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following upon the abdication of Pedro I, had learned from bitter experience the difficulties and dangers of government. By 1840 they had lost all faith in their ability to rule the country on their own. They accepted Pedro II as an authority figure whose presence was indispensable for the country's survival." The
Liberals took the dispute over lowering the age of majority directly to the populace, inciting them to place pressure on the politicians. The Brazilian people supported lowering the age of majority and a popular song was heard in the streets: "We want Pedro the Second,/ Although he is not of age;/ The nation excuses the law,/ and long live the majority!" As emperor, Pedro II "was the living symbol of the unity of the fatherland This position gave him, in the eyes of public opinion, a higher authority than that of any regent." The Conservatives weren’t opposed to the Liberal plan, and both (including the regent himself, who would inevitably lose his office) wished to end the regency. Olinda asked Pedro II what he thought about the issue of majority, and he simply answered, "I have not thought about that," and continued, "I have already heard about it, but I have not given it any attention."
1127:
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888:
149:
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847:(or War of the Cabanos, 1832–34), which sought the return of Pedro I and which had the support of common people, former slaves, and slaves. The death of Pedro I on 24 September 1834 ended their hopes. The promulgation of the Additional Act in 1834, a constitutional amendment that gave higher administrative and political provincial decentralization, exacerbated conflicts between political parties, as whichever dominated the provinces would also gain control over the electoral and political system. Those parties which lost elections rebelled and tried to assume power by force. Rebellious factions, however, continued to uphold the Throne as a way of giving the appearance of legitimacy to their actions (that is, they were not in revolt against the monarchy
754:
1041:
1105:, future Viscount of Bom Retiro. However, he was treated tenderly by Mariana de Verna and also by Rafael, who played with him by carrying him on his shoulders and who also allowed Pedro II to hide in his room to escape from studies. For the greater part of his time, he was surrounded by servants who only had permission to speak to him when questioned. The environment in which Pedro II was raised turned him into a shy and needy person who saw in "books another world where he could isolate and protect himself." Behind the "pomp of the monarchy, of the self-sufficient appearance, there must have lived an unhappy man."
1187:
736:. Prince Pedro spent little time with his stepmother, who would ultimately leave the country two years later. Even so, they had an affectionate relationship and kept in contact with each other until her death in 1873. So strong was Amélie's influence over the young prince that he always considered her to be his mother, and as an adult "the ideal female, whom he ever sought, was dark-haired, vivacious, and intelligent, and noticeably older in years than he." Pedro I abdicated the Imperial crown on 7 April 1831, after a long conflict with the federalist liberals. He and Amélie immediately departed for Portugal to
1162:) to the position of steward. It was Paulo Barbosa who called the Marquis of Itanhaém to become guardian of the princes and Friar Pedro Mariana to be supervisor of Pedro II. He thought both would submit to his interests. Mariana de Verna, former supervisor and surrogate mother of Pedro II and the current first lady-in-waiting, was esteemed by both Aureliano and Paulo Barbosa. Her daughter was married to a nephew of the steward. All "three liked power and influence for its own sake, interpreted any opposition to their dominance in personal terms, and were ruthless in defense of their position at court."
545:, a couple years later. Pedro II formed a strong bond with Empress Amélie, whom he considered to be his mother throughout the remainder of his life. When Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and departed to Europe with Amélie, Pedro II was left behind with his sisters and became the second emperor of Brazil. He was raised with simplicity but received an exceptional education towards shaping what Brazilians then considered an ideal ruler. The sudden and traumatic loss of his parents, coupled with a lonely and unhappy upbringing, greatly affected Pedro II and shaped his character.
100:
776:, but they did not see the young emperor during that period … or ever again. For the remainder of his life, Pedro I would become distressed upon his children's absences and fretted about their futures. Pedro II missed his father and stepmother (who had assumed his mother's role), and this may account for his later lack of any emotional display in public. In fact, the "sudden loss of his family was to haunt Pedro II throughout his life". Three of his sisters stayed behind in Brazil with Pedro II:
1204:
Forces and the
Brazilian people. "There was not, this time, the panic and weeping of 1831. There was only a young and shy boy divided between the fascination of power and the fear of a new world which, unexpectedly, was being opened to him." The "declaration of Pedro II's majority aroused a general euphoria. A feeling of release and renewal united Brazilians. For the first time since the middle of the 1820s the national government at Rio de Janeiro commanded a general acceptance."
687:
808:. The frightened young Emperor was displayed along with his sisters at one of the windows of the palace. He stood atop a chair so that he could be seen by the assembled thousands and observe their acclamations. The Brazilians were touched by this "figure of a small orphan who would rule them one day." The entire ordeal, followed by the roar of saluting cannon, was so traumatic to the little emperor that it may account for his noted aversion to ceremonies as an adult.
928:
particular, he clashed with D. Mariana de Verna Magalhães, who, as first lady of the emperor's bedchamber and supported by numerous relatives, had for several years enjoyed considerable influence in court affairs." His relationship with the liberal-dominated regency had become unsustainable due to his leadership of the restorationist faction which sought to recall Pedro I and install him as regent until Pedro II attained majority. the
National Assembly ratified
678:, he was considered a foreigner under Portuguese law. However, his elder sister, having been born prior to independence, was able to ascend the throne of Portugal as Maria II upon the abdication of their father (Pedro I, who was also Pedro IV of Portugal) on 28 May 1826. As the only legitimate male child of Pedro I to survive infancy, he became heir to his father's Brazilian crown as Prince Imperial and was officially recognized as such on 6 August 1826.
494:
1097:
the emperor and his sisters concerned deaths within their family. In
December 1834, they learned of the early and unanticipated death of their father. A few months later their grandfather Francis II, who had shown great interest in his grandchildren, died (June 1835). These losses drew the emperor and his sisters closer together and strengthened their sense of family, despite the absence of their parents.
1138:(later Marquis of Olinda) was elected as his replacement. One of the main goals of Olinda was restore respect for Imperial authority, and thus "traditional ceremonies and practices surrounding the monarch, suspended since Pedro I's abdication, were revived." The "campaign to inculcate deference and respect for the young emperor found ready acceptance throughout Brazil."
28:
968:, and that his concern should always be for the public welfare. Both had as an objective "to make a human, honest, constitutional, pacifist, tolerant, wise and just monarch. That is, a perfect ruler, dedicated integrally to his obligations, above political passions and private interests." Later, in January 1839, Itanhaém called
1166:
chiefly concerned with "their own interests and those of their friends." This trio and their adherents became known as the "Courtier
Faction" and the "Joana Club" (named Paulo Barbosa’s country house on the Joana river, where they usually met). Their alliance with the Liberals evolved as a consequence of
1146:
and Martim
Francisco, brothers of the ex-guardian José Bonifácio de Andrada (who had died in 1838). The bill proposed by the Conservatives to lower the age of majority was defeated in the Senate on 17 May 1840 by a margin of 18 votes to 16. In contrast to the Conservatives, Liberals were unscrupulous
1141:
Fearful that their adversaries would perpetuate themselves in power, the
Liberals had also begun to call for lowering the age of majority. They saw an opportunity, given the emperor's age and inexperience, that "he might be manipulated by whoever brought him to power." The Liberals allied themselves
1096:
As a constitutional monarch, his education was followed closely by the
National Assembly, which demanded from Itanhaém progress reports concerning his studies. During this time, Pedro II was kept unaware of events occurring outside the palace, including political matters. News which did intrude upon
1199:
to ask if Pedro II would accept or reject the early declaration of his majority. Pedro II asked for the opinion of Itanhaém, Friar Pedro
Mariana and Araújo Viana (pawns of the "Courtier Faction"), who convinced him to accept and thus prevent new disorders in the country. The emperor would say years
1194:
A crowd of 3,000 people went to the Senate to demand a declaration of majority. The "supporters of an immediate majority gathered at the Senate and passed a motion, signed by 17 senators (out of 49) and by 40 deputies (out of 101), calling on the emperor to take full powers." A delegation of eight,
1100:
The
Emperor experienced an unhappy and solitary childhood. He was considered precocious, docile and obedient, but frequently cried and often nothing seemed to please him. He "was not raised in luxury and everything was very simple." As his sisters could not accompany him at other times, he only had
923:
whom Pedro I deeply trusted and asked to look after his son—a charge which he carried out during the rest of his life. São Cristóvão was Pedro II's primary residence from infancy. At the end of 1832 Princess Paula became severely ill (likely with meningitis) and died three weeks later on 16 January
552:
and would be able to exert his constitutional powers, a regency was created. It proved to be weak and to have little effective authority, which led the nation into anarchy, ravaged by political faction struggles and countless rebellions. Exploited as a tool by rival political factions in pursuit of
1113:
From 7 April 1831 Pedro II was Emperor of Brazil, but he would only be able to exercise his constitutional prerogatives upon reaching the age of majority at 18. This would not occur until 2 December 1843. The possibility of lowering the age of majority was floated for the first time in 1835 by the
1004:
respectively, and towards both of whom he developed lifelong friendship and admiration. Pedro II passed the entire day studying with only two hours reserved for amusements. He would wake up at 6.30 a.m. and begin studies at seven, continuing until 10 p.m., after which he would go to bed.
1203:
On the following day, 23 July 1840, the National Assembly formally declared the 14-year-old Pedro II of age. A crowd of 8,000 people gathered to witness the act. There, in the afternoon, the young emperor took the oath of office. For a second time, Pedro II was acclaimed by the gentry, the Armed
827:
who had presented the infant Pedro to the Government more than five years previously. Disputes between political factions resulted in an unstable, almost anarchical, regency. The Liberals who had ousted Pedro I soon split into two factions: moderate liberals (constitutional monarchists who would
1200:
later that the Liberals had taken advantage of his immaturity and inexperience. He shyly answered "Yes" when asked if he desired the age of majority to be lowered, and "Now" when asked if he would prefer that it come into effect at that moment or if he would wait until his birthday in December.
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Olinda's position was precarious. "He lacked the character and skills to impose his authority, while the attempts he did make to take control were seen as presumptuous, a usurpation of a position belonging to the emperor alone." The "generation of politicians who had come to power in the 1830s,
1165:
This alliance between "Aureliano, D. Mariana, and Paulo Barbosa, with the marquis of Itanhaém as their adherent, rapidly secured them dominance over the affairs" of the court. It became impossible to advance any proposal or decision without having gained their stamp of approval, while they were
728:
Empress Leopoldina died on 11 December 1826, days after the stillbirth of a male child, when Pedro was one year old. Pedro would have no memory of his mother; only what he was later told about her. Of his father, "he retained no strong images of him" in adulthood, that is, he recalled "no clear
963:
Among the precepts which Itanhaém and Friar Pedro Mariana sought to instill in Pedro II were: that all human beings should be considered as his equals, that he should seek to be impartial and just, that public servants and ministers of state should be carefully watched, that he should not have
935:
Itanhaém was chosen for the post because he was considered submissive and easily manipulated. The new guardian proved to be a man of mediocre intelligence, though honest. He was wise enough to provide the young Emperor with an extraordinary education. The guardian had a "great influence on the
927:
José Bonifácio was dismissed from his position in December 1833. He "brooked no challenge to his omnipotence as guardian. He was quick to take umbrage with those who disputed his prerogatives or challenged his powers, and his dictatorial ways threatened entrenched interests at the court. In
1329:§ "I swear to maintain the Roman, Apostolic, Catholic religion, and the integrity of the Empire, to observe and to enforce the political Constitution of the Brazilian Nation and the other laws of the Empire, and to promote the general good of Brazil as far as this is my responsibility."
772:. Pedro II wrote a letter of farewell to his father aided by Mariana de Verna. On receipt of this, a tearful Pedro I composed a reply, calling the little boy "My beloved son, and my Emperor." His father and stepmother remained on board the Warspite another five days before leaving for
574:
Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga was born following a childbirth that lasted for more than five hours at 2:30 a.m. on 2 December 1825. His name, as well as his father's, was a homage to St.
803:
Pedro II was acclaimed as the new Brazilian Emperor on 9 April. Bewildered by his parents' abandonment and frightened by the large crowds and thundering artillery salutes, he wept inconsolably as he was taken, with Mariana de Verna at his side, by carriage up to the
717:" correctly as a child. However, he would continue calling her in this way into adulthood, though out of affection and treating her as his surrogate mother. As was the custom of the time, he was not nursed by his mother. Instead, a Swiss immigrant from the
1118:
was elected sole regent after the 1834 Additional Act dispensed with the triumvirate regency. He "lacked the vision, flexibility, and resources needed to guide Brazil under conditions which had prevailed since the death of Pedro I and the passage of the
1048:
Great care was taken to guide him away from his father's example in matters related to education, character and personality. He would learn throughout his life to speak and write not only his native Portuguese, but also Latin, French,
698:
863:(1838–41) all followed this course, even though in some instances provinces attempted to secede and become independent republics (though ostensibly only so long as Pedro II was a minor). The exception was the
828:
later split into the Liberal Party and Conservative Party) and Republicans (a small minority, but radical and highly rebellious). There were also the Restorationists who had been previously known as
969:
936:
democratic character and thought of Pedro II." The professors who were already teaching Pedro II and his sisters under José Bonifácio were retained by the new guardian. The exception was Friar
765:
When the five-year-old Pedro awoke on 7 April 1831, beside him on the bed lay his father's imperial crown. Pedro I and his wife had already left Brazilian soil and boarded the British frigate
1147:
in ignoring the law to attain their goals and decided to immediately declare Pedro II of age. To accomplish this required the support of the three most powerful people in the Imperial court:
663:(Palace of Saint Christopher), home of the Imperial family. He was only 47 centimeters tall and was considered a fragile and sickly child. He had inherited the epilepsy of the Spanish
553:
their own interests, Pedro II was manipulated into accepting an early elevation to majority status on 22 July 1840 at age 14, thus putting an end to nine years of chaotic regency rule.
1316:
He had been a slave at one time, but was freed somehow and later fought in the Cisplatine War. He traveled along with Pedro II during one of his trips to Europe. —Vainfas in
1093:. His passion for reading allowed him to assimilate any information. Pedro II, was not a genius, although he was intelligent and possessed a facility for accumulating knowledge.
1227:
Indians especially for the emperor and a green mantle emblazoned with branches of cacao and tobacco, both symbols of the Brazilian empire. After being anointed, he received the
124:
811:
His elevation as emperor ushered in a period of crisis, the most troublesome in Brazil's history. As Pedro II could not exert his constitutional prerogatives as Emperor (
740:, which had been usurped by his brother Miguel I. Left behind, Prince Imperial Pedro thus became "Dom Pedro II, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".
777:
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at age five. His first tutors were Mariana de Verna and Friar Antonio de Arrábida. When he became Emperor he already had several professors. Amongst these were
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permission to meet them after lunch, and even then for only one hour. He had few friends of his age, and the only one he retained into adulthood was
3882:
1148:
879:. But even in this case, the majority of the province's population, including the largest and most prosperous cities, remained loyal to the Empire.
117:
73:
948:(who had tutored Pedro I as a child). General supervision of Pedro II's education fell to Friar Pedro Mariana, and he took personal charge of his
566:
534:. From birth, he was heir to his father's throne and was styled Prince Imperial. As member of the Brazilian Royalty, he held the honorific title "
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says: "His titles are – Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil –, and is styled – Imperial Majesty". See
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Ceremony of Acclamation held on 9 April 1831 to publicly proclaim the accession to the Brazilian Throne of Emperor Pedro II. Painting by
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in 1817. Another tower was added when Pedro II was a child and the building suffered several modifications through the years.
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667:, although this would completely disappear at adolescence. He was baptized a few days later on 9 December. His elder sister
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in 1791, and that he died on 16 November 1889 of a heart attack after learning of the emperor's overthrow —Calmon in
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Upon leaving the country, Emperor Pedro I selected three people to take charge of his children. The first was his friend
437:
Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga
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1170:, one of Olinda's ministers, being eager to remove his sworn enemy Paulo Barbosa and the marquis of Itanhaém from the
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covers the period from his birth on 2 December 1825 until 18 July 1841, when he was crowned and consecrated. Born in
1158:
Aureliano Coutinho, the powerful minister of Justice, had managed to appoint Paulo Barbosa (a friend of his brother
1232:
972:(later Marquis of Sapucaí) to be instructor of Pedro II's education, and he and the emperor also got on very well.
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was created. The first regency consisted of a triumvirate, and one of its members was the same Brigadier General
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1833. Her loss reinforced the sense of abandonment already felt by Pedro II and his remaining two sisters.
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The education of Pedro II began while he was still heir to throne, and he learned to read and write in
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O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade
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studies. He was one of the few people outside his family for whom Pedro II held great affection.
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Upon becoming a widow many years later, on 16 August 1851, Catherine received a room in the
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Francisca, Pedro II and Januária wearing mourning clothes due to their father's death.
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widow who was considered a cultured, honorable and kindly woman. Pedro II called her "
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1247:(made especially for the coronation with jewels removed from Pedro I’s crown), the
867:, which began as yet another dispute between political factions in the province of
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4018:
1235:): the Sword (which had belonged to his father), the Scepter (of pure gold with a
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The material in the pallium would be changed in the 1860s to feathers from the
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Little is available concerning Rafael. It is known that he likely was born in
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Pedro II's mother died when he was one year old, and his father remarried, to
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and was supported by Pedro II until her death at age 80 on 19 July 1878. See
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led by Antônio Carlos de Andrada carrying this declaration, proceeded to the
903:, whom he nominated as guardian, a position which was later confirmed by the
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on 18 July 1841. He wore a white robe that had belonged to his grandfather
548:
When he ascended to the throne, Pedro II was only five years old. Until he
1223:(a homage to Brazil's birds and indigenous Brazilian chieftains) woven by
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911:(supervisor) from the birth of Pedro II. The third person was Rafael, an
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Feijó resigned his position as regent in 1837, and the conservative
907:. The second was Mariana de Verna, who had occupied the position of
725:) by the name of Marie Catherine Equey was chosen as his wet nurse.
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3578:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Universal de Laemmert.
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Pacto imperial: origens do federalismo no Brasil do século XIX
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The disciplines were diverse, including everything from languages,
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Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891
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Several rebellions erupted during the regency. The first were the
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3591:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
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As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos
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On the day of his birth Pedro was presented by Brigadier General
3336:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
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but quickly evolved into a separatist rebellion financed by the
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História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870)
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996:(son of the regent Francisco de Lima e Silva), who taught
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was godmother, and his father was named as his godfather.
657:) to members of the Brazilian government assembled at the
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Pedro II at age 6 in a portrait sent to his grandfather,
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His father was married two and a half years later to
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3386:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
3377:. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.
3355:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Ática.
514:was the youngest and only surviving male child of
586:, he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the
705:(supervisor) to his son. Mariana de Verna was a
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1190:Coronation of Pedro II at age 15, 18 July 1841.
1114:conservatives. On 12 October 1835, the liberal
3608:Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento
3659:
3493:História Geral da Civilização Brasileira (II)
930:Manuel Inácio de Andrade, Marquis of Itanhaém
118:
8:
3251:
3188:
3002:
2978:
2966:
2951:
2787:
2713:
2657:
2645:
2538:
2485:
2456:
2444:
2415:
2398:
2357:
2039:
1967:
1955:
1902:
1883:
1730:
1718:
1589:
1277:
1142:with the former Restorationists, now led by
3629:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
630:. Among his ancestors were figures such as
3986:
3855:
3797:
3666:
3652:
3644:
3576:Constituição política do Império do Brasil
3539:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional
3504:(in Portuguese). Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
3456:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional
3403:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional
2210:
2069:
674:Having been born after the recognition of
138:
125:
111:
18:
2701:
2630:
2582:
2195:
2160:
2136:
1820:
1577:
1518:
1452:
1294:
940:who was nominated to occupy the place of
3297:
3285:
3270:
3236:
3212:
3164:
3128:
3111:
3072:
2927:
2910:
2835:
2823:
2806:
2772:
2728:
2684:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2555:
2526:
2502:
2473:
2432:
2386:
2289:
2270:
2183:
2148:
2124:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2054:
2027:
2008:
1991:
1925:
1871:
1844:
1769:
1685:
1639:
1606:
1562:
1533:
1503:
1479:
1464:
1435:
1347:
1125:
886:
790:
752:
614:. Through his mother he was a nephew of
375:
3317:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2570:
2258:
2246:
2234:
1406:
1362:
1317:
1265:
21:
3559:
3548:
3520:Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil
3476:
3465:
3423:
3412:
3224:
3200:
3176:
3145:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
2990:
2939:
2898:
2886:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2740:
2669:
2514:
2369:
2345:
2333:
2316:
2304:
1979:
1940:
1856:
1832:
1808:
1793:
1781:
1754:
1742:
1706:
1668:
1656:
1618:
1550:
1491:
1423:
1369:
1311:
1160:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
1149:Aureliano de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
427:
3099:
3084:
2757:
2222:
1381:
7:
3522:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis.
944:(supervisor) formerly held by Friar
713:" as he did not pronounce the word "
243:Head of the Imperial House of Brazil
3999:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
3439:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Globo.
699:Mariana de Verna Magalhães Coutinho
371:
356:Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
338:Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara
3606:Souza, Adriana Barreto de (2008).
1209:acclaimed, crowned and consecrated
690:Pedro around the age of 4, c.1830.
14:
3518:Olivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999).
3401:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2008).
3382:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007).
3334:Pedro II e o Século XIX
738:reclaim the crown of his daughter
602:. His mother was the Archduchess
3734:
3454:Gonçalves, Andréa Lisly (2009).
3384:D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser
1197:Imperial Palace of São Cristóvão
919:. Rafael was an employee in the
504:early life of Pedro II of Brazil
492:
147:
98:
26:
3583:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998).
1168:Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos
841:Revolt of the Year of the Smoke
819:) until he reached majority, a
367:
1291:Brazilian Constitution of 1824
1:
3627:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial
1103:Luís Pedreira do Couto Ferraz
632:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
618:and first cousin of Emperors
418:Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial
16:Emperor of Brazil (1825–1891)
4024:Francisco José do Nascimento
3931:Confederation of the Equator
3545:(37). Rio de Janeiro: SABIN.
3462:(45). Rio de Janeiro: SABIN.
3409:(39). Rio de Janeiro: SABIN.
3375:História de D. Pedro II
3313:Barman, Roderick J. (1999).
990:Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay
970:Cândido José de Araújo Viana
582:Through his father, Emperor
3435:Dolhnikoff, Miriam (2005).
1251:, and the Hand of Justice.
473:Maria Leopoldina of Austria
4108:
3489:Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de
1239:on its tip, symbol of the
1233:Imperial Regalia of Brazil
1219:made of feathers from the
994:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva
729:visual image" of Pedro I.
721:colony ("Burnt Hill", now
594:. He was thus grandson of
392:
264:Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
4092:Early lives by individual
3773:Prince Imperial of Brazil
3768:Brazilian imperial family
3732:
3625:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002).
3332:Besouchet, Lídia (1993).
825:Francisco de Lima e Silva
643:Francisco de Lima e Silva
624:Franz Joseph I of Austria
435:
426:
408:Isabel, Princess Imperial
274:Isabel, Princess Imperial
146:
1221:Guianan cock-of-the-rock
1130:Pedro II at age 9, 1835.
510:, the Brazilian Emperor
35:This article is part of
3890:Imperial Brazilian Navy
3868:Imperial Brazilian Army
3839:Reverse parliamentarism
3537:Piccolo, Helga (2008).
3351:Bueno, Eduardo (2003).
1178:Majority and coronation
921:Palace of São Cristóvão
893:Palace of São Cristóvão
837:Rebellion of Santa Rita
403:Afonso, Prince Imperial
297:Palace of São Cristóvão
153:Pedro II at age 9, 1835
4050:Eusébio de Queirós Law
4040:Abolitionism in Brazil
3693:Independence of Brazil
3572:Rodrigues, José Carlos
3500:Janotti, Aldo (1990).
1191:
1155:and Mariana de Verna.
1153:Paulo Barbosa da Silva
1131:
1109:The "Courtier Faction"
1045:
938:Pedro de Santa Mariana
896:
800:
762:
734:Amélie of Leuchtenberg
691:
676:Brazilian independence
648:
628:Maximilian I of Mexico
571:
543:Amélie of Leuchtenberg
3878:Fatherland Volunteers
3509:Lyra, Heitor (1977).
1189:
1129:
1091:Tupi–Guarani language
1043:
890:
794:
756:
689:
660:Paço de São Cristóvão
620:Napoleon II of France
569:
171:15 November 1889
3834:Constitution of 1824
3726:Units of measurement
3353:Brasil: Uma História
1136:Pedro de Araújo Lima
1123:" (Additional Act).
932:as his replacement.
797:Jean-Baptiste Debret
374:; died
254:5 December 1891
252:7 April 1831 –
169:7 April 1831 –
3801:Political instances
3778:Prince of Grão-Pará
3087:, pp. 194–195.
2237:, pp. 171–172.
1289:Article 100 of the
1116:Diogo Antônio Feijó
946:Antonio de Arrábida
636:Louis XIV of France
570:Pedro as an infant.
413:Princess Leopoldina
4087:Pedro II of Brazil
4014:José do Patrocínio
2541:, pp. 39, 46.
1192:
1172:Imperial Household
1132:
1046:
897:
859:(1837–38) and the
801:
763:
692:
616:Napoleon Bonaparte
612:Holy Roman Emperor
577:Peter of Alcantara
572:
557:Heir to the throne
205:Monarchy abolished
44:Pedro II of Brazil
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
3976:
3975:
3847:
3846:
3751:Emperor of Brazil
3636:978-85-7302-441-8
3617:978-85-200-0864-5
3598:978-85-7164-837-1
3558:Missing or empty
3541:(in Portuguese).
3529:978-85-86797-19-4
3475:Missing or empty
3458:(in Portuguese).
3446:978-85-250-4039-8
3422:Missing or empty
3405:(in Portuguese).
3393:978-85-359-0969-2
3362:978-85-08-08952-9
3343:978-85-209-0494-7
3324:978-0-8047-3510-0
3215:, pp. 40–41.
2913:, pp. 37–38.
2862:, pp. 61–62.
2517:, pp. 67–68.
2488:, pp. 44–45.
2261:, pp. 43–44.
2072:, pp. 26–27.
1859:, pp. 26–27.
1467:, pp. 11–12.
1260:Explanatory notes
1241:House of Braganza
1229:Imperial insignia
905:National Assembly
869:Rio Grande do Sul
719:Morro do Queimado
588:House of Braganza
530:, archduchess of
500:
499:
483:Roman Catholicism
463:Pedro I of Brazil
442:
441:
160:Emperor of Brazil
135:
134:
52:
51:
4099:
3987:
3925:Independence War
3883:List of generals
3873:Military Academy
3856:
3818:Moderating Power
3813:General Assembly
3798:
3783:Prince of Brazil
3738:
3675:Empire of Brazil
3668:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3640:
3621:
3602:
3590:
3579:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3533:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3484:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3397:
3378:
3366:
3347:
3328:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3255:
3252:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
3249:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3189:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3006:
3003:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2979:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2976:
2970:
2967:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2964:
2955:
2952:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2788:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2785:
2776:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2714:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2711:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2655:
2649:
2646:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2643:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2539:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2489:
2486:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2483:
2477:
2471:
2460:
2457:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2454:
2448:
2445:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2442:
2436:
2430:
2419:
2416:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2413:
2402:
2399:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2396:
2390:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2358:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2040:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
2037:
2031:
2025:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1968:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1965:
1959:
1956:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1953:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1906:
1903:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1900:
1887:
1884:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1881:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1731:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1728:
1722:
1719:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1716:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1590:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1587:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1278:Lyra 1977, Vol 1
1270:
817:Moderating Power
694:Pedro I invited
651:
604:Maria Leopoldina
592:Capetian dynasty
496:
428:
396:
379:
377:
373:
369:
317:
305:Empire of Brazil
293:
291:
255:
230:
223:
172:
151:
139:
127:
120:
113:
102:
84:Decline and fall
48:
47:
45:
38:
30:
23:
22:
19:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4064:
4028:
3972:
3911:
3843:
3822:
3787:
3739:
3730:
3677:
3672:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3605:
3599:
3582:
3570:
3557:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3487:
3474:
3464:
3453:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3350:
3344:
3331:
3325:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3258:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2805:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2414:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2211:Dolhnikoff 2005
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2070:Dolhnikoff 2005
2068:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1909:
1901:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1692:
1684:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1646:
1638:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1413:
1405:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1305:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1180:
1111:
978:
915:veteran of the
885:
855:(1835–40), the
843:(1833) and the
751:
746:
684:
655:gentleman usher
645:, the Empress'
564:
559:
528:Dona Leopoldina
526:, and his wife
422:
390:
389:
381:
365:
361:
358:
345:
335:
334:5 December 1939
319:
315:
314:5 December 1891
295:
294:2 December 1825
289:
287:
253:
229:Prime ministers
228:
214:
185:Imperial Chapel
183:
170:
154:
131:
97:
92:
89:Exile and death
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
43:
41:
40:
39:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4105:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4055:Rio Branco Law
4052:
4047:
4045:Netto Question
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Joaquim Nabuco
4006:
4004:André Rebouças
4001:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3967:Paraguayan War
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3943:Ragamuffin War
3940:
3937:Cisplatine War
3934:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3907:Military Ranks
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Prime Minister
3804:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3685:
3683:
3682:General topics
3679:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3622:
3616:
3603:
3597:
3580:
3568:
3534:
3528:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3485:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3398:
3392:
3379:
3367:
3361:
3348:
3342:
3329:
3323:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3275:
3256:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3179:, p. 136.
3169:
3150:
3133:
3116:
3104:
3102:, p. 195.
3089:
3077:
3058:
3056:, p. 317.
3046:
3034:
3022:
3007:
3005:, p. 275.
2995:
2983:
2971:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2811:
2792:
2777:
2762:
2760:, p. 194.
2745:
2733:
2718:
2706:
2702:Besouchet 1993
2689:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2635:
2633:, p. 401.
2631:Besouchet 1993
2623:
2621:, p. 428.
2611:
2599:
2597:, p. 226.
2587:
2583:Besouchet 1993
2575:
2573:, p. 199.
2560:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2490:
2478:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2420:
2403:
2391:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2321:
2309:
2294:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2249:, p. 116.
2239:
2227:
2225:, p. 326.
2215:
2213:, p. 206.
2200:
2196:Besouchet 1993
2188:
2165:
2161:Gonçalves 2009
2153:
2141:
2137:Gonçalves 2009
2129:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2044:
2032:
2013:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1945:
1930:
1907:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1821:Besouchet 1993
1813:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1690:
1673:
1661:
1644:
1623:
1611:
1594:
1582:
1578:Besouchet 1993
1567:
1555:
1538:
1523:
1519:Besouchet 1993
1508:
1496:
1484:
1469:
1457:
1453:Besouchet 1993
1440:
1428:
1411:
1409:, p. 198.
1386:
1384:, p. 196.
1374:
1372:, p. 424.
1361:
1353:
1352:
1331:
1322:
1320:, p. 198.
1314:, p. 57.
1299:
1295:Rodrigues 1863
1282:
1280:, p. 276.
1264:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1245:Imperial Crown
1179:
1176:
1144:Antônio Carlos
1110:
1107:
977:
974:
917:Cisplatine War
913:afro-Brazilian
901:José Bonifácio
884:
881:
865:Ragamuffin War
750:
747:
745:
742:
683:
680:
606:, daughter of
598:and nephew of
563:
560:
558:
555:
508:Rio de Janeiro
498:
497:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
444:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
424:
423:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
399:
397:
383:
382:
363:
359:
354:
353:
351:
347:
346:
336:
332:
328:
327:
318:(aged 66)
312:
308:
307:
301:Rio de Janeiro
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
250:
246:
245:
239:
238:
231:
225:
224:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
180:
174:
173:
167:
163:
162:
156:
155:
152:
144:
143:
133:
132:
130:
129:
122:
115:
107:
104:
103:
74:Paraguayan War
54:
53:
50:
49:
37:a series about
33:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4104:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3991:Abolitionists
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:Uruguayan War
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:List of ships
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:Calmon, Pedro
3368:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3300:, p. 80.
3299:
3298:Schwarcz 1998
3294:
3291:
3288:, p. 78.
3287:
3286:Schwarcz 1998
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:, p. 79.
3272:
3271:Schwarcz 1998
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:, p. 72.
3253:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3239:, p. 73.
3238:
3237:Schwarcz 1998
3233:
3230:
3227:, p. 74.
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:Carvalho 2007
3209:
3206:
3203:, p. 73.
3202:
3197:
3194:
3191:, p. 70.
3190:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3167:, p. 40.
3166:
3165:Carvalho 2007
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:, p. 72.
3147:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:, p. 68.
3130:
3129:Schwarcz 1998
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:, p. 10.
3113:
3112:Olivieri 1999
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:, p. 39.
3074:
3073:Carvalho 2007
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3044:, p. 68.
3043:
3038:
3035:
3032:, p. 67.
3031:
3026:
3023:
3020:, p. 50.
3019:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2993:, p. 51.
2992:
2987:
2984:
2981:, p. 91.
2980:
2975:
2972:
2969:, p. 93.
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:, p. 43.
2953:
2948:
2945:
2942:, p. 71.
2941:
2936:
2933:
2930:, p. 38.
2929:
2928:Carvalho 2007
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:Carvalho 2007
2907:
2904:
2901:, p. 65.
2900:
2895:
2892:
2889:, p. 64.
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:, p. 63.
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2850:, p. 61.
2849:
2844:
2841:
2838:, p. 11.
2837:
2836:Olivieri 1999
2832:
2829:
2826:, p. 67.
2825:
2824:Schwarcz 1998
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:, p. 12.
2808:
2807:Olivieri 1999
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:, p. 67.
2789:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:, p. 37.
2774:
2773:Carvalho 2007
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:, p. 39.
2742:
2737:
2734:
2731:, p. 33.
2730:
2729:Carvalho 2007
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:, p. 60.
2715:
2710:
2707:
2704:, p. 50.
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:, p. 30.
2686:
2685:Carvalho 2007
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:, p. 53.
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:, p. 46.
2659:
2654:
2651:
2648:, p. 50.
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:Schwarcz 1998
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:Olivieri 1999
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:Carvalho 2007
2591:
2588:
2585:, p. 56.
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2558:, p. 32.
2557:
2556:Carvalho 2007
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2529:, p. 26.
2528:
2527:Carvalho 2007
2523:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:, p. 27.
2504:
2503:Carvalho 2007
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2476:, p. 29.
2475:
2474:Carvalho 2007
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:, p. 42.
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:, p. 45.
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:Olivieri 1999
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:, p. 40.
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2401:, p. 33.
2400:
2395:
2392:
2389:, p. 25.
2388:
2387:Carvalho 2007
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:, p. 74.
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:, p. 31.
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:, p. 37.
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:, p. 42.
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:, p. 19.
2318:
2313:
2310:
2307:, p. 57.
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:, p. 31.
2291:
2290:Carvalho 2007
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:, p. 50.
2272:
2271:Schwarcz 1998
2267:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:, p. 61.
2197:
2192:
2189:
2186:, p. 57.
2185:
2184:Schwarcz 1998
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2163:, p. 80.
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:, p. 38.
2150:
2149:Carvalho 2008
2145:
2142:
2139:, p. 81.
2138:
2133:
2130:
2127:, p. 43.
2126:
2125:Carvalho 2007
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:, p. 40.
2107:
2106:Carvalho 2008
2102:
2099:
2096:, p. 39.
2095:
2094:Carvalho 2008
2090:
2087:
2084:, p. 53.
2083:
2082:Schwarcz 1998
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:, p. 36.
2056:
2055:Carvalho 2007
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:, p. 21.
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:, p. 24.
2029:
2028:Carvalho 2007
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Olivieri 1999
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:, p. 52.
1993:
1992:Schwarcz 1998
1988:
1985:
1982:, p. 30.
1981:
1976:
1973:
1970:, p. 19.
1969:
1964:
1961:
1958:, p. 18.
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:, p. 56.
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:, p. 22.
1927:
1926:Carvalho 2007
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:, p. 17.
1904:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:, p. 15.
1885:
1880:
1877:
1874:, p. 21.
1873:
1872:Carvalho 2007
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:, p. 20.
1846:
1845:Carvalho 2007
1841:
1838:
1835:, p. 26.
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:, p. 46.
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:, p. 33.
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:, p. 22.
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 16.
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, p. 16.
1771:
1770:Carvalho 2007
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:, p. 15.
1756:
1751:
1748:
1745:, p. 29.
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:, p. 10.
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:Olivieri 1999
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:, p. 81.
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:, p. 49.
1658:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:, p. 13.
1641:
1640:Carvalho 2007
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:, p. 12.
1608:
1607:Carvalho 2007
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:, p. 12.
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:, p. 41.
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:, p. 14.
1564:
1563:Carvalho 2007
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:, p. 47.
1535:
1534:Schwarcz 1998
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:, p. 40.
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1506:, p. 46.
1505:
1504:Schwarcz 1998
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:Olivieri 1999
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:Carvalho 2007
1461:
1458:
1455:, p. 39.
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:, p. 45.
1437:
1436:Schwarcz 1998
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1350:, p. 78.
1349:
1348:Schwarcz 1998
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1297:, p. 71.
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:Pedro II was
1205:
1201:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1121:Ato Adicional
1117:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1037:and fencing.
1036:
1035:equestrianism
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
973:
971:
967:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
933:
931:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
889:
882:
880:
878:
875:dictator Don
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
760:
755:
748:
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
724:
723:Nova Friburgo
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
688:
681:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
650:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
568:
561:
556:
554:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:first emperor
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
454:
451:
449:
445:
438:
434:
429:
425:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
398:
395:
394:
388:
384:
357:
352:
348:
343:
339:
333:
329:
326:
322:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
251:
247:
244:
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64:Consolidation
60:
56:
55:
46:
32:
29:
25:
24:
20:
4074:
3895:Naval School
3860:Armed Forces
3705:Second Reign
3626:
3607:
3586:
3575:
3560:|title=
3551:cite journal
3542:
3538:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3477:|title=
3468:cite journal
3459:
3455:
3436:
3424:|title=
3415:cite journal
3406:
3402:
3383:
3374:
3352:
3333:
3314:
3307:Bibliography
3306:
3305:
3293:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
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3172:
3107:
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3037:
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2894:
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2653:
2626:
2614:
2609:, p. 7.
2602:
2590:
2578:
2571:Vainfas 2002
2534:
2522:
2510:
2481:
2452:
2440:
2435:, p. 9.
2394:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2312:
2266:
2259:Piccolo 2008
2254:
2247:Holanda 1976
2242:
2235:Janotti 1990
2230:
2218:
2191:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2035:
2011:, p. 8.
1987:
1975:
1963:
1879:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1789:
1777:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1721:, p. 9.
1714:
1709:, p. 5.
1688:, p. 6.
1664:
1621:, p. 8.
1614:
1585:
1558:
1553:, p. 1.
1499:
1494:, p. 3.
1487:
1482:, p. 5.
1460:
1431:
1426:, p. 4.
1407:Vainfas 2002
1377:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1334:
1325:
1318:Vainfas 2002
1308:Porto Alegre
1302:
1285:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1215:, an orange
1206:
1202:
1193:
1181:
1164:
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1140:
1133:
1120:
1112:
1099:
1095:
1047:
986:Félix Taunay
979:
962:
941:
934:
926:
908:
898:
883:Guardianship
877:Manuel Rosas
848:
839:(1831), the
834:
810:
802:
768:
764:
731:
727:
718:
710:
702:
695:
693:
673:
658:
646:
640:
581:
573:
547:
540:
512:Dom Pedro II
503:
501:
436:
391:
316:(1891-12-05)
234:
220:
216:
182:18 July 1841
136:
58:
57:
3969:(1864–1870)
3963:(1864–1865)
3957:(1851–1852)
3955:Platine War
3951:(1835–1840)
3945:(1835–1845)
3939:(1825–1828)
3927:(1822–1824)
3697:First Reign
3225:Barman 1999
3201:Barman 1999
3177:Calmon 1975
3146:Barman 1999
3054:Barman 1999
3042:Barman 1999
3030:Barman 1999
3018:Barman 1999
2991:Barman 1999
2940:Barman 1999
2899:Barman 1999
2887:Barman 1999
2872:Barman 1999
2860:Barman 1999
2848:Barman 1999
2741:Barman 1999
2670:Barman 1999
2515:Barman 1999
2370:Calmon 1975
2346:Barman 1999
2334:Barman 1999
2317:Barman 1999
2305:Calmon 1975
1980:Barman 1999
1941:Calmon 1975
1857:Barman 1999
1833:Barman 1999
1809:Barman 1999
1794:Barman 1999
1782:Calmon 1975
1755:Calmon 1975
1743:Barman 1999
1707:Calmon 1975
1669:Calmon 1975
1657:Barman 1999
1619:Calmon 1975
1551:Barman 1999
1492:Calmon 1975
1424:Calmon 1975
1370:Barman 1999
1312:Calmon 1975
1274:City Palace
988:(father of
958:mathematics
830:Bonifacians
806:City Palace
744:The Regency
682:Early years
550:came of age
516:Dom Pedro I
260:Predecessor
221:(1831–1840)
191:Predecessor
4081:Categories
3100:Bueno 2003
3085:Bueno 2003
2758:Bueno 2003
2223:Souza 2008
1382:Bueno 2003
1255:References
1213:Francis II
1011:philosophy
982:Portuguese
966:favourites
759:Francis II
707:Portuguese
608:Francis II
342:Petrópolis
290:1825-12-02
178:Coronation
59:Early life
4060:Lei Áurea
4019:Luís Gama
3949:Cabanagem
3721:Provinces
1358:Citations
1023:geography
1015:astronomy
976:Education
873:Argentine
853:Cabanagem
813:Executive
786:Francisca
749:Accession
634:and King
489:Signature
270:Successor
201:Successor
91:(1889–91)
86:(1881–89)
81:(1870–81)
76:(1864–70)
71:(1853–64)
66:(1840–53)
61:(1825–40)
3852:Military
3793:Politics
3761:Pedro II
3744:Monarchy
3716:Nobility
3574:(1863).
3491:(1976).
3373:(1975).
1079:Sanskrit
954:religion
861:Balaiada
857:Sabinada
845:Cabanada
778:Januária
769:Warspite
665:Bourbons
600:Miguel I
479:Religion
453:Braganza
344:, Brazil
235:See list
217:See list
142:Pedro II
3982:Slavery
3756:Pedro I
3711:Economy
3701:Regency
3689:History
1243:), the
1217:pallium
1087:Occitan
1083:Chinese
1063:Spanish
1059:Italian
1055:English
1031:hunting
1019:physics
1007:history
1002:Fencing
851:). The
821:regency
761:, 1832.
610:, last
596:João VI
584:Pedro I
532:Austria
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211:Regents
195:Pedro I
4033:Others
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3827:Others
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1071:Arabic
1051:German
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992:) and
849:per se
774:Europe
711:Dadama
649:veador
524:Brazil
469:Mother
459:Father
393:Detail
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350:Spouse
331:Burial
325:France
249:Tenure
94:Legacy
79:Apogee
69:Growth
1249:Globe
1231:(the
1067:Greek
1029:, to
1027:music
950:Latin
782:Paula
669:Maria
562:Birth
448:House
431:Names
387:Issue
378:)
366:(
362:
321:Paris
166:Reign
3917:Wars
3631:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3593:ISBN
3564:help
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311:Died
284:Born
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