas:
3111:Rikugun Shikan Gakko
3032:Imperial Way Faction
2959:Type 99 sniper rifle
2949:Type 97 sniper rifle
2884:Type 93 flamethrower
2648:2 in Japan and Korea
2634:2 divisions in Korea
2301:Continued resistance
1664:romantic nationalism
1621:Far Eastern Republic
1559:, the government of
1534:Bolshevik Revolution
1434:siege of Port Arthur
880:German General Staff
538:, was named nominal
396:) was the principal
318:Minister of the Army
5843:Wang Jingwei regime
5753:Potsdam Declaration
5744:Soviet–Japanese War
5699:Anti-Comintern Pact
5689:January 28 incident
5674:London Naval Treaty
5551:Triple Intervention
5380:Supreme War Council
5264:deliberative bodies
4594:(Stanford UP, 1985)
4220:on February 1, 2009
4133:The Education Forum
4118:, pp. 475–476.
4091:Asian Economic News
3924:, 2001, 98 minutes.
3796:, pp. 110–111.
3017:Double Leaf Society
2894:Type 89 machine gun
2327:in March 1974, and
2209:were taken away as
2181:Japanese war crimes
2150:Private first class
1939:
1938:Basic rates of pay
1744:series of conflicts
1702:Manchurian incident
1515:Allied Intervention
1324:expeditionary army
1284:Triple Intervention
1240:international force
993:force deficient in
932:punitive expedition
915:Commander-in-chief
668:Japanese militarism
445:Origins (1868–1871)
225:Shinpūren Rebellion
5566:Russo-Japanese War
5536:Two Lords Incident
5191:Imperial Household
4825:2012-01-28 at the
4813:2010-03-26 at the
4676:. Zenith Imprint.
4590:Coox, A.D. (1985)
4175:The New York Times
4135:. 25 January 2007.
4069:(Singapore, 1996,
3977:. 1944. p. 8.
3012:Artillery of Japan
2939:Hino–Komuro pistol
2760:Battle of Tsingtao
2568:
2265:biological warfare
2237:
2205:Many thousands of
2199:
2007:Lieutenant colonel
1968:Lieutenant general
1937:
1862:
1852:
1841:
1800:
1752:doctrine, and the
1736:
1698:
1645:Meiji Constitution
1638:Rise of militarism
1594:Maritime Provinces
1543:In July 1918, the
1518:
1410:
1398:
1390:
1357:. You can help by
1338:Russo-Japanese War
1332:Russo-Japanese War
1288:Fukushima Yasumasa
1213:
1161:
1120:
1112:Russo-Japanese War
1038:
1030:
983:
980:governor of Taiwan
924:
895:Jacques-Paul Faure
858:Foreign assistance
841:
792:
715:
672:
651:
647:Koishikawa Arsenal
614:masterless samurai
593:Tōsei daisō tokufu
540:commander in chief
520:Tokugawa Yoshinobu
516:
459:Tokugawa shogunate
250:Russo-Japanese War
6032:
6031:
6004:Socialist thought
5952:
5951:
5891:Dutch East Indies
5853:Empire of Vietnam
5771:
5770:
5541:Satsuma Rebellion
5521:Meiji Restoration
5498:
5497:
5308:
5307:
5246:Greater East Asia
5132:Political parties
5087:Foreign relations
4701:(ABC-CLIO, 2014).
4659:Hayashi, Saburo;
4555:"Horii, Tomitaro"
4412:Jansen, Marius B.
4021:. 17 October 2019
3945:Bergerund, Eric.
3900:April 13, 1941. (
3664:, pp. 82–83.
3523:, pp. 20–24.
3511:, pp. 22–29.
3053:Japanese holdouts
2791:missing in action
2740:missing in action
2682:includes 650,000
2560:
2559:
2508:IJN rank insignia
2503:IJA rank insignia
2271:Post-World War II
2161:
2160:
2072:Second lieutenant
1826:(16th Army), and
1824:Dutch East Indies
1810:(23rd Army), the
1694:Jinzhou Operation
1576:Aleksandr Kolchak
1564:Terauchi Masatake
1424:ambitions toward
1388:during the period
1375:
1374:
1108:Akiyama Yoshifuru
901:Taiwan Expedition
870:. However, after
846:Satsuma Rebellion
837:Satsuma Rebellion
619:rice production (
597:Arisugawa-no-miya
471:Meiji Restoration
434:politics of Japan
426:supreme commander
406:military branches
383:
382:
260:Russian Civil War
230:Satsuma Rebellion
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
6102:
6060:Disbanded armies
5994:Shinmin no Michi
5984:Internment camps
5896:French Indochina
5780:
5626:Taishō Democracy
5507:
5430:Japanese holdout
5317:
5241:Colonial Affairs
5175:
5102:Yokusan Sonendan
5008:
5000:
4992:
4976:
4975:
4902:Economic history
4861:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4805:The PBS program
4795:
4687:
4668:
4624:
4580:
4562:
4528:
4509:
4490:
4471:
4452:
4433:
4421:
4407:
4384:
4361:
4342:
4320:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4246:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4047:. 4 January 2012
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3993:Business Insider
3985:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3915:
3909:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3732:
3726:
3699:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3261:
3255:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3143:
3126:Yokusan Sonendan
2909:Type 26 revolver
2552:
2545:
2538:
2482:List of aircraft
2444:
2442:
2441:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2373:
2372:
2357:
2307:Japanese holdout
2253:Nanjing Massacre
2249:prisoners of war
2211:forced labourers
2046:First lieutenant
1940:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1804:Second World War
1778:Yalta Conference
1770:decisive victory
1628:Russian Far East
1370:
1367:
1349:
1342:
1264:Austro-Hungarian
1157:Yamagata Aritomo
1079:Oshima Yoshimasa
917:Saigō Tsugumichi
887:Kingdom of Italy
866:, and the third
835:, the leader of
805:dai'ichi kōbigun
729:donated 100,000
694:Yamagata Aritomo
689:Ōkubo Toshimichi
664:Aritomo Yamagata
422:Emperor of Japan
379:
351:Yamagata Aritomo
332:Sadamu Shimomura
290:Emperor of Japan
190:
184:
106:
97:
91:
90:
89:
77:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6065:Empire of Japan
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6014:Yasukuni Shrine
5948:
5925:
5867:
5821:
5767:
5719:Tripartite Pact
5714:Rape of Nanking
5650:
5636:Tapani incident
5580:
5556:Boxer Rebellion
5514:
5494:
5458:
5449:
5398:
5389:
5324:
5304:
5298:Representatives
5266:
5263:
5262:Legislative and
5255:
5221:Foreign Affairs
5184:
5181:
5166:
5065:
5044:Government Seal
5029:Rising Sun Flag
5012:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4977:
4968:
4870:
4868:Empire of Japan
4865:
4827:Wayback Machine
4815:Wayback Machine
4789:
4778:
4760:
4758:Primary sources
4733:Storry, Richard
4706:Pacific Affairs
4684:
4671:
4658:
4621:
4604:
4565:
4552:
4535:
4533:Further reading
4525:
4512:
4506:
4493:
4487:
4474:
4468:
4455:
4449:
4436:
4430:
4410:
4404:
4387:
4381:
4364:
4358:
4345:
4339:
4325:Drea, Edward J.
4323:
4317:
4299:Drea, Edward J.
4297:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4085:
4081:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3947:Fire in the Sky
3944:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3916:
3912:
3906:Yale University
3896:
3892:
3884:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3735:
3727:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3416:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3375:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3264:
3256:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3170:
3166:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3007:
2984:Type 99 grenade
2979:Type 98 grenade
2974:Type 10 grenade
2954:Type 38 carbine
2929:Type 30 bayonet
2874:Type 91 grenade
2829:Type 97 grenade
2819:Type 44 carbine
2805:
2728:
2556:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2367:
2355:
2347:Main articles:
2345:
2309:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2239:Throughout the
2229:internment camp
2183:
2177:
2059:Warrant officer
1916:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1792:
1786:
1722:
1686:
1680:
1640:
1632:Katō Tomosaburō
1574:leader Admiral
1522:Nishihara Loans
1499:
1493:
1488:
1486:Inter-war years
1456:Empire of Japan
1452:
1444:Main articles:
1442:
1386:Minister of War
1382:Ōshima Ken'ichi
1371:
1365:
1362:
1355:needs expansion
1340:
1334:
1326:stormed Tianjin
1224:
1222:Boxer Rebellion
1218:
1216:Boxer Rebellion
1018:
1012:
952:Empire of Japan
909:
903:
872:France's defeat
860:
855:
776:Nozu Michitsura
768:
707:
656:
609:
497:
491:
447:
442:
402:Empire of Japan
386:
362:
357:Yoshijirō Umezu
337:
312:
279:
240:Boxer Rebellion
188:
182:
137:Empire of Japan
112:
92:
85:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6108:
6106:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5858:State of Burma
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5786:
5784:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5679:Musha Incident
5676:
5671:
5669:Jinan incident
5666:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
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5538:
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5528:
5526:Beipu uprising
5523:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5490:Treaty Faction
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5420:Imperial Guard
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
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5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
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5208:
5203:
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5193:
5187:
5185:
5180:Administration
5178:
5172:
5168:
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5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
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5129:
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4994:
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4856:
4849:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4817:
4802:
4797:
4784:
4777:
4776:External links
4774:
4773:
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4759:
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4755:
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4730:
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4716:
4709:
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4595:
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4530:
4529:
4523:
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4505:978-1501708336
4504:
4491:
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4192:
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4162:
4160:, p. 487.
4150:
4148:, p. 471.
4138:
4120:
4108:
4095:
4079:
4065:Wong Hon Sum,
4058:
4045:HistoryNet.com
4032:
4006:
3995:. 7 March 2018
3980:
3963:
3961:, p. 150.
3951:
3938:
3926:
3910:
3902:Avalon Project
3890:
3873:
3871:, p. 197.
3861:
3849:
3847:, p. 193.
3837:
3835:, p. 124.
3825:
3823:, p. 123.
3810:
3806:Humphreys 1996
3798:
3786:
3762:
3760:, p. 109.
3750:
3733:
3700:
3685:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3613:
3601:
3580:
3568:
3549:
3537:
3535:, p. 363.
3525:
3513:
3501:
3499:, p. 107.
3497:Jaundrill 2016
3486:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3435:Jaundrill 2016
3422:
3399:
3397:, p. 397.
3387:
3374:978-1108485739
3373:
3343:
3339:Jaundrill 2016
3331:
3329:, p. 343.
3319:
3302:
3287:
3262:
3260:, p. 154.
3245:
3241:Jaundrill 2016
3230:
3226:Jaundrill 2016
3218:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
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3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2994:Type 4 grenade
2991:
2989:Type 3 grenade
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Sugiura pistol
2941:
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2804:
2803:Equipment used
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2764:World War II:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:Garrison Force
2704:
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2690:
2687:
2673:
2672:
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2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:Imperial Guard
2575:
2572:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2378:Administration
2375:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2344:
2341:
2329:Teruo Nakamura
2305:Main article:
2302:
2299:
2280:Main article:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2191:child recruits
2179:Main article:
2176:
2173:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:Lance corporal
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:Sergeant major
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2066:$ 18.40–25.30
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2053:$ 19.55–21.66
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2040:$ 28.06–35.65
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2027:$ 39.10–50.60
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2014:$ 50.60–71.30
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2001:$ 71.30–85.10
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1928:cost of living
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1848:Type 97 Chi-Ha
1788:Main article:
1785:
1782:
1768:) ending in a
1721:
1718:
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1639:
1636:
1572:White movement
1561:Prime Minister
1549:Woodrow Wilson
1545:U.S. President
1530:Russian Empire
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1441:
1438:
1373:
1372:
1352:
1350:
1336:Main article:
1333:
1330:
1242:consisting of
1226:In 1899–1900,
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1126:would land at
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
944:Ryukyu Kingdom
936:Mudan Incident
930:in 1874 was a
905:Main article:
902:
899:
859:
856:
854:
851:
833:Saigō Takamori
784:chief of staff
767:
764:
719:Imperial Guard
706:
703:
677:Ōmura Masujirō
655:
652:
608:
605:
601:imperial court
536:Prince Ninnaji
493:Main article:
490:
487:
446:
443:
441:
438:
384:
381:
380:
373:
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368:
364:
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211:
209:
205:
204:
202:Army equipment
199:
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162:
158:
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150:
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130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
107:
99:
98:
82:
81:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6107:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Japanese Army
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
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6048:
6046:
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5995:
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5990:
5987:
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5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Fukoku kyōhei
5967:
5965:
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5961:
5959:
5955:
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5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:Puppet states
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5791:
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5774:
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5522:
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5518:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:Fleet Faction
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:General Staff
5463:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:General Staff
5403:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5358:military code
5357:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:Imperial Diet
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Privy Council
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Home Ministry
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Imperial Seal
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Flag of Japan
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:(part 1 of 4)
4793:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:History Today
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:Alvin D. Coox
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:Chen, Peter.
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4486:9788363678302
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4448:9781501706646
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:. Routledge.
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4316:9780803217089
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:, p. 25.
3807:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3748:, p. 99.
3747:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:, p. 98.
3730:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:, p. 97.
3697:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3683:, p. 83.
3682:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3652:, p. 56.
3651:
3646:
3643:
3640:, p. 80.
3639:
3634:
3631:
3628:, p. 79.
3627:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:, p. 45.
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:, p. 44.
3598:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:, p. 43.
3577:
3572:
3569:
3566:, p. 42.
3565:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:, p. 28.
3546:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:, p. 24.
3483:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3461:, p. 23.
3460:
3455:
3452:
3449:, p. 76.
3448:
3443:
3440:
3437:, p. 95.
3436:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:, p. 29.
3419:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3341:, p. 96.
3340:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3317:, p. 20.
3316:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:, p. 19.
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:, p. 10.
3284:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:, p. 87.
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3228:, p. 86.
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3204:, p. 60.
3203:
3198:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Karabiner 98k
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Type 35 rifle
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Type 30 rifle
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Type 99 rifle
2812:
2810:
2809:Type 38 rifle
2807:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2795:presumed dead
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2738:or listed as
2737:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:2.25 million
2691:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:41 divisions
2644:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:Rank insignia
2493:
2488:
2487:Main admirals
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:List of ships
2475:
2473:
2472:Major battles
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:Lubang Island
2318:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:death marches
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:, as well as
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Officer Cadet
2096:
2095:
2092:$ 7.36–17.25
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Major general
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1838:Type 38 rifle
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:(15th Army),
1821:
1818:(15th Army),
1817:
1814:(14th Army),
1813:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:. During the
1523:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Western Front
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1406:Type 38 rifle
1402:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1353:This section
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1209:Type 30 rifle
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:Beiyang fleet
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Taedong River
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
977:
976:Nogi Maresuke
972:
968:
964:
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Paiwan people
937:
933:
929:
922:
918:
913:
908:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
852:
850:
847:
838:
834:
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:daini kōbigun
806:
802:
797:
789:
785:
781:
780:field marshal
777:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
711:
704:
702:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
669:
665:
660:
653:
648:
643:
639:
636:
630:
628:
624:
622:
615:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
570:
568:
562:
560:
554:
552:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Army Ministry
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:Military unit
378:
374:
370:
365:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
346:
344:
340:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
321:
319:
315:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
293:
291:
287:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
187:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
105:
100:
96:
83:
78:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5957:Other topics
5793:
5631:Taishō Roman
5395:
5385:Conscription
5355:
5347:
5322:Armed Forces
5182:(ministries)
5082:Charter Oath
5077:Constitution
4959:State Shinto
4942:Essentialism
4892:Demographics
4806:
4764:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4673:
4664:
4652:
4645:
4635:
4628:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:. New York:
4570:
4567:Bix, Herbert
4558:
4546:
4539:
4514:
4495:
4479:. MMPBooks.
4476:
4457:
4438:
4417:
4389:
4371:Random House
4369:. New York:
4366:
4347:
4328:
4302:
4292:Bibliography
4277:. Retrieved
4272:
4263:
4255:
4250:
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4208:
4200:
4195:
4187:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4066:
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4044:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4018:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3992:
3983:
3974:
3959:Gilmore 1998
3954:
3946:
3941:
3929:
3913:
3893:
3888:, p. 7.
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3801:
3789:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3765:
3753:
3657:
3650:Olender 2014
3645:
3633:
3609:Olender 2014
3604:
3597:Olender 2014
3576:Olender 2014
3571:
3564:Olender 2014
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3454:
3442:
3390:
3356:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3221:
3216:, p. 8.
3209:
3197:
3167:
3141:
2914:Murata rifle
2869:Type I rifle
2824:Nambu pistol
2729:
2721:
2703:Labor Troops
2699:1.3 million
2696:Labor Troops
2402:
2310:
2285:
2238:
2214:
2195:human shield
2166:
2162:
2118:$ 5.29–6.90
2105:$ 5.75–9.20
1932:Japanese yen
1917:
1863:
1801:
1784:World War II
1758:puppet state
1749:Hokushin-ron
1747:
1740:Soviet Union
1737:
1731:Shinshū Maru
1729:
1699:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1649:War Minister
1641:
1625:
1598:
1587:
1578:against the
1542:
1519:
1460:Entente side
1453:
1411:
1366:January 2019
1363:
1359:adding to it
1354:
1322:
1315:July 6, the
1294:
1292:
1276:
1225:
1162:
1153:Katsura Tarō
1124:5th Division
1121:
1092:Li Hongzhang
1074:
1063:
1039:
1026:Murata rifle
984:
965:
957:
925:
921:Seqalu tribe
884:
876:Jakob Meckel
861:
842:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:conscription
793:
766:Conscription
751:
742:
740:
722:
716:
685:conscription
673:
631:
626:
620:
610:
592:
573:
566:
558:
550:
544:Toba–Fushimi
517:
507:
462:
454:
448:
398:ground force
393:
389:
387:
275:World War II
169:Part of
63:
47:
45:lead section
5999:Shōwa Modan
5974:Hakkō ichiu
5911:Philippines
5798:after 1943)
5776:Territories
5734:Pacific War
5594:World War I
5470:Air Service
5410:Air Service
5283:Gozen Kaigi
4999:(Yoshihito)
4991:(Mutsuhito)
4937:Nationalism
4882:Agriculture
4279:29 December
4051:16 December
4025:16 December
3999:16 December
3934:Jowett 2002
3886:Jowett 2002
3395:Jansen 2002
3327:Jansen 2002
3258:Ravina 2004
3202:Jansen 2002
3100:Nanshin-ron
3059:Kokuryū-kai
2612:1924: Post-
2325:Philippines
2317:Hiroo Onoda
2251:– with the
2207:Indonesians
2189:Indonesian
1812:Philippines
1601:Vladivostok
1538:Lake Baikal
1513:during the
1511:Vladivostok
1440:World War I
1422:imperialist
1198:Port Arthur
1190:Port Arthur
1186:Second Army
1137:Shanhaiguan
948:Miyako-jima
522:marched on
512:Yodo Castle
457:) with the
255:World War I
208:Engagements
66:August 2024
6039:Categories
5763:Occupation
5586:Taishō era
5531:Boshin War
5375:War crimes
5171:Government
5147:Tonarigumi
5054:Privy Seal
5049:State Seal
5007:(Hirohito)
4932:Militarism
4887:Censorship
4683:0760311455
4620:0803217080
4524:0471089702
4467:1841763535
4429:0674003349
4403:0804723753
4380:0679753036
4357:0803221673
4338:0415251400
4244:1841763543
4075:9810081901
3780:2023-05-31
3189:References
3034:or Kodô-Ha
2999:Lunge mine
2726:Casualties
2335:island of
2333:Indonesian
2291:militarism
2235:, c. 1945.
2221:Burma-Siam
2175:War crimes
2050:¥85–94.16
1590:Yui Mitsue
1532:after the
1312:Aoki Shūzō
1299:Dagu forts
1295:Rikusentai
1174:First Army
1075:rikusentai
813:kokumingun
681:government
589:Hokurikudō
495:Boshin War
489:Boshin War
475:Boshin War
326:Ōyama Iwao
284:Commanders
215:Boshin War
109:The ensign
5964:Sonnō jōi
5916:Singapore
5901:Hong Kong
5863:Azad Hind
5838:Mengjiang
5833:Manchukuo
5807:Kantō-shū
5749:Surrender
5656:Shōwa era
5641:Truku War
5512:Meiji era
5480:Tokkeitai
5445:Kempeitai
5356:Senjinkun
5273:Daijō-kan
5236:Munitions
5117:Mokusatsu
4907:Education
3746:Drea 2009
3729:Drea 2009
3696:Drea 2009
3681:Drea 2009
3662:Drea 2009
3638:Drea 2009
3626:Drea 2009
3482:Drea 2009
3459:Drea 2009
3447:Drea 2003
3418:Drea 2009
3383:211662774
3315:Drea 2009
3298:Drea 2009
3283:Drea 2009
3214:Drea 2009
2854:MP 28 SMG
2653:Manchuria
2581:Division.
2467:Tokkeitai
2419:Kempeitai
2245:civilians
2037:¥122–155
2024:¥170–220
2011:¥220–310
1998:¥310–370
1975:$ 111.17
1962:$ 126.50
1866:submarine
1808:Hong Kong
1706:Manchuria
1605:communism
1580:Bolshevik
1426:Manchuria
1178:Pyongyang
1169:Seongwhan
1088:Pyongyang
999:artillery
723:Goshinpei
627:chōheigun
559:Hiroshima
549:Tottori (
467:seclusion
198:Equipment
125:Disbanded
50:summarize
5942:Yen bloc
5930:Ideology
5921:Thailand
5790:Karafuto
5783:Colonies
5370:Kamikaze
5313:Military
5216:Treasury
5070:Policies
5061:Kimigayo
4982:Emperors
4949:Politics
4917:Eugenics
4875:Overview
4823:Archived
4811:Archived
4663:(1959).
4569:(2000).
4414:(2002).
4301:(2009).
4224:July 21,
3146:Japanese
3116:Tosei-Ha
3005:See also
2789:810,000
2715:Kempetai
2706:250,000
2429:Uniforms
2295:Cold War
2263:, using
2124:Corporal
2111:Sergeant
2079:$ 16.30
2063:¥80–110
1988:$ 95.83
1985:¥416.66
1972:¥483.33
1816:Thailand
1764:and the
1653:Hirohito
1619:-backed
1583:Red Army
1304:Boer War
1272:Japanese
1268:American
1128:Chemulpo
1071:Chemulpo
1054:Shandong
1004:calibers
991:infantry
817:hojū-eki
790:in 1874.
774:Marquis
752:garrison
743:Hyōbushō
638:fabric.
635:nobility
585:San'indō
473:and the
416:and the
367:Insignia
5503:History
5475:Marines
5112:Kokutai
5017:Symbols
4997:Taishō
4954:Statism
4897:Economy
4792:Russian
4767:(1942)
3859:, p. 41
3154:Hepburn
3150:大日本帝国陸軍
2767:Deaths
2736:wounded
2713:20,000
2708:Special
2657:27 in
2516:History
2337:Morotai
2323:in the
2233:Jakarta
2216:romusha
2157:$ 2.07
2144:$ 3.11
2141:¥13.50
2131:$ 4.60
2115:¥23–30
2102:¥25–40
2089:¥32–75
2076:¥70.83
2033:Captain
1994:Colonel
1955:General
1924:America
1660:rikugun
1568:Siberia
1507:Siberia
1476:Qingdao
1466:on the
1302:in the
1280:Tianjin
1260:Italian
1252:Russian
1244:British
1236:Beijing
1151:Prince
995:cavalry
801:jōbigun
786:of the
747:Dajōkan
727:emperor
662:Prince
581:Tōsandō
577:Tōkaidō
565:Hizen (
532:Fushimi
504:Ukiyo-e
479:Satsuma
451:domains
440:History
408:of the
400:of the
353:(first)
328:(first)
133:Country
88:大日本帝國陸軍
5906:Malaya
5881:Borneo
5817:Taiwan
5812:Nan'yō
5802:Chōsen
5795:naichi
5005:Shōwa
4989:Meiji
4964:Kazoku
4912:System
4769:online
4680:
4640:online
4617:
4521:
4502:
4483:
4464:
4445:
4426:
4400:
4377:
4354:
4335:
4313:
4275:. 1964
4242:
4073:
3857:Kelman
3381:
3371:
3179:kangun
2969:Vz. 24
2732:killed
2651:12 in
2443:
2400:
2197:, 1945
1920:Europe
1914:Salary
1828:Malaya
1742:had a
1696:, 1931
1647:, the
1617:Moscow
1480:German
1472:attack
1464:France
1414:Russia
1270:, and
1256:German
1248:French
1194:Dairen
1165:Pungdo
1106:Count
1097:Gojong
987:modern
974:Count
587:, and
563:, and
528:French
508:Kangun
483:Chōshū
463:bakufu
424:, the
359:(last)
334:(last)
303:Taishō
189:
183:
179:Colors
117:Active
5886:Burma
5599:Entry
5293:Peers
5157:Senbu
5142:Tokkō
3379:S2CID
3133:Notes
2934:Guntō
2859:MP 34
2659:China
2020:Major
1959:¥550
1943:Rank
1820:Burma
1756:of a
1668:kōgun
1609:Korea
1430:Korea
1418:Japan
1238:. An
1228:Boxer
1141:Zhili
1067:Pusan
1050:Zhili
1046:Seoul
557:Aki (
551:Inaba
524:Kyoto
308:Shōwa
298:Meiji
192:White
5211:Navy
5206:Army
4790:(in
4678:ISBN
4615:ISBN
4519:ISBN
4500:ISBN
4481:ISBN
4462:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4424:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4375:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4333:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4281:2017
4240:ISBN
4226:2021
4071:ISBN
4053:2020
4027:2020
4001:2020
3369:ISBN
2793:and
2701:Navy
2694:Army
2351:and
2223:and
2128:¥20
1557:Diet
1454:The
1448:and
1428:and
1416:and
1404:The
1207:The
1182:Yalu
1167:and
1069:and
1059:Asan
997:and
794:The
778:, a
760:navy
758:and
756:army
645:The
621:koku
567:Saga
481:and
388:The
161:Size
153:Role
147:Army
143:Type
128:1945
120:1868
5201:War
3904:at
3361:doi
2614:WW1
2231:in
2154:¥9
1922:or
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1234:in
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731:ryō
510:).
455:han
394:IJA
186:Red
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3173:官軍
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