239:
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137:
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1278:) were re-applied with great harshness after this war, as the Protestant elite wanted to ensure that the Irish Catholic landed classes would not be in a position to repeat their rebellions of the 17th century. In fact, many new Penal Laws were introduced, which put restrictions on Catholics inheriting property. As a result of these laws, Catholic landownership fell from around 14% in 1691 to around 5% in the course of the next century.
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426:
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1506:
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76:
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1077:. In addition, Catholics were barred from the Irish Parliament altogether, forbidden to live in towns and from marrying Protestants (although not all of these laws were strictly enforced). It has been calculated that up to a third of Ireland's population (4-600,000 people) died in these wars, either in fighting, or in the accompanying famine and plague. The Cromwellian conquest therefore left
1107:). Most Catholics, however were disappointed that the Cromwellian land confiscations were, on the whole, allowed to stand. Protestants, on the other hand, felt that Irish Catholics had been treated far too leniently by Charles, and deserved to be punished for their massacres of Protestant civilians in 1641. In 1678, there was another brief burst of anti-Catholic repression during the
35:
2489:
1001:, provoked an outbreak of anarchic violence around the country, after which it was joined by most Irish Catholic lords and their followers. In some respects, the rebellion was the end product of the long term alienation of Irish Catholics with English policies in Ireland. However, it was sparked off by the fear of impending civil war in the British Isles as a whole.
921:, in distinction to the new Protestant British settlers and the officially Protestant British government of Ireland. During the decades in between the end of the Elizabethan wars of conquest in 1603 and the outbreak of rebellion in 1641, Irish Catholics felt themselves to be increasingly threatened by and discriminated against by the English government of Ireland.
925:
the threat posed to them by the extension of the
Plantations. The Protestant settler-dominated Government of Ireland tried to confiscate more land from the native landowners by questioning their medieval land titles and as punishment for non-attendance at Protestant services. In response, Irish Catholics appealed directly to the King, first to James I and then
937:, Charles's representative in Ireland, was proposing further widespread confiscations of native land to break the power of the Irish Catholic upper classes. It is likely that this would eventually have provoked armed resistance from Irish Catholics at some point, but the actual rebellion was sparked by a political crisis in Scotland and England that led to
933:. On several occasions, the Monarchs appeared to have reached an agreement with them, granting their demands in return for raising taxes. However, Irish Catholics were disappointed when, on paying the increased levies, the King postponed the implementation of their demands. What was more, by the late 1630s,
660:". They either negotiated or fought with the autonomous Irish Kings and lords. This took nearly a century to achieve, and the re-conquest was accompanied by a great deal of bloodshed, as it led to the assimilation – sometimes abolition – of lordships that had been independent for several hundred years.
752:
failed to take hold among the Irish is an enduring question. One of several answers lies in the fact that brutal methods were used by crown authority to pacify the country and exploit its resources, which heightened resentment of
English rule. Additionally, a determined proselytising campaign carried
1285:
were also barred from holding public office, bearing arms and entering certain professions. This was in part due to the distrust the mostly
English Anglican establishment had for the mostly Scottish Presbyterian community, which by now had become a majority in Ulster. By the end of the 17th century,
924:
Most of the Irish upper classes, however, were not ideologically opposed to the sovereignty of the King of
England over Ireland, but wanted to be full subjects of the triple Stuart monarchy and maintain their pre-eminent position in Irish society. This was prevented by their religious dissidence and
721:
King, James I, in 1603. After this point, the
English authorities in Dublin established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised form of justice to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the various lordships, both Irish and Old English. O'Neill, O'Donnell and their
545:
broke again with Rome in 1559. These confusing changes determined their relationship with the
British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland thereafter. The religious schism meant
615:
went into open rebellion against the crown. Henry VIII put down this rebellion and then set about to pacify
Ireland and bring it all under English government control, perhaps to prevent it from becoming a base for foreign invasions of England (a concern that was to be sustained for another 400 or
958:
The fifty years from 1641 to 1691 saw two catastrophic periods of civil war in
Ireland 1641–53 and 1689–91, which killed hundreds of thousands of people and left others in permanent exile. The wars, which pitted Irish Catholics against British forces and Protestant settlers, ended in the almost
881:
In the early years of the 17th century, it looked possible for a time that, because of immigration of
English and Scottish settlers, Ireland could be peacefully integrated into British society. However, this was prevented by the continued discrimination by the English authorities against Irish
691:
dynasty resisted the imposition of an
English governor into the province. The second of these rebellions was put down by means of a forced famine, which may have killed up to a third of Munster's population. The most serious threat to English rule in Ireland came during the
1180:, with the help of a Dutch invasion force. Irish Catholics backed James to try to reverse the Penal Laws and land confiscations, whereas Irish and British Protestants supported William to preserve their dominance in the country. Richard Talbot, the Lord Deputy, raised a
655:
With the institutions of government in place, the next step was to extend the control of the English Kingdom of Ireland over all of its claimed territory. Henry VIII's officials were tasked with extending the rule of this new Kingdom throughout Ireland by the policy of
1219:
before retreating into winter quarters. The following year William III landed at Carrickfergus with a multi-national force of reinforcements, including British, Dutch and Danish troops. The two Kings fought for the English, Scottish and Irish thrones in the
909:, and other walled towns being fortified against the rural Gaelic clans. However, by the 17th century, the cultural divide between these groups, especially at elite social levels, was declining. For example, most Old English lords not only spoke the
1027:
and the English Royalists, though they did not sign a formal treaty with them until 1649. Had the Royalists won the English Civil War, the result could have been an autonomous Catholic ruled Ireland. However, the Royalists were defeated by the
826:. The principal victims of these laws were Roman Catholics and, from the late 17th century on, adherents of Presbyterianism. From 1607, Catholics were barred from public office and from serving in the army. In 1615, the constituencies of the
1228:
in 1690, where James's forces were defeated. Although not militarily decisive, this battle is remembered as a great Williamite victory because James fled Ireland for France after the battle, effectively conceding defeat to William.
1153:, Irish Catholics briefly looked like recovering their pre-eminent position in Irish society. James repealed much of the anti-Catholic legislation, allowed Catholics into the Irish Parliament and the Army and appointed a Catholic,
953:
After Irish Catholic rebellion and civil war, Oliver Cromwell, on behalf of the English Commonwealth, re-conquered Ireland between 1649 and 1651. Under his government, landownership in Ireland passed overwhelmingly to Protestant
648:, who was nominated by the King of England to govern Ireland. The Parliament met only when called by the Lord Deputy, when he wanted to pass new laws or raise new taxes. The Lord Deputy's permanent advisors were the Irish
1257:. The war, while not as destructive as that of the 1640s and 1650s, was nevertheless a shattering defeat for the old Irish Catholic landed classes, who never recovered their former position in Irish society.
708:
rebelled against English government. This war developed into a nationwide revolt where O'Neill and O'Donnell successfully obtained military aid from Spain, which was then in conflict with England during the
639:
before any draft bills might be introduced to the Parliament. After 1541, Henry VIII admitted native Irish lords into both houses and recognised their land titles, in return for their submission to him as
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Ireland was changed from a lordship to a full Kingdom under Henry VIII. From the period of the original lordship in the 12th century onwards, Ireland had retained its own bicameral
48:
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in 1642, no English troops were available to put down the uprising and the rebels were left in control of most of Ireland. The Catholic majority briefly ruled the country as
4558:
3569:
878:", literate pirates in Ireland could escape secular trial (making their prosecution much more difficult) until Irish law was brought into line with English law in 1613.
587:
There is some debate about why Henry VIII of England resolved to re-conquer Ireland completely. However, the most immediate reason was that the Fitzgerald dynasty of
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had been established in many countries in Catholic Europe for the training of Irish Catholic priests and the education of the Irish Catholic gentry. Finally, the
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and music. Intermarriage was also common. Moreover, in the wake of the Elizabethan conquest, the native population became defined by their shared religion,
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631:. It was restricted for most of its existence in terms both of membership – Gaelic Irishmen were barred from membership – and of powers, notably by
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These settlers, who had a British and Protestant identity, would form the ruling class of future British administrations in Ireland. A series of
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to a centralised, monarchical, state-governed society, similar to those found elsewhere in Europe. The period is bounded by the dates 1536, when
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The difficulty in controlling the extremities of Ireland from London or Dublin early in the 17th century was demonstrated by the presence of
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482:. This would eventually establish two central themes in future Irish history: subordination of the country to London-based governments and
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The English had little success in converting either the native elite or the Irish people to the Protestant religion. Why the
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Ireland's population was about 25% Protestant (including all denominations) of whom Anglicans (about 13%) formed the ruling
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1111:, when it was rumoured that Irish Catholics were planning another rebellion with French help. Two Catholic Bishops,
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moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted
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From the mid-16th and into the early 17th century, crown governments carried out a policy of colonisation known as
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authority in 1536, was to change Ireland totally. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son
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591:, who had become the effective rulers of Ireland in the 15th century, had become very unreliable allies of the
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However, within a generation of the Restoration, Ireland was at war again. In the reign of the Catholic King
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in 1649. Another policy implemented by the Cromwellian regime was the deportation of prisoners of war to the
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1134:, fought for James in 1689–91, but they failed to restore him to the throne of Ireland, England and Scotland
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army from among Irish Catholics and seized all the strong points around the country, with the exception of
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1008:, particularly in Ulster, an event which scarred communal relations in Ireland for centuries afterwards.
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As punishment for the rebellion of 1641, almost all lands owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and
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769:, which had played a major role in disseminating Protestant ideas in Europe, came to Ireland very late.
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surrendered at Limerick, thus confirming Protestant dominance in Ireland. This is sometimes called the
644:. However, the real power in Ireland throughout this period lay not with the Parliament, but with the
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made some efforts to conciliate Irish Catholics with compensation and land grants. (See also
1055:. Even worse was a scorched earth policy carried out by Parliamentarian commanders to subdue
830:
were altered so that Protestants might form the majority of 108–102 in any given vote in the
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were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism.
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1196:, arrived in Ireland in 1689 with French troops. The Siege of Derry was broken when General
799:, had settled up to 80,000 English and Scots in the north of Ireland by 1641. The so-called
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settlers. These groups were historically antagonistic, with English settled areas such as
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997:, rebelled against English and Protestant domination. The Rising, launched in Ulster by
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2082:
1775:
1694:, annual academic conference focusing on Irish society in the Tudor and Stuart periods.
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929:, for full rights as subjects and toleration of their religion: a programme known as
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animosity between Catholics and Protestants. The period saw Irish society outside of
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resistance in Ireland continued for another year however, winning a success at the
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were arrested. Talbot died in prison and Plunkett was hanged, drawn and quartered.
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in 1607. This removed the last major obstacle to English government in Ireland.
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was marked by atrocities, such as the massacre of the Royalist garrison at the
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1994:
1918:
1553:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1638–1660
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1505:
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shortly afterwards. The Jacobite army left the country under the terms of the
1230:
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776:. Scottish and English Protestants were sent as colonists to the provinces of
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The pre-Elizabethan Irish population is usually divided into the "Old (or
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in July 1691, when their main army was destroyed. They surrendered at
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in Britain and Ireland. The Confederate regime allied themselves with
713:. A Spanish expeditionary force was defeated by English forces at the
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1954:
1697:
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863:
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1161:. Protestants in Ireland could do little about this turn of events.
1370:
The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: A Pattern Established, 1565–76
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in 1601. O'Neill and his allies eventually surrendered to the new
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683:(1569–1573 and 1579–1583) took place in the southern province of
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was declared by Henry VIII in 1542), and 1691, when the Catholic
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discriminated against all Christian faiths other than the
1488:
A new history of Ireland: Early modern Ireland, 1534–1691
1066:. The remaining Catholic landowners were transplanted to
945:
Civil wars, Land confiscations and Penal Laws (1641–1691)
704:
the most powerful chieftains in the northern province of
3477:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
1486:
Moody, T. W.; Martin, Francis X.; Byrne, F. J. (1991).
541:
then reverted the state to Catholicism in 1553–58, and
959:
complete dispossession of the Catholic landed elite.
580:
and began the English re-conquest of the country, by
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1274:(which had been allowed to lapse somewhat after the
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Sixteenth Century Ireland – The Incomplete Conquest
757:Catholic clergy, many of whom had been educated in
671:The re-conquest was completed during the reigns of
1600:
1388:
977:In the mid-17th century, Ireland was convulsed by
3570:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
722:allies subsequently fled Ireland for good in the
667:Cahir Castle – besieged repeatedly in this period
413:History of the Irish language
1081:- to say the least - in Irish popular culture.
4416:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
546:that the native Irish and the (Roman Catholic)
1207:landed with a major Williamite expedition and
1059:, which caused famine throughout the country.
490:transform from a locally driven, intertribal,
3050:
2519:
1713:
1523:. Dublin: Browne and Nolan, Ltd. – via
1192:by his men. James, backed by the French King
576:King of England and Ireland, who founded the
470:saw the first full conquest of the island by
448:
8:
963:The Confederate War and Cromwellian conquest
635:of 1494, which required the approval of the
3179:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
595:monarchs. Most seriously, they had invited
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4602:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
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99:. Please do not remove this message until
1410:Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony (June 1989).
858:on the Munster coast. In particular, the
199:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
4421:Association football in Northern Ireland
1894:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
1643:Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War
1004:The rebellion was marked by a number of
144:This article includes a list of general
95:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3617:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
1607:. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Limited.
1320:
730:Colonisation and the religious question
226:
215:
1904:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1351:
1339:
1327:
1155:Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
1039:Ireland in 1649–1653 on behalf of the
795:). The largest of these projects, the
679:, after several bloody conflicts. The
506:as Lords Deputies of Ireland (the new
468:Ireland during the period of 1536–1691
1624:War and Politics in Ireland 1649–1730
554:Re-conquest and rebellion (1536–1607)
7:
1551:Kenyon, J.; Ohlmeyer, J. H. (1998).
1450:Confederate Catholics at War 1641–49
807:, which distinguished them from the
2973:Post-war period (political history)
2488:
1899:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
1686:16th century images of Irish people
1518:Studies in Irish History, 1649-1775
1011:As a result of the outbreak of the
842:of 1689, with the exception of the
4688:1690s disestablishments in Ireland
3646:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
3421:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
3219:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
1237:, but was finally ended after the
1095:An uneasy peace returned with the
1019:(1642–1649) during the subsequent
150:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3431:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
1391:Making Ireland British, 1580–1650
525:, by which Henry VIII broke with
474:and its colonisation with mostly
44:This article has multiple issues.
4636:
3600:Tallest buildings and structures
2978:Post-war period (social history)
2652:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2454:
1645:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
1504:
1387:Canny, Nicholas P (3 May 2001).
1006:massacres of Protestant settlers
882:Catholics on religious grounds.
599:troops into Dublin to crown the
424:
237:
135:
74:
33:
4683:1530s establishments in Ireland
4663:Early modern history of Ireland
1841:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1372:. Sussex: Harvester Press Ltd.
1045:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
973:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
939:civil war in the three Kingdoms
834:. The Catholic majority in the
537:, the Irish remained Catholic.
52:or discuss these issues on the
3436:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
1753:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
1748:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
1471:. Dublin: St. Martin's Press.
1368:Canny, Nicholas P (May 1976).
1:
1660:Wheeler, James Scott (1999).
1536:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
1217:took part in a long stand-off
1200:arrived with a relief force.
1032:, Charles I was executed and
913:, but extensively patronised
893:, or descendants of medieval
780:, Ulster and the counties of
4678:History of Ireland by period
4501:Northern Ireland flags issue
3452:List of conflicts in Ireland
3196:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
2535:History of the British Isles
2136:Dublin Castle administration
1414:. Belfast: Appletree Press.
1211:. He then advanced south to
3472:Gaelic clothing and fashion
1626:. Continuum International.
1555:. Oxford University Press.
1534:Confederate Ireland 1642–49
1532:Ó Siochrú, Micheál (1999).
1490:. Oxford University Press.
1467:Lennon, Colm (March 1995).
1395:. Oxford University Press.
1304:Early Modern Irish language
1290:. For the 18th century see
1097:Restoration of the monarchy
101:conditions to do so are met
4704:
1836:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1264:
1142:
1130:Irish Catholics, known as
1088:
1021:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
966:
733:
557:
4632:
3895:
3882:
3685:
3672:
3506:
3493:
3112:
3099:
3075:
2650:
2461:British Empire portal
2449:
1889:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
1781:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1743:Timeline of Irish history
1641:Waudchope, Piers (1992).
1570:Senior, Clive M. (1976).
1452:. Cork University Press.
1448:Lenihan, Pádraig (2001).
1431:1690: Battle of the Boyne
1429:Lenihan, Pádraig (2003).
1281:In addition, as of 1704,
1145:Williamite war in Ireland
1064:given to British settlers
560:Tudor conquest of Ireland
330:Great Britain and Ireland
294:Timeline of Irish history
2155:Privy Council of Ireland
1692:Tudor and Stuart Ireland
1139:The War of the Two Kings
1057:Irish guerrilla fighters
850:A New Order? (1607–1641)
613:Silken Thomas Fitzgerald
582:Hans Holbein the Younger
4673:17th century in Ireland
4668:16th century in Ireland
4593:Prostitution (Republic)
2807:Early medieval Scotland
2182:Court of Castle Chamber
1861:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1851:Williamite–Jacobite War
1826:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1224:, most famously at the
979:eleven years of warfare
165:more precise citations.
3462:List of Irish kingdoms
2851:Early medieval Ireland
2817:Late medieval Scotland
2812:High medieval Scotland
2785:Early medieval England
2216:Trinity College Dublin
2211:Grand Lodge of Ireland
2149:Irish House of Commons
2107:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh
1909:Act of Settlement 1662
1831:Irish Confederate Wars
1806:Plantations of Ireland
1796:Reformation in Ireland
1664:. St. Martin's Press.
1512:O'Brien, Richard Barry
1209:captured Carrickfergus
1159:Lord Deputy of Ireland
1135:
1105:Act of Settlement 1662
1074:Act of Settlement 1652
969:Irish Confederate Wars
955:
832:Irish House of Commons
792:Plantations of Ireland
750:Protestant reformation
740:Plantations of Ireland
736:Reformation in Ireland
687:, when the Fitzgerald
668:
646:Lord Deputy of Ireland
584:
4569:Mass media (Republic)
4513:National coat of arms
3401:IRA Northern Campaign
2898:Early modern Scotland
2861:Late medieval Ireland
2856:High medieval Ireland
2795:Late medieval England
2790:High medieval England
2746:Protohistoric Ireland
2141:Parliament of Ireland
1791:Surrender and regrant
1288:Protestant Ascendancy
1267:Protestant Ascendancy
1261:Protestant Ascendancy
1215:where the two armies
1125:
981:, beginning with the
952:
666:
658:surrender and regrant
637:English Privy Council
621:Parliament of Ireland
571:
408:Economic history
403:British monarchs
4491:County coats of arms
4383:List of Irish people
3457:List of Irish tribes
3307:Cromwellian conquest
3293:Plantation of Ulster
3224:Ireland (since 1922)
3008:House of Plantagenet
2910:Early modern Ireland
2893:Early modern England
2888:Early modern Britain
2829:Early medieval Wales
2687:Prehistoric Shetland
2682:Prehistoric Scotland
2145:Irish House of Lords
1924:Constitution of 1782
1688:at Irish Archaeology
1622:Simms, J.G. (1986).
1599:Simms, J.G. (1969).
1255:enter French service
1041:English Commonwealth
838:persisted until the
836:Irish House of Lords
797:Plantation of Ulster
744:Plantation of Ulster
531:Edward VI of England
393:Gaelic monarchs
306:Peoples and polities
18:Early Modern Ireland
4606:in Northern Ireland
4597:in Northern Ireland
4338:Legendary creatures
4251:Traditional singing
4087:Saint Patrick's Day
3722:Republic of Ireland
3651:Tourist attractions
3636:ROI–UK border
3621:of Northern Ireland
3574:in Northern Ireland
3406:IRA Border Campaign
3381:War of Independence
3351:Second Great Famine
3336:Act of Union (1800)
3288:Flight of the Earls
3145:Lordship of Ireland
3080:Republic of Ireland
2985:Late modern Ireland
2879:Early modern period
2839:Late medieval Wales
2834:High medieval Wales
2706:Prehistoric Ireland
2677:Prehistoric England
2672:Prehistoric Britain
2221:Order of St Patrick
2043:Mac William Íochtar
1820:Flight of the Earls
1771:Lordship of Ireland
1662:Cromwell in Ireland
1582:David & Charles
1573:A Nation of Pirates
1276:English Restoration
1226:Battle of the Boyne
1172:was deposed by the
1166:Glorious Revolution
1151:James II of England
1091:English Restoration
1017:Confederate Ireland
811:English colonists.
803:were predominantly
755:Counter-Reformation
724:Flight of the Earls
523:English Reformation
516:early modern period
346:Republic of Ireland
317:Lordship of Ireland
88:of this article is
4643:Ireland portal
3961:Skirts and kidneys
3467:List of High Kings
3386:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3326:First Great Famine
3311:Settlement of 1652
3283:Tyrone's Rebellion
3273:Desmond Rebellions
3162:Kingdom of Ireland
3013:House of Lancaster
2966:World Wars (Wales)
2926:Late modern period
2903:Early modern Wales
2692:Prehistoric Orkney
2663:Prehistoric period
2473:Ireland portal
2251:Catholic Committee
2187:Peerage of Ireland
1995:Clann Aodha Buidhe
1929:Acts of Union 1800
1801:Desmond Rebellions
1729:Kingdom of Ireland
1330:, pp. 41, 68.
1247:Treaty of Limerick
1174:English Parliament
1164:However, with the
1136:
993:at the expense of
987:English Parliament
956:
889:) Irish", and the
846:period (1650–60).
840:Patriot Parliament
761:on the continent.
753:out in Ireland by
681:Desmond Rebellions
669:
623:, consisting of a
611:in 1487. In 1535,
585:
578:Kingdom of Ireland
564:Kingdom of Ireland
508:Kingdom of Ireland
504:FitzGerald dynasty
431:Ireland portal
322:Kingdom of Ireland
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2760:Sub-Roman Britain
2755:End of Roman rule
2699:Prehistoric Wales
2501:
2500:
2197:Church of Ireland
2059:Bréifne Uí Ruairc
1497:978-0-19-820242-4
1342:, pp. 53–57.
1292:Ireland 1691-1801
1251:Patrick Sarsfield
1239:Battle of Aughrim
1235:Siege of Limerick
1205:Marshal Schomberg
1178:William of Orange
1049:Siege of Drogheda
1013:English Civil War
983:Rebellion of 1641
919:Roman Catholicism
876:benefit of clergy
872:pirate stronghold
862:of Leamcon (near
824:Church of Ireland
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711:Anglo-Spanish War
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2961:Second World War
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2941:Victorian period
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2780:Medieval England
2722:Classical period
2711:Prehistoric Mann
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1117:Oliver Plunkett
1099:in England and
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1079:bitter memories
1034:Oliver Cromwell
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967:Main articles:
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911:Gaelic language
874:. By pleading "
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1680:External links
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1222:Williamite War
1203:The same year
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3396:The Emergency
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3136:Early history
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2731:Roman Britain
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2562:Isle of Wight
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1956:
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1947:Tuadhmhumhain
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1884:Poynings' Law
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1671:0-31222-550-4
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1652:0-71652-476-7
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1614:0-71006-446-2
1610:
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1591:0-7153-7264-5
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1440:0-75243-304-0
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1421:0-86281-212-7
1417:
1413:
1412:Irish Battles
1408:
1404:
1402:0-19-820091-9
1398:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1379:0-85527-034-9
1375:
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1354:, p. 54.
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1283:Presbyterians
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989:and Scottish
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2160:Four Courts
2129:and society
2091:Fear Manach
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1987:Uí Díarmata
1971:Clanricarde
1786:New English
1352:Senior 1976
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1198:Percy Kirke
1109:Popish Plot
1085:Restoration
1053:West Indies
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870:) became a
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822:(Anglican)
820:established
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673:Elizabeth I
603:pretender,
548:Old English
228:History of
163:introducing
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4164:Literature
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2099:Uí Catháin
2003:Magh Luirg
1979:Uí Failghe
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1914:Penal Laws
1877:Parliament
1855:Wild Geese
1845:Barbadosed
1764:and events
1633:0826436099
1525:Wikisource
1433:. Tempus.
1315:References
1272:Penal Laws
1101:Charles II
931:The Graces
816:Penal Laws
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146:references
86:neutrality
49:improve it
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3528:Coastline
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2430:George II
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2115:Uí Mháine
2067:Cairbrigh
2011:Airgíalla
1955:Uí Echach
1940:conquests
1194:Louis XIV
1168:of 1688,
1132:Jacobites
1072:See also
1025:Charles I
954:colonists
927:Charles I
790:see also
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484:sectarian
368:Conflicts
289:1801–1923
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274:1169–1536
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3118:Timeline
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2543:Overview
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264:400–795
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159:improve
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