Apis cerana - Knowledge (XXG)

677: 1696:. If the queen bee lays unfertilized eggs with no paternal genetic contribution, the eggs will develop into drones. If the queen bee lays fertilized eggs with both maternal and paternal genetic contribution, the eggs will develop into females. In this system, virgin queens sharing the same father will have a genetic relatedness of 0.75 and those of different fathers will have a genetic relatedness of only 0.25. The females workers in the colony are related to the queen's sons by a genetic relatedness of 0.25. Such biasing results in the genes of some female worker bees being represented disproportionately in the virgin queens. 42: 1755:

through experimental means concerning queen bees isolated in separate cages. Both groups were fed sugar candy as a control measure; however, the group that was fed water in addition to the sugar candy lived an average of two weeks or more compared to the other group which only survived a matter of three to four days. Moreover, the importance of water intake for an adult bee's survival can be further understood through examination of diet and behavior during prime seasons, during which colonies of bees consume large amounts of water in order to dilute honey produced as well as to regulate temperature in the nest.

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female bees are known as the worker bees, as these individuals perform all the tasks necessarily to maintain the hive including tending to the eggs, larvae, and pupae, foraging for food and water, cleaning the beehive and producing honey. These tasks are divided among the female worker bees by a factor of age. The remaining individuals are the males, known as the “drones,” whose only responsibility is to mate with a queen from another colony; therefore, drones are solely produced during the reproductive season.

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the new nest, the colony will then continue to enlarge the combs until there are enough storage units to sufficiently account for all of the required honey. In general, the initial set of combs may account for around 20,000 cells, while the final, completed structure may contain up to 100,000. These nests are typically large enough to host around 6,000 to 7,000 individuals and are found in a wide range of external environments.

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early spring. By late spring, the colony will have already attained full size, and will begin to reproduce. The colony then rears several new queens, and divides itself with about half the workers plus the old queen once the new queens have nearly matured. This new swarm then flies to a new tree branch, explores nest cavities, and then directs the other bees to the new site once satisfied with the location.

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muscles in an effort to produce heat and effectively kill the wasp inside. Alternatively, however, in the presence of a wasp, the bees may also just withdraw into their nests and await the heat-balling circumstances to develop naturally. Furthermore, other bees may just decide to fly away as an evasive measure in times of conflict, often altering their specific flight styles in order to avoid

1374: 1344: 335: 1337:. Although the species was naturally clustered in East Asia, it has now expanded to various regions across the world as a result of human interference, with particular concern about its invasive potential in Australia as nests are found in a variety of environments, including both natural and man-made (see below). 1842:

is “wing shimmering”. During this period of self-defense, bees collectively execute carefully timed waves of shimmering of their wings when approached by predators such as vespine wasps. This appears to serve as a distraction technique of visual pattern disruption that results in confusing predators.

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in a concentrated form in order to ensure an adequate supply for consumption during the harsh winter. The nest is multi-combed and somewhat insulated, allowing the species to achieve optimal nest temperatures and thereby optimize foraging at early hours. The nest itself is a simple vertical comb made

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has migration and absconding behavior, abandoning the current nest and building a new nest in a new location where an abundant supply of nectar and pollen is available. These bees usually do not store great amounts of honey, so they are more vulnerable to starvation if a prolonged shortage of nectar

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colonies contain divisions of labor depending on what each member of the group is specialized to perform. There is generally only one queen bee whose sole responsibility it is to lay eggs; therefore, she is the mother of all the workers present in the colony. Apart from the queen bee, the remaining

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structure for such honey storage. However, as the production of beeswax for a comb is an energetically expensive endeavor, colonies do not generally build the entire structure very early on. Instead, the colony builds a smaller set of combs that satisfies the initial storage needs. Upon moving into

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colony, a queen bee typically mates with 10 or more males. This extensive mating is performed in an effort to secure a great range of genetic variation in her colony to cope with diseases, as well as respond to nectar sources and a wide range of external stimuli. Apart from the queen bee, the only

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occurs deep inside the colony's hive, where the worker bee performs a brief reenactment of the recent journey to a patch of flowers. Neighboring bees observe and learn this dance and can then follow the same pattern, utilizing the odor of the flowers to fly in a certain path and arrive at the same

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season when the wasps are most populous, predominantly during the morning and afternoon. This method involves the wasps taking up a position in front of the beehive, while facing outwards away from the entrance towards returning foragers. Vespine wasps attempt to attack the honey bee quarry in an

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In addition to food requirements for diet, water also plays a key role in the growth and development of adult bees. In fact, the form of food has little to no influence on the longevity and life expectancy of the bee as long as there is ready availability of water. This idea was further supported

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settle 20–30 m away from the natal nest (the mother or primary colony) and stay for a few days before departing for a new nest site after getting information from scout bees. Scout bees search for suitable cavities in which to construct the swarm's home. Successful scouts come back and report the

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The colony's annual cycle in cold temperature regions begins shortly after the winter solstice, when the colony raises the core temperature of its cluster to about 34 degrees Celsius and starts to rear brood. At first, only around 100 bees are produced, but several thousand bees are developing by

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As the Vespine wasps approach the entrance to the honey bee nest, more guard bees are alerted, which in turn increases their probability of being killed by heat-balling bees. Heat balling is a unique defense system in which several hundred bees surround the wasp in a tight ball and vibrate their

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In addition to feeding themselves, bees also feed each other through a process known as “food transmission.” Moreover, workers may also obtain food from the queen, while drones acquire food by ingesting material regurgitated by other drones. Queens themselves are fed larval food by the workers

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are characterized by a pollen press on the hind leg to transport pollen, as well as a stinger in the place of an organ for laying eggs. Queens, which are the reproductive females, are typically larger than worker bees due to their enlarged reproductive organs. Drones, which are the males of the

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that she secretes from her mandibular glands. These signals are acquired by workers in close proximity to the queen and then spread to other workers in the colony, mainly by physical contact. In the presence of queen pheromone signals, the vast majority of workers refrain from activating their

1491:, consists of several thousand female worker bees, one queen bee, and several hundred male drone bees. The colony is constructed inside beeswax combs inside a tree cavity, with a special peanut-shaped structure on the margins of the combs where the queens are reared. 1714:,” which is the mutual prevention of reproduction by workers, could be the reason behind the conscious non-reproduction of female worker bees. In other words, their fertility is controlled by queen signals. The queen honey bee informs workers of her presence by 1704:

Conflict may arise between workers and bees as female workers attempt to increase the propagation of their genes by biasing their queen-rearing efforts in favor of virgin queens sharing the same father. Although female worker bees do possess

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of pollen varies depending on the plant. Mixed pollens possess a high nutritive value and actually supply all the necessary materials for proper development of young animals. However, when dried, pollen quickly loses its nutritive value.

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and pollen occurs. Absconding will start when not enough pollen and nectar are available. After the last brood emerges, the adult bees fill their honey stomachs from the hive's stores and swarm to establish a new nest at a new location.

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colonies are known for building nests consisting of multiple combs in cavities containing a small entrance, presumably for defense against invasion by individuals of another nest. The diet of this honey bee species consists mostly of

2011:, and ecdysial fluid aggregates around the integument, forming the “sac” for which the disease is named. Infected larvae change in color from pearly white to pale yellow, and shortly after death they dry out, forming a dark brown 1584:. The most significant factor in determining mating time, however, is not ecological conditions, but rather the presence of drones of other species. Mating time decreases as the number of non-species drones present increases. 1812:) surround the hornet and vibrate their flight muscles until the temperature is raised to 47 °C (117 °F), heating the hornet to death, but keeping the temperature still under their own lethal limit (48–50 °C). 1470:) surround the hornet and vibrate their flight muscles until the temperature is raised to 47 °C (117 °F), heating the hornet to death, but keeping the temperature still under their own lethal limit (48–50 °C). 1709:

and can essentially produce viable eggs, this potential is almost never realized as long as the colony is ruled by a dominant queen. Therefore, the probability of personal reproduction by a worker bee is exceedingly low.

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During the remainder of summer and into the fall, the colonies in the new locations build combs, rear brood, and gather food to quickly rebuild their populations and food reserves prior to the arrival of winter.

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worker will often try to prevent other workers in her colony from reproducing, either by destroying worker-laid eggs, or by showing aggression towards workers attempting to lay eggs through worker policing.

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employs evaporative cooling, where the worker bees cluster outside the nest in hot weather and fan their wings, thus removing excess heat and moisture from the nest and decreasing the hive temperature.

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is found predominantly in the Western European and African region of the world. For these reasons, it has now been concluded that these are in fact two separate species, contrary to prior beliefs.

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will also compete for resources with commercial honey bees and affect primary producers who rely on their pollination services. Control costs are also significant and amounted to at least

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maintain body temperatures in a range of 33–35.5 °C even while ambient temperatures vary between 12 and 36 °C. This mechanism clearly shows them to possess effective nest

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that keeps the mite from devastating colonies. Other than defensive behaviors such as these, much of their behavior and biology (at least in the wild) is very similar to that of

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Paxton, Robert J., et al. "Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis."Apidologie 38.6 (2007): 558-565.

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Radloff, Sarah E.; Hepburn, Colleen; Randall Hepburn, H.; Fuchs, Stefan; Hadisoesilo, Soesilawati; Tan, Ken; Engel, Michael S.; Kuznetsov, Viktor (15 March 2010).

427:, there is evidence to suggest that these two species are quite distinct; for example, mating between these species does not produce offspring. In addition, while 1405:

is generated by fanning and water evaporation from water collected in the field. This large-scale storage tactic requires the construction of a stable and sturdy

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The Senate Rural Affairs and Transport References Committee; 2011; Science underpinning the inability to eradicate the Asian honey bee; Commonwealth of Australia

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location of suitable nesting sites to the other bees by performing communication dances on the surface of the swarm cluster in the same way as for food sources.

3412: 2034:"is likely to compete for pollen and nectar with native birds, mammals and insects, and for nesting sites in tree crevices". There is a strong possibility that 1548:

of its wings. The overall direction and duration of each waggle is closely correlated with the direction and distance from the flower patch being described.

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grows inside the egg for 3 days, consuming the protein-rich egg yolk. Then it undergoes an 8-day larval stage, which is an intense feeding state involving

704:("morphoclusters"), instead of infraspecific ranks, which they argue were invalidly established and not biologically meaningful. These morphoclusters are: 1869:), a strategy not replicated by their European and North American counterparts, though collection and use of feces in nest construction is well known in 676: 3091:

in Australia, 2007 – 2012; Asian honey bee Transition to Management Program. Queensland government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

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Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2011, Communique: National group supports work of Asian Honeybee Coordination Group. 19 July 2011

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in Australia, 2007 – 2012; Asian honey bee Transition to Management Program. Queensland government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

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Recent genetic analysis, however, has determined that some of the subspecies described may have been inadvertent misidentifications of very similar

3399: 3167: 2151: 1153:. The individuals in this genus are defined by long, erect hairs that cover the compound eyes and assist in pollen collection, strongly convex 2756:

Mattila, Heather R.; Otis, Gard W.; Nguyen, Lien T. P.; Pham, Hanh D.; Knight, Olivia M.; Phan, Ngoc T. (2020-12-09). Blenau, Wolfgang (ed.).

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Nanork, P., et al. "Social parasitism by workers in queenless and queenright Apis cerana colonies." Molecular ecology 16.5 (2007): 1107-1114.

714:(Morphocluster I) - extends from northern Afghanistan and Pakistan to northwest India, southern Tibet, northern Myanmar, China and into the 3486: 1009:" bees, with the latter two being more closer morphometrically than the "Luzon" bees. A population is also found in central Sulawesi. 2030:

on the Australian environment are not well known due to limited research. However, according to Biosecurity Queensland (2103), the

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L. Bailey, “The multiplication and spread of sacbrood virus of bees,” Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 483–491, 1969.

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other sexual members of the society are the male drones, whose only function is to mate with the queen, after which they will die.

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was made in 2011. The decision was controversial though, sparking a senate inquiry which concluded that it failed to apply the

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in Australia have failed. Although an eradication program commenced in 2007, a decision that it was not possible to eradicate

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suffer reduced lifespans and increased mortality in the winter as well as poor buildup and reduced honey yield in the spring.

718:, far eastern Russia and Japan. They can be further subdivided into six subclusters: an "Indus" group (Afghanistan, Pakistan, 2701:

Tan, K.; Radloff, S. E.; Li, J. J.; Hepburn, H. R.; Yang, M. X.; Zhang, L. J.; Neumann, P. (2007). "Bee-hawking by the wasp,

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are black in color, with four yellow abdominal stripes. There are also distinctions between worker bees, queens, and drones.

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in the East Asian region. However, it has now been confirmed that this parasite species is actually present in colonies of

419:, generally construct nests consisting of a single comb in open areas. However, despite the striking similarities between 2893: 3471: 3129: 2635: 3308: 3295: 2622:

Seeley, Thomas D. The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies. Harvard University Press, 2009.

2007:. Sacbrood viruses (SBV) primarily affect the brood of the honey bee and causes larval death. Infected larvae fail to 403:

and behavior, as both are medium-sized bees (10-11mm) that generally build multiple comb nests inside cavities. Other

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As one queen generally mates with over a dozen males, the genetic relatedness of the colony is biased and represents

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Sun, Li; Li, Ming; Fei, Dongliang; Hu, Ying; Ma, Mingxiao (October 15, 2017). "Chinese sacbrood virus infection in

1770:, predominantly at their colonies throughout Southern Asia. This hawking predation is especially fierce during the 1541:

towards the dancer in order to detect the dance sounds, as the frequency of the bee's antennae closely matches the

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W. Ritter, Diagnostik und Bekampfung von Bienenkrankheiten, Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, Germany, 1996.

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are simply distinct races of the same species. This is essentially due to overwhelming similarities in both

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was first detected in Australia in 2007. By 2012, it had spread across 500,000 hectares. The impacts of

2015:-shaped scale. SBV may also affect the adult bee, but in this case obvious signs of disease are lacking. 997:(Morphocluster V) - restricted mostly to the Philippines, excluding Palawan. Has three subclusters, the " 3466: 3313: 1326: 606: 569: 468: 178: 591: 2475: 1373: 3334: 2777: 2522:"Ecology, Behaviour and Control of Apis cerana with a Focus on Relevance to the Australian Incursion" 2145: 1807: 1636:

The development of worker bees in a colony is typical of that for any insect that undergoes complete

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Shan, Liu; Liuhao, Wang; Jun, Guo; Yujie, Tang; Yanping, Chen; Jie, Wu; Jilian, Li (November 2017).

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F. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Soviet Far East. Entomological Review (Washington) 69(3): 21–46.

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Pesenko, Yu. A.; Lelej, A. S.; Radchenko, V. G. & G. N. Filatkin. (1990) The Chinese wax bee

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males typically aggregate beside a tree canopy as opposed to above a tree as is found in the

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Haydak, Maykola H. "Honey bee nutrition." Annual Review of Entomology 15.1 (1970): 143-156.

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mating is specific to the subspecies, often varying by local environment. For instance, in

3425: 3136: 2897: 2155: 1972: 1711: 1334: 2781: 878:. Has two subclusters: the "Hills" group (northeast) and the "Ganges" group (southwest). 3065: 3038: 2855: 2824: 2800: 2762:) use animal feces as a tool to defend colonies against group attack by giant hornets ( 2757: 2548: 2521: 1927: 1917: 1898: 1822: 1676:

which then matures and gnaws through the wax cap of the cell to emerge as a young bee.

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is known for its highly social behavior, reflective of its classification as a type of

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L. Bailey, “Recent research on honeybee viruses,” Bee World, vol. 56, pp. 55–64, 1975.

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or Indian honey bee, is an historic term, with all Asian hive bees now referred to as

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http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/animal-industries/bees/diseases-and-pests/asian-honey-bees

2102: 2081: 1904: 1893: 1870: 1690: 1637: 906:(Morphocluster III) - extends from the plains of central and southern India and into 429: 395: 2506: 2988: 2742: 2335: 1533: 1521: 1149: 734:, northern China and Russia); a central and eastern China subcluster; a "southern" 409: 354: 255: 3326: 3037:

Mingxiao, Ma; Ming, Li; Jian, Cheng; Song, Yang; Shude, Wang; Pengfei, Li (2011).

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colonies are relatively small, with only around 6,000 to 7,000 workers. Moreover,

2790: 17: 3373: 3280: 3039:"Molecular and Biological Characterization of Chinese Sacbrood Virus LN Isolate" 1959: 1865: 1314: 1298: 1290: 1282: 1230: 1226: 1166: 1158: 763: 759: 662: 509: 505: 481: 379: 371: 135: 1746:

during their wintering season, thereby neither feeding on nor being fed honey.

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Adult worker bees predominantly feed on pollen and nectar or honey, though the

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workers and queen (marked with red dot) from hive near Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Winston, Mark L. The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University Press, 1991.

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effort to gain provisions to aid in the development of their own offspring.

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The bee is known as the Asian honey bee in Australia, and is regarded as a

3430: 3055: 2180:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. 2125:(1999) The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: 1537:

destination. The bees following the informed worker bee will extend their

3265: 3106:"Biosecurity Failures in Australia: 12 Case Studies: 7. Asian Honey Bees" 2410:

Michener, Charles Duncan. The bees of the world. Vol. 1. JHU Press, 2000.

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As a result, predators are unable to continue attacking additional bees.

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food supplied by the adult bees. Finally, there is construction of a wax

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maintains internal hive temperatures with a precision similar to that of

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of Borneo is also now generally considered to be a separate species, as

352:, also known as the eastern or Asian honey bee, in 1793. The genus name 3365: 2663:"Murder Hornets vs. Honeybees: A Swarm of Bees Can Cook Invaders Alive" 2012: 1908: 1852: 1706: 1318: 1274: 1190: 1171: 1086: 1058: 1054: 1002: 962: 946: 747: 731: 719: 600: 493: 441:

is found predominantly in the Eastern Asian region of the world, while

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and both are in the same subgenus as the western (European) honey bee,

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Beescape for Meliponines: Conservation of Indo-Malayan Stingless Bees

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and even human urine to defend their hives against raids by hornets (

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individuals are very similar to those of other species in the genus

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and wishes to share this knowledge with her fellow nest-mates. The

1524:, performed primarily when a worker bee discovers a rich source of 1936: 1912: 1860: 1661: 1653: 1645: 1581: 1278: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1222: 998: 875: 871: 755: 727: 563: 497: 489: 334: 333: 298: 3339: 3231: 2178:

Asian Honey Bees (Biology, Conservation, and Human Interactions)

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Biosecurity Queensland. 2013. Asian honey bees in Queensland.

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colonies can reach sizes of up to 50,000 or more individuals,

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family, one of the most diverse families of bees, including

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Koeniger, N.; Koeniger, G.; Tingek, S.; Kelitu, A. (1996).

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Basari, Norasmah; Ramli, Sarah; Mohd Khairi, Nur (2018).

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encompass a wide range of climatic zones including moist

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into six main statistically defined populations based on

2231:"Interspecific rearing and acceptance of queens between 2928:"Chinese Sacbrood virus infection in Asian honey bees ( 459:

has been subdivided into eight subspecies according to

1766:, endemic to Southeast Asia, are a major predator for 1907:

of the western honey bee. When first discovered near

1045:(Morphocluster VI) - extends from southern Thailand, 358:

is Latin for "bee". The eastern honey bee is of the

3255: 2932:) and host immune responses to the virus infection" 1719:ovaries. Due to factors of genetic relatedness, an 1979:, thus has an effective defense mechanism against 1229:in the west. Countries they are native to include 870:(Morphocluster II) - extends from northern India, 726:, India); an "Aba" group (larger bees in southern 2084:database using an advanced sequencing technique. 1057:(the Philippines). Has three subclusters: one in 2301:"Some Characteristics of the Oriental Honeybee, 2176:Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Wongsiri, Siriwat (2006). 1450:Apis cerana japonica § Protective behaviors 1170:species, are defined by larger eyes, lack of a 1458:hive is invaded by the Japanese giant hornet ( 1520:The principal method of communication is the 1396:must collect and store around a third of its 8: 3172:Department of Primary Industry and Resources 3099: 3097: 2476:"Population structure and classification of 2361:"Factsheet - Apis mellifera (The Honey Bee)" 2107:Advances in management of productive insects 1325:in the 1970s, and has since spread into the 389:In the past, there has been discussion that 2469: 2467: 1800:hive is invaded by the Asian giant hornet ( 1225:in the east, to as far as the highlands of 3243: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2199: 2197: 1915:, in 1994, it was originally thought that 1189:, wet-dry tropical savannas, mid-latitude 203: 61: 40: 31: 3064: 3054: 2947: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2854: 2844: 2799: 2789: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2547: 2537: 2254: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2076:As of 2015 the Biomodeling Laboratory at 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 1401:from wax secreted by workers, while the 696:(2010) have instead chosen to subdivide 675: 407:species, including the giant honey bees 3492:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius 2118: 2116: 2093: 1995:Asian honey bees are often infected by 1939:, though the origins of its arrival in 1339: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 1943:are still unknown. Bees infected with 1596:, reproductive swarming is similar to 2901:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg 2630: 2628: 680:Geographical distribution of the six 284:within the same geographic location. 7: 2057:and assess the potential impacts of 1321:. It was introduced deliberately to 3168:"NT Biosecurity Strategy 2016-2026" 3043:Comparative and Functional Genomics 2080:had constructed an Asian honey bee 1685:Genetic relatedness within colonies 3196:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 1877:Pathogens and parasites affecting 1838:, one defense mechanism unique to 1806:), about 500 Japanese honey bees ( 1640:as it includes the four stages of 1624:has more absconding behavior than 1464:), about 500 Japanese honey bees ( 945:(Morphocluster IV) - extends from 25: 3104:Invasive Species Council (2014). 2936:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 1174:, and a blunter abdominal shape. 2109:. Coimbatore: TNAU Publications. 2019:An invasive species in Australia 1372: 1357: 1342: 1143:The physical characteristics of 82: 2520:Koetz, Anna (21 October 2013). 2131:Journal of Hymenoptera Research 1971:and thus exhibits more careful 610:Tingek, Koeniger and Koeniger ( 2989:10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.014 2365:Apis mellifera (The Honey Bee) 2309:Journal of Economic Entomology 1728:Interaction with other species 1139:Description and identification 684:morphocluster groups (Radloff 531:) - highlands in central China 1: 3232:"Apis cerana, Fabricius 1793" 2791:10.1371/journal.pone.0242668 2640:"cooking" a hornet to death" 1564:The exact time and place of 1425:, using similar mechanisms. 754:; and a "Japonica" group in 633:) - the central and eastern 2299:Kellogg, Claude R. (1941). 2103:"Biodiversity of Honeybees" 1892:is the natural host to the 3508: 2975:, Shandong, China, 2016". 2896:February 14, 2007, at the 2660:Baker, Mike (3 May 2020). 2154:February 26, 2007, at the 2001:(CSBV) which also infects 1447: 1157:, and a jugal lobe in the 3487:Insects described in 1793 3087:Koetz A. 2012. Spread of 2949:10.1016/j.jip.2017.09.006 2727:10.1007/s00114-006-0210-2 2570:Koetz A. 2012. Spread of 2101:Srinivasan, M.R. (2004). 2078:Seoul National University 637:mountains (Ruttner, 1987) 346:Johan Christian Fabricius 211: 202: 184: 177: 79:Scientific classification 77: 69: 60: 48: 39: 34: 3199:. Lulu.com. p. 11. 1433:systems. During summer, 1392:As a type of honey bee, 1178:Distribution and habitat 722:); a "Himachali" group ( 2055:precautionary principle 1205:. The natural range of 738:subcluster in southern 730:, central and northern 529:black Chinese honey bee 496:, southern and coastal 451:Infraspecific groupings 3477:Hymenoptera of Oceania 3139:; retrieved 2017-05-28 2846:10.3390/insects9040138 2539:10.3390/insects4040558 2256:10.1051/apido:19960505 1998:Chinese Sacbrood virus 1061:, another in northern 689: 341: 330:Taxonomy and phylogeny 254:. This species is the 51:Khao Yai National Park 2649:on 30 September 2011. 2499:10.1051/apido/2010008 2045:Efforts to eradicate 1700:Worker-queen conflict 1588:Reproductive swarming 1507:As a social species, 1414:Nest thermoregulation 1327:Torres Strait Islands 1221:in the south; and to 679: 667:Apis cerana nuluensis 622:Apis cerana skorikovi 607:Apis cerana nuluensis 524:Apis cerana heimifeng 337: 3236:Encyclopedia of Life 2390:Bees for development 2321:10.1093/jee/34.5.717 2239:Buttel-Reepen, 1906" 2235:Fabricius, 1793 and 2205:"Reporting diseases" 1197:, moist continental 1187:tropical rainforests 910:; also known as the 555:Apis cerana japonica 543:) - southern India, 49:Asiatic honey bee - 3472:Hymenoptera of Asia 3193:Reuber, B. (2015). 3056:10.1155/2011/409386 2877:Jalil, A.H. (2014) 2827:Heterotrigona itama 2782:2020PLoSO..1542668M 2715:Naturwissenschaften 2705:, on the honeybees 2386:"Apis cerana group" 2336:"Apis of the world" 1847:Use of animal feces 1612:Absconding behavior 1605:reproductive swarms 1193:, dry mid-latitude 645:species, including 631:Himalayan honey bee 3301:Apis_(Apis)_cerana 3135:2013-12-31 at the 2930:Apis cerana cerana 2668:The New York Times 2439:Apis cerana cerana 2237:Apis koschevnikovi 2066:biosecurity threat 1921:was restricted to 1809:A. cerana japonica 1467:A. cerana japonica 690: 648:Apis koschevnikovi 597:Sumatran honey bee 570:Apis cerana javana 560:Japanese honey bee 536:Apis cerana indica 469:Apis cerana cerana 463:(1999); they are: 342: 315:Apis cerana indica 281:Apis koschevnikovi 261:Apis koschevnikovi 238:, is a species of 35:Eastern honey bee 3454: 3453: 3439:Open Tree of Life 3249:Taxon identifiers 3206:978-1-312-93733-8 2889:Ritter, Wolfgang 2392:. 7 February 2018 2340:Atlas Hymenoptera 2061:on biodiversity. 1931:as well, both in 1750:Water requirement 1694:sex determination 1503:Division of labor 1219:eastern Indonesia 1217:in the north, to 1199:deciduous forests 1132: 1032: 984: 932: 893: 857: 811:A. c. hainanensis 612:Bornean honey bee 592:Apis cerana johni 478:Chinese honey bee 344:Danish zoologist 274:is known to live 232:Asiatic honey bee 228:eastern honey bee 219: 218: 27:Species of insect 18:Eastern honey bee 16:(Redirected from 3499: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3433: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3407: 3395: 3394: 3382: 3381: 3369: 3368: 3356: 3355: 3343: 3342: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3316: 3304: 3303: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3244: 3239: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2951: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2903: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2848: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2793: 2776:(12): e0242668. 2753: 2747: 2746: 2698: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2642:. Archived from 2632: 2623: 2620: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2541: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2484: 2471: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2173: 2158: 2143: 2137: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2072:Genetic database 2041: 1968:Varroa jacobsoni 1851:A 2020 study in 1803:Vespa mandarinia 1461:Vespa mandarinia 1431:thermoregulation 1403:thermoregulation 1376: 1361: 1346: 1096: 1030:A. c. samarensis 1026:A. c. philippina 1016: 972: 924: 885: 851:A. c. shankianga 773: 724:Himachal Pradesh 716:Korean peninsula 658:Apis nigrocincta 541:Indian honey bee 207: 190: 87: 86: 65: 44: 32: 21: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3442: 3437: 3429: 3426:Observation.org 3424: 3416: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3251: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3137:Wayback Machine 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3086: 3082: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2906: 2898:Wayback Machine 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2700: 2699: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2334:Barbier, Yvan. 2333: 2332: 2328: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2161: 2156:Wayback Machine 2144: 2140: 2121: 2114: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2074: 2039: 2021: 1993: 1953: 1887: 1882: 1849: 1818: 1816:Wing shimmering 1794: 1792:Thermal defense 1781: 1761: 1752: 1739:nutritive value 1735: 1730: 1712:Worker policing 1702: 1687: 1682: 1634: 1614: 1590: 1554: 1552:Mating behavior 1518: 1505: 1481: 1476: 1452: 1444: 1442:Thermal defense 1416: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1368: 1362: 1353: 1347: 1335:Solomon Islands 1180: 1141: 1126:A. vechti linda 1069:and another in 855:A. c. twolareca 847:A. c. skorikovi 831:A. c. kweiyanga 815:A. c. heimifeng 787:A. c. abanensis 578:Javan honey bee 453: 332: 236:Asian honey bee 198: 192: 186: 173: 81: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3435: 3422: 3409: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3344: 3331: 3318: 3305: 3292: 3277: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3226: 3225:External links 3223: 3220: 3219: 3205: 3185: 3174:. 20 July 2016 3159: 3150: 3141: 3121: 3093: 3080: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2977:Virus Research 2973:Apis mellifera 2963: 2918: 2904: 2891:Nosema ceranae 2882: 2870: 2815: 2748: 2721:(6): 469–472. 2703:Vespa velutina 2680: 2652: 2624: 2576: 2563: 2532:(4): 558–592. 2512: 2493:(6): 589–601. 2443: 2430: 2412: 2403: 2377: 2352: 2326: 2315:(5): 717–719. 2291: 2271: 2262: 2249:(5): 371–380. 2221: 2193: 2186: 2159: 2138: 2136:: pp. 165–196. 2112: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2073: 2070: 2020: 2017: 1992: 1989: 1952: 1949: 1945:Nosema ceranae 1928:Apis mellifera 1918:Nosema ceranae 1899:Nosema ceranae 1894:microsporidian 1886: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1871:stingless bees 1848: 1845: 1823:Apis mellifera 1820:Although both 1817: 1814: 1793: 1790: 1780: 1777: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1701: 1698: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1633: 1630: 1613: 1610: 1589: 1586: 1580:subspecies of 1553: 1550: 1517: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1483:The colony of 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1443: 1440: 1415: 1412: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1211:Primorsky Krai 1179: 1176: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1091: 1090: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1011: 1010: 988: 987: 986: 985: 967: 966: 936: 935: 934: 933: 919: 918: 901:Indian Plains 897: 896: 895: 894: 880: 879: 861: 860: 859: 858: 835:A. c. maerkang 823:A. c. japonica 795:A. c. cathayca 791:A. c. bijjieca 768: 767: 671:Apis nuluensis 639: 638: 618: 603: 588: 566: 551: 532: 520: 514:Primorsky Krai 455:Historically, 452: 449: 444:Apis mellifera 430:Apis mellifera 425:Apis mellifera 416:Apis laboriosa 396:Apis mellifera 384:stingless bees 368:carpenter bees 331: 328: 267:Apis mellifera 256:sister species 217: 216: 209: 208: 200: 199: 193: 182: 181: 175: 174: 170:A. cerana 167: 165: 161: 160: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 75: 74: 67: 66: 58: 57: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3504: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3186: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758:"Honey bees ( 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:F., in China" 2304: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2082:transcriptome 2079: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1885:Microsporidia 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836:vespine wasps 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Vespine wasps 1758: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1684: 1680:Kin selection 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:metamorphosis 1631: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1516:Communication 1515: 1513: 1510: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209:extends from 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1138: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:A. lieftincki 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1040:Indo-Malayan 1038: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:A. philippina 1019: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 989: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970: 969: 968: 964: 961:and southern 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943: 940:Indo-Chinese 938: 937: 931: 927: 923: 922: 921: 920: 916: 915: 909: 905: 904: 899: 898: 892: 888: 884: 883: 882: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868: 863: 862: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:A. c. pekinga 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:A. c. hainana 804: 803:A. c. fantsun 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:A. c. abansis 780: 776: 772: 771: 770: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 707: 706: 705: 703: 699: 695: 687: 683: 678: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659: 654: 650: 649: 644: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 608: 604: 602: 598: 594: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 572: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537: 533: 530: 526: 525: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 472:Fabricius (= 471: 470: 466: 465: 464: 462: 458: 450: 448: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 418: 417: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 340: 336: 329: 327: 325: 321: 317: 316: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 282: 277: 276:sympatrically 273: 269: 268: 263: 262: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224: 215: 210: 206: 201: 196: 191: 189: 183: 180: 179:Binomial name 176: 172: 171: 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 85: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3467:Apis (genus) 3256: 3235: 3210:. Retrieved 3195: 3188: 3176:. Retrieved 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3088: 3083: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2718: 2714: 2711:A. mellifera 2710: 2706: 2702: 2671:. Retrieved 2667: 2655: 2644:the original 2637: 2571: 2566: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2438: 2433: 2406: 2394:. Retrieved 2389: 2380: 2368:. Retrieved 2364: 2355: 2343:. Retrieved 2339: 2329: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2294: 2265: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2212:. Retrieved 2208: 2177: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2106: 2096: 2075: 2063: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2042:up to 2011. 2040:A$ 4 million 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2004:A. mellifera 2002: 1996: 1994: 1985:A. mellifera 1984: 1980: 1977:A. mellifera 1976: 1966: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1878: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1839: 1830:suffer from 1827: 1821: 1819: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1782: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1736: 1720: 1703: 1691:haplodiploid 1688: 1635: 1632:Life history 1626:A. mellifera 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1601: 1598:A. mellifera 1597: 1593: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1555: 1534:waggle dance 1522:waggle dance 1519: 1508: 1506: 1497: 1493: 1487:, a typical 1484: 1482: 1479:Colony cycle 1466: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1445: 1434: 1426: 1423:A. mellifera 1422: 1418: 1417: 1393: 1391: 1379: 1364: 1349: 1206: 1182: 1181: 1162: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1130:A. v. vechti 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1041: 1039: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1005:" bees and " 993: 991: 982:A. c. javana 981: 978:A. c. indica 977: 941: 939: 930:A. c. indica 929: 913: 911: 902: 900: 891:A. c. indica 890: 866: 864: 854: 850: 846: 843:A. c. peroni 842: 838: 834: 830: 827:A. c. javana 826: 822: 819:A. c. indica 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 799:A. c. cerana 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779:A. skorikovi 778: 735: 710: 708: 697: 693: 691: 685: 681: 670: 666: 656: 646: 640: 630: 626: 620: 611: 605: 596: 590: 577: 568: 559: 553: 540: 534: 528: 522: 477: 473: 467: 456: 454: 442: 438: 434: 428: 424: 420: 414: 410:Apis dorsata 408: 394: 390: 388: 353: 349: 343: 338: 323: 319: 313: 311: 302: 301:. 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