42:
508:
94:
598:
69:
609:) during the duck shooting season. Sometimes there is an extended season on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. They are not generally hunted for food and most are not collected after the hunting session. They were sometimes eaten by Māori but were considered poor food, being sinewy and tough. In a written account given over 100 years ago, Māori were described as trapping pūkeko (near
1659:
354:
637:, between August (end of winter) and March (start of autumn). Most eggs are laid between August and February with breeding reaching a peak in spring between September and December. New Zealand pūkeko are joint-nesters and multiple females will lay their eggs in the same nest. The recent development of a useful PCR-based
412:, the bird seems to have become established in New Zealand about 1000 years ago. According to Millener (1981), it invaded from Australia less than 1,000 years ago. It is also assumed to have spread from Australia to New Guinea. Some assume that it became established before humans in New Zealand, but all known
456:
The New
Zealand population (along with green-yellow swamphens in Tasmania) are possibly slightly larger than mainland Australian birds, but are otherwise identical. When threatened, they will often walk away from danger rather than fly. When they fly, take-offs and landings are clumsy, and short
577:
In New
Zealand, the pūkeko is mentioned in the Māori myth "How the Kiwi lost her wings" in which several birds of the forest are asked to come down from the trees to eat the bugs on the ground and save the forest, but all give excuses except the kiwi who is willing to give up his colours and the
548:
only chiefs could keep such birds as pets, and early
European sailors noticed tethered and/or caged swamphens treated by Samoan chiefs as tamed pets. Some Samoans also considered the swamphen to be the incarnation of a mischievous, aggressive demon called Vave. There is no tradition of swamphens
620:
In New
Zealand and Australia populations have expanded due to the creation of new artificial lakes and ponds. The subspecies endemic to Palau has been considered endangered as well, although a 2005 survey found that the subspecies, while potentially threatened, is at least now still common.
650:
Birds are often seen singly, or in groups of two to three, foraging for food beside motorways or roadside ditches, and collecting grit. A study showed that the preferred grit colour is red (followed by yellow and lastly blue) even though red grit is less common.
641:
to determine the sex of pūkeko has revealed that there is no evidence of sex ratio bias in hatching-order. Patterns of growth, survivorship and adult dominance in this species is therefore attributed to hatching order rather than offspring sex
443:
group, more than 200 km from the nearest established population. This demonstrates the ability of swamphens to fly great distances over the sea. This ability to disperse is not unique to swamphens, but is common to all continental
589:. Tāwhaki cut himself while cutting timber and so daubed the pūkeko's forehead with his own blood to signify their bond. So the mischievous pūkeko gets his character from Punga and his noble badge from Tāwhaki.
388:– north, east Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands (far east of Australia) and North, South, Stewart, Kermadec (northeast of North Island) and Chatham Island (east of South Island; New Zealand).
1188:
Healey, M. R.; Hing, J. S.; Dey, C.J.; Quinn, J. S. (2017). "A novel PCR-based genetic marker shows that sex of offspring does not account for hatch-order effects on growth, survival and dominance in Pūkeko
578:
ability to fly. The pūkeko's excuse is that it looks too damp down there, and he does not want to get his feet wet. The pūkeko is punished for his reluctance and told he must now live forever in the swamps.
1122:
Vanderwerf, Eric; Wiles, Gary; Marshall, Ann; Knetch, Melia (2006). "Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first
Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit".
480:. On islands where closely related species have become extinct or declined due to human interference, such as New Zealand or New Caledonia, this species has established itself relatively recently.
613:). They would choose a suitable place where pūkeko were known to feed, and drive a series of stakes into the ground. These stakes were connected by a fine flax string. Hair-like nooses (made from
492:. When unsuccessful at repelling predators, they may abandon their nest sites. A recent arrival to New Zealand, they have thrived in an environment that now contains introduced predators such as
292:
The
Australasian swamphen occurs in mainland Australia, eastern Indonesia, the Moluccas, Aru and Kai Islands, and in Papua New Guinea. It is also found on New Zealand's main islands and in the
416:
occur in sites younger than 400 years and there is no evidence that they were on the main islands of New
Zealand before the Māori arrived. East Coast Māori say they came to New Zealand on the
520:
The colour red was associated with nobility and power by Māori in New
Zealand, so the bird was held in high esteem and held as a chiefly pet because of its red beak and legs. In
2640:
2765:
1267:
2653:
2730:
1063:
2614:
617:
fibre) were then dangled at the appropriate height, from the flax string, to catch pūkeko as they fed after dusk, in the low light conditions.
1047:
960:
812:
2745:
544:) were highly prized, the swamphen was unique in deriving its prestige not from plumage but from its reddish face, beak, and legs. In old
41:
488:
They live in groups of 3–12 individuals and are known to group together and shriek loudly to defend nests successfully during attacks by
1260:
1110:
696:
2760:
2419:
2142:
569:, another Māori word for the pūkeko). They are known to steal eggs from each other and this is an indication of their character.
561:(sweet potato) and taro. A stubborn, annoying person was compared metaphorically to the bird, and was said to have pūkeko ears (
358:
528:(literally, "chiefly bird"). Red was the prized color of Polynesian aristocracy and while birds with red plumage (such as the
2370:
2365:
2360:
1100:
2755:
1253:
2750:
2740:
1064:
http://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=pakura
2490:
1564:
93:
2658:
2331:
606:
2343:
1910:
1898:
1237:
2449:
1219:
Clare
Washington (Lincoln University) did a study in Christchurch – found in ASSAB 2000 27th annual conference
2569:
1963:
1951:
1699:
605:
In New
Zealand, they are protected as native gamebirds, meaning they may be hunted only under licence (from
507:
423:
204:
585:(the ancestor of sharks and reptiles – enemies of the people) but was claimed by relative (and high chief)
435:
In support of the belief that it is a good flyer, and may have self-introduced, a dead pūkeko was found on
2578:
2531:
2461:
2223:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1752:
1605:
2689:
2502:
2326:
2321:
2211:
2055:
1927:
1886:
1528:
541:
533:
529:
188:
2668:
2152:
1837:
1465:
1364:
1292:
1276:
2282:
2270:
1735:
1723:
1687:
1388:
1075:
614:
557:
Pūkeko are known for their bold scheming and determination. In times past, they raided gardens for
436:
58:
465:
Australasian swamphens are considered to be the ancestors of several island species including the
2735:
2429:
2424:
2245:
2196:
2186:
1801:
1675:
1617:
1482:
1477:
1436:
1376:
1170:
850:
Trewick, S.A. (1996). "Morphology and evolution of two takahe: flightless rails of New Zealand".
469:
213:
88:
2694:
2380:
2645:
1658:
879:"Flightlessness and Phylogeny amongst Endemic Rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the New Zealand Region"
2676:
2473:
2444:
2434:
2407:
2294:
2038:
1999:
1757:
1499:
1487:
1453:
1424:
1412:
1352:
1304:
1131:
1106:
1043:
956:
908:
808:
692:
582:
1149:
Craig, J. L. (1980). "Pair and group breeding behaviour of a communal gallinule, the Pukeko,
2681:
2507:
2478:
2397:
2311:
2067:
2050:
1629:
1340:
1202:
1162:
898:
890:
859:
759:
634:
440:
297:
265:
2583:
2402:
2016:
1939:
1516:
748:"A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact"
718:
630:
293:
281:
2375:
1747:
2233:
2113:
2084:
2072:
1774:
1540:
903:
878:
863:
638:
322:(Bonaparte, 1856) is found from the Lesser Sundas and Moluccas to New Guinea. It is as
301:
1166:
805:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds: Volume 2, Raptors to Lapwings
2724:
2707:
2206:
2201:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2108:
1079:
610:
489:
427:
339:
78:
73:
1174:
597:
2385:
2228:
2096:
1975:
1849:
1711:
1576:
1400:
927:
2593:
764:
747:
537:
2554:
686:
2627:
2563:
2191:
2026:
1813:
549:
being taken as sport game or poultry food, except perhaps in time of necessity.
477:
273:
261:
257:
155:
17:
1008:
973:
2702:
2439:
1987:
1915:
1328:
1231:
633:. In New Zealand they nest, typically well hidden in the middle of a clump of
586:
145:
1854:
1135:
2125:
1825:
1552:
376:– north, southeast Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sundas and New Guinea region.
269:
249:
105:
1600:
1511:
1448:
1239:
A History of the Birds of New Zealand. Porphyrio Melanonotus — (Swamp-Hen.)
894:
473:
912:
671:
2548:
2348:
652:
501:
445:
253:
241:
165:
125:
829:
2619:
1641:
1245:
1094:
Taylor, P. B. (1996). "Family Rallidae (Rails, Gallinules and Coots)".
466:
418:
400:– Admiralty Islands to New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Fiji and Samoa.
353:
2632:
1206:
746:
Holdaway, Richard N.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2001).
370:
The Australasian swamphen has five subspecies distributed as follows:
1588:
1316:
1098:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) :
497:
422:
canoe which arrived about 24 generations ago. The Aotea tribe of the
413:
115:
2606:
2525:
2601:
997:
Corey & Shirley Muse, "The Birds and Birdlore of Samoa," 1982.
629:
Nesting, breeding and rearing are as for the general species, see
596:
545:
521:
506:
352:
343:
309:
2306:
1769:
135:
2529:
1249:
601:
Traffic sign in New Zealand cautioning drivers of nearby pūkeko
2316:
1859:
493:
326:
but smaller, more variable and less blue in the upperparts.
394:– far southwest Western Australia (southwest Australia).
280:. The species used to be considered a subspecies of the
1015:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatu-Taonga
980:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatu-Taonga
934:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatu-Taonga
953:
Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds
1009:"Nga- manu – birds – Sayings, metaphors and stories"
304:, black upperparts, and a purple throat and breast.
2538:
2261:
2141:
2015:
1790:
1666:
1283:
807:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 590.
426:say that their ancestors introduced pūkeko in the
382:– Palau (west Caroline Islands, west Micronesia).
448:, hence they are often found on remote islands.
883:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
1042:. Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd. pp. 118–120.
1261:
974:"Wetland birds – Pukeko and Australian coots"
672:"Australasian Swamphen – Porphyrio melanotus"
350:but smaller, with a brown tinge on the back.
8:
685:Heather, Barrie D.; Robertson, Hugh (2005).
316:but has greener upperparts and is smaller.
2511:
2494:
2482:
2465:
2453:
2411:
2389:
2352:
2335:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2249:
2237:
2215:
2178:
2156:
2129:
2117:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2059:
2042:
2030:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1778:
1761:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1503:
1491:
1469:
1457:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
803:Marchant, S.; Higgins, P. J., eds. (1993).
688:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
581:By one account, the pūkeko is the spawn of
334:but has a cerulean blue throat and breast.
330:(Gould, 1820) from Western Australia is as
2526:
1268:
1254:
1246:
67:
40:
31:
1033:
1031:
1029:
902:
763:
1013:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
978:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
932:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
338:(Peale, 1848) occurs from New Guinea to
719:"Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio)"
663:
408:According to the Heather and Robertson
2766:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
1081:A history of the birds of New Zealand
741:
739:
276:. In New Zealand, it is known as the
7:
2669:0e15c222-c594-4964-8a71-476f239143af
2731:IUCN Red List least concern species
1242:, Walter Lawry Buller, 1888, London
308:(Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872) from
864:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05391.x
25:
1105:: 197, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
2420:North Island little spotted kiwi
1657:
457:flight distances are preferred.
92:
52:, Northern Territory, Australia
972:Troup, Christina (2009-03-01).
955:, University of Chicago Press.
439:, a tiny, isolated rock in the
2371:North Island stout-legged wren
2366:South Island stout-legged wren
1101:Handbook of Birds of the World
1062:"Pākura" in Māori Dictionary,
926:Gerard Hutching (2009-03-01).
830:"New Zealand Ecology – Takahē"
752:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
1:
1191:Porphyrio melanotus melanotus
1167:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80068-6
928:"Large forest birds – Takahe"
793:Tennyson & Taylor (1989).
765:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518262
723:Birds in Backyards Fact sheet
504:(Brunin and Jamieson, 1995).
222:Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus
691:(revised ed.). Viking.
404:Establishment in New Zealand
359:Pāuatahanui Wildlife Reserve
2746:Birds of the Maluku Islands
1007:Keane, Kelly (2009-03-01).
2782:
2491:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
1565:South Island oystercatcher
725:. Birds in Backyards. 2010
2332:Auckland Island merganser
1655:
1038:Orbell, Margaret (2003).
655:is a cause of mortality.
361:, Wellington, New Zealand
219:
212:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
2344:Chatham Island merganser
1911:Northern royal albatross
1899:New Zealand storm petrel
1103:Vol. 3 (Hoatzin to Auks)
781:Forest Lore of the Māori
593:Hunting and conservation
2761:Birds described in 1820
1964:South Island saddleback
1952:North Island saddleback
1928:Orange-fronted parakeet
1700:North Island brown kiwi
877:Trewick, S. A. (1997).
248:) occurring in eastern
2512:
2495:
2483:
2466:
2454:
2412:
2390:
2353:
2336:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2250:
2238:
2216:
2179:
2157:
2130:
2118:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2060:
2043:
2031:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1875:New Zealand fairy tern
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1779:
1762:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1606:Variable oystercatcher
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1504:
1492:
1470:
1458:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1151:Porphyrio p. melanotus
895:10.1098/rstb.1997.0031
602:
534:Hawaiian honeycreepers
512:
362:
35:Australasian swamphen
2690:Paleobiology Database
2503:New Zealand musk duck
2450:Scarlett's shearwater
2327:South Island adzebill
2322:North Island adzebill
2212:Erect-crested penguin
2056:Chatham oystercatcher
1887:New Zealand king shag
1529:New Zealand rock wren
600:
542:maroon shining parrot
530:red-tailed tropicbird
516:In Polynesian culture
510:
490:Australasian harriers
484:Defence and behaviour
356:
232:Australasian swamphen
2756:Birds of New Zealand
2153:Antipodean albatross
2143:Subantarctic islands
1466:New Zealand dotterel
1365:Double-banded plover
1277:Birds of New Zealand
1234:at New Zealand Birds
951:Steadman D, (2006).
2751:Birds of New Guinea
2708:Porphyrio-melanotus
2570:Porphyrio melanotus
2540:Porphyrio melanotus
2462:North Island takahē
2337:rakiraki maungahuka
2283:New Zealand bittern
2271:South Island piopio
2224:Reischek's parakeet
1870:South Island kōkako
1865:North Island kōkako
1753:South Island takahē
1736:Yellow-eyed penguin
1724:Southern brown kiwi
1688:Little spotted kiwi
828:Woodhouse, Graeme.
472:and two species of
237:Porphyrio melanotus
198:Porphyrio melanotus
59:Conservation status
2741:Birds of Australia
2430:South Island snipe
2425:North Island snipe
2246:Subantarctic snipe
2197:Campbell albatross
2187:Antipodes parakeet
2131:kawau o rangihaute
1802:Black-fronted tern
1676:Great spotted kiwi
1618:White-fronted tern
1483:North Island robin
1478:South Island robin
1437:Long-tailed cuckoo
1377:New Zealand falcon
852:Journal of Zoology
646:Roadside behaviour
603:
513:
470:Lord Howe swamphen
374:P. m. melanopterus
363:
320:P. p. melanopterus
240:) is a species of
2718:
2717:
2677:Open Tree of Life
2532:Taxon identifiers
2523:
2522:
2474:New Zealand goose
2295:New Zealand quail
2039:Chatham albatross
1758:Fiordland penguin
1500:Paradise shelduck
1488:New Zealand scaup
1425:Sacred kingfisher
1413:Grey-faced petrel
1305:Black-billed gull
1207:10.1111/ibi.12486
1049:978-0-7900-0909-4
1040:Birds of Aotearoa
961:978-0-226-77142-7
889:(1352): 429–446.
814:978-0-19-553244-9
300:. It has a small
228:
227:
180:P. melanotus
82:
16:(Redirected from
2773:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2527:
2515:
2508:New Zealand swan
2498:
2486:
2469:
2457:
2415:
2393:
2361:Long-billed wren
2356:
2339:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2253:
2241:
2219:
2182:
2160:
2133:
2121:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:Chatham parakeet
2063:
2051:Chatham gerygone
2046:
2034:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1782:
1765:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1507:
1495:
1473:
1461:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1341:Buff-banded rail
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1155:Animal Behaviour
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
969:
963:
949:
943:
942:
940:
939:
923:
917:
916:
906:
874:
868:
867:
847:
841:
840:
838:
837:
825:
819:
818:
800:
794:
791:
785:
784:
776:
770:
769:
767:
743:
734:
733:
731:
730:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
682:
676:
675:
668:
437:L'Esperance Rock
380:P. m. pelewensis
306:P. p. pelewensis
298:Kermadec Islands
266:Papua New Guinea
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
44:
32:
21:
18:Eastern Swamphen
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2403:Waitaha penguin
2398:Chatham penguin
2263:
2257:
2145:
2137:
2019:
2017:Chatham Islands
2011:
1940:Red-billed gull
1933:kākāriki karaka
1794:
1792:
1786:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1093:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1001:
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19:
2539:
2386:Laughing owl
2381:Chatham kākā
2376:Lyall's wren
2229:Snares snipe
2097:Chatham shag
1976:Shore plover
1850:Foveaux shag
1775:Blue penguin
1712:Okarito kiwi
1577:Spotted shag
1505:pūtangitangi
1401:Grey warbler
1238:
1215:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1130:(1): 11–29.
1127:
1123:
1117:
1099:
1095:
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1058:
1039:
1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
993:
982:. Retrieved
977:
967:
952:
947:
936:. Retrieved
931:
921:
886:
882:
872:
855:
851:
845:
834:. Retrieved
823:
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780:
774:
755:
751:
727:. Retrieved
722:
713:
702:. Retrieved
687:
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666:
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619:
615:cabbage tree
604:
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558:
556:
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391:
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385:
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347:
346:, and is as
335:
331:
328:P. p. bellus
327:
323:
319:
318:
313:
312:, resembles
305:
291:
288:Distribution
277:
245:
236:
235:
231:
229:
221:
220:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
49:
29:
2628:iNaturalist
2564:Wikispecies
2496:ruru hinapō
2192:Bounty shag
2027:Black robin
1814:Black stilt
1647:ngutuparore
1611:tōrea pango
1522:tītipounamu
1471:tūturiwhatu
1346:moho-pererū
1124:Micronesica
478:New Zealand
452:Description
410:Field Guide
274:New Zealand
262:Kai Islands
2725:Categories
2703:Xeno-canto
2484:manutahora
2440:Snipe-rail
2354:mātuhituhi
2000:Yellowhead
1988:Stitchbird
1916:Otago shag
1904:takahikare
1791:Endangered
1667:Flightless
1582:pārekareka
1394:pīwakawaka
1329:Brown teal
1019:2010-10-02
984:2010-10-02
938:2010-10-02
836:2010-10-01
729:2010-10-02
704:2019-05-26
659:References
625:Life cycle
611:Lake Taupō
511:A juvenile
424:West Coast
366:Subspecies
146:Gruiformes
2736:Porphyrio
2555:Q27074640
2239:pokotiwha
2126:Pitt shag
1981:tūturuatu
1945:tarāpunga
1892:kawau tūī
1826:Blue duck
1807:tarapiroe
1635:pōpokotea
1630:Whitehead
1553:Silvereye
1136:0026-279X
536:like the
526:manuali'i
502:mustelids
348:melanotus
332:melanotus
324:melanotus
314:melanotus
270:Australia
250:Indonesia
246:Porphyrio
174:Species:
167:Porphyrio
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2646:10655974
2584:22732685
2579:BirdLife
2549:Wikidata
2349:Bushwren
2251:tutukiwi
1880:tara-iti
1838:Fernbird
1795:(flying)
1594:miromiro
1534:pīwauwau
1517:Rifleman
1459:pīhoihoi
1406:riroriro
1382:kārearea
1370:pohowera
1353:Dabchick
1310:tarāpuka
1298:korimako
1293:Bellbird
1175:54254574
1078:(1873).
653:Roadkill
565:, using
446:Rallidae
441:Kermadec
254:Moluccas
242:swamphen
214:Synonyms
205:Temminck
156:Rallidae
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 2.3
2620:5817288
2607:purswa6
2594:purswa6
2413:kērangi
2288:kaoriki
2262:Extinct
2078:ranguru
1729:tokoeka
1642:Wrybill
1493:pāpango
1442:koekoeā
1389:Fantail
913:9163823
904:1691940
587:Tāwhaki
532:, some
498:rodents
467:extinct
461:Ecology
432:canoe.
419:Horouta
414:fossils
294:Chatham
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2695:371224
2682:380192
2666:NZOR:
2633:418530
2455:ōiruki
2391:whēkau
2300:koreke
2276:piopio
2032:karure
1921:Matapo
1843:mātātā
1780:kororā
1763:tawaki
1748:Kākāpō
1589:Tomtit
1558:tauhou
1512:Pūkeko
1449:Kererū
1430:kōtare
1358:weweia
1334:pāteke
1322:pipipi
1284:Common
1232:Pūkeko
1173:
1134:
1109:
1046:
959:
911:
901:
811:
695:
567:Pākura
559:kūmara
538:ʻiʻiwi
474:takahē
302:shield
278:pūkeko
207:, 1820
2659:72013
2641:IRMNG
2602:eBird
2591:BOW:
2513:poūwa
2264:birds
2158:Toroa
2146:birds
2119:tāiko
2102:papua
2090:parea
2061:tōrea
2044:toroa
2020:birds
2005:mōhua
1969:tīeke
1957:tīeke
1741:hoiho
1705:roroa
1681:roroa
1669:birds
1570:tōrea
1454:Pipit
1286:birds
1171:S2CID
635:raupō
583:Punga
546:Samoa
522:Samoa
429:Aotea
344:Samoa
310:Palau
252:(the
2654:NCBI
2615:GBIF
2467:moho
2307:Huia
1993:hihi
1855:Kākā
1831:whio
1819:kakī
1770:Weka
1717:rowi
1623:tara
1195:Ibis
1132:ISSN
1107:ISBN
1044:ISBN
957:ISBN
909:PMID
809:ISBN
693:ISBN
540:and
500:and
494:cats
342:and
296:and
272:and
260:and
230:The
136:Aves
2317:Moa
1860:Kea
1601:Tūī
1203:doi
1199:159
1193:".
1163:doi
1153:".
1096:In:
899:PMC
891:doi
887:352
860:doi
856:238
760:doi
476:in
264:),
258:Aru
2727::
2705::
2692::
2679::
2656::
2643::
2630::
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2604::
2581::
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