32:
55:
156:
164:
362:
the numerous casualties —including the many invaluable battle-hardened veterans— , most of the troops of the army group were inexperienced recruits and, owing to the heavy material losses endured, the loyalist troops saw a marked reduction in their ability to operate. To compound matters, the
Catalan sector was a bad strategic location bound by Francoist territory on the Spanish side, the
323:
To complement the battles in western
Catalonia the high command quarters of the Republican Armed Forces, led by General Vicente Rojo, were planning a large-scale operation with the aim to reconnect the two isolated enclaves in which the Spanish Republic had been recently divided. Thus on 25 July 1938
314:
where there were constant battles along a long defensive line of
Republican positions and fortifications. During most of 1938 there would be numerous attacks, counterattacks and skirmishes from both sides along the Segre River. A great number of manpower and material was sent to the Eastern Army in
483:, but he was not able to organize a line of defence while the whole Northeastern section of the Republican Army was unfit for battle and in the middle of a hasty retreat. Cold, ill-equipped and hungry both the troops and the average citizens were exhausted and had stopped listening to the official
361:
still had about 300,000 troops, 360 pieces of artillery and about 200 tanks and armoured vehicles. Also, the
General Staff of the Republican Military had kept the commanding structure of the Eastern Region Army Group intact, still under the command of General Juan Hernández Saravia. However, after
495:. Since Barcelona was already in rebel hands the most that Jurado Barrio could do was to try to limit the chaos of the desperate withdrawal of the long civilian and military columns towards the border and to evacuate the demoralized Republican troops in a manner as orderly as possible.
319:
from falling into the hands of the enemy. Eventually the
Spanish Republic was able to hold unto that line until the beginning of January 1939 when it became impossible to keep holding the resistance in the Segre against the overwhelming pressure of the rebels.
2130:
432:
that his troops had only 17,000 guns. Actually, although ill-equipped, the number of guns that the
Republican troops had was far higher, but this arbitrary comment is an illustration of the administrative chaos that preceded the Fall of Catalonia.
424:. As a consequence of these simultaneous victories towards mid-January it became evident for the Republican armies that they were unable to halt the sheer avalanche of rebel troops that pressured their resistance lines. Putting off any idea of a
348:
dug in within a protracted defensive battle that lasted four months. There were heavy casualties on both sides, but especially on the
Republican side, which lost irreplaceable military units and most of its former high morale.
294:
was established, which would have as its goal to eventually reunite the northeastern
Republican area with the larger zone further to the southwest. The commander of both armies was a prestigious military figure, General
2150:
452:, but the real motives went far deeper. General Hernández Saravia had fallen from grace because his views had often conflicted with those of the Chief of the General Staff of the Central Region,
1569:
2145:
401:, but even after an intense series of combats Lister was only able to contain the massive penetration of the enemy armies for a period of twelve days at the confluence of the Ebro and the
428:, or even resistance, all Spanish Republican units began to withdraw towards the north. By then there was great confusion within Republican ranks and Hernández Saravia informed President
420:
tank column forced a retreat of
Republican troops in the Segre sector. That same day General Yagüe's Moroccan divisions successfully crossed the Ebro and established a number of
2135:
846:
624:
1253:
930:
1562:
817:
595:
1555:
367:
1159:
357:
During the Battle of the Ebro the rebel military had inflicted severe losses to the
Republican Armed Forces in Catalonia. At that critical time the
382:
1455:
980:
767:
2090:
448:
on 27 January, Juan Hernández Saravia was relieved of his duties as leader of the Eastern Region Army Group, allegedly for his "defeatism"
871:
649:
955:
733:
171:, one of the main border posts that were overwhelmed by defeated Spanish Republican troops and civilian refugees in early February 1939
1497:
905:
683:
1538:
1519:
1471:
1378:
708:
491:
was at hand; fear was the pervading mood and what most hoped was not to be treated too badly by the advancing Francoists during the
1207:
1241:
1582:
1038:
1154:
1164:
1257:
2140:
1059:
31:
315:
that front, which was a crucial line for halting the devastating advances of the Francoist armies and to keep crucial
274:
Owing to the loyalist territory having been split in two by the rebels, General Rojo saw the need of establishing two
199:. It was established in June 1938 as a response to the splitting in two of the territory under the sovereignty of the
503:
2105:
1014:
523:
296:
204:
140:
2078:
1481:
1034:
1127:
1506:
1186:
1052:
960:
738:
398:
200:
192:
68:
2030:
2025:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1855:
1835:
1830:
1810:
1795:
1790:
1760:
1740:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1099:
989:
985:
943:
939:
914:
880:
876:
859:
830:
826:
822:
776:
772:
721:
717:
692:
658:
654:
637:
608:
604:
600:
300:
278:
in order to coordinate the specific defence requirements of each zone. Thus after the establishment of the
2100:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
994:
948:
889:
781:
726:
667:
390:
304:
1113:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2020:
2015:
2000:
1965:
1940:
1880:
1865:
1860:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1690:
1680:
1665:
1141:
1021:
968:
964:
935:
918:
910:
884:
855:
851:
746:
742:
713:
696:
688:
662:
633:
629:
480:
144:
1075:
54:
1620:
1605:
1600:
1526:
1341:
530:
492:
473:
386:
283:
211:
1578:
1547:
469:
374:
238:
121:
116:
263:
were in a state of disarray after the Republican debacle, the President of the Spanish government
556:
453:
389:
front, causing some Republican units to flee in panic. In order to try to mend things, the elite
325:
268:
234:
111:
1534:
1515:
1493:
1467:
1451:
1374:
864:
642:
445:
425:
394:
363:
337:
316:
222:
196:
106:
498:
By 5 February most of the military units of the Spanish Republic had crossed the border into
479:
In an eleventh-hour decision the command of the Eastern Region Army Group was transferred to
341:
256:
180:
417:
429:
2095:
1442:
457:
264:
155:
2124:
1464:
Historia de las Brigadas Mixtas del ejército popular de la República : 1936-1939
507:
410:
476:, but Modesto was protected by the highest leaders of the doomed Spanish Republic.
468:, whom he saw as self-important and not up to the mark and hand over the command to
461:
260:
1486:
551:
that had gathered all the Republican units that had become isolated north of the
405:. An increase of the river flow at the Ebro sector temporarily barred the feared
839:
617:
402:
311:
310:
Right from the moment of its inception the Eastern army group saw action at the
287:
163:
159:
Map of Spain in November 1938. In pink the two regions under Republican control.
286:
was organized in the Catalan territory, in charge of the defensive line of the
973:
923:
751:
701:
552:
484:
421:
329:
275:
218:
78:
502:, where all Spanish Republicans were arrested by the authorities and sent to
540:
519:
465:
378:
345:
291:
248:
2131:
Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
370:
was unreliable at best, when not overtly hostile to the Spanish Republic.
835:
613:
366:
on the other, and, even if in the north it still held the French border,
96:
488:
406:
333:
252:
168:
518:
The Eastern Region Army Group included the armies that were defending
499:
416:
The Francoist attack subsided somewhat until 3 January 1939, when a
324:
Republican troops crossed the Ebro River successfully beginning the
58:
1551:
267:
requested the Chief of Staff commander of the Republican Army,
259:
in the spring of 1938. Since the loyalist armies of the former
522:
that were still loyal to the Spanish Republic led by General
1330:
General Juan Hernández Saravia: el ayudante militar de Azaña
332:, loyalist forces advanced against the rebel-held towns of
214:, had been set up in the central-southern region of Spain.
381:
did not fathom that it was a large-scale attack. Thus the
344:
lost steam. Although the Republican operation failed, the
1346:
Una historia de la Guerra Civil que no va gustar a nadie
506:. On 10 February, when the Francoist forces reached the
1422:
1420:
1418:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
377:
was launched on 23 December 1938, the high command in
340:, where after weeks of intense combats the Republican
1254:"Guerra Civil Española - La Campaña de Cataluña 1938"
510:, the Eastern Region Army Group was already history.
2151:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939
221:
of the Spanish Republican military lasted until the
2043:
1978:
1913:
1848:
1783:
1718:
1653:
1593:
134:
129:
102:
92:
84:
74:
64:
49:
41:
18:
1485:
1088:Lieutenant Colonel of engineers Fernández Llerena.
2146:Military units and formations established in 1938
456:, and the President of the Council of Ministers,
23:Grupo de Ejércitos de la Región Oriental (GERO)
1371:Historia del Ejército Popular de la República.
1168:Grupo de Ejércitos de la Región Central (GERC)
1563:
1511:Historia del Ejército Popular de la República
8:
2136:Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic
526:. It was composed by the following armies:
299:, who had been the former commander of the
2040:
1975:
1910:
1845:
1780:
1715:
1650:
1590:
1570:
1556:
1548:
1447:El Ejército Republicano en la Guerra Civil
385:troops were able to open many gaps in the
30:
1208:El País - Regreso a la batalla del Segre
460:. Hernández Saravia had tried to replace
437:The Fall of Barcelona and the end of the
1356:
1354:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1160:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
1051:Lieutenant Colonel of the General Staff
895:
807:
793:
757:
673:
585:
571:
290:. Meanwhile, in the southern sector the
185:Grupo de Ejércitos de la Región Oriental
162:
154:
1179:
1058:2nd Chief of Staff: Lieutenant Colonel
271:, to reorganize the Republican forces.
1409:
1198:Ramón Salas Larrazabal (2006); p. 1972
472:, the more competent commander of the
15:
1488:The Spanish Republic at War 1936-1939
1426:
1397:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1098:Lieutenant colonel of administration
244:The Republican territory split in two
7:
2091:List of Spanish Republican divisions
1531:Historia de la Guerra Civil Española
1277:Hugh Thomas (1976); pp. 867-868; 877
1466:(2. rev ed.). Madrid: Almena.
191:), was a military formation of the
1533:. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
1060:José Coello de Portugal Maisonnave
14:
1013:General of the artillery brigade
36:Military flag of the Popular Army
1242:La Segunda República y la Guerra
1140:Lieutenant colonel of artillery
1126:Lieutenant Colonel of engineers
1112:Lieutenant colonel of artillery
1074:Lieutenant colonel of artillery
493:purge of the conquered territory
53:
1583:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
1513:. La Esfera de los Libros S.L.
487:telling that a victory against
1492:. Cambridge University Press.
1449:, Siglo XXI de España, Madrid.
1165:Group of Central Region Armies
1083:General Commander of Engineers
1069:General Commander of Artillery
1:
1373:La Esfera de los Libros S.L.
195:during the last phase of the
45:2 June 1938 – 9 February 1939
549:Agrupación Autónoma del Ebro
2167:
2079:Armoured Vehicles Division
1360:Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 946
1307:Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 935
1286:Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 933
1227:Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 919
1218:Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 900
1155:Spanish Civil War, 1938–39
504:French concentration camps
413:from crossing the river.
368:non-interventionist France
328:. After establishing some
232:
2111:Eastern Region Army Group
2106:Central Region Army Group
2087:
1589:
1319:Hugh Thomas (1976) p. 947
1295:Hugh Thomas (1976) p. 934
1035:Ángel González-Gil Roldán
205:Central Region Army Group
177:Eastern Region Army Group
29:
19:Eastern Region Army Group
1369:Ramón Salas Larrazabal,
1348:, Planeta, (2005) p. 154
1328:Manuela Aroca Mohedano,
1128:Rafael Rodríguez Seijas
399:Main Line of Resistance
251:had become an isolated
210:, under the command of
193:Spanish Republican Army
69:Spanish Republican Army
2101:International Brigades
1507:Ramón Salas Larrazábal
1462:Engel, Carlos (1999).
1187:Ramón Salas Larrazabal
1053:Aurelio Matilla Jimeno
1015:Juan Hernández Saravia
760:GERO Strategic Reserve
524:Juan Hernández Saravia
297:Juan Hernández Saravia
184:
172:
160:
141:Juan Hernández Saravia
1135:Anti-Aircraft Defense
1100:Fernando Sabio Dutoit
1022:Enrique Jurado Barrio
555:. It would fight the
481:Enrique Jurado Barrio
166:
158:
145:Enrique Jurado Barrio
2141:Army groups of Spain
255:following the rebel
225:on 9 February 1939.
1114:Julio Álvarez Cerón
375:Catalonia Offensive
373:When the Francoist
353:Catalonia Offensive
239:Catalonia Offensive
122:Catalonia Offensive
117:Battle of the Segre
1142:José Álvarez Cerón
1020:Brigadier General
1008:Commander in chief
557:Battle of the Ebro
464:, the head of the
409:troops of General
326:Battle of the Ebro
317:hydroelectric dams
235:Battle of the Ebro
173:
161:
112:Battle of the Ebro
2118:
2117:
2074:
2073:
2039:
2038:
1974:
1973:
1909:
1908:
1844:
1843:
1779:
1778:
1714:
1713:
1649:
1648:
1522:
1458:
1456:978-84-323-0682-2
1342:Juan Eslava Galán
1076:Carlos Botet Vehí
1000:
999:
865:Noguera Pallaresa
787:
786:
643:Noguera Pallaresa
547:. Built upon the
545:Ejército del Ebro
535:Ejército del Este
446:Fall of Barcelona
426:counter-offensive
364:Mediterranean Sea
338:Vilalba dels Arcs
223:Fall of Catalonia
197:Spanish Civil War
150:
149:
107:Spanish Civil War
25:
2158:
2041:
1976:
1911:
1846:
1781:
1716:
1651:
1591:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1544:
1514:
1503:
1491:
1477:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1256:. Archived from
1250:
1244:
1239:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1184:
900:
872:XVIII Army Corps
812:
794:
762:
678:
650:XVIII Army Corps
590:
572:
397:was sent to the
342:counteroffensive
257:Aragon Offensive
201:Spanish Republic
57:
34:
21:
16:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2083:
2070:
2035:
1970:
1905:
1840:
1775:
1710:
1645:
1585:
1576:
1541:
1525:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1461:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:(2006); p. 1851
1185:
1181:
1176:
1151:
1046:Chiefs of Staff
1005:
995:General Reserve
981:XXIV Army Corps
949:General Reserve
896:
890:General Reserve
808:
792:
782:General Reserve
768:XXIV Army Corps
758:
727:General Reserve
674:
668:General Reserve
586:
570:
565:
563:Order of battle
516:
442:
418:Fascist Italian
355:
246:
241:
231:
153:
143:
136:
37:
20:
12:
11:
5:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Mixed Brigades
2093:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1523:
1504:
1499:978-0521459327
1498:
1478:
1472:
1459:
1443:Michael Alpert
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:, p. 254.
1414:
1412:, p. 947.
1402:
1400:, p. 253.
1383:
1362:
1350:
1334:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1245:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1200:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1107:Transportation
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
983:
977:
976:
971:
958:
952:
951:
946:
933:
931:XII Army Corps
927:
926:
921:
908:
902:
901:
893:
892:
887:
874:
868:
867:
862:
849:
843:
842:
833:
820:
814:
813:
805:
804:
801:
798:
791:
788:
785:
784:
779:
770:
764:
763:
755:
754:
749:
736:
730:
729:
724:
711:
709:XII Army Corps
705:
704:
699:
686:
680:
679:
671:
670:
665:
652:
646:
645:
640:
627:
621:
620:
611:
598:
592:
591:
583:
582:
579:
576:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
538:
515:
512:
508:frontier posts
444:Following the
441:
435:
395:Enrique Líster
354:
351:
305:Levantine Army
245:
242:
230:
227:
151:
148:
147:
138:
132:
131:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2163:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
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1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
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1017:(1938-1939).
906:V Army Corps
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818:X Army Corps
810:Eastern Army
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596:X Army Corps
588:Eastern Army
587:
548:
544:
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531:Eastern Army
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474:Eastern Army
462:Juan Modesto
454:Vicente Rojo
450:(derrotismo)
449:
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430:Manuel Azaña
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403:Segre Rivers
391:V Army Corps
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284:Eastern Army
279:
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269:Vicente Rojo
261:Aragon Front
247:
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188:
176:
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88:Home Defence
22:
2044:70th – 79th
1979:60th – 69th
1914:50th – 59th
1849:40th – 49th
1784:30th – 39th
1719:20th – 29th
1654:10th – 19th
1410:Thomas 1976
458:Juan Negrín
422:bridgeheads
330:bridgeheads
312:Segre Front
288:Segre River
276:army groups
265:Juan Negrín
103:Engagements
93:Garrison/HQ
2125:Categories
1427:Engel 1999
1398:Engel 1999
1264:2015-03-23
1174:References
974:Lower Ebro
924:Lower Ebro
797:Army Corps
752:Lower Ebro
702:Lower Ebro
575:Army Corps
553:Ebro River
485:propaganda
470:Juan Perea
411:Juan Yagüe
233:See also:
219:army group
203:after the
137:commanders
130:Commanders
79:Army group
1594:1st – 9th
1579:Divisions
1381:, p. 1846
1037:, of the
1029:Commissar
898:Ebro Army
800:Divisions
676:Ebro Army
578:Divisions
568:July 1938
541:Ebro Army
520:Catalonia
514:Structure
466:Ebro Army
379:Barcelona
346:Ebro Army
292:Ebro Army
249:Catalonia
1529:(1976).
1509:(2006);
1484:(2003).
1445:(1989);
1149:See also
836:Balaguer
803:Sectors
614:Balaguer
581:Sectors
407:Moroccan
303:and the
301:Southern
282:, a new
167:View of
97:Igualada
1581:of the
1024:(1939).
1003:Command
967:&
745:&
489:Fascism
393:led by
334:Gandesa
253:enclave
229:History
181:Spanish
169:Portbou
135:Notable
50:Country
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988:&
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500:France
208:(GERC)
65:Branch
42:Active
840:Segre
618:Segre
217:This
59:Spain
1535:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1452:ISBN
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634:32nd
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609:34th
605:31st
601:30th
439:GERO
359:GERO
336:and
280:GERO
237:and
189:GERO
175:The
85:Role
75:Type
1039:CNT
961:3rd
739:3rd
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2016:66
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187:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
