1983:
4392:
2603:
1520:
Some varieties of Negev Arabic are characterized by word-internal imala of *-ā- to /ē/ in patterns where /i/ historically occurred in an adjacent syllable. It does not occur when one of the adjacent consonants is emphatic or a back consonant. Some of the patterns where it is found include the
245:, who speak a dialect more closely related to Sudanese Arabic. Research is needed to establish whether the Maʿāzah dialect is the southwestern extremity of Northwest Arabian on the Egyptian mainland.
248:
In Saudi Arabia, the dialects of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, the Hisma, and the Harrat al-Riha belong to the
Northwest Arabian type, but the dialect of the
1625:
of Old Arabic word-final *-ā(ʾ) to /iy/ in certain patterns of nouns and adjectives. Emphatics seem to block the shift. The following examples are from Negev Arabic:
2343:
4441:
2566:
2797:
2848:
2305:
2278:
2174:
2024:
1324:
436:
Northwest
Arabian Arabic can be divided into a western branch spoken in Sinai and the Negev, and an eastern branch spoken to the east of the
2073:
1159:
1138:
4446:
3391:
1348:
2336:
368:
Absence of final /n/ in the imperfect, 2nd person feminine singular, 2nd person masculine plural, and 3rd person masculine plural.
2559:
984:
4038:
2488:
1415:
1260:
954:
3565:
2831:
2640:
2635:
2518:
1424:
1002:
4013:
2790:
2503:
1056:
925:
1621:
Some of the western dialects of
Northwest Arabian Arabic (Central Sinai and Negev in particular) are characterized by an
4436:
4426:
3330:
2881:
2329:
1439:
1362:
1267:
970:
4431:
2552:
1448:
1315:
1234:
1229:
1075:
1009:
2141:
The
Bedouin Dialects of the Northern Sinai Littoral. Bridging the Gap between the Eastern and the Western Arab World
3974:
3453:
2478:
2450:
1463:
1377:
1286:
1281:
1152:
961:
814:
4456:
4421:
3727:
3717:
3694:
2382:
1472:
1400:
1039:
991:
113:
2493:
2167:
A Grammar of Negev Arabic: Comparative
Studies, Texts, and Glossary in the Bedouin Dialect of the ʻAzāzmih Tribe
4461:
4416:
4395:
4303:
2783:
2513:
1339:
1246:
1241:
845:
2498:
2483:
4451:
3852:
3550:
3493:
2896:
1486:
1386:
1025:
882:
871:
830:
1853:
Gender distinction in the 2nd and 3rd person plural pronouns, pronominal suffixes, and finite verbal forms.
3658:
3618:
3543:
3538:
3302:
2838:
2764:
2589:
1982:
1191:
1183:
1064:
108:
4384:
4217:
4169:
3979:
3961:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3751:
3486:
3458:
3448:
3252:
2876:
2523:
2508:
1097:
775:
764:
98:
4120:
3880:
3800:
3280:
1484:
1470:
1461:
1446:
1437:
1422:
1413:
1398:
1384:
1375:
1360:
1346:
1337:
1322:
1313:
893:
720:
4179:
3989:
3862:
3685:
3236:
3150:
2461:
2352:
1946:
948:
802:
207:
4347:
4033:
3949:
3746:
3671:
2701:
2575:
2387:
2316:
The
Bedouin Arabic Dialects: General Problems and Close Analysis of North Israel Bedouin Dialects
2249:
2109:
751:
743:
735:
700:
67:
404:
Initial /a/ in Forms VII, VIII, and X in the perfect, and stressed when in stressable position.
4094:
3847:
3767:
3707:
3470:
3377:
3362:
3273:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2738:
2656:
2445:
2440:
2301:
2274:
2228:
2170:
2079:
2020:
2016:
1951:
1145:
1105:
1047:
1032:
977:
837:
821:
725:
705:
272:
103:
17:
4257:
4115:
3913:
3894:
3857:
3736:
3666:
3609:
3594:
3521:
3367:
3352:
3297:
3259:
2963:
2906:
2866:
2748:
2717:
2630:
2535:
2420:
2293:
2266:
2144:
2012:
1017:
865:
715:
696:
691:
686:
118:
1833:
of feminine adjectives of color and defect on the pattern CaCCāʾ results in stressed /íy/:
4298:
4227:
4164:
4158:
4027:
3902:
3842:
3702:
3646:
3631:
3626:
3599:
3589:
3533:
3506:
3481:
3416:
3410:
3396:
3382:
3339:
3321:
2921:
2911:
2891:
2826:
2722:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2625:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2366:
1501:
1085:
758:
710:
523:
partially monophthongized; monophthongs fluctuate with long phonemes /ō/ ~ /ū/, /ē/ ~/ī/.
219:
211:
150:
90:
1825:“we had breakfast”. In some, but not all groups, /a/ in a previous syllable blocks this
4378:
4308:
4242:
4147:
3921:
3810:
3805:
3790:
3775:
3741:
3526:
2901:
2843:
2743:
2435:
2207:
619:
440:. Several dialects of the eastern branch, such as that of the Zalabiah and Zawaidih of
215:
143:
3125:
3035:
3008:
444:, and that of the Bdul, have been argued to be closely related to the western branch.
186:
4410:
4340:
4335:
4321:
4267:
4202:
4184:
4070:
4055:
4049:
4018:
3837:
3832:
3817:
3780:
3641:
3636:
3560:
3516:
3372:
3346:
3087:
3078:
2871:
2858:
2692:
2672:
242:
241:
The dialect of the Maʿāzah in the
Egyptian Eastern Desert borders the dialect of the
31:
4313:
4272:
4212:
4192:
4152:
4065:
4060:
3827:
3822:
3712:
3435:
3421:
3213:
3195:
2988:
2608:
2297:
1846:
856:
590:
261:
249:
235:
4137:
565:
4207:
4099:
4043:
3795:
3204:
2956:
1223:
1211:
1126:
3107:
3053:
3357:
3266:
2598:
2083:
1975:
1275:
1216:
227:
2232:
4262:
2240:
Piamenta, Moshe (1996). "More on the Arabic
Dialect of the Negev Bedouins".
1254:
1177:
Phonemes in parentheses occur either marginally or across different dialects
943:
909:
179:
163:
2100:
Yasin, Raslan Bani; Owens, Jonathan (1984). "The Bduul
Dialect of Jordan".
2057:
Palva, Heikki (2004). "Remarks of the Arabic dialect of the Hwetat tribe".
361:
4138:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3123:
3115:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3051:
3043:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2270:
2148:
1970:
170:
4247:
4237:
4130:
2940:
1830:
1826:
1802:
1622:
441:
2253:
2113:
4282:
2946:
2455:
2410:
797:
260:
The
Northwest Arabian Arabic dialects display several innovations from
2321:
4197:
4125:
3177:
2821:
2806:
2544:
437:
231:
63:
59:
4277:
4232:
4222:
3141:
3096:
3069:
3042:
3015:
2979:
2951:
2775:
223:
71:
55:
4252:
3222:
3168:
3159:
3132:
3114:
3060:
3024:
2263:
A Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of the Northern Sinai Littoral
2219:
Blanc, Haim (1970). "The Arabic Dialect of the Negev Bedouins".
1295:
Vowels are recognized as allophones in the following positions:
2779:
2548:
2325:
2290:
A Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of Central and Southern Sinai
3186:
2997:
371:
The pronominal suffix of the 2nd person masculine plural is -
2221:
Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
282:
XC(V) sequences where X is /h/, /ʿ/, /ḥ/, /ġ/, or /ḫ/, e.g.
1918:
Absence of affricated variants of /g/ (< */q/) and /k/.
317:. The initial /a/ is stable enough to be preserved after -
2214:(15th ed.), Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics
2040:
2038:
2036:
1597:
Similar raising is found in the Bdul dialect of Jordan:
1845:
The following are some archaic features retained from
309:
are stressable as an integral part of the word, e.g.
1829:. Like the dialects of central Sinai and Negev, the
1762:“salt-and-pepper, black with white spots (animal)”,
390:
of the pronominal suffix in the 1st person singular.
4356:
4291:
4178:
4108:
4087:
4012:
3930:
3912:
3873:
3766:
3726:
3693:
3684:
3657:
3617:
3608:
3582:
3469:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3290:
3244:
3235:
2972:
2857:
2814:
2757:
2731:
2710:
2665:
2649:
2618:
2582:
2471:
2403:
2375:
2359:
177:
161:
156:
140:
87:
77:
51:
39:
2095:
2093:
448:Differences between western and eastern branches:
1194:is mostly heard in the Hindiy and Ṭuwara dialects
2075:The phonology and morphology of Wadi Ramm Arabic
2009:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1203:Vowels occur in both long and short positions:
1801:In the dialects of southern Sinai, word-final
2791:
2560:
2337:
1805:typically results in /iʾ/. Some examples are
8:
1907:Frequent and productive use of diminutives (
407:Initial /a/ in a number of irregular nouns (
2072:Bassil Mohammad, Al Mashaqba (April 2015).
2007:Palva, Heikki. "Northwest Arabian Arabic".
1431:when following emphatic or back fricatives
336:A number of typical Bedouin lexical items (
3690:
3614:
3326:
3317:
3241:
2798:
2784:
2776:
2567:
2553:
2545:
2344:
2330:
2322:
526:well-established monophthongs /ō/ and /ē/
36:
2017:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol3_0233
1897:The initial /a/ in the definite article
1297:
1205:
680:
446:
2126:
2044:
1963:
1407:when preceding or following emphatics
2206:Gordon, Raymond G.. Jr., ed. (2005),
2189:
2059:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1493:when following pharyngeal consonants
683:
252:to the south is not closely related.
7:
2160:
2158:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1936:of the 2nd person feminine singular.
1921:The use of the locative preposition
4442:Languages of the State of Palestine
472:does not occur in plain colloquial
4383:Languages between parentheses are
2212:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1932:The invariable pronominal suffix -
1695:Reflexes of *CiCCā(ʾ), *CuCCā(ʾ):
25:
1285:
1280:
1266:
1259:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1104:
1096:
1074:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1008:
1001:
990:
983:
976:
969:
960:
953:
924:
892:
881:
870:
855:
844:
836:
829:
820:
813:
774:
763:
278:: insertion of /a/ after X in (C)
234:, and the northwestern corner of
4391:
4390:
2601:
1981:
1455:when preceding velar consonants
1182:can be heard as an allophone of
1369:when preceding emphatic sounds
4387:of the language on their left.
2641:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
2636:Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
2298:10.1163/ej.9789004201019.i-440
1754:“sloping downwards (ground)”,
502:Form I imperfect performative
204:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
47:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
27:Variety of the Arabic language
18:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
1:
2261:De Jong, Rudolf Erik (2000).
1516:Word-internal imala of */-ā-/
214:encompassing the traditional
2882:Ancient South Arabian script
2849:Influence on other languages
2732:Immigrant minority languages
2318:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1742:Feminine adjective *CaCCāʾ:
1629:Reflexes of *CiCāʾ, *CuCāʾ:
1617:Word-final imala of */-ā(ʾ)/
83:3.0 million (2021–2023)
30:Not to be confused with the
4139:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3124:
3116:
3106:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3052:
3044:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2922:
2102:Anthropological Linguistics
1901:- and the relative pronoun
1500:in neutral position in the
596:phonetically conditioned C-
305:- and the relative pronoun
4478:
2314:Judith Rosenhouse. 1984.
1676:Reflexes of *CiCā, *CuCā:
1479:in velarized environments
268:The voiced reflex of *q ()
29:
4447:Languages of Saudi Arabia
4370:
4363:Islam and Arabic language
2596:
2532:
1856:Productivity of Form IV (
1574:Broken plurals *CaCāCiC:
1563:Reflexes of *miCCāC(ah):
1459:
1373:
1335:
1279:
1125:
1084:
942:
908:
796:
757:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
695:
690:
685:
44:
4304:Arabic script in Unicode
4039:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
3399:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2698:Sinai Peninsula (Sinawi)
2288:de Jong, Rudolf (2011).
2165:Shawarbah, Musa (2012).
1971:Northwest Arabian Arabic
1552:Reflexes of *CiCāC(ah):
649:in neutral environments
196:Northwest Arabian Arabic
124:Northwest Arabian Arabic
40:Northwest Arabian Arabic
3566:Western Egyptian Bedawi
2242:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
2169:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
2139:de Jong, R. E. (1999).
200:Levantine Bedawi Arabic
45:Levantine Bedawi Arabic
2765:Egyptian Sign Language
2619:Spoken Arabic dialects
2590:Modern Standard Arabic
1785:Broken plural *CaCCā:
1669:“well-watered (pl.)”,
4170:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2877:Ancient North Arabian
2271:10.1163/9789004491229
1774:“left-handed, left”,
325:), which is dropped:
301:The definite article
34:, also called Bedawi.
4121:Sun and moon letters
3281:Pre-classical Arabic
2650:Historical languages
1782:“black-eared (goat)”
1758:“grey, light blue”,
1707:“nether millstone”,
1585:Imperfect *yuCāCiC:
1525:Reflexes of *CāCiC:
495:as genitive markers
344:"to tell, narrate",
4437:Languages of Jordan
4427:Languages of Israel
3975:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3454:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2353:Languages of Israel
1947:Varieties of Arabic
1711:“upper millstone”,
449:
393:Plural comm. forms
382:Stressed variants -
4432:Languages of Egypt
4348:MacArabic encoding
2666:Minority languages
2576:Languages of Egypt
1731:“barefoot (pl.)”,
1688:“right guidance”,
1657:“evening prayer”,
1529:“elder, old man”,
608:in southern Sinai
477:analytic genitive
447:
4404:
4403:
4379:extinct languages
4318:MS-DOS codepages
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
3762:
3761:
3680:
3679:
3578:
3577:
3274:Old Hijazi Arabic
2773:
2772:
2711:Foreign languages
2657:Egyptian language
2583:Official language
2542:
2541:
2307:978-90-04-20101-9
2280:978-90-04-49122-9
2176:978-3-447-06647-1
2129:, pp. 27–39.
2026:978-90-04-17702-4
1979:(27th ed., 2024)
1952:Peninsular Arabic
1609:“narrow (pl.)”,
1508:
1507:
1293:
1292:
1174:
1173:
665:
664:
365:and its residues.
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
4469:
4457:Levantine Arabic
4422:Arabic languages
4394:
4393:
4142:
3691:
3615:
3551:Western Algerian
3498:Eastern Algerian
3494:Algerian Saharan
3424:(Lesser Kabylia)
3327:
3318:
3260:Nabataean Arabic
3242:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3129:
3119:
3111:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3057:
3047:
3039:
3029:
3020:
3012:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2964:Maltese alphabet
2927:
2907:Algerian Braille
2897:Eastern numerals
2867:Nabataean script
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2536:Jewish languages
2519:Levantine Arabic
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2311:
2284:
2257:
2236:
2215:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2004:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1968:
1789:“asleep (pl.)”,
1633:“rainy season”,
1601:“mansaf (pl.)”,
1490:
1476:
1467:
1452:
1443:
1428:
1419:
1404:
1393:in lax position
1390:
1381:
1366:
1355:in lax position
1352:
1343:
1331:in lax position
1328:
1319:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1270:
1263:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1206:
1193:
1185:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1108:
1100:
1078:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1005:
994:
987:
980:
973:
964:
957:
928:
896:
885:
874:
859:
848:
840:
833:
824:
817:
778:
767:
681:
622:subject pronoun
621:
592:
567:
531:gahawa syndrome
508:generalized /a/
450:
218:dialects of the
206:) is a proposed
189:
173:
166:
146:
93:
37:
21:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4462:Mashriqi Arabic
4417:Sinai Peninsula
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4366:
4352:
4299:Arabic keyboard
4287:
4182:
4174:
4159:Mater lectionis
4153:Triliteral root
4104:
4075:
4016:
4008:
3926:
3908:
3869:
3758:
3722:
3676:
3653:
3604:
3574:
3465:
3445:Judeo-Maghrebi
3313:
3307:
3303:Modern Standard
3286:
3231:
2968:
2912:Maltese Braille
2892:Arabic numerals
2853:
2810:
2804:
2774:
2769:
2753:
2727:
2706:
2661:
2645:
2626:Egyptian Arabic
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2573:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2467:
2399:
2371:
2355:
2350:
2308:
2287:
2281:
2260:
2239:
2218:
2208:"Bedawi Arabic"
2205:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1943:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1843:
1841:Characteristics
1817:“this, these”,
1684:“hospitality”,
1661:“pails (pl.)”,
1619:
1537:“having said”,
1518:
1513:
1201:
679:
674:
469:in regular use
458:Eastern branch
455:Western branch
434:
258:
220:Sinai Peninsula
185:
169:
162:
151:Arabic alphabet
147:
142:
136:
114:Central Semitic
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Bedouin Arabic
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4309:ISO/IEC 8859-6
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Naskh (script)
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:Judeo-Tunisian
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3962:Judeo-Moroccan
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3945:Judeo-Egyptian
3942:
3940:Judeo-Algerian
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3922:Bedouin Arabic
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3534:Moroccan koiné
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:Tunisian koiné
3503:Eastern Hilal
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:Judeo-Algerian
3482:Algerian koiné
3478:Central Hilal
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:Judeo-Tunisian
3456:
3451:
3449:Judeo-Moroccan
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Arabic Braille
2899:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2758:Sign languages
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Upper Egyptian
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2472:Sign languages
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2379:
2377:
2376:Special status
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2285:
2279:
2258:
2237:
2227:(7): 112–150.
2216:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2175:
2154:
2149:11245/1.154881
2131:
2119:
2108:(2): 202–232.
2089:
2064:
2061:(29): 195–209.
2049:
2047:, p. 356.
2032:
2025:
1988:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1842:
1839:
1837:“black; bad”.
1821:“you get it”,
1799:
1798:
1783:
1778:“cross-eyed”,
1740:
1699:“right side”,
1693:
1674:
1665:“full (pl.)”,
1618:
1615:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1572:
1561:
1550:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:Phoneme/Sound
1291:
1290:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
965:
958:
951:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
890:
888:
886:
879:
877:
875:
868:
862:
861:
852:
850:
841:
834:
827:
825:
818:
811:
809:
807:
805:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
772:
770:
768:
761:
755:
754:
749:
746:
741:
738:
733:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
694:
689:
684:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
662:
656:
650:
642:
641:
632:
623:
616:
615:
609:
594:
593:object suffix
587:
586:
580:
569:
568:object suffix
562:
561:
556:
548:
547:I-w imperfect
544:
543:
541:ghawa ~ gaháwa
538:
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
510:
509:
506:
505:vowel harmony
503:
499:
498:
496:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
460:
459:
456:
453:
433:
430:
429:
428:
405:
402:
391:
380:
369:
366:
357:
334:
299:
269:
257:
256:Classification
254:
191:
190:
183:
175:
174:
167:
159:
158:
157:Language codes
154:
153:
148:
144:Writing system
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4474:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4397:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Sini (script)
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Ruqʿah script
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Hijazi script
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:Central Asian
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3432:Traras-Msirda
3431:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Arabic script
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2599:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1878:
1870:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:“left side”,
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1605:“this (f.)”,
1604:
1600:
1592:
1589:“it equals”,
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
998:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
950:
947:
945:
941:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
927:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
904:
902:
900:
898:
895:
891:
889:
887:
884:
880:
878:
876:
873:
869:
867:
864:
863:
858:
853:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
801:
799:
795:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
777:
773:
771:
769:
766:
762:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
739:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
698:
693:
688:
682:
676:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
655:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
636:
633:
631:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
520:
516:
513:reflexes of *
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
476:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
452:
451:
445:
443:
439:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
363:
358:
355:
351:
348:"to arrive",
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
275:
270:
267:
266:
265:
263:
255:
253:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:(also called
197:
188:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
165:
160:
155:
152:
149:
145:
139:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
32:Beja language
19:
4374:
4314:Windows-1256
4273:Taliq script
4213:Jeli Thuluth
4193:Ajami script
4157:
4061:Pidgin madam
4048:
4026:
3990:Judeo-Yemeni
3932:Judeo-Arabic
3914:Sociological
3901:
3863:Judeo-Yemeni
3785:
3686:Mesopotamian
3561:Libyan koiné
3345:
3338:
3331:Pre-Hilalian
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3253:Proto-Arabic
3251:
2886:Zabūr script
2839:Romanization
2697:
2609:Egypt portal
2460:
2404:Non-official
2392:
2315:
2289:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2185:
2166:
2140:
2134:
2127:de Jong 2011
2122:
2105:
2101:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2045:de Jong 2011
2008:
1974:
1966:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1911:"a little",
1908:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1857:
1847:Proto-Arabic
1844:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:“dead (pl.)”
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:“adultery”,
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:“footwear”,
1634:
1630:
1620:
1613:“our land”.
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1593:“he replies”
1590:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1556:“oil lamp”,
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1294:
1202:
659:
653:
646:
638:
634:
629:
625:
612:
605:
601:
597:
583:
576:
572:
558:
553:
550:
540:
534:
518:
514:
492:
488:
484:
480:
466:- imperfect
463:
435:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
394:
387:
383:
376:
372:
360:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
262:Proto-Arabic
259:
247:
240:
236:Saudi Arabia
203:
199:
195:
194:
178:
123:
109:West Semitic
99:Afro-Asiatic
4208:Jawi script
4180:Calligraphy
4109:Linguistics
4034:Gulf Pidgin
3950:Judeo-Iraqi
3891:Kashkadarya
3747:Judeo-Iraqi
3672:Palestinian
3583:Nile Valley
3245:Pre-Islamic
2957:Dagger alif
2388:Palestinian
2248:: 123–136.
1813:“he came”,
1770:“crooked”,
1641:“cursing”,
1541:“morning”,
1521:following:
1127:Approximant
692:Interdental
645:reflex of -
359:Absence of
331:rāʿ-álġanam
230:, southern
4411:Categories
4095:Literature
3768:Peninsular
3708:Khuzestani
3438:(Mountain)
3358:Australian
3267:Old Arabic
2917:Diacritics
2844:Numerology
2534:See also:
2514:Kafr Qasem
2190:Blanc 1970
2143:(Thesis).
2084:1065303726
2078:(Thesis).
1976:Ethnologue
1958:References
1809:“winter”,
1727:“inside”,
1680:“beards”,
1578:“tribes”,
1304:Allophone
721:Pharyngeal
677:Consonants
438:Wadi Araba
356:"to ask").
290:"coffee",
228:Gaza Strip
4385:varieties
4377:indicate
4292:Technical
4263:Shahmukhi
4218:Kairouani
4116:Phonology
3895:Khorasani
3885:Bakhtiari
3737:Anatolian
3667:Jordanian
3647:Damascene
3610:Levantine
3522:Hassaniya
3363:Cottenera
3298:Classical
3237:Varieties
2815:Overviews
2504:Ghardaian
2499:Ein Mahel
2489:Al-Sayyid
2484:Al-Atrash
2233:963504406
1915:"bread").
1746:“black”,
1735:“Moses”,
1723:“henna”,
1719:“fever”,
1715:“goats”,
1560:“writing”
949:voiceless
944:Fricative
910:Affricate
803:voiceless
672:Phonology
579:in Negev
442:Wadi Ramm
432:Varieties
340:"to go",
288:gaháwa(h)
208:subfamily
180:Glottolog
164:ISO 639-3
68:Palestine
4396:Category
4248:Nastaliq
4238:Muhaqqaq
4228:Maghrebi
4088:Academic
4028:Bimbashi
3984:Tunisene
3955:Baghdadi
3903:Shirvani
3843:Hadhrami
3801:Bahraini
3752:Baghdadi
3703:Baghdadi
3642:Aleppine
3632:Lebanese
3627:Cilician
3600:Sudanese
3590:Egyptian
3471:Hilalian
3429:Western
3407:Eastern
3404:Village
3383:Żurrieqi
3347:Sicilian
3340:Andalusi
3322:Maghrebi
3291:Literary
2943:(tanwin)
2941:Nunation
2827:Alphabet
2822:Language
2809:language
2739:Armenian
2446:Romanian
2360:Official
2254:25802794
2114:30027504
1941:See also
1823:ifṭarniʾ
1819:tižibhiʾ
1766:“blue”,
1750:“deaf”,
1653:“song”,
1645:“call”,
1569:miknēsih
1549:“second”
1504:dialect
701:Alveolar
551:yawṣal ~
399:haḏallāk
284:gahwa(h)
276:syndrome
243:ʿAbābdah
187:east2690
4375:Italics
4283:Thuluth
4148:Grammar
4019:pidgins
4014:Creoles
4003:Sanʽani
3888:Bukhara
3848:Sanʽani
3811:Kuwaiti
3806:Emirati
3791:Dhofari
3776:Bahrani
3742:Cypriot
3730:(Qeltu)
3557:Sulaym
3544:Western
3539:Eastern
3417:Sfaxian
3413:(Sahel)
3368:Gozitan
3353:Maltese
2973:Letters
2947:Shaddah
2936:Harakat
2931:Tashkil
2859:Scripts
2832:History
2749:Italian
2718:English
2524:Russian
2509:Israeli
2494:El-Naim
2479:Abu Kaf
2456:Yiddish
2451:Russian
2441:Kurdish
2421:English
2411:Amharic
2393:Bedouin
2200:Sources
1909:glayyil
1756:šahabíy
1739:“Jesus”
1673:“water”
1611:iblǣdna
1607:ḏ̣aygǣt
1599:minǣsif
1580:šinētiy
1576:gibēyil
1571:“broom”
1567:“key”,
1545:“one”,
1533:“hot”,
1502:Tarabin
798:Plosive
726:Glottal
706:Palatal
395:haḏalla
327:f-albēt
315:áljabal
311:álwalad
298:"mule".
274:gaháwah
216:Bedouin
104:Semitic
4198:Diwani
4185:Script
4143:(case)
4140:ʾIʿrāb
4126:Tajwid
4071:Bongor
4050:Maridi
4000:Habban
3874:Others
3858:Tihami
3838:Yemeni
3833:Shihhi
3818:Hejazi
3786:Bedawi
3781:Bareqi
3637:Syrian
3595:Saʽidi
3527:Nemadi
3513:Maqil
3411:Sahili
3378:Żejtun
3314:spoken
3312:Modern
2807:Arabic
2723:French
2702:others
2688:Nobiin
2683:Domari
2678:Coptic
2462:others
2436:Ladino
2431:German
2426:French
2416:Domari
2383:Arabic
2367:Hebrew
2304:
2277:
2252:
2231:
2173:
2112:
2082:
2023:
1795:máwtiy
1780:safʿíy
1776:ḥawlíy
1772:šadfíy
1768:ʿawjíy
1764:zargíy
1760:ḥawwíy
1752:tarjíy
1748:ṭaršíy
1744:sawdíy
1729:ḥiffiy
1725:juwwiy
1721:ḥinniy
1717:ḥimmiy
1713:miʿziy
1709:ʿilyiy
1705:sifliy
1701:yisriy
1697:yimniy
1692:“here”
1591:yǧēwib
1587:ysēwiy
1582:“bags”
1565:miftēḥ
1558:ktēbih
1307:Notes
1199:Vowels
1018:voiced
866:voiced
716:Uvular
697:Dental
687:Labial
535:gaháwa
493:šuġlāt
489:šuġlīn
485:šuġlah
401:, etc.
362:tanwīn
232:Jordan
222:, the
212:Arabic
119:Arabic
64:Israel
60:Jordan
4357:Other
4278:Tawqi
4233:Mashq
4223:Kufic
4131:Imāla
4100:Names
4066:Turku
3994:Adeni
3828:Omani
3823:Najdi
3728:North
3718:South
3713:Shawi
3695:Gilit
3659:South
3619:North
3517:Fessi
3436:Jebli
3422:Jijel
3397:Tunis
3392:Urban
3373:Qormi
2982:ʾAlif
2952:Hamza
2924:i‘jām
2744:Greek
2250:JSTOR
2110:JSTOR
1913:ḫbayz
1903:alli.
1835:sōdíy
1831:imala
1827:imala
1807:íštiʾ
1803:imala
1791:mōtiy
1787:nōmiy
1737:ʿīsiy
1733:mūsiy
1623:Imala
1547:ṯēniy
1543:wēḥid
1539:bēkir
1535:gēyil
1531:ḥēmiy
1527:šēyib
1511:Imala
1489:]
1485:[
1475:]
1471:[
1466:]
1462:[
1451:]
1447:[
1442:]
1438:[
1427:]
1423:[
1418:]
1414:[
1403:]
1399:[
1389:]
1385:[
1380:]
1376:[
1365:]
1361:[
1351:]
1347:[
1342:]
1338:[
1327:]
1323:[
1318:]
1314:[
1224:Close
1212:Front
1184:/d͡ʒ/
1086:Trill
759:Nasal
752:emph.
748:plain
744:emph.
740:plain
736:emph.
732:plain
711:Velar
635:ḥinna
559:yāṣal
554:yōṣal
537:only
517:and *
417:aḫwan
386:and -
354:nišád
350:nišad
342:sōlaf
338:gōṭar
296:baġal
294:>
286:>
224:Negev
72:Syria
56:Egypt
4253:Rasm
4056:Nubi
4044:Juba
4017:and
3997:Beda
3969:Wqal
3966:Kjal
3796:Gulf
3144:Ġayn
3135:ʿAyn
2700:and
2693:Siwi
2673:Beja
2302:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2229:OCLC
2171:ISBN
2080:OCLC
2021:ISBN
1690:hniy
1686:hdiy
1682:griy
1678:lḥiy
1667:rwiy
1663:mliy
1659:dliy
1655:ʿšiy
1651:ġniy
1647:zniy
1643:ndiy
1639:dʿiy
1635:ḥḏiy
1631:štiy
1603:hǣḏi
1554:srēǧ
1276:Open
1217:Back
1192:/rˤ/
647:ā(ʾ)
639:iḥna
630:aḥna
626:iḥna
620:1CPL
606:u(h)
591:3MSG
566:3FSG
481:šuġl
425:afám
421:adēn
346:ṭabb
307:alli
292:baġl
271:The
250:Bili
4341:864
4336:720
4332:711
4329:710
4326:709
4322:708
4165:IPA
3225:Yāʾ
3216:Wāw
3207:Hāʾ
3198:Nūn
3189:Mīm
3180:Lām
3171:Kāf
3162:Qāf
3153:Fāʾ
3126:Ẓāʾ
3117:Ṭāʾ
3108:Ḍād
3099:Ṣād
3090:Šīn
3081:Sīn
3072:Zāy
3063:Rāʾ
3054:Ḏāl
3045:Dāl
3036:Ḫāʾ
3027:Ḥāʾ
3018:Ǧīm
3009:Ṯāʾ
3000:Tāʾ
2991:Bāʾ
2294:doi
2267:doi
2145:hdl
2013:doi
1973:at
1927:fiy
1815:ḏiʾ
1811:ǧiʾ
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