110:
33:
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2136:
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gained Kedah as one of its vassals. In trade, Kedah supplied its own tin, and jungle products such as rattan, resin, honey, beeswax, elephants, ivory, areca nuts, Sepang wood and black woods, as well as profiting from tax collections. Kedah was
Islamised in the 15th century (another tradition states
2409:
In addition to Sungai Batu, the early Malay
Archipelago also witnessed the monumental development of other subsequent ancient large urban settlements and regional polities, driven by a predominantly cosmopolitan agrarian society, thriving skilled craftsmanship, multinational merchants and foreign
2831:
The Pali verse 'Ye Dhamma... ' is a popular verse in
Buddhism that explains the heart of Buddhism Philosophy i.e Dependent Origination. The Sanskrit version of the verse is called "Pratityasamutpada Hridaya Dharani" with Om added to the beginning of the Verse, and Svaha added at the end, thus
2595:
verses refers to a king named
Ramaunibham, who may be the first local ruler whose name is recorded in history. The history of this period showed the influence of Indian cultures on the region while the locals in return, influenced the Indians in their living skills on the sea and in the hills.
2306:, are an abundance of historical relics. Ancient monumental ruins, buildings, temples, harbour and shipwrecks had been entombed in the soil for two millennia. At its zenith, the settlement sprawled across around 1,000 kilometers and dominated the northern plains of the
2405:
had the power to bless or curse the society, hence the spirit should always be pleased and entertained. In Sungai Batu, archaeological evidence unmasked ceremonial and religious architecture devoted to worshipping the sun and mountains.
2885:
2515:
were in little danger of becoming lost. Early sea traders from the west, upon reaching the coast, engaged porters to transport goods by raft, elephant or by walking along the rivers to the opposite side of the
2325:
The history of the area was bound to its iron industry, with archaeological findings unearthing various historical mines, warehouses, factories and a harbour; together with a plethora of superior-quality
3018:
2282:: light coasting boats for local traffic, larger vessels of a more complicated structure and greater carrying capacity, and lastly the big ocean-going vessels that made the voyages to
2766:
Japan. The
Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it was returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah became one of the states of the
2881:
1785:
2607:
of the 4th century CE, thus proclaiming the
Buddhist character of the shrine near the find-spot (site I) of which only the basement survives. It is inscribed on three faces in
1835:
1655:
2974:
2591:
There are stone inscriptions which indicate that the Kedah region at 400 CE or before was already an established trade centre. One of the early Malay texts include the
1154:
60:, the early maritime trade of India, Persia, and the Arabs to the written works of early Chinese pilgrims and early Chinese records, and later to the partly-historical
2615:
rounded writing of the 6th century CE, possibly earlier. One of the early inscription stones discovered by James Low, at Bukit Meriam and in Muda River, mention of
1319:
3987:
3181:
2939:
1412:
2164:
2492:
who investigated no fewer than thirty sites around Kedah. The results showed this site had been in continuous occupation for centuries, by people under strong
2264:), becoming the Deutero-Malays. Possibly as early as the 4th century BCE, Austronesians started to sail westwards in search of new markets for their products.
1695:
1735:
2275:. This would indicate that the Malay actively participated in Indian Ocean trade, and likely handled much of the traffic between Southeast Asia and India.
1249:
3376:
3291:
2708:
seeking the honour of the royal band that marks the sovereignty of a Malay Muslim ruler. The request by Kedah was in response to be
Malacca's vassal.
2049:
1945:
1402:
965:
961:
1665:
3992:
2997:
2485:
2814:
2425:, collectively fashioned by an active participation in the international trade network and hosting diplomatic embassies from China and India.
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2054:
834:
2350:
technique used in Sungai Batu is hailed as the oldest of its kind. The produce was highly sought after and exported to various parts of the
1795:
1104:
2025:
1369:
1299:
1825:
1675:
1595:
1349:
1054:
515:
81:
region. Traders from India, Persia and Arabia arrived in the
Malacca Strait, using Gunung Jerai as a landmark point in their travels.
3334:
3314:
3281:
3012:
2968:
2915:
2855:
2469:) on behalf of one of its rulers who sought his assistance to gain the throne. The Chola fleets successfully defeated Srivijaya and
2157:
1815:
1309:
856:
109:
3452:
1865:
1845:
1545:
1094:
989:
3487:
3445:
3367:
2728:
1725:
1382:
1359:
1219:
1084:
495:
1985:
3492:
2958:
2489:
2109:
1975:
1955:
1925:
1575:
1565:
32:
3435:
1935:
1775:
1705:
1464:
1392:
1209:
830:
640:
1965:
2748:
2727:. Later in the late 18th century, in the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, Sultan
2271:
merchants in the 1st century CE described huge non-Indian ships coming from the east with rich cargo, possibly from the
2199:
2150:
2074:
2059:
2015:
1875:
1805:
1555:
1475:
1064:
975:
774:
89:
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1895:
3459:
3304:
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1885:
1515:
1329:
1189:
485:
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was combined into the
Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until it was transferred to the British by the
3545:
2943:
2793:
1995:
1855:
1585:
1074:
600:
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2732:
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account gives a more probable date of
Islamic conversion to the year 1474. This date is also consistent with the
2195:
590:
62:
2397:. Practitioners of the ancient folk religion believed that every element of nature possessed a spirit, known as
550:
3515:
2233:. Later, some of their descendants started to migrate southwards to what is now Indonesia and eastwards to the
1765:
1685:
1525:
1114:
784:
376:
2553:
2099:
2069:
2064:
2005:
1915:
1495:
1254:
1229:
979:
3530:
3420:
2511:– and more importantly being close to the latitude to the south of India – meant that ships sailing in the
3867:
3585:
2705:
2226:
1645:
1615:
916:
764:
690:
650:
56:
can be traced from various sources, from the prehistoric period, most famously the archaeological site of
3887:
3430:
3872:
3615:
3540:
3464:
3329:
The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, Volume 4 / edited by Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman (
2677:
2639:
2331:
1905:
1715:
1422:
1134:
876:
77:
faith arrived at Kedah, joining them soon were peoples from nearby islands and those from the northern
3945:
3912:
3535:
3525:
3402:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3600:
3555:
2767:
1535:
1460:
1339:
1239:
1009:
754:
462:
121:
3882:
3520:
3474:
2882:"FIVE REASONS WHY YOU MUST VISIT THE SUNGAI BATU ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE AT LEAST ONCE IN YOUR LIFETIME"
160:
3716:
3625:
3595:
3590:
3360:
2818:
2690:
2437:
Map of early sea trade route (in red) and the early transpeninsula routeways of the Malay Peninsula
886:
580:
98:
3469:
2910:. Ḥusain, Muẓaffar., Akhtar, Syed Saud., Usmani, B. D. New Delhi. 14 September 2011. p. 308.
3892:
3425:
3204:
3175:
2933:
2788:
2121:
804:
724:
540:
472:
318:
184:
2557:
3726:
3330:
3310:
3277:
3235:
3008:
2964:
2921:
2911:
2712:
2624:
2508:
2411:
2382:
2272:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2104:
1605:
1144:
1019:
409:
399:
298:
2832:
Dharani-fying the entire verse. The Pali version never seems to have had any specific title.
3877:
3671:
3620:
2763:
2116:
1635:
1485:
1289:
936:
846:
794:
660:
505:
419:
3786:
3580:
3440:
2573:
2307:
2283:
2234:
2140:
1625:
1505:
1279:
1179:
744:
449:
439:
386:
363:
3149:
3128:
2689:
described the conversion of the royal house to Islam to have been in 1136 CE. Historian
3959:
3811:
3766:
3696:
3681:
3605:
3353:
2724:
2631:
2600:
2319:
2218:
2203:
866:
714:
710:
630:
570:
429:
37:
2770:
in 1948, which then achieved independence in 1957. Malaya was then enlarged to become
17:
3976:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3761:
3691:
2512:
2477:
2458:
2214:
1745:
1450:
999:
610:
560:
285:
57:
3846:
3831:
3791:
3771:
3751:
3746:
3701:
3676:
3635:
3630:
2755:
2699:
2662:
2647:
2565:
2493:
2454:
2446:
2315:
2240:
1199:
1124:
1029:
926:
734:
45:
3045:
The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times
3949:
3741:
3736:
3550:
3143:
3122:
3062:(fifth printing ed.). Chennai: University of Madras. pp. 86 & 318.
2643:
2581:
2561:
2545:
2533:
2517:
2450:
2433:
2419:
2363:
2311:
2268:
2249:
2230:
131:
49:
3224:"'Sixteen Naked Indians': First Contact between the British and the Orang Asli"
3851:
3816:
3801:
3776:
3656:
3651:
3394:
3390:
2720:
2669:
empire. It showed the commercial contact between the Chola Empire and Malaya.
2612:
2604:
2569:
2541:
2537:
2484:
settlement which has been known since it was reported in the 1840s by Colonel
2466:
2462:
2422:
2261:
2257:
1755:
896:
670:
620:
275:
230:
171:
3939:
3239:
2925:
2654:
inscriptions, from which the early Tamils themselves were patronizers of the
2217:
began migrating to the South East Asia Archipelago approximately 3,500 years
2723:. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese and also by the
2661:
An inscription in Sanskrit dated 1086 CE was found in Kedah. It was left by
2442:
2393:, strikingly similar to other indigenous religions of Eastern Asia, such as
2390:
2351:
2178:
700:
680:
338:
328:
195:
78:
44:
Archeological digs suggest a settlement existed on the northern bank of the
2418:, among a few. By the fifth century CE, these settlements had morphed into
2449:
from the 9th to 13th centuries CE. The Cholas had a powerful merchant and
3806:
3686:
3610:
2771:
2759:
2704:
which describes a raja of Kedah visiting Malacca during the reign of its
2655:
2651:
2635:
2497:
2375:
2347:
2279:
144:
3208:
2731:
agreed to hand over Penang and to the British. The Siamese nevertheless
2711:
Kedah later came under Siamese vassalage, until it was conquered by the
3796:
3721:
3706:
2386:
2287:
3223:
3003:. In Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin; Reinecke, Andreas; Bonatz, Dominik (eds.).
3821:
3781:
3666:
3661:
3309:, Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies, Palgrave Macmillan,
2783:
2740:
2736:
2716:
2529:
2415:
2394:
2343:
2303:
2291:
2253:
2222:
1269:
906:
265:
3195:
Winstedt, Richard (December 1936). "Notes on the History of Kedah".
2998:"Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True"
3756:
3711:
3380:
2744:
2676:
2666:
2592:
2501:
2481:
2432:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2339:
2310:. By contemporary accounts, the area is known as the lost city of
2239:
74:
31:
3345:
2735:
in 1821, and it remained under Siamese control under the name of
3731:
3273:
Comparing Globalizations Historical and World-Systems Approaches
2694:
2585:
2577:
2335:
2327:
2260:. In some regions they intermarried with the local inhabitants (
3349:
2536:
and the local Malays were already using the rounded script, or
2488:, later subjected to a fairly exhaustive investigation by Dr.
2198:
in the 1820s. Kedah was then transferred to Britain under the
2229:. Some 4,000 years ago, Austronesian began to migrate to the
3228:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
3168:
Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines
3007:. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 128–148.
108:
2638:, relate to the activities of the people and rulers of the
3197:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2960:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
3254:
Kedah 1771–1821: The Search for Security and Independence
2248:
Austronesians were great seafarers, colonising as far as
2206:
until gaining independence as part of Malaysia in 1957.
2410:
expatriates. Chinese records noted the names of Akola,
3306:
Trade, Circulation, and Flow in the Indian Ocean World
2278:
Three kinds of craft are described by the author of a
2322:
and a potential progenitor of the Kedah Tua kingdom.
3860:
3644:
3573:
3564:
3508:
3401:
3161:
3159:
2182:the year 1136 CE) and then fell under the sway of
3292:"Archaeologists search for a king in Sungai Batu"
2856:"Sg Batu to be developed into archaeological hub"
2719:was visited by the British who encountered local
48:by the 1st millennium CE. The Merbok settlement,
2385:were recorded to be the adherents of indigenous
2378:reports, the area was known as "the iron bowl".
2884:. Universiti Sains Malaysia. 14 November 2019.
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
2817:. Vinodh's Virtual Cyber Space. Archived from
2314:. Founded in 788 BCE, it is among the oldest o
52:was built near the river's estuary. The early
3361:
2158:
8:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
2548:. Vatteluttu was also commonly known as the
2461:. In the early 11th century, the Chola King
36:"Tornado off the Coast of Quedah" (1860) by
2650:are at least four centuries older than the
73:Around 170 CE groups of people of the
3570:
3368:
3354:
3346:
3180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2938:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2165:
2151:
83:
2963:. Australian National University Press.
2480:there was an important and unmistakably
3145:South Indian Influences in the Far East
3124:South Indian Influences in the Far East
3091:
2847:
2805:
2540:writing styles which differed from the
1736:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
97:
86:
27:History of the Malaysian state of Kedah
3173:
2931:
2507:Kedah being nearby the entry into the
3988:Former countries in Malaysian history
3024:from the original on 30 December 2019
2762:) was the first part of Malaya to be
7:
3935:
3127:. Bombay: Hind Kitabs Ltd. pp.
3109:
2957:Bellwood P, Fox JJ, Tryon D (2006).
2815:"Ye Dhamma – The Verse of Causation"
2465:sent an expedition to attack Kedah (
2026:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack
3148:. Bombay: Hind Kitab Ltd. pp.
3072:
2194:in 1786, Kedah was embroiled in an
1826:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia
2599:An inscribed stone bar, bears the
1666:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire
1586:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident
25:
3166:Arokiaswamy, Celine W.M. (2000).
2977:from the original on 2 April 2020
2888:from the original on 17 June 2021
2681:Flag of Kedah in the 18th century
2221:. It is now widely accepted that
1836:Attacks against places of worship
3955:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3058:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2000) .
2687:At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah
2445:which led to rivalries with the
2441:Kedah eventually became part of
2134:
1796:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods
68:Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah
3142:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1949).
3121:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1949).
2244:Ancient artefact found in Kedah
1656:Penang terminal bridge collapse
641:Separation of Perlis from Kedah
2715:in the 15th century. In 1592,
1566:Campbell Shopping Complex fire
1:
3993:Tributaries of Imperial China
2813:Vinodh Rajan (2 April 2012).
2673:Early modern period and later
2381:The early inhabitants of the
1776:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
831:Japanese occupation of Malaya
290:
149:
2749:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
2739:. In 1896, Kedah along with
2200:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
2016:2024 Lumut helicopters crash
1936:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination
1816:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
1095:North Borneo self-governance
3290:Mok, Opalyn (9 June 2017).
2302:Deep in the estuary of the
1866:Genting Highlands bus crash
1846:Cameron Highlands bus crash
1546:AIA building hostage crisis
1516:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute
1465:Philippine militant attacks
1270:Federal Territory of Labuan
1200:Declaration of Rukun Negara
1190:National Operations Council
1155:Second communist insurgency
4009:
3043:Dick-Read, Robert (2005).
2908:A concise history of Islam
2794:Cities along the Silk Road
1996:2022 Batang Kali landslide
1310:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai
3930:
3387:
3303:Pearson, Michael (2015),
3170:. Manila s.n. p. 41.
2471:captured and sacked Kedah
1926:Movida Bar grenade attack
1676:Bright Sparklers disaster
1576:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash
1556:National Monument bombing
1526:Kuala Lumpur flash floods
1320:Royal Immunity Amendments
1065:Singapore self-governance
976:Crown Colony of N. Borneo
591:Siamese invasion of Kedah
63:Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa
3270:Hall, Thomas D. (2017),
2524:Writing and inscriptions
1946:Darul Quran madrasa fire
1766:2001 Kampung Medan riots
1686:Highland Towers collapse
1383:Pakatan Harapan takeover
785:Unfederated Malay States
377:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2605:South Indian characters
2554:Southeast Asian studies
2414:, Tun-Sun, Chieh-ch'a,
2177:After the 7th century,
2006:2023 Elmina plane crash
1986:2021-22 Malaysia floods
1966:2020-21 Malaysia floods
1956:2018 Subang Temple riot
1916:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
1896:2014–15 Malaysia floods
1806:Bukit Gantang bus crash
1250:South China Sea dispute
1230:1977 Kelantan Emergency
1220:Federal Territory of KL
1115:Sarawak self-governance
189:65,000–40,000 BCE
3586:Bandar Baharu District
3493:Flag and coats of arms
2996:Blench, Roger (2012).
2729:Abdullah Mukarram Shah
2693:however notes that an
2682:
2630:Inscriptions, both in
2438:
2298:Pre-Hindu civilisation
2245:
2227:Austronesian languages
1616:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
1486:Brunei's Limbang claim
1330:Asian financial crisis
917:Sandakan Death Marches
765:Federated Malay States
651:Crown Colony of Labuan
113:
41:
18:Early history of Kedah
3616:Padang Terap District
3222:Lim, Teckwyn (2021).
2942:) CS1 maint: others (
2680:
2436:
2243:
2190:. After trading away
1856:Hulu Langat landslide
1536:Malaysian haze crisis
1300:Constitutional crisis
1135:Singapore in Malaysia
1125:Formation of Malaysia
990:Anti-cession movement
877:Parit Sulong Massacre
356:Rise of Muslim states
280:100 BCE–1474 CE
112:
35:
3868:Bandar Laguna Merbok
3601:Kubang Pasu District
3203:(3 (126)): 155–189.
2768:Federation of Malaya
2758:, Kedah (along with
2354:, including ancient
2342:. Additionally, the
1786:Indian Ocean tsunami
1476:Singapore race riots
1461:North Borneo dispute
1240:Pedra Branca dispute
1055:Malayan Independence
1010:Federation of Malaya
775:Anglo-Siamese Treaty
755:Mat Salleh Rebellion
551:Dutch–Portuguese War
270:100 BCE–642 CE
222:11,000–200 BCE
3888:Bandar Baru Mergong
3626:Pokok Sena District
3596:Kuala Muda District
3591:Kota Setar District
3500:Tourist attractions
2691:Richard O. Winstedt
2572:later evolved into
2202:and remained under
2186:, then later under
2141:Malaysia portal
1976:LRT train collision
1746:Al-Ma'unah incident
1726:Tropical Storm Greg
1210:New Economic Policy
1047:Independence period
887:Battle of Singapore
581:Straits Settlements
516:Kubang Pasu Kingdom
235:500 – 200 BCE
3873:Bandar Puteri Jaya
2789:Sultanate of Kedah
2683:
2648:Tamil inscriptions
2576:which was used in
2439:
2429:Pre-Islamic period
2246:
2225:was the cradle of
2196:invasion from Siam
1716:Pos Dipang mudflow
1496:Penang Hartal riot
1340:Reformasi Movement
1085:Sarawak Insurgency
805:Kelantan rebellion
725:Jementah Civil War
631:Kingdom of Sarawak
601:Anglo-Dutch Treaty
541:Portuguese Malacca
473:Selangor Sultanate
122:Prehistoric period
114:
42:
3970:
3969:
3926:
3925:
3727:Kota Sarang Semut
3611:Langkawi District
2713:Malacca Sultanate
2627:’ (Tanah Merah).
2509:Strait of Malacca
2383:Malay Archipelago
2374:. Based on early
2273:Malay Archipelago
2175:
2174:
2034:
2033:
1696:Genting landslide
1646:Ming Court Affair
1434:
1433:
1413:Bornean Amendment
1393:COVID-19 pandemic
1350:H1N1 flu pandemic
1258:
1163:
1162:
1145:ASEAN Declaration
1038:
1037:
1020:Malayan Emergency
945:
944:
813:
812:
524:
523:
463:Sarawak Sultanate
440:Pattani Sultanate
400:Malacca Sultanate
347:
346:
293:100 CE–1025
239:
238:
16:(Redirected from
4000:
3983:History of Kedah
3958:
3957:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3913:Bandar Sejahtera
3878:Bandar Darulaman
3672:Bukit Kayu Hitam
3621:Pendang District
3571:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3319:
3299:
3286:
3257:
3256:(1971), Ch. VII.
3250:
3244:
3243:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3094:
3089:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3005:Crossing Borders
3002:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2954:
2948:
2947:
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2821:on 20 March 2012
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1906:Sabah earthquake
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1403:Political crisis
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1360:Sedition Dragnet
1290:Operation Lalang
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1176:
1175:
1051:
1050:
958:
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954:Formative period
937:Jesselton revolt
857:Bornean Campaign
847:Malayan campaign
826:
825:
795:Battle of Penang
661:Pahang Civil War
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420:Pahang Sultanate
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54:history of Kedah
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3898:Bandar Amanjaya
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3787:Padang Matsirat
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3581:Baling District
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3324:Further reading
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2308:Malay Peninsula
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1706:MH2133 incident
1636:Sabah Emergency
1626:Memali Incident
1506:13 May Incident
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1280:Memali incident
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1180:13 May incident
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2725:Aceh Sultanate
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2609:Pallava script
2601:Ye Dharma Hetu
2550:Pallava script
2546:Northern India
2534:Southern India
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2320:Southeast Asia
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2219:before present
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2215:Austronesians
2209:
2207:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
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1989:
1987:
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1886:MH17 incident
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1451:Brunei revolt
1449:
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1172:Modern period
1169:
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1028:
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1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
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1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:Malayan Union
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
963:
962:BMA of Malaya
960:
959:
951:
950:
940:
938:
935:
934:
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928:
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920:
918:
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632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
611:Burney Treaty
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
561:Dutch Malacca
559:
558:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
530:
529:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:Reman Kingdom
504:
503:
499:
497:
496:Setul Kingdom
494:
493:
489:
487:
486:Besut Kingdom
484:
483:
476:
474:
471:
470:
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464:
461:
460:
453:
451:
448:
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443:
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342:
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337:
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330:
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:424–775
302:
300:
297:
296:
289:
287:
286:Gangga Negara
284:
283:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
257:
256:Ancient Kedah
254:
253:
245:
244:
234:
232:
226:
225:
221:
215:
214:
210:
204:
203:
200:
198:
197:
193:
192:
188:
186:
185:Niah cultures
180:
179:
176:
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173:
169:
168:
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162:
156:
155:
148:
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140:
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118:
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111:
107:
106:
103:
96:
91:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
64:
59:
58:Bujang Valley
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3832:Sungai Limau
3792:Padang Serai
3752:Kuala Pegang
3747:Kuala Nerang
3717:Kepala Batas
3677:Bukit Pinang
3636:Yan District
3631:Sik District
3531:Demographics
3421:Constitution
3415:
3305:
3295:
3276:, Springer,
3272:
3253:
3248:
3234:(2): 27–42.
3231:
3227:
3217:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3167:
3144:
3137:
3123:
3116:
3092:Pearson 2015
3068:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3004:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2959:
2952:
2907:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2859:
2850:
2830:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:the original
2808:
2756:World War II
2753:
2710:
2700:Malay Annals
2698:
2686:
2684:
2663:Kulottunga I
2660:
2629:
2621:Raktamrrtika
2620:
2617:Raktamrrtika
2616:
2608:
2598:
2590:
2566:Tamil script
2558:George Cœdès
2549:
2532:coming from
2527:
2506:
2504:influences.
2494:South Indian
2490:Horace Wales
2475:
2455:Indian Ocean
2447:Chola Empire
2440:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2380:
2324:
2304:Merbok River
2301:
2277:
2266:
2247:
2213:
2176:
2100:Kuala Lumpur
2094:
1540:1972–present
1470:1962–present
1370:1MDB scandal
1030:Baling Talks
927:Si Rat Malai
833: /
822:World War II
735:North Borneo
308:
255:
194:
170:
130:
72:
67:
61:
53:
46:Merbok River
43:
29:
3893:Tandop Baru
3742:Kuala Ketil
3737:Kuala Kedah
3453:Legislative
3252:R. Bonney,
3047:. Thurlton.
2706:last sultan
2644:South India
2619:. The word
2603:formula in
2582:Philippines
2562:D.G.E. Hall
2518:Kra Isthmus
2451:naval fleet
2423:city-states
2364:Middle East
2312:Sungai Batu
2269:Greco-Roman
2250:New Zealand
2231:Philippines
2110:George Town
2065:Immigration
1105:Konfrontasi
260:<100 BCE
165:235,000 BCE
132:Paleolithic
99:History of
50:Sungai Batu
3977:Categories
3950:Wikisource
3802:Pokok Sena
3777:Megat Dewa
3657:Anak Bukit
3652:Alor Tajar
3431:Government
3395:Anak Bukit
3391:Alor Setar
2892:8 November
2866:8 November
2842:References
2764:invaded by
2721:Orang Asli
2658:language.
2613:Vatteluttu
2570:Vatteluttu
2544:script of
2542:Devanagari
2538:Vatteluttu
2467:Sri Vijaya
2463:Rajendra I
2290:, and the
2262:Orang Asli
2258:Madagascar
2210:Prehistory
1756:Sauk Siege
1423:Green Wave
897:Sook Ching
671:Larut Wars
621:Naning War
444:1516– 1902
319:Old Pahang
276:Langkasuka
211:16,000 BCE
172:Mesolithic
3861:Townships
3574:Districts
3567:divisions
3541:Education
3465:Judiciary
3460:Geography
3436:Executive
3426:Elections
3389:Capital:
3240:2180-4338
3176:cite book
3152:& 48.
3131:& 84.
3110:Hall 2017
2934:cite book
2926:868069299
2774:in 1963.
2625:Red Earth
2486:James Low
2443:Srivijaya
2420:sovereign
2412:P’an P’an
2391:shamanism
2352:Old World
2188:Ayutthaya
2179:Srivijaya
2088:By region
1990:2021–2022
1900:2014–2015
1800:2006–2007
1740:1998–1999
1606:Dawn Raid
1520:1969–2002
1490:1967–2009
1455:1962–1966
1443:Incidents
1417:2021–2023
1407:2020–2022
1397:2020–2022
1354:2009–2010
1344:1998–2022
1334:1997–1998
1304:1987–1988
1244:1979–2008
1214:1971–1990
1194:1969–1971
1159:1968–1989
1139:1963–1965
1109:1963–1966
1089:1962–1990
1079:1960–2012
1024:1948–1960
1014:1948–1963
1004:1946–1948
994:1946–1963
984:1946–1963
970:1945–1946
941:1943–1944
931:1943–1945
921:1942–1945
861:1941–1942
851:1941–1942
841:1941–1945
789:1909–1946
769:1895–1946
759:1894–1905
749:1891–1895
739:1882–1946
719:1874–1946
705:1875–1876
701:Perak War
685:1867–1874
681:Klang War
675:1861–1874
665:1857–1863
655:1848–1946
635:1841–1946
625:1831–1832
595:1821–1826
585:1786–1946
575:1770–1881
565:1641–1824
555:1601–1661
545:1511–1641
520:1839–1864
510:1810–1902
500:1808–1916
490:1780–1899
467:1599–1641
434:1496–1903
424:1470–1623
414:1450–1899
404:1402–1511
381:1267–1521
339:Majapahit
329:Srivijaya
309:Old Kedah
196:Neolithic
79:Mon-Khmer
3960:Category
3807:Semeling
3687:Changlun
3551:Language
3546:Politics
3484:Symbols
3480:Kedahans
3209:41559857
3073:Mok 2017
3028:23 March
3019:Archived
2981:23 March
2975:Archived
2886:Archived
2860:The Star
2825:13 April
2778:See also
2772:Malaysia
2760:Kelantan
2695:Acehnese
2656:Sanskrit
2652:Sanskrit
2636:Sanskrit
2556:such as
2498:Buddhist
2457:and the
2416:Ch'ih-tu
2403:semangat
2399:semangat
2376:Sanskrit
2348:smelting
2280:Periplus
2075:Military
2060:Economic
2043:By topic
1075:ISA 1960
323:449–1454
101:Malaysia
90:a series
88:Part of
66:and the
3940:Commons
3812:Serdang
3797:Pendang
3767:Langgar
3722:Kodiang
3707:Jeniang
3536:Economy
3526:Cuisine
3516:Culture
3509:Society
3416:History
3264:Sources
2665:of the
2623:means ‘
2453:in the
2387:animism
2332:furnace
2288:Sumatra
2184:Malacca
2122:Sarawak
1429:present
1376:present
1263:present
1255:Spratly
980:Sarawak
479:present
456:present
393:present
370:present
299:Pan Pan
3822:Sintok
3782:Merbok
3667:Bedong
3662:Baling
3556:People
3488:Anthem
3441:Sultan
3403:Topics
3333:
3313:
3280:
3238:
3207:
3060:Cholas
3011:
2967:
2924:
2914:
2784:Chi Tu
2741:Perlis
2737:Syburi
2717:Penang
2646:. The
2584:, and
2580:, the
2564:. The
2530:Tamils
2401:. The
2395:Shinto
2362:, the
2344:Tuyere
2340:ingots
2292:Ganges
2284:Malaya
2254:Hawaii
2223:Taiwan
2192:Penang
2105:Penang
966:Borneo
907:Syburi
835:Borneo
715:Borneo
266:Chi Tu
228:
217:
206:
182:
158:
142:
92:on the
3847:Tokai
3772:Lunas
3757:Kulim
3712:Jitra
3702:Gurun
3645:Towns
3521:Crime
3475:Music
3411:Index
3381:Kedah
3377:State
3205:JSTOR
3022:(PDF)
3001:(PDF)
2800:Notes
2745:Setul
2667:Chola
2632:Tamil
2611:, or
2593:karma
2502:Hindu
2482:Hindu
2372:Japan
2368:Korea
2360:China
2356:India
2346:iron-
2267:Some
2117:Sabah
2095:Kedah
2070:Legal
1427:2022–
1374:2015–
1261:1980–
477:1766–
454:1528–
391:1368–
368:1136–
343:1300s
75:Hindu
3732:Kuah
3331:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3236:ISSN
3182:link
3030:2019
3009:ISBN
2983:2019
2965:ISBN
2944:link
2940:link
2922:OCLC
2912:ISBN
2894:2020
2868:2020
2827:2012
2743:and
2685:The
2634:and
2586:Bali
2578:Java
2560:and
2528:The
2500:and
2389:and
2370:and
2338:and
2336:slag
2328:ores
2256:and
2030:2024
2020:2024
2010:2023
2000:2022
1980:2021
1970:2021
1960:2018
1950:2017
1940:2017
1930:2016
1920:2015
1910:2015
1890:2014
1880:2014
1870:2013
1860:2011
1850:2010
1840:2010
1830:2009
1820:2008
1810:2007
1790:2004
1780:2002
1770:2001
1760:2000
1750:2000
1730:1996
1720:1996
1710:1995
1700:1995
1690:1993
1680:1991
1670:1989
1660:1988
1650:1987
1640:1986
1630:1985
1620:1985
1610:1981
1600:1977
1590:1977
1580:1976
1570:1976
1560:1975
1550:1975
1530:1971
1510:1969
1500:1967
1480:1964
1387:2018
1364:2014
1324:1993
1314:1989
1294:1987
1284:1985
1274:1984
1234:1977
1224:1974
1204:1970
1184:1969
1149:1967
1129:1963
1119:1963
1099:1963
1069:1959
1059:1957
1034:1955
911:1942
901:1942
891:1942
881:1942
871:1942
809:1915
799:1914
779:1909
729:1879
695:1874
645:1843
615:1826
605:1824
3852:Yan
3817:Sik
3470:Law
3379:of
2754:In
2642:of
2568:of
2476:In
2318:in
3979::
3294:.
3232:94
3230:.
3226:.
3201:14
3199:.
3178:}}
3174:{{
3158:^
3150:28
3129:82
3098:^
3080:^
3017:.
2973:.
2936:}}
2932:{{
2920:.
2858:.
2829:.
2751:.
2588:.
2520:.
2496:,
2473:.
2366:,
2358:,
2334:,
2330:,
2294:.
2286:,
2252:,
713:/
291:c.
150:c.
70:.
3369:e
3362:t
3355:v
3337:)
3298:.
3242:.
3211:.
3184:)
3075:.
3032:.
2985:.
2946:)
2928:.
2896:.
2870:.
2702:,
2237:.
2166:e
2159:t
2152:v
1467:)
1463:(
1257:)
1253:(
978:/
964:/
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
