268:, the article "Information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding" had been circulating among scientific journals since 1972. Although it had been rejected multiple times by other journals, the editor of Nature accepted the paper simply as an example of the type of work currently being done in the field of parapsychology. Far from endorsing the conclusions reached by the SRI researchers, the editor stated plainly in a lengthy opinion piece that ran at the beginning of the publishing issue: "Publishing in a scientific journal is not a process of receiving a seal of approval from the establishment". The editor then enumerated the objections against publication voiced by the referees. These objections included references to the lack of substantive evidence, problematic data collection, weak statistical calculations and relationships, and many others. As to why the paper was published, several reasons were provided, including the fact that "the paper is presented as a scientific document by two qualified scientists, writing from a major research establishment apparently with the unqualified backing of the research institute itself" and that the paper "would allow parapsychologists, and all other scientists interested in researching this arguable field, to gauge the quality of the Stanford research and assess how much it is contributing to parapsychology", as well as noting that readers of
360:
participants, Hyman was particularly interested in how cuing from researchers affected both the subjects' answers during the trial and their attitudes toward psychic phenomena at the end of the trial. After reviewing the literature generated by researchers at SRI and conducting his own replication study, Hyman summed up his findings as, "The bottom line here is that there is no scientifically convincing case for remote viewing."
229:
simply took his word for it." It seemed that no one, excepting
Puthoff and Targ, had actually witnessed Geller successfully exhibiting his abilities under controlled conditions. Geller's reputation rested largely on hearsay rather than direct observation. Notably, Geller also refused to attempt many of the tests of clairvoyance; and on others, he performed no better than chance. Magician and paranormal investigator
2277:
329:. Together with the earlier papers, this provoked intense scrutiny in the mainstream scientific literature. Numerous problems in the overall design of the remote viewing studies were identified, with problems noted in all three of the remote viewing steps (target selection, target viewing, and results judging). A particular problem was the failure to follow the standard procedures that are used in
337:
the judges was noted. A lengthy exchange ensued, with the external researchers finally concluding that the failure of
Puthoff and Targ to address their concerns meant that the claim of remote viewing "can no longer be regarded as falling within the scientific domain". Procedural problems and researcher conflicts of interest in the psychokinesis experiments were noted by science writer
364:
of the 28 total papers were published under commonly accepted standards of peer review. Of these 13, nine showed positive results. Three of these nine, however, were "retrospective experiments"; meaning that they were "experiments not specifically planned in advance, but apparently reconstructed from separate trials". These retrospective experiments appeared to suffer from the
2289:
217:. This article described numerous remote viewing trials undertaken by Geller and the extraordinary results they had gotten during the six weeks he spent at the laboratories. Geller quickly gained notoriety with his apparent gifts for remote viewing and psychokinesis—the latter usually in the form of the bending or otherwise altering the form of metal objects.
317:, to write a comprehensive review of psychic phenomena from an engineering perspective. His paper, published in February 1982, includes numerous references to remote viewing replication studies at the time. Subsequently, flaws and mistakes in Jahn's reasoning were exposed by Ray Hyman in a critical appraisal published several years later in the same journal.
280:, and Leon Otis, a psychologist, held much more strictly to rigid scientific methods during the tests with which they were associated. Rebert and Otis went so far as to document their objections to what they termed as "fraudulent and slipshod" work and to demand that any experiments they had been involved in be stricken from the paper before publication.
363:
Publication in scientific journals is often viewed by both the scientific community and by the public at large as a mark of legitimacy for researchers. Proponents of
Puthoff and Targ claim 28 published papers, 15 of which showed positive results. An in-depth review of these papers showed that only 13
336:
Several external researchers expressed concerns about the reliability of the judging process. Independent examination of some of the sketches and transcripts from the viewing process revealed flaws in the original procedures and analyses. In particular, the presence of sensory cues being available to
299:
One well-documented attempt at replication of the remote viewing experiments was conducted by Ray Hyman and James McClenon in 1980. Hyman and McClenon were not only interested in remote viewing as a phenomenon in itself, but also in how the methods used by the researchers could affect the outcomes of
170:
in the early 1970s. Protocol called for an automated system that would display images of random objects to an individual. Prior to the image being displayed, the subject would predict what object would appear and then attempt to bias the outcome in favor of the chosen object. However, these protocols
359:
and James McClenon's 1980 replication study identified many of the same problems in methodology as James Randi had, particularly in the area of researchers giving subjects in remote viewing trials verbal cues that hinted at what the target images were. Although this was a small study with only eight
352:
presents a detailed criticism of the methods employed by
Puthoff and Targ: Peepholes through walls, overly helpful laboratory assistants, and incautious conversations between researchers were common occurrences in Puthoff and Targ's laboratories. Randi also contacted the builder of the magnetometer
295:
Various attempts to replicate the remote viewing findings were carried out from the mid-1970s until the 1990s. Several of these follow-up studies, which involved viewing in group settings, reported some limited success. They included the use of face-to-face groups, and remotely linked groups using
228:
in 2007. "It turned out that no one, none of the scientists there had ever witnessed Geller bending anything without getting his hands on it first. And typically, from what I could figure out, he not only had his hands on it but he was able to disappear into the bathroom for a while, . . . They
192:
met with
Puthoff and Targ in 1972 and participated in their remote viewing experiments. In June of that same year, Puthoff and Targ took Swann to a large magnetometer to see what changes Swann could make in the readouts of the machine. While the readouts did show some fluctuations, there was no
125:
Early experiments in remote viewing involved one subject in the laboratory, the "percipient", attempting to draw or describe a scene, known as the "target", observed by a "sender" from a remote location outside of the laboratory. Protocol stipulated that an independent panel of judges was to
201:
that they had indeed definitively established psychokinesis as a real phenomenon. The builder of the machine, who had been present during Swann's visit, would later report that while there had been fluctuations these were in no way unexpected or outside the normal parameters.
300:
the trials. This study found no evidence for the efficacy of remote viewing. It did, however, highlight methods and practices, both incidental and by design, that had the potential to produce false positives.
341:
in a detailed analysis of the NASA final report. Also, sloppy procedures in the conduct of the EEG study were reported by a visiting observer during another series of exchanges in the scientific literature.
275:
The paper was problematic even among
Puthoff and Targ's colleagues at SRI. Two other scientists also worked on tests that involved Geller and other remote viewing subjects. Charles Rebert, an expert on
86:
at the time, the research materials were subsequently made public in 1995, and a summary of the early history of SRI and the origins of
Stargate was published the following year. Scientists and
2021:
2041:
2102:
75:
2132:
1394:
Calkins J (October 1976). "Comments on 'A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research'".
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954:
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Puthoff H, Targ R (March 1976). "A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research".
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used in the Swann experiments and established that the phenomena claimed as psychokinetic were no more than the normal fluctuations of the machine.
2016:
2031:
1349:
Hyman R., "Parapsychological
Research: A Tutorial Review and Critical Appraisal", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 74 No 6, pp. 823–849, June 1986.
923:
224:, who has written extensively on both Geller and the field of parapsychological research. He summed up his observations in an address given at
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Targ R, Cole P, & Puthoff H, "Development of
Techniques to Enhance Man/Machine Communication", NASA-CR-157886 Final Report, August 1974.
447:
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599:
368:—the creation of the target after the answers have been given. Of the remaining six studies, only two were found to show actual
237:, who was present for the experiments and was a supporter of Geller, noted that Puthoff and Targ were sloppy in their research.
287:, continues to tout the publication of these experiments in the respected journal as evidence of his claims of psychic powers.
68:
395:
233:, who viewed some of the video recordings of Geller's time in the lab, attributes Geller's successes to "simple tricks". Even
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were the most widely known of the researchers involved with SRI. Originally known for their work with lasers, their work with
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for both television and live audiences, at times offering
Puthoff and Targ's evaluation as substantiation of his abilities.
220:
This attracted other scientists to SRI to see if his abilities lived up to the claims. One of these researchers was skeptic
283:
Despite the editorial disclaimers published in the same issue as Puthoff and Targ's paper, their most famous test subject,
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evidence that this was due to any efforts on the part of Swann. Nevertheless, Puthoff and Targ announced to a gathering in
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were not consistently observed and support was discontinued. Other experiments with psychokinesis included attempts by
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131:
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The descriptions of a large number of psychic studies and their results were published in March 1976, in the journal
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due to the use of inappropriate statistical analyses. Those remaining two studies have yet to be fully replicated.
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began work with SRI in the early 1970s and was the primary focus of Puthoff and Targ's 1974 article in the journal
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1935:
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Vallee J, Hastings A, Askevold G (October 1976). "Remote Viewing Experiments Through Computer Conferencing".
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writers would later find serious flaws in the methodology used at SRI, leaving the work largely discredited.
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determine how close each percipient's description or drawing was to the actual target. Reports that the
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1115:
Rebert C, Turner A (1975). "EEG spectrum analysis techniques applied to the problem of psi phenomena".
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Jahn R (February 1982). "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective".
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Whitson T, Bogart D, Palmer J, Tart C (October 1976). "Preliminary Experiments in Remote Viewing".
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Marks D, Kammann R (August 17, 1978). "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments".
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28:
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763:
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Kogan I (March 1968). "Information theory analysis of telepathic communication experiments".
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had successfully used technological devices to augment such psychic communication moved the
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55:
1965:
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1557:(October 1975). "Concerning an effort to demonstrate extrasensory perception by machine".
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17:
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Hastings A, Hurt D (October 1976). "A Confirmatory Remote Viewing in a Group Setting".
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The various debates in the mainstream scientific literature prompted the editors of
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1960:
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1995:
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could be scientifically studied were published in such mainstream journals as
1985:
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1255:
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rivals. Puthoff and Targ went on to explore the effect devices such as the
1540:
1128:
795:
139:
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would have on the accuracy of the images received by their percipients.
1915:
1007:
39:
from 1972 until 1991. Early studies indicating that phenomena such as
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1506:
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35:
carried out research on various phenomena characterized by the term
1840:
1726:
1708:
The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research
1680:
The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research
1652:
The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research
1282:
The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research
764:"Information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding"
163:
60:
1730:
167:
631:
Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies
444:"CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing At Stanford Research Institute"
2022:
Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
390:
An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications
243:
would go on to worldwide fame for performing acts such as
175:
to psychically influence the readouts of a magnetometer.
1584:
Diaconis P (December 1978). "ESP Research, Letters".
600:"The Research Work of Ingo Swann A 32-Year Overview"
272:
would expect the publication of "high-risk" papers.
2162:
2141:
2128:
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory
2080:
2009:
1773:
1626:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 132–142.
1284:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 348–359.
710:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 132–133.
541:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 132–133.
59:. This attracted the sponsorship of such groups as
2234:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
519:. Federation of American Scientists. 2005-12-29.
74:In 1991, the research program was transferred to
2042:International Association for Near-Death Studies
517:"STAR GATE [Controlled Remote Viewing]"
2103:International Institute for Psychical Research
1710:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 381.
1682:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 380.
1654:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 386.
1094:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 142.
983:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 131.
861:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 137.
682:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 131.
651:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 132.
578:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 595.
2133:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
1742:
738:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 30.
476:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 30.
8:
2241:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
388:Mumford M.; Rose A. & Goslin D. (1995).
313:, then Dean of the School of Engineering at
1749:
1735:
1727:
762:Puthoff, Harold E.; Targ, Russell (1974).
2118:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
1530:
1489:
1318:
2255:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
1029:
1027:
1025:
1002:
1000:
882:
880:
878:
757:
755:
2017:American Society for Psychical Research
1153:from the original on September 11, 2015
957:from the original on September 11, 2015
926:from the original on September 11, 2015
670:
668:
380:
576:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
425:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
418:
1505:Marks D, Scott C (February 6, 1986).
1018:from the original on January 7, 2012.
7:
2288:
2032:Institut Métapsychique International
450:from the original on August 11, 2015
392:. American Institutes for Research.
138:to attempt to keep pace with their
2093:British College of Psychic Science
1571:10.1038/scientificamerican1075-114
523:from the original on July 7, 2015.
25:
2262:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
2206:Journal of Scientific Exploration
894:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
262:Published in 1974 in the journal
109:centered around the phenomena of
27:Stanford Research Institute (now
2287:
2276:
2275:
1143:"Quotes from Scientists Archive"
321:Criticism: methodological flaws
69:The Central Intelligence Agency
2123:Oxford Phasmatological Society
2113:Metropolitan Psychical Society
2067:Society for Psychical Research
1891:Parapsychology research at SRI
1035:"Investigating the paranormal"
1008:"Investigating the paranormal"
166:on a contract administered by
82:. While the SRI projects were
1:
2192:Journal of Near-Death Studies
2052:Parapsychological Association
1901:Plant perception (paranormal)
1598:10.1126/science.202.4373.1146
2088:American Psychical Institute
2047:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
2037:Institute of Noetic Sciences
278:electroencephalography (EEG)
1826:Electronic voice phenomenon
574:(1985). Kurtz, Paul (ed.).
132:Central Intelligence Agency
2337:
2154:Skeptics of parapsychology
2108:London Dialectical Society
2027:College of Psychic Studies
1117:Behavioral Neuropsychiatry
892:The Truth About Uri Geller
474:The Truth About Uri Geller
2271:
2199:Journal of Parapsychology
2149:List of parapsychologists
2057:Parapsychology Foundation
1764:
1464:Scott C (July 29, 1982).
835:. Simon Fraser University
736:The Truth Abou Uri Geller
158:Support for the study of
65:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
18:Early psi research at SRI
2248:The Roots of Coincidence
1811:Dermo-optical perception
1507:"Remote viewing exposed"
947:"Quotes from Scientists"
370:statistical significance
2178:Extrasensory Perception
2171:An Experiment with Time
2098:Cambridge Ghost Society
1831:Extrasensory perception
1781:Apparitional experience
1408:10.1109/PROC.1976.10370
1396:Proceedings of the IEEE
1373:10.1109/PROC.1976.10113
1361:Proceedings of the IEEE
1329:10.1109/proc.1982.12260
1307:Proceedings of the IEEE
1256:10.1109/PROC.1976.10372
1244:Proceedings of the IEEE
1221:10.1109/PROC.1976.10371
1209:Proceedings of the IEEE
1186:10.1109/PROC.1976.10369
1174:Proceedings of the IEEE
1045:(5476): 559–560. 1974.
633:. Dell. pp. 88–89.
331:experimental psychology
327:Proceedings of the IEEE
306:Proceedings of the IEEE
296:computer conferencing.
226:Simon Fraser University
179:Celebrity test subjects
50:Proceedings of the IEEE
1876:Out-of-body experience
916:"IMDB for Geller, Uri"
629:Schnabel, Jim (1997).
33:Menlo Park, California
2081:Defunct organizations
2062:Rhine Research Center
1866:Near-death experience
1466:"No "remote viewing""
2010:Active organizations
1896:Past life regression
366:sharpshooter fallacy
315:Princeton University
1846:Kirlian photography
1836:Ganzfeld experiment
1559:Scientific American
1523:1986Natur.319..444M
1482:1982Natur.298..414S
1435:1978Natur.274..680M
1051:1974Natur.251..559.
780:1974Natur.251..602T
291:Replication studies
1806:Deathbed phenomena
610:on 25 October 2005
2321:SRI International
2303:
2302:
1921:Psychic detective
1881:Pam Reynolds case
1786:Astral projection
1717:978-0-87975-504-1
1689:978-0-87975-504-1
1661:978-0-87975-504-1
1633:978-0-87975-198-2
1291:978-0-87975-504-1
1101:978-0-87975-198-2
990:978-0-87975-198-2
901:978-0-87975-199-9
868:978-0-87975-198-2
829:"2007: Ray Hyman"
774:(5476): 602–607.
745:978-0-87975-199-9
717:978-0-87975-198-2
689:978-0-87975-198-2
658:978-0-87975-198-2
585:978-0-87975-302-3
548:978-0-87975-198-2
499:Radio Engineering
483:978-0-87975-199-9
94:Areas of research
29:SRI International
16:(Redirected from
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2220:Life Before Life
2185:Irreducible Mind
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827:(8 April 2009).
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606:. Archived from
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401:. Archived from
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188:New York artist
80:Stargate Project
21:
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2213:Life After Life
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1966:Sensory leakage
1931:Psychic surgery
1926:Psychic reading
1856:Materialization
1816:Dream telepathy
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1429:(5672): 680–1.
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1123:(1–12): 18–24.
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1961:Second sight
1911:Precognition
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1801:Clairvoyance
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1082:
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639:
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608:the original
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535:Randi, James
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464:
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435:
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345:In his book
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148:magnetometer
144:Faraday cage
128:Soviet Union
124:
103:Russell Targ
97:
73:
54:
48:
26:
2001:Zener cards
1981:Telekinesis
1941:Pyrokinesis
1936:Psychometry
1906:Poltergeist
1157:8 September
1072:8 September
961:7 September
930:8 September
839:9 September
809:8 September
614:7 September
454:6 September
350:James Randi
311:Robert Jahn
249:aportations
231:James Randi
199:Switzerland
63:(by way of
2310:Categories
1996:Xenoglossy
1886:Paranormal
1861:Mediumship
1851:Levitation
1796:Bilocation
1704:Hyman, Ray
1676:Hyman, Ray
1648:Hyman, Ray
1624:Flim Flam!
1278:Hyman, Ray
1092:Flim Flam!
981:Flim Flam!
859:Flim Flam!
825:Hyman, Ray
708:Flim Flam!
680:Flim Flam!
649:Flim Flam!
539:Flim Flam!
412:2017-01-13
376:References
347:Flim Flam!
309:to invite
285:Uri Geller
211:Uri Geller
206:Uri Geller
190:Ingo Swann
184:Ingo Swann
173:Ingo Swann
162:came from
84:classified
1986:Telepathy
1821:Ectoplasm
1315:CiteSeerX
604:RVIS, Inc
357:Ray Hyman
222:Ray Hyman
88:skeptical
2282:Category
1706:(1989).
1678:(1989).
1650:(1989).
1622:(1982).
1606:17735385
1381:12688261
1337:31434794
1280:(1989).
1264:24096224
1229:27302086
1194:36582119
1151:Archived
1090:(1982).
1016:Archived
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955:Archived
924:Archived
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857:(1982).
734:(1982).
706:(1982).
678:(1982).
647:(1982).
537:(1982).
521:Archived
472:(1982).
448:Archived
421:cite web
140:Cold War
2294:Commons
1916:Psychic
1767:Outline
1586:Science
1541:3945330
1519:Bibcode
1478:Bibcode
1451:4249968
1431:Bibcode
1129:4468758
1067:4208164
1047:Bibcode
833:YouTube
804:4152651
796:4423858
776:Bibcode
134:in the
2142:People
1841:Ghosts
1774:Topics
1714:
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1511:Nature
1470:Nature
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270:Nature
265:Nature
257:Nature
247:, and
241:Geller
215:Nature
195:Geneva
67:) and
56:Nature
1791:Auras
1447:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1260:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1190:S2CID
1063:S2CID
800:S2CID
406:(PDF)
399:(PDF)
31:) in
1712:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1602:PMID
1537:PMID
1286:ISBN
1159:2015
1125:PMID
1096:ISBN
1074:2015
985:ISBN
963:2015
932:2015
920:IMDB
896:ISBN
863:ISBN
841:2015
811:2015
792:PMID
740:ISBN
712:ISBN
684:ISBN
653:ISBN
616:2015
580:ISBN
543:ISBN
478:ISBN
456:2015
427:link
164:NASA
146:and
113:and
101:and
76:SAIC
61:NASA
53:and
43:and
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1594:doi
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